776:. On December 19 after several days of protesting the Shanghai government called in the police and ordered them to use force to remove the student demonstrators, an act that angered students across the country. In response to the tactics of the Shanghai government, students in Hefei engaged in a sit-in on December 23 in front of the Hefei municipal government building with the demand that the Hefei municipal government rebuke the actions of the Shanghai government. Fang Lizhi, who had a great deal of influence amongst the students, worked as a mediator between the government and students in Hefei and was able to get the students back to class and end their sit-in on the condition that the Anhui officials would forward the student demands to the Shanghai government. According to Fang, his involvement in this instance was later used as evidence by the party that he was the one behind these demonstrations.
33:
634:
838:, from his position as General Secretary on January 16, 1987. His response to the demonstrations was a major factor in him being perceived as being overly liberal by Deng Xiaoping. He was replaced by Zhao Ziyang as General Secretary of the CCP. Fang Lizhi was fired from his position as Vice President of USTC on January 12, 1987, and was subsequently expelled from the communist party on January 19. The removal of Hu Yaobang would have lasting consequences as his removal was used by students during the
736:
rights" and not just on-paper rights. The speeches encouraged many students to use their right to demonstrate and assemble in order to protest the government. Students from around the country were able to listen to these speeches when audio recordings were spread throughout college campuses. In response to these comments Fang Lizhi was pressured to attend a conference in Anhui province where he was heavily criticized by
817:
initiating pro-democracy movements were hindered by an unsympatheitc press, which in turn stimulated the fear of government action. While some student demonstrators did hold discussions with the government, they were ineffectual. The
Shanghai students were unable to have any of their four demands met after a six-hour meeting with the
779:
According to sociologist Julia Kwong, the demonstrations were never able to gain widespread support; the biggest demonstrations in
Beijing and Shanghai numbered 30,000 in total and some demonstrations only numbered in the hundreds, such as the protests in Guangzhou. In total 150 Chinese universities
811:
underlined how uncoordinated the efforts behind the movement actually were. The 1986 student demonstrations triggered a wave of protests over the next few years, however protestors were largely reluctant to step forward when called upon to declare the purpose behind their demonstrations. The few who
833:
The protestors' fear of the government was not unfounded. The waves of protest came to a head when several thousand students assembled on New Year's Day, disregarding government bans on unauthorised demonstrations. The government adopted a much harder approach, and the official press began to raise
794:
media. These grievances varied depending on the campus with students in
Beijing protesting that lights were turned off after 11:00 whereas students in Nanjing criticized the inclusion of political studies in their curriculum. The protesters also focused on the problem of corruption and cronyism in
735:
in which he encouraged to "open in all directions" which meant that he believed that China should open up to the ideals of academic freedom, freedom of speech and freedom of the press that he associated with the West. He also stated that the rights in the
Chinese constitution should be "actual
722:
The 1986 student demonstrations took place in the context of economic difficulties caused by an inflation rate of 16% which led to large increases in living costs. There was also a view that there was corruption within the government which made it difficult for people without connections to get
816:
initiated under Deng
Xiaoping's leadership, others went as far to question the validity of a socialist state. There was no formal consensus or unity. Acts of protest and demonstrations were being encouraged by academic authorities and while students followed the call to action, their attempts at
802:
would bring the ire of the central government down on protesters and lead to a severe response. Instead, the reasoning behind the demonstrations were to showcase activism and a general sense of social consciousness. The reasoning behind this deliberate vagueness is largely attributed to previous
807:. While most protesters at the time were too young to have witnessed the chaos amidst the movement, the suffering faced by their predecessors and parents caused enough trepidation that they were reluctant to initiate extreme action. A 1988 article by the
1442:
1447:
1843:
1467:
698:, who were critical of the Chinese government's lack of political reforms. The demonstrations quickly dissipated by mid-January before achieving any of its stated goals. The lack of response from
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662:
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2207:
2202:
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748:
The demonstrations began at the
University of Science and Technology in the city of Hefei on December 5, 1986, in response to students' demands to nominate their own candidates for the
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389:
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780:
out of 1016 took part in the demonstration across 17 cities with 2% of the student population taking part. The goals of the protestors were portrayed in western media like
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289:
170:
42:
1536:
581:
32:
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Importantly, Kwong noted that the details of and reasons behind the protest were left deliberately vague, as students were cognizant that attempting to advocate for a
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1331:
834:
campaigns underlining the rise of "bourgeois liberation," initiated by Deng in an attempt to curb excessive liberalisation. Action began with the resignation of
842:. Many of the students who took part in these demonstrations would go on to participate in the 1989 demonstrations. An example of this is the student leader
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59:
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took place in a number of
Chinese cities from December 1986 until mid-January 1987. The demonstrations started in the city of
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Daniel
Southerland "China Shows New Concern at Protests; State Press Attacks Latest Demonstrations; Workers Arrested,"
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instead of choosing from a government selected list. From there protests spread to other cities such as
Shanghai,
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2004:
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did had differing judgements of the purpose behind the protests. While some cited the reasons as the wave of
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the government, which affected students abilities to gain employment and slowed
Chinese economic growth.
