20:
2019:, the first House elections contested under the 1997 constitution, were called the most open, corruption-free elections in Thai history. Political parties were effectively strengthened, and the effective number of parties in the legislature fell dramatically from an average of 6.2 before 1997 to 3.1 in 2001. While the number of parties decreased, remaining parties developed clearer and more distinguishable platforms. The Constitution also weakened the legislative influence of civil servants and local power-brokers and businessmen, while strengthening political parties and professional politicians.
553:
457:
636:
333:
234:
506:
168:
1497:
181:
1825:, and Senators were prohibited from being members of a political party. In addition, Senate elections campaigns were strictly limited in what information they could communicate to voters. Senators were elected to a term of six years. The Senate could only amend or approve a piece of legislation, not propose it. A vote of two-thirds of both houses was needed to override a royal veto. The Senate could not be dissolved by the Premier.
27:
2684:
47:
37:
2004:
in political reform. It was viewed as successful in fostering democratic development and increasing political stability. Its measures to politically empower and protect citizens were also praised. The new constitution was cited for its role in bringing down the
Ministers of Public Health and Agriculture during corruption scandals in the government of
2102:
Although constitutional articles (specifically, article 80) committed the state to promote equal rights between men and women, there was little progress in implementing specific laws to promote equality. In practice only around 10% of MPs and senators are female, and less than 6% of ministers. Only
2003:
The
Constitution was called a "revolution in Thai politics... A bold attempt at conferring greater power to the Thai people than had ever been granted before." It was highly praised for the participative process involved in its drafting, its enshrinement of human rights, and its significant advances
2073:). The Senate was criticized for its allegedly partisan behavior, with both pro- and anti- government factions being elected in the Senate elections of 2006. Restrictions on campaigning and political party membership for members of the Senate led one commentator to call it a "motley collection of
1747:
Free 12 years education for all children provided by the government. The Eighth
Thailandâs National Social and Economic Development Plan was also written to support the implemented of education reform program.This program was later added to the 1997 Constitution of Thailand and gave access to all
1863:
coups, for example by making barricades or blocking roads, would only protect people if the opposition to the coup was successful. In addition, traditional human rights were guaranteed, including freedom of speech, assembly, and association, property rights, freedom of religion, the right to due
1642:
of 1997 increased public awareness about the need for reform, and has been cited as an impetus for the constitution's successful approval. The draft was approved by the
National Assembly with 518 votes for, 16 against, and 17 abstentions. A referendum, called for if the draft was rejected by the
1245:
1240:
1230:
1225:
1814:
debate to be initiated against a Prime
Minister. The motion must also contain the name of an alternative Premier to replace the incumbent. A successful vote of no confidence required a majority of at least half of the House. A similar process could initiate a no-confidence motion against an
1966:
Section 62 The right of a person to sue a State agency, State enterprise, local government organisation or other State authority which is a juristic person to be liable for an act or omission done by its
Government official, official or employee shall be protected, as provided by law.
19:
1991:. As with most post-1974 constitutions, the Privy Council could appoint a princess as successor to the throne, but only in the absence of an heir apparent. Amendment of the Palace Law of Succession was the sole prerogative of the reigning King. The 1997 Constitution's successor, the
1831:. MPs were forced to resign from the House in order to become Cabinet Ministers, unlike previous constitutions. Based on the principle of "individual ministerial responsibility and cabinet collective responsibility", this forced Ministers who had been successfully
1710:
Chapter 10 (Sections 291-311): Inspection and proceedings against members of the government, including the declaration of accounts and assets, the
National Counter Corruption Commission, and impeachment of and criminal proceedings against government and political
1571:, amended the 1991 Constitution but was unable to push through further reform. However, it did identify many basic frameworks which would become influential for subsequent political change. After the collapse of the Chuan government, the 1995-1996 government of
1350:
1959:
The public health service by the State shall be provided thoroughly and efficiently and, for this purpose, participation by local government organisations and the private sector shall also be promoted insofar as it is possible.
1864:
process of law, the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, and equality of rights between men and women. In all, the 1997 constitution guaranteed 40 human rights; in comparison, the 1932 Constitution protected nine.
1575:
established a
Political Reform Committee which amended the Constitution again on 22 October 1996. Efforts to adopt a new constitution gained increasing public support. On 2 November 1995, noted royalist and social critic Dr.
1591:. The Constitution Drafting Assembly (CDA) was formed with 99 members: seventy-six of them directly elected from each of the provinces and 23 qualified persons short-listed by the Parliament from academia and other sources.
1955:
Section 52 A person shall enjoy an equal right to receive standard public health service, and the indigent shall have the right to receive free medical treatment from public health centres of the State, as provided by law.
