787:. On December 19 after several days of protesting the Shanghai government called in the police and ordered them to use force to remove the student demonstrators, an act that angered students across the country. In response to the tactics of the Shanghai government, students in Hefei engaged in a sit-in on December 23 in front of the Hefei municipal government building with the demand that the Hefei municipal government rebuke the actions of the Shanghai government. Fang Lizhi, who had a great deal of influence amongst the students, worked as a mediator between the government and students in Hefei and was able to get the students back to class and end their sit-in on the condition that the Anhui officials would forward the student demands to the Shanghai government. According to Fang, his involvement in this instance was later used as evidence by the party that he was the one behind these demonstrations.
44:
645:
849:, from his position as General Secretary on January 16, 1987. His response to the demonstrations was a major factor in him being perceived as being overly liberal by Deng Xiaoping. He was replaced by Zhao Ziyang as General Secretary of the CCP. Fang Lizhi was fired from his position as Vice President of USTC on January 12, 1987, and was subsequently expelled from the communist party on January 19. The removal of Hu Yaobang would have lasting consequences as his removal was used by students during the
747:
rights" and not just on-paper rights. The speeches encouraged many students to use their right to demonstrate and assemble in order to protest the government. Students from around the country were able to listen to these speeches when audio recordings were spread throughout college campuses. In response to these comments Fang Lizhi was pressured to attend a conference in Anhui province where he was heavily criticized by
828:
initiating pro-democracy movements were hindered by an unsympatheitc press, which in turn stimulated the fear of government action. While some student demonstrators did hold discussions with the government, they were ineffectual. The
Shanghai students were unable to have any of their four demands met after a six-hour meeting with the
790:
According to sociologist Julia Kwong, the demonstrations were never able to gain widespread support; the biggest demonstrations in
Beijing and Shanghai numbered 30,000 in total and some demonstrations only numbered in the hundreds, such as the protests in Guangzhou. In total 150 Chinese universities
822:
underlined how uncoordinated the efforts behind the movement actually were. The 1986 student demonstrations triggered a wave of protests over the next few years, however protestors were largely reluctant to step forward when called upon to declare the purpose behind their demonstrations. The few who
844:
The protestors' fear of the government was not unfounded. The waves of protest came to a head when several thousand students assembled on New Year's Day, disregarding government bans on unauthorised demonstrations. The government adopted a much harder approach, and the official press began to raise
805:
media. These grievances varied depending on the campus with students in
Beijing protesting that lights were turned off after 11:00 whereas students in Nanjing criticized the inclusion of political studies in their curriculum. The protesters also focused on the problem of corruption and cronyism in
746:
in which he encouraged to "open in all directions" which meant that he believed that China should open up to the ideals of academic freedom, freedom of speech and freedom of the press that he associated with the West. He also stated that the rights in the
Chinese constitution should be "actual
733:
The 1986 student demonstrations took place in the context of economic difficulties caused by an inflation rate of 16% which led to large increases in living costs. There was also a view that there was corruption within the government which made it difficult for people without connections to get
827:
initiated under Deng
Xiaoping's leadership, others went as far to question the validity of a socialist state. There was no formal consensus or unity. Acts of protest and demonstrations were being encouraged by academic authorities and while students followed the call to action, their attempts at
813:
would bring the ire of the central government down on protesters and lead to a severe response. Instead, the reasoning behind the demonstrations were to showcase activism and a general sense of social consciousness. The reasoning behind this deliberate vagueness is largely attributed to previous