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1763:
451:
710:(CCP) at the time, would result in his removal from power on January 15, 1987, and his replacement by
825:. By mid-January all of the demonstrations had stopped, and the students returned to their campuses.
790:
but the students had many other grievances that had little to do with democracy and were reported by
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351:
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1272:
Major, J.S. (1988). China Briefing, 1987 (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429036729
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Moving the Mountain: My Life in China From the Cultural Revolution to Tiananmen Square
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2018:
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attempts of students to sit in on provinicial and municipal committees during the
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1207:
1004:
Julia Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China: A Democratic Movement?,"
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The Most Wanted Man in China: My Journey from Scientist to Enemy of the State
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Fang Lizhi was giving a series of lectures at universities in Shanghai and
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ahead, many of these accusations of corruption targeted the children of
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and other high ranking provincial officials over his earlier comments.
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727:. During this time astrophysics professor and vice president of the
690:. The movement was heavily influenced by the Chinese intellectuals
2230:
1718:
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683:
1139:"The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China. A democratic movement?"
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1078:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 971-73.
846:, who participated in both 1986 and 1989 demonstrations.
1250:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 978.
1241:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 979.
1184:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 977.
1175:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 977.
1127:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 978.
1118:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 979.
1109:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 979.
1087:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 972.
1017:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 970.
2145:Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy
2288:
2271:Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao
1367:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China
24:History of the People's Republic of China
1332:
865:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 401.
729:University of Science and Technology of China
656:
1443:Dialogue between students and the government
1348:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
861:Alexander V. Pantsov and Steven I. Levine,
840:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
819:Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary
277:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
70:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
1339:
1325:
663:
649:
1196:"Angry Students Fail to Make Their Point"
682:before spreading to other cities such as
1830:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
85:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
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2266:Reactions to the protests and massacre
1825:Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation
1407:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
1193:
16:Anti-regime protests in mainland China
2012:The Critical Moment – Li Peng Diaries
1320:
1136:
1387:Campaign against spiritual pollution
863:Deng Xiaoping: A Revolutionary Life.
552:2020 Hong Kong national security law
245:Campaign against spiritual pollution
1382:1986 Chinese student demonstrations
956:(New York: Henry Holt and Co.),252.
267:1986 Chinese student demonstrations
13:
412:South–North Water Transfer Project
339:US bombing of the Belgrade embassy
235:Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign
75:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
14:
2348:
743:
377:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
372:Forum on China–Africa Cooperation
272:Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration
1448:Funding of student organizations
632:
188:1978 Truth Criterion Controversy
133:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
31:
2005:Collection of June Fourth Poems
1402:Household responsibility system
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998:
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537:China International Import Expo
1311:(London: Macmillan, 1990),102.
1194:Faison, Seth (June 15, 1988).
959:
946:
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894:
881:
868:
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240:Sino-British Joint Declaration
1:
2073:Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square
849:
717:
532:China–United States trade war
205:China–United States relations
2317:December 1986 events in Asia
1296:The Most Wanted Man in China
1067:The Most Wanted Man in China
1054:The Most Wanted Man in China
1041:The Most Wanted Man in China
1028:The Most Wanted Man in China
993:The Most Wanted Man in China
982:(Colorado: Sensys Corp), 33.