1877:
Administrative
Organizations (TAOs) and Provincial Administrative Organizations (PAOs) were established. School administration was also decentralized, although opposition from teachers has delayed implementation of this
1391:
84:
enacted on 11 October 1997 to replace the 1991 Constitution, and was widely hailed as a landmark in Thai democratic constitutional reform, it represented the most democratic constitution in the nation's history. The
1013:
1847:. Myriad human rights were explicitly recognized for the first time, including the rights of children, the elderly, and the handicapped; the right to freedom of information; the right to public health and
143:
1361:
2577:
1559:
provoked public calls for a more accountable system of government. In June 1994, the
Committee of Democracy Development of the House of Representatives was established during the government of
2012:
and the National Anti-Corruption Commission, was very high. However, critics complained that the government had sought to politicize the process of appointments to independent agencies.
1580:
declared to a crowded Bangkok ballroom that Thailand urgently needed a new constitution, to help avert the potential calamity of political violence that might follow the death of King
2512:
Good governance, political stability, and constitutionalism in Thailand 2002: The state of democratic consolidation five years after the implementation of the 1997 constitution
1800:
was established. Votes for House elections were counted at a central site in each province rather than at each polling station. This reform made it more difficult for village
1796:. In order to prevent last-minute party-switching, MPs were required to be registered members of political parties at least 90 days before the election date. An independent
2678:
560:
2451:
2494:
2605:
1655:
Chapter 1 (Sections 1-7): General provisions, the source and exercise sovereign power, the fundamental rights of the Thai people, and the status of the Constitution.
2590:
2070:
2008:. There was also praise for the ease with which the constitution could be amended. Public faith in democracy in general, and in constitutional agencies like the
1815:
individual Minister; this required only one-fifth of the signatures of the House members. These measures were aimed at increasing the stability of governments.
1792:
party list system was aimed at deterring vote-buying, strengthening the party system, and increasing the quality of candidates. MPs were required to have a
2557:
2086:
1626:
were key influencers of the draft. A process of public consultation took place on a nationwide basis. Some clauses, particularly the requirement that all
1619:
115:
The 1997 constitution was the first constitution to be drafted by a popularly elected Constitutional Drafting Assembly, hence was popularly called the "
2424:
2062:
2341:
261:
2637:
1385:
1534:
463:
2236:
1303:
919:
2539:
2292:
513:
482:
2039:
1896:
1720:
Transitory Provisions (Sections 314-317): Regulations concerning the transfer of power from the last government of the 1991 Constitution.
1687:
1028:
435:
2364:
2170:
2720:
2210:
2099:, claimed that "the weakness of the 1997 constitution was that it was a charter without any constitutional or theoretical foundation."
832:
68:
2669:
2399:
2042:
and the National Anti-Corruption Commission were also criticized as weak and vulnerable to government and court challenges. Following
1686:(i.e., Parliament), including the House of Representatives, the Senate, elections and the Election Commission, the Ombudsmen, and the
1250:
2653:
King Prajadhipok's Institute, "Monitoring the Pulse of the Nation: Indicators of Good Governance and Development in Thailand", 2003
2078:
2043:
853:
2491:
2252:
Committee of Democracy Development, "The Propositions and Conceptual Framework of Thai Political Reform", 1995, Thai Research Fund
2698:
952:
948:
2448:
1297:
943:
430:
2414:
Prudisan Jumbala, "Thailand: Constitutional Reform Amidst Economic Crisis", Southeast Asian Affairs, Singapore, 1998, page 269
1507:
1992:
1911:. Many of these appointments were approved by the Senate. Most of these Constitutional agencies were abolished following the
819:
2602:
2085:
almost occurred when it appeared that the Parliament would not be able to convene within the constitutional time limit (see
1851:; consumers' rights; the rights of traditional communities; the right to human dignity; and the right to peacefully protest
1769:
1235:
2458:, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Retrieved on 05 July 2006, presented in Kathmandu, Nepal
1163:
1345:
1133:
1113:
961:
778:
773:
599:
544:
344:
278:
131:
are explicitly acknowledged in the text, and measures were established to increase the stability of elected governments.
1265:
1255:
1168:
2735:
2704:
2016:
1527:
616:
1556:
2476:
1963:
The State shall prevent and eradicate harmful contagious diseases for the public without charge, as provided by law.
1429:
1339:
1093:
1033:
363:
2307:
2057:
The constitution was also criticized for the lack of clarity with which it defines the King's role in politics (see
2066:
2051:
2009:
1888:
1701:
1635:
1397:
666:
654:
1821:. For the first time in Thai history, the upper house of Parliament was directly elected. The 200-member body was
1651:
The 1997 constitution had 12 Chapters and a section of Transitory Provisions, containing a total of 317 Sections.
2564:, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica Asian Barometer Project Office Working Paper Series No. 28, 2004
2305:
Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, enacted 1997, official translation by the Office of the Council of State
1413:
1048:
837:
814:
2554:
2293:
The 19 September 2006 coup â preliminary thoughts on the implications for the future direction of Thai politics
2047:
1797:
1714:
Chapter 11 (Section 312): The roles and responsibilities of the State Audit Commission and the Auditor-General.