818:. While most protesters at the time were too young to have witnessed the chaos amidst the movement, the suffering faced by their predecessors and parents caused enough trepidation that they were reluctant to initiate extreme action. A 1988 article by the
1453:
1458:
1854:
1478:
709:, who were critical of the Chinese government's lack of political reforms. The demonstrations quickly dissipated by mid-January before achieving any of its stated goals. The lack of response from
2145:
673:
1349:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
759:
The demonstrations began at the
University of Science and Technology in the city of Hefei on December 5, 1986, in response to students' demands to nominate their own candidates for the
480:
400:
2175:
791:
out of 1016 took part in the demonstration across 17 cities with 2% of the student population taking part. The goals of the protestors were portrayed in western media like
2276:
300:
181:
53:
1547:
592:
43:
809:
Importantly, Kwong noted that the details of and reasons behind the protest were left deliberately vague, as students were cognizant that attempting to advocate for a
666:
1342:
845:
campaigns underlining the rise of "bourgeois liberation," initiated by Deng in an attempt to curb excessive liberalisation. Action began with the resignation of
853:. Many of the students who took part in these demonstrations would go on to participate in the 1989 demonstrations. An example of this is the student leader
659:
1335:
574:
17:
2155:
1377:
70:
714:
2281:
739:
349:
613:
34:
1358:
850:
829:
287:
80:
1840:
417:
1977:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1930:
1920:
1835:
487:
245:
95:
689:
took place in a number of
Chinese cities from December 1986 until mid-January 1987. The demonstrations started in the city of
1417:
422:
377:
2327:
382:
2337:
2332:
2150:
1463:
1397:
562:
255:
168:
569:
163:
2347:
1107:
Daniel
Southerland "China Shows New Concern at Protests; State Press Attacks Latest Demonstrations; Workers Arrested,"
85:
2043:
1422:
542:
387:
282:
215:
2258:
557:
317:
198:
143:
763:
instead of choosing from a government selected list. From there protests spread to other cities such as
Shanghai,
2062:
2015:
1412:
547:
532:
208:
1239:
250:
2083:
823:
did had differing judgements of the purpose behind the protests. While some cited the reasons as the wave of
760:
265:
798:
148:
90:
60:
806:
the government, which affected students abilities to gain employment and slowed
Chinese economic growth.
407:
2342:
1774:
462:
721:(CCP) at the time, would result in his removal from power on January 15, 1987, and his replacement by
836:. By mid-January all of the demonstrations had stopped, and the students returned to their campuses.
801:
but the students had many other grievances that had little to do with democracy and were reported by
537:
427:
362:
354:
1283:
Major, J.S. (1988). China Briefing, 1987 (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429036729
2140:
2056:
1448:
819:
517:
492:
467:
327:
260:
138:
110:
1488:
1468:
1443:
1407:
1382:
718:
502:
432:
307:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
367:
203:
115:
1327:
2286:
2117:
2069:
1819:
1794:
1214:
552:
332:
2252:
2160:
2097:
2036:
1779:
579:
442:
133:
65:
220:
8:
2076:
2050:
2022:
2008:
2001:
1925:
1527:
1402:
1372:
815:
793:
602:
312:
232:
227:
158:
153:
2235:
1473:
1438:
1233:
1169:
810:
628:
623:
597:
128:
100:
1320:
Moving the Mountain: My Life in China From the Cultural Revolution to Tiananmen Square
2165:
2029:
633:
344:
337:
2111:
2090:
1161:
686:
618:
527:
457:
814:
attempts of students to sit in on provinicial and municipal committees during the
2246:
2104:
1218:
1015:
Julia Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China: A Democratic Movement?,"
824:
507:
372:
193:
1894:
1814:
1387:
322:
237:
105:
1206:
2301:
1789:
1517:
1507:
965:
The Most Wanted Man in China: My Journey from Scientist to Enemy of the State
735:
512:
1879:
1769:
1734:
1499:
742:
Fang Lizhi was giving a series of lectures at universities in Shanghai and
706:
649:
497:
188:
1889:
1874:
1869:
1784:
1749:
1724:
1601:
1596:
1555:
1522:
833:
722:
522:
437:
272:
120:
734:
ahead, many of these accusations of corruption targeted the children of
1904:
1899:
1809:
1804:
1754:
1739:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1662:
1657:
1642:
1632:
1606:
1173:
1149:
846:
751:
and other high ranking provincial officials over his earlier comments.