967:The Most Wanted Man in China
828:
547:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
138:Socialist Education Movement
7:
2327:Chinese democracy movements
2322:January 1987 events in Asia
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527:Xinjiang internment camps
502:Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou
352:China Western Development
344:Persecution of Falun Gong
2130:Democracy Party of China
1200:South China Morning Post
809:South China Morning Post
507:2016 G20 Hangzhou summit
482:Belt and Road Initiative
477:Anti-corruption campaign
317:One country, two systems
250:Bourgeois liberalization
128:Two Bombs, One Satellite
100:Hundred Flowers Campaign
1433:April 27 demonstrations
1372:1976 Tiananmen Incident
708:Chinese Communist Party
427:Three Links with Taiwan
422:2008 Sichuan earthquake
397:2002–2004 SARS outbreak
297:Shanghai Stock Exchange
1412:Criticism of communism
788:pro-democracy movement
676:Student demonstrations
564:2020–2021 reform spree
522:Persecution of Uyghurs
452:West–East Gas Pipeline
357:Hainan Island incident
198:Special economic zones
193:Reforms and Opening Up
105:Anti-Rightist Campaign
2276:Human rights in China
2140:Human Rights in China
2126:China Support Network
2059:Prisoner of the State
1453:Mao portrait incident
1137:Kwong, Julia (1988).
980:Standoff at Tiananmen
417:Qinghai–Tibet railway
322:Handover of Hong Kong
2242:Goddess of Democracy
2150:Operation Yellowbird
2087:The Tiananmen Papers
1468:Military involvement
1281:Pantsov and Levine,
1259:Pantsov and Levine,
1100:, December 29, 1986.
939:Pantsov and Levine,
926:Pantsov and Levine,
913:Pantsov and Levine,
900:Pantsov and Levine,
887:Pantsov and Levine,
874:Pantsov and Levine,
569:2022 Winter Olympics
470:2012–present: Xi era
432:2008 Summer Olympics
367:Accession to the WTO
307:Deng's southern tour
290:1989–2002: Jiang era
123:Great Chinese Famine
80:First five-year plan
55:Land Reform Movement
2066:Quelling the People
2052:Moving the Mountain
2040:A Heart for Freedom
1998:A Tiananmen Journal
1991:Almost a Revolution
1362:May Fourth Movement
1098:The Washington Post
805:Cultural Revolution
783:The Washington Post
302:Pudong New District
222:Sino-Vietnamese War
217:Four Modernizations
171:1976–1989: Deng era
158:Richard Nixon visit
148:Cultural Revolution
2225:Nothing to My Name
2135:Hong Kong Alliance
1537:Standing Committee
1463:June 9 Deng speech
1458:Sino-Soviet Summit
1428:April 26 Editorial
1165:– via JSTOR.
800:multi-party system
407:Visit of Lien Chan
118:Great Leap Forward
90:Bandung Conference
43:1949–1976: Mao era
2332:Protests in China
2284:
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2155:Tiananmen Mothers
2019:Escape from China
1978:
1977:
1838:
1837:
1660:
1659:
704:General Secretary
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559:COVID-19 pandemic
390:2002–2012: Hu era
327:Handover of Macau
210:Three Communiqués
153:UN representation
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2080:Tiananmen Exiles
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814:economic reform
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497:APEC China 2014
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457:High-speed rail
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2010:
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1996:
1989:
1869:Yang Baibing
1809:Zhou Yongjun
1759:Tang Baiqiao
1724:Han Dongfang
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2208:32nd (2021)
2203:31st (2020)
2198:30th (2019)
2193:25th (2014)
2188:24th (2013)
2183:21st (2010)
2178:20th (2009)
2173:10th (1999)
1879:Hong Xuezhi
1864:Chi Haotian
1859:Liu Huaqing
1774:Wang Youcai
1739:Liu Xianbin
1714:Feng Congde
1591:Jiang Zemin
1586:Chen Xitong
1545:Zhao Ziyang
1512:Li Xiannian
823:Jiang Zemin
786:as being a
756:, Nanjing,
712:Zhao Ziyang
334:1998 floods
262:863 Program
143:Third Front
110:Canton Fair
2291:Categories
1903:Army units
1894:Li Lianxiu
1889:Xu Qinxian
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1794:Yu Dongyue
1779:Wu'erkaixi
1744:Liu Xiaobo
1729:Hou Dejian
1709:Fang Zheng
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1665:Protesters
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1647:Wen Jiabao
1632:Yan Mingfu
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1355:Background
1208:1538640155
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1967:65th
1963:64th
1960:63rd
1957:54th
1953:40th
1948:39th
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1938:28th
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