1587:
The 1996 amendment called for the creation of an entirely new constitution by a special committee outside the
2096:
1980:
1683:
1667:
1588:
1520:
1356:
984:
938:
450:
303:
288:
135:
2338:
1260:
1128:
1053:
977:
971:
90:
2146:
1970:
Section 82 The State shall thoroughly provide and promote standard and efficient public health service.
1789:
1138:
980:
683:
109:
2634:
1835:
to become normal citizens rather than MPs. It also encouraged parties to put potential ministers on the
1280:
1275:
1270:
1196:
1191:
1596:
1179:
1158:
1123:
1118:
1098:
727:
721:
716:
711:
678:
339:
94:
2730:
1308:
1008:
758:
753:
748:
743:
642:
378:
298:
2058:
2112:
1761:
1735:
1663:
1453:
974:
397:
240:
207:
197:
190:
81:
2233:
2622:
1856:
1473:
1373:
1201:
1103:
1018:
991:
964:
212:
2157:
2135:
1611:
1219:
567:
470:
351:
326:
308:
1563:. Chuan was forced to establish the Committee following a hunger strike by prominent activist
2468:
2361:
2243:, 2001 Symposium: Constitutions and Human Rights in a Global Age: An Asia Pacific perspective
2082:
2035:
2027:
1904:
1832:
1811:
1639:
1615:
1463:
1424:
1324:
1314:
1289:
1185:
1153:
849:
696:
629:
313:
245:
120:
105:
2207:
1855:
and other extra-constitutional means of acquiring power. However, constitutional law expert
1760:
in order to ensure a high turnout and make vote buying so expensive as to be unfeasible. An
897:
2725:
2666:
2396:
2117:
2092:
1892:
1793:
1627:
1319:
370:
270:
227:
158:
86:
2705:
The Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, 1997: A Blueprint for Participatory Democracy
8:
1900:
1883:
1785:
1694:
1638:, and decentralisation provoked strong criticism, particularly from smaller parties. The
1572:
1458:
1448:
1418:
1213:
1173:
1081:
1038:
552:
425:
417:
387:
101:
2381:
2280:
1603:, was selected as a member of the CDA and appointed Chairman of the Drafting Committee.
1912:
1581:
591:
497:
391:
293:
139:
635:
2472:
2436:
2322:
2178:
1781:
1773:
1757:
1623:
1604:
1592:
1478:
1468:
892:
887:
536:
532:
520:
489:
456:
1937:
1919:
1868:
1738:, The 1997 constitution had contained several innovations in key areas, including:
1659:
1584:. None of the media outlets in the room dared report this highly sensitive speech.
1564:
1548:
1483:
1207:
1108:
1023:
571:
474:
124:
2524:
1979:
Like most preceding constitutions, the 1997 constitution continued to rely on the
332:
2673:
2641:
2609:
2561:
2498:
2455:
2403:
2368:
2345:
2311:
2240:
2214:
1891:, the Administrative Court, the Office of the Auditor-General, the National Anti-
1860:
1501:
1379:
585:
409:
403:
382:
374:
355:
202:
76:
Ratthathammanun Haeng Ratcha-anachak Thai Phutthasakkarat Song Phan Ha Roi Si Sip
16:
Fundamental law of Thailand from 1997 to 2006; landmark of Thai democratic reform
2026:
effective in some of its reforms. One of the members of the Drafting Committee,
233:
2511:
1988:
1925:
1848:
1717:
Chapter 12 (Section 313): Regulations concerning amendment of the Constitution.
1682:
Chapter 6 (Sections 90-200): The structure, roles, and responsibilities of the
998:
283:
252:
2234:
The Search for Order: Constitutions and Human Rights in Thai Political History
2714:
2688:
2182:
2005:
1984:
1941:
1560:
958:
59:
2261:
Duncan McCargo, "A Hollow Crown", New Left Review 43 (JanuaryâFebruary 2007)
2208:
The Thai Constitution of 1997 and its Implication on Criminal Justice Reform
505:
1843:
1822:
1577:
1568:
128:
1679:
Chapter 5 (Sections 71-89): The fundamental responsibilities of the state.
108:
Cabinet (November 1996- November 1997). The Prime Minister resigned after
2304:
1929:
1777:
1700:
Chapter 8 (Sections 233-281): The workings of the Courts of Justice, the
1043:
1673:
Chapter 3 (Sections 26-65): The rights and liberties of the Thai people.
2362:
Quo Vadis Thailand? Thai Politics after the 2005 Parliamentary Election
2031:
1836:
1631:
23:
Parliament vote on the 1997 Constitution of Thailand, 27 September 1997
2486:
2484:
2147:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1l9b-mUDDOvsfkyj2DUSzOwBrGM84Lhxt/view
2103:
8.9% of district officers and 2.6% of provincial governors are women.