710:
702:
412:
75:
1884:
1799:
1764:
1759:
1694:
1611:
1591:
1575:
1532:
802:
780:
447:
1165:
738:. During this time astrophysics professor and vice president of the
701:. The movement was heavily influenced by the Chinese intellectuals
2241:
1729:
1704:
1699:
1627:
1565:
1512:
772:
694:
1150:"The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China. A democratic movement?"
1689:
1647:
1637:
1570:
1560:
1537:
784:
768:
764:
698:
1652:
1357:
776:
748:
743:
1744:
854:
690:
452:
1089:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 971-73.
857:, who participated in both 1986 and 1989 demonstrations.
1261:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 978.
1252:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 979.
1195:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 977.
1186:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 977.
1138:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 978.
1129:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 979.
1120:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 979.
1098:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 972.
1028:
Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 970.
2156:Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy
2299:
2282:Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao
1378:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China
35:History of the People's Republic of China
1343:
876:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 401.
740:University of Science and Technology of China
667:
1454:Dialogue between students and the government
1359:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
872:Alexander V. Pantsov and Steven I. Levine,
851:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
830:Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary
288:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
81:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
1350:
1336:
674:
660:
1207:"Angry Students Fail to Make Their Point"
693:before spreading to other cities such as
1841:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
96:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
14:
2300:
2277:Reactions to the protests and massacre
1836:Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation
1418:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
1204:
27:Anti-regime protests in mainland China
2023:The Critical Moment – Li Peng Diaries
1331:
1147:
1398:Campaign against spiritual pollution
874:Deng Xiaoping: A Revolutionary Life.
563:2020 Hong Kong national security law
256:Campaign against spiritual pollution
1393:1986 Chinese student demonstrations
967:(New York: Henry Holt and Co.),252.
278:1986 Chinese student demonstrations
24:
18:1986 Chinese Student Demonstrations
423:South–North Water Transfer Project
350:US bombing of the Belgrade embassy
246:Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign
86:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
25:
2359:
754:
388:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
383:Forum on China–Africa Cooperation
283:Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration
1459:Funding of student organizations
643:
199:1978 Truth Criterion Controversy
144:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
42:
2016:Collection of June Fourth Poems
1413:Household responsibility system
1312:
1299:
1286:
1277:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1070:
1057:
1044:
1031:
1022:
1009:
996:
983:
548:China International Import Expo
1322:(London: Macmillan, 1990),102.
1205:Faison, Seth (June 15, 1988).
970:
957:
944:
931:
918:
905:
892:
879:
866:
251:Sino-British Joint Declaration
13:
1:
2084:Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square
860:
728:
543:China–United States trade war
216:China–United States relations
2328:December 1986 events in Asia
1307:The Most Wanted Man in China
1078:The Most Wanted Man in China
1065:The Most Wanted Man in China
1052:The Most Wanted Man in China
1039:The Most Wanted Man in China
1004:The Most Wanted Man in China
993:(Colorado: Sensys Corp), 33.
978:The Most Wanted Man in China
839:
558:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
149:Socialist Education Movement
7:
2338:Chinese democracy movements
2333:January 1987 events in Asia
10:
2364:
2044:The Gate of Heavenly Peace
1238:: CS1 maint: url-status (
761:National People's Congress
2348:Student protests in China
2269:
2227:
2174:
2128:
1993:
1913:
1862:
1853:
1828:
1682:
1675:
1620:
1584:
1546:
1498:
1487:
1431:
1365:
538:Xinjiang internment camps
513:Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou
363:China Western Development
355:Persecution of Falun Gong
2141:Democracy Party of China
1211:South China Morning Post
820:South China Morning Post
518:2016 G20 Hangzhou summit
493:Belt and Road Initiative
488:Anti-corruption campaign
328:One country, two systems
261:Bourgeois liberalization
139:Two Bombs, One Satellite
111:Hundred Flowers Campaign
1444:April 27 demonstrations
1383:1976 Tiananmen Incident
719:Chinese Communist Party
438:Three Links with Taiwan
433:2008 Sichuan earthquake
408:2002–2004 SARS outbreak
308:Shanghai Stock Exchange
1423:Criticism of communism
799:pro-democracy movement
687:Student demonstrations
575:2020–2021 reform spree
533:Persecution of Uyghurs
463:West–East Gas Pipeline
368:Hainan Island incident
209:Special economic zones
204:Reforms and Opening Up
116:Anti-Rightist Campaign
2287:Human rights in China
2151:Human Rights in China
2137:China Support Network
2070:Prisoner of the State
1464:Mao portrait incident
1148:Kwong, Julia (1988).