1995:, was conspicuous in its failure to mention the matter of succession.
1908:
1801:
167:
2030:, claimed that an overly strong and stable government brought on a "
180:
2481:
1367:
2623:
New Senate election casts shadow on political prospect in Thailand
1658:
Chapter 2 (Sections 8-25): The status, prerogative, rights of the
73:
1887:. New independent government agencies were established, like the
1829:
Greater separation between the executive and legislative branches
1765:
925:
915:
56:
Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, Buddhist Era 2540 (1997)
2074:
2022:
Most criticism was based on the view that the Constitution was
1874:
1707:
Chapter 9 (Sections 282-290): The workings of local governments
1608:
864:
859:
2425:
Law expert warns of recurring cycle of coups, charter rewrites
2158:
https://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2540/D/002/13.PDF
2136:
https://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2540/D/002/13.PDF
1697:(i.e., the Cabinet) and the workings of the executive branch.
1003:
869:
1933:
1924:. This included a reduction in police authority to conduct
1600:
1552:
2525:
The Thai Constitution of 1997: Evidence of Democratization
2171:"Thai Prime Minister Quits, a Casualty of Economic Crisis"
1676:
Chapter 4 (Sections 66-70): The duties of the Thai people.
2555:
Developing Democracy under a New Constitution in Thailand
2382:
The Thai Constitution of 1997 Sources and Process, part 1
2281:
The Thai Constitution of 1997 Sources and Process, part 2
1087:
1983:
with regards to succession. The Palace Law was based on
2591:
Thailand: Combating Corruption through Electoral Reform
2050:
were jailed and the election results overturned by the
123:. For the first time in Thai history, both houses were
1704:, the Administrative Courts, and the Military Courts.
2707:", The Asia Foundation, Working Paper #8, March 1998
2371:, Strategic Insights, Volume IV, Issue 6 (June 2005)
1810:. A two-fifths vote of the House was required for a
2576:Duncan McCargo, Countries at the Crossroads 2006,
2523:Thawilwadee Bureekul and Stithorn Thananithichot,
2437:http://www.asianlii.org/th/legis/const/1997/1.html
2323:https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000113535
2202:
2200:
2198:
2712:
2095:law lecturer Kittisak Prokati, a drafter of the
149:
104:deputy prime minister and education minister of
2195:
2603:"Thai Talk: Third party â not such a wild idea
2553:Robert B. Albritton and Thawilwadee Bureekul,
2514:, King Prajadhipokâs Institute, 10 August 2002
2339:Thailand: Democracy, Elections, and Legitimacy
2333:
2331:
1932:within 48 hours of arrest, a more transparent
2692:
2071:Appointment of the first Constitutional Court
1804:to evaluate the effectiveness of vote buying.
1528:
1304:1999 attack on the Myanmar Embassy in Bangkok
2549:
2547:
2069:appointments came under much criticism (see
64:āļĢāļąāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļđāļāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļēāļāļēāļāļąāļāļĢāđāļāļĒ āļāļļāļāļāļĻāļąāļāļĢāļēāļ āđāđāđāđ
2356:
2354:
2328:
2360:Aurel Croissant and Daniel J. Pojar, Jr.,
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
1772:. 100 members of the House are elected by
1535:
1521:
2572:
2570:
2544:
2540:The 1997 Constitution: the path of reform
2391:
2389:
2534:
2532:
2374:
2351:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
100:The constitution was the achievement of
18:
2685:Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand
2679:Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand
2447:Aryan, Gothan (September 15â16, 2004),
2408:
2264:
2077:celebrities and D-list hangers-on." In
1998:
1788:from single-member constituencies. The
1784:, and the remaining 400 are elected by
1646:
902:Subdistrict Administrative Organisation
2713:
2567:
2386:
2380:Borwornsak Uwanno and Wayne D. Burns,
2279:Borwornsak Uwanno and Wayne D. Burns,
2168:
1839:rather than a particular constituency.
1643:National Assembly, was not necessary.
1298:Israeli Bangkok Embassy hostage crisis
884:Provincial Administrative Organisation
2529:
2395:Bienvenue au SÃĐnat, SÃĐnats du Monde,
2337:Alec Bamford and Chanida Chanyapate,
2219:
2065:). The Senate's role in scrutinizing
134:The Constitution was repealed by the
1567:. The Committee, headed by academic
2517:
2492:What the Thai coup was really about
1987:, and the heir apparent was Prince
701:Recent elections & referendums
119:". The 1997 constitution created a
93:on 26 December 1996, shortly after
13:
2681:(the 1997 Constitution) in English
2659:
2063:2006 demand for royal intervention
1808:Strengthening the executive branch
1693:Chapter 7 (Sections 201-232): The
617:26th Thai House of Representatives
14:
2747:
2721:Defunct constitutions of Thailand
2635:'Thaksin's ghost haunts drafters'
2087:April 2006 House election results
2038:." Independent agencies like the
138:on 19 September 2006 following a
2040:National Human Rights Commission
1897:National Human Rights Commission
1688:National Human Rights Commission
1495:
634:
551:
504:
455:
331:
232:
179:
166:
45:
35:
25:
2697:National Assembly of Thailand,
2647:
2627:
2615:
2595:
2583:
2504:
2471:" Yale University Press: 2006,
2461:
2441:
2430:
2417:
2316:
2298:
2285:
1724:
1346:Cambodian rebellion (1811â1812)
649:President: Anocha Chevitsophon
2255:
2246:
2162:
2151:
2140:
2129:
1729:
1251:March 1977 coup d'ÃĐtat attempt
673:President: Nakarin Mektrairat
661:President: Vorapot Visrutpich
279:Head of the Royal Armed Forces
46:
1:
2123:
2079:House elections in April 2006
2044:House elections in April 2006
1981:1924 Palace Law of Succession
1974:
1630:hold bachelor's degrees, the
1555:that gained power due to the
1553:military-dominated government
1430:CambodianâThai border dispute
304:Bureau of the Royal Household
150:Constitution drafting process
136:Council for Democratic Reform
2017:January 2001 House elections
1928:, the right to prompt court
1551:" public uprising against a
590:Paradorn Prissanananthakul (
91:National Assembly (Thailand)
7:
2687:(the 1997 Constitution) In
2169:Mydans, Seth (1997-11-04).
2106:
2097:post-2006 coup constitution
1790:proportional representation
944:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
697:Elections & referendums
110:1997 Asian financial crisis
74:
10:
2752:
2239:February 26, 2008, at the
2036:parliamentary dictatorship
1905:Environmental Conservation
1351:Ai Sa Kiad Ngong rebellion
1180:Rebellion of the Sergeants
1134:2013â2014 political crisis
1114:2005â2006 political crisis
396:Pirapan Salirathavibhaga (
142:, and was replaced by the
95:1996 Thai general election
2736:Legal history of Thailand
2578:Country Report - Thailand
2560:November 8, 2006, at the
2310:December 6, 2006, at the
1993:2006 Interim Constitution
1357:Lao rebellion (1826â1828)
418:64th Council of Ministers
379:Suriya Juangroongruangkit
63:
2113:Constitution of Thailand
1770:House of Representatives
1764:, based on that used in
1762:Additional Member System
1668:succession to the throne
1666:, as well as matters of
1407:Foreign relations crisis
1266:1985 coup d'ÃĐtat attempt
1256:October 1977 coup d'ÃĐtat
898:Subdistrict Municipality
833:Administrative divisions
600:Leader of the Opposition
545:House of Representatives
408:Prasert Chanruangthong (
140:successful military coup
82:constitution of Thailand
2367:April 19, 2009, at the
2032:tyranny of the majority
1857:Prinya Thaewanarumitkul
1261:1981 military rebellion
1202:Army General Staff plot
1129:2010 political protests
1104:6 October 1976 massacre
983:(Maritime : India
613:13th Senate of Thailand
2454:June 23, 2006, at the
2206:Kittipong Kittayarak,
2048:Election Commissioners
1972:
1768:, was adopted for the
1750:
1612:Chai-Anan Samudavanija
1340:Taksin's reunification
1164:April 1933 coup d'ÃĐtat
1070:After reunited in 1767
949:Diplomatic missions of
584:Pichet Chuamuangphan (
568:Wan Muhamad Noor Matha
471:Wan Muhamad Noor Matha
364:Deputy Prime Ministers
352:Paetongtarn Shinawatra
309:Royal Security Command
51:
2699:The 1991 Constitution
2469:The King Never Smiles
2083:constitutional crisis
2028:Amorn Chantarasomboon
1953:
1947:ââHealth Care reforms
1907:Organization, and an
1901:Consumers' Protection
1812:vote of no confidence
1745:
1734:Compared to previous
1640:Asian Economic Crisis
1616:Amorn Chantarasomboon
1425:2003 Phnom Penh riots
1325:2019 Bangkok bombings
1315:2012 Bangkok bombings
1186:Songsuradet Rebellion
1169:June 1933 coup d'ÃĐtat
1154:Palace Revolt of 1912
1124:2009 political unrest
1119:2008 political crisis
1099:1973 popular uprising
1094:1970s peasant revolts
402:Pichai Chunhavajira (
314:Crown Property Bureau
121:bicameral legislature
117:People's Constitution
106:Chavalit Yongchaiyudh
22:
2665:Bienvenue au SÃĐnat,
2232:Thanet Aphornsuvan,
2118:Politics of Thailand
2093:Thammasat University
2067:Constitutional Court
2052:Constitutional Court
2010:Constitutional Court
1999:Praise and criticism
1889:Constitutional Court
1702:Constitutional Court
1695:Council of Ministers
1647:Overview of sections
1636:Constitutional Court
1605:Political scientists
1398:Communist insurgency
1392:Separatist Rebellion
1386:Dusun Nyor Rebellion
1374:Holy Man's Rebellion
1320:2015 Bangkok bombing
838:Ministry of Interior
667:Constitutional Court
655:Administrative Court
436:Independent agencies
371:Phumtham Wechayachai
271:Dipangkorn Rasmijoti
159:Politics of Thailand
87:Constituent assembly
2427:, 29 September 2006
1936:procedure, and the
1884:checks and balances
1798:Election Commission
1786:first-past-the-post
1573:Banharn Silpa-archa
1502:Thailand portal
1419:Blue Diamond Affair
1214:Manhattan Rebellion
1174:Boworadet rebellion
1082:Front Palace Crisis
815:Election Commission
388:Anutin Charnvirakul
146:on 1 October 2006.
102:Sukavich Rangsitpol
89:was elected by the
2672:2020-08-31 at the
2640:2007-09-30 at the
2608:2007-09-26 at the
2538:Niyom Rathamarit,
2497:2013-09-07 at the
2467:Paul M. Handley, "
2402:2020-08-31 at the
2344:2007-09-28 at the
2213:2007-06-14 at the
2175:The New York Times
1949:. was required by
1926:warrantless search
1903:Organization, the
1819:Legislative reform
1756:. Voting was made
1736:Thai constitutions
1599:in 1991 under the
1582:Bhumibol Adulyadej
1159:Revolution of 1932
1139:2020â2021 protests
52:
2703:James R. Klein, "
2501:, 6 November 2006
2295:, 12 October 2006
1859:claimed that the
1794:bachelor's degree
1774:proportional rule
1684:National Assembly
1624:Borwornsak Uwanno
1620:Uthai Pimchaichon
1593:Anand Panyarachun
1589:National Assembly
1557:1991 Constitution
1545:
1544:
1362:Kedahan rebellion
1236:Rebellion of 1964
962:Visa requirements
939:Foreign relations
893:Town Municipality
888:City Municipality
820:Political Parties
705:General Elections
537:Bunsong Noisophon
533:Kriangkrai Srirak
521:Mongkol Surasajja
490:Mongkol Surasajja
144:2006 Constitution
72:
2743:
2731:1997 in Thailand
2654:
2651:
2645:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2551:
2542:
2536:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2488:
2479:
2465:
2459:
2445:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2393:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2358:
2349:
2335:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2302:
2296:
2291:Duncan McCargo,
2289:
2283:
2277:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2230:
2217:
2204:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2166:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2133:
1938:right to counsel
1920:Criminal justice
1895:Commission, the
1869:Decentralization
1743:Education reform
1565:Chalard Vorachat
1537:
1530:
1523:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1484:Bank of Thailand
1309:South insurgency
1281:2014 coup d'ÃĐtat
1276:2006 coup d'ÃĐtat
1271:1991 coup d'ÃĐtat
1246:1976 coup d'ÃĐtat
1241:1971 coup d'ÃĐtat
1231:1958 coup d'ÃĐtat
1226:1957 coup d'ÃĐtat
1208:Palace Rebellion
1197:1948 coup d'ÃĐtat
1192:1947 coup d'ÃĐtat
1109:Black May (1992)
1075:Political crisis
1066:Political unrest
737:Senate Elections
638:
555:
508:
459:
335:
262:Heir presumptive
236:
183:
170:
154:
153:
125:directly elected
79:
67:
65:
49:
48:
42:
39:
38:
32:
29:
28:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2711:
2710:
2693:Thai Wikisource
2674:Wayback Machine
2667:Thailand Senate
2662:
2660:Further reading
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:, 12 March 2007
2642:Wayback Machine
2632:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2612:, 15 April 2004
2610:Wayback Machine
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2580:, Freedom House
2575:
2568:
2562:Wayback Machine
2552:
2545:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2510:Paul Chambers,
2509:
2505:
2499:Wayback Machine
2489:
2482:
2466:
2462:
2456:Wayback Machine
2446:
2442:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2404:Wayback Machine
2397:Thailand Senate
2394:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2369:Wayback Machine
2359:
2352:
2346:Wayback Machine
2336:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2312:Wayback Machine
2303:
2299:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2241:Wayback Machine
2231:
2220:
2215:Wayback Machine
2205:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2109:
2001:
1977:
1861:right to resist
1754:Election reform
1732:
1727:
1649:
1601:military regime
1541:
1512:
1508:Other countries
1496:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1403:
1380:Ngiao rebellion
1329:
1285:
1143:
1088:Peace Rebellion
1067:
1059:
1058:
995:
989:
970:Borders :
968:
956:
946:
941:
931:
930:
905:
874:
835:
825:
824:
811:
787:Local elections
783:
763:
733:
699:
689:
688:
684:Military Courts
675:
632:
622:
621:
610:
589:
579:Deputy Speakers
540:
535:
527:Vice Presidents
493:
453:
443:
442:
422:
414:
407:
401:
395:
386:
329:
319:
318:
275:
230:
220:
219:
193:
161:
152:
44:
40:
36:
34:
30:
26:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2749:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2695:
2682:
2676:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2646:
2626:
2614:
2594:
2589:Allen Hicken,
2582:
2566:
2543:
2528:
2516:
2503:
2490:Paul Handley,
2480:
2460:
2440:
2429:
2416:
2407:
2385:
2373:
2350:
2327:
2315:
2297:
2284:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2218:
2194:
2161:
2150:
2139:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2000:
1997:
1989:Vajiralongkorn
1976:
1973:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1942:interrogations
1940:during police
1916:
1879:
1865:
1849:free education
1840:
1826:
1816:
1805:
1782:d'Hondt method
1751:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1656:
1648:
1645:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:Related topics
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1311:(2004âpresent)
1306:
1301:
1294:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:Military coups
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
942:
937:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
923:
912:
911:
904:
903:
900:
895:
890:
885:
881:
880:
873:
872:
867:
862:
857:
846:
845:
836:
831:
830:
827:
826:
823:
822:
817:
810:
809:
806:
805:Municipalities
803:
800:
797:
794:
790:
789:
782:
781:
776:
770:
769:
762:
761:
756:
751:
746:
740:
739:
732:
731:
724:
719:
714:
708:
707:
700:
695:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
681:
679:Criminal Court
671:
670:
659:
658:
647:
646:
633:
628:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
614:
604:
603:
582:
581:
565:
564:
549:
548:
530:
529:
518:
517:
502:
501:
487:
486:
483:Vice President
468:
467:
454:
449:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
439:
438:
433:
421:
420:
368:
367:
349:
348:
340:Prime Minister
330:
325:
324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
267:
266:
253:Vajiralongkorn
250:
249:
231:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:
216:
215:
205:
200:
194:
189:
188:
185:
184:
176:
175:
172:
171:
163:
162:
157:
151:
148:
50:Abstention 17
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2748:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2650:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2478:
2477:0-300-10682-3
2474:
2470:
2464:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:Thai Monarchy
2444:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2383:
2377:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2258:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:Chuan Leekpai
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:primogeniture
1982:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:of government
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1664:Privy Council
1661:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:Chuan Leekpai
1558:
1554:
1550:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
993:
988:
986:
982:
979:
976:
973:
967:
966:
963:
960:
955:
954:
950:
945:
940:
935:
934:
927:
924:
921:
917:
914:
913:
910:
907:
906:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
883:
882:
879:
876:
875:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
855:
851:
848:
847:
844:
841:
840:
839:
834:
829:
828:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:
788:
785:
784:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
768:
765:
764:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
738:
735:
734:
730:
729:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
706:
703:
702:
698:
693:
692:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
674:
669:
668:
664:
663:
662:
657:
656:
652:
651:
650:
645:
644:
643:Supreme Court
640:
639:
637:
631:
626:
625:
618:
615:
612:
611:
609:
608:
602:
601:
597:
596:
595:
593:
587:
580:
577:
576:
575:
573:
569:
563:
562:
558:
557:
556:
554:
547:
546:
542:
541:
539:
538:
534:
528:
525:
524:
523:
522:
516:
515:
511:
510:
509:
507:
500:
499:
495:
494:
492:
491:
485:
484:
480:
479:
478:
476:
472:
466:
465:
461:
460:
458:
452:
447:
446:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
424:
423:
419:
416:
415:
413:
411:
405:
399:
393:
389:
384:
380:
376:
372:
366:
365:
361:
360:
359:
357:
353:
346:
342:
341:
337:
336:
334:
328:
323:
322:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
299:Privy Council
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
274:
273:
272:
265:
264:
263:
258:
257:
256:
254:
247:
243:
242:
238:
237:
235:
229:
224:
223:
214:
211:
210:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
192:
187:
186:
182:
178:
177:
174:
173:
169:
165:
164:
160:
156:
155:
147:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
83:
78:
77:
70:
61:
57:
21:
2649:
2633:The Nation,
2629:
2617:
2601:The Nation,
2597:
2585:
2519:
2506:
2463:
2443:
2432:
2423:The Nation,
2419:
2410:
2376:
2348:, 5 May 2006
2318:
2300:
2287:
2257:
2248:
2186:. Retrieved
2174:
2164:
2153:
2142:
2131:
2101:
2091:
2059:Royal powers
2056:
2023:
2021:
2014:
2002:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1918:
1881:
1867:
1852:
1844:Human rights
1842:
1828:
1823:non-partisan
1818:
1807:
1753:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1725:Key features
1650:
1634:system, the
1586:
1578:Prawase Wasi
1569:Prawase Wasi
1546:
1474:Armed Forces
1454:Demographics
1406:
1332:
1288:
1146:
1074:
1069:
990:
969:
957:
947:
908:
877:
842:
786:
766:
736:
726:
704:
672:
665:
660:
653:
648:
641:
606:
605:
598:
583:
578:
566:
559:
550:
543:
531:
526:
519:
512:
503:
496:
488:
481:
469:
462:
369:
362:
350:
338:
284:Royal family
269:
268:
260:
259:
251:
239:
208:Human rights
191:Constitution
133:
129:human rights
116:
114:
99:
75:
55:
53:
2726:1997 in law
1930:arraignment
1778:party lists
1730:Innovations
1432:(2008â2011)
1421:(1989â2019)
1400:(1965â1983)
1376:(1901â1936)
1370:(1865â1890)
1364:(1838â1839)
1342:(1767â1771)
1220:Silent Coup
1084:(1874â1875)
992:Foreign aid
965:Visa policy
953:in Thailand
865:Subdistrict
802:Subdistrict
767:Referendums
451:Legislature
213:LGBT rights
43:Disagree 16
2715:Categories
2188:2023-11-24
2124:References
1975:Succession
1893:Corruption
1882:Increased
1873:. Elected
1837:party list
1802:canvassers
1780:using the
1758:compulsory
1711:officials.
1632:party list
843:Provincial
799:Provincial
431:Ministries
289:Succession
2183:0362-4331
2034:" and a "
1913:2006 coup
1909:Ombudsman
1748:citizens.
1549:Black May
1464:Education
1333:Conflicts
1290:Terrorism
987:Vietnam)
985:Indonesia
860:Districts
854:Governors
850:Provinces
630:Judiciary
514:President
464:President
327:Executive
255:(Rama X)
33:Agree 578
2670:Archived
2638:Archived
2621:Xinhua,
2606:Archived
2558:Archived
2495:Archived
2452:Archived
2400:Archived
2365:Archived
2342:Archived
2308:Archived
2237:Archived
2211:Archived
2107:See also
1833:censured
1368:Haw wars
978:Malaysia
972:Cambodia
959:Passport
920:Governor
241:The King
228:Monarchy
80:) was a
2691:, from
1922:reforms
1878:reform.
1766:Germany
1609:jurists
1597:Premier
1459:Economy
1449:History
1014:BIMSTEC
981:Myanmar
926:Pattaya
916:Bangkok
909:Special
870:Village
808:Village
796:Pattaya
793:Bangkok
561:Speaker
426:Cabinet
198:History
127:. Many
71::
2475:
2181:
2075:B-list
2046:, the
1899:, the
1875:Tambon
1662:, the
1622:, and
1479:Police
1394:(1948)
1388:(1948)
1382:(1902)
1353:(1819)
1300:(1972)
1222:(1951)
1216:(1951)
1210:(1949)
1204:(1948)
1188:(1939)
1182:(1935)
1176:(1933)
1090:(1952)
607:Vacant
498:Senate
294:Regent
1853:coups
1776:from
1547:The "
1469:Crime
1004:ASEAN
878:Local
2689:Thai
2473:ISBN
2179:ISSN
2081:, a
2061:and
2015:The
1934:bail
1660:King
1628:MP's
1607:and
1414:Wars
1049:IPEF
1039:MNNA
1034:APEC
1029:RCEP
975:Laos
779:2016
774:2007
759:2024
754:2014
749:2008
744:2006
728:next
722:2023
717:2019
712:2014
345:list
246:List
203:Laws
69:RTGS
60:Thai
54:The
2089:).
2024:too
1054:MGC
1044:G77
1024:EAS
1019:MRC
1009:ACD
592:BTP
586:PTP
572:PCC
475:PCC
410:PTP
404:PTP
398:UTN
392:BTP
383:PTP
375:PTP
356:PTP
2717::
2569:^
2546:^
2531:^
2483:^
2388:^
2353:^
2330:^
2266:^
2221:^
2197:^
2177:.
2173:.
2054:.
1618:,
1614:,
1595:,
999:UN
951:/
594:)
574:)
477:)
412:)
377:)
358:)
112:.
97:.
66:,
62::
2325:?
2191:.
1944:.
1915:.
1690:.
1670:.
1536:e
1529:t
1522:v
922:)
918:(
856:)
852:(
588:)
570:(
473:(
406:)
400:)
394:)
390:(
385:)
381:(
373:(
354:(
347:)
343:(
248:)
244:(
58:(
41:N
31:Y
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