991:Standoff at Tiananmen
428:Qinghai–Tibet railway
333:Handover of Hong Kong
2253:Goddess of Democracy
2161:Operation Yellowbird
2098:The Tiananmen Papers
1479:Military involvement
1292:Pantsov and Levine,
1270:Pantsov and Levine,
1111:, December 29, 1986.
950:Pantsov and Levine,
937:Pantsov and Levine,
924:Pantsov and Levine,
911:Pantsov and Levine,
898:Pantsov and Levine,
885:Pantsov and Levine,
580:2022 Winter Olympics
481:2012–present: Xi era
443:2008 Summer Olympics
378:Accession to the WTO
318:Deng's southern tour
301:1989–2002: Jiang era
134:Great Chinese Famine
91:First five-year plan
66:Land Reform Movement
2077:Quelling the People
2063:Moving the Mountain
2051:A Heart for Freedom
2009:A Tiananmen Journal
2002:Almost a Revolution
1373:May Fourth Movement
1109:The Washington Post
816:Cultural Revolution
794:The Washington Post
313:Pudong New District
233:Sino-Vietnamese War
228:Four Modernizations
182:1976–1989: Deng era
169:Richard Nixon visit
159:Cultural Revolution
2236:Nothing to My Name
2146:Hong Kong Alliance
1548:Standing Committee
1474:June 9 Deng speech
1469:Sino-Soviet Summit
1439:April 26 Editorial
1176:– via JSTOR.
811:multi-party system
418:Visit of Lien Chan
129:Great Leap Forward
101:Bandung Conference
54:1949–1976: Mao era
2343:Protests in China
2295:
2294:
2166:Tiananmen Mothers
2030:Escape from China
1989:
1988:
1849:
1848:
1671:
1670:
715:General Secretary
684:
683:
570:COVID-19 pandemic
401:2002–2012: Hu era
338:Handover of Macau
221:Three Communiqués
164:UN representation
16:(Redirected from
2355:
2091:Tiananmen Exiles
1860:
1859:
1680:
1679:
1585:Regional leaders
1496:
1495:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1000:
994:
987:
981:
974:
968:
961:
955:
948:
942:
935:
929:
922:
916:
909:
903:
896:
890:
883:
877:
870:
676:
669:
662:
650:China portal
648:
647:
646:
528:9th BRICS summit
458:Three Gorges Dam
46:
37:
30:
29:
21:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2265:
2247:June 4th Museum
2223:
2170:
2130:
2124:
2105:Pillar of Shame
1985:
1909:
1845:
1824:
1683:Leading figures
1667:
1616:
1580:
1542:
1490:
1483:
1427:
1408:Economic reform
1361:
1356:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1166:10.2307/2644802
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:28 (1988): 970.
1014:
1010:
1001:
997:
988:
984:
975:
971:
962:
958:
949:
945:
936:
932:
923:
919:
910:
906:
897:
893:
884:
880:
871:
867:
863:
842:
825:economic reform
757:
731:
680:
644:
642:
585:
584:
508:APEC China 2014
483:
473:
472:
468:High-speed rail
403:
393:
392:
373:APEC China 2001
359:
303:
293:
292:
242:
194:Boluan Fanzheng
184:
174:
173:
125:
56:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1895:Liang Guanglie
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1815:Zhao Changqing
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1775:Wang Bingzhang
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1388:Beijing Spring
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1325:
1324:
1311:
1298:
1285:
1276:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1160:(9): 970–985.
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1069:
1056:
1043:
1030:
1021:
1008:
995:
982:
969:
956:
943:
930:
917:
904:
891:
878:
864:
862:
859:
841:
838:
756:
755:Demonstrations
753:
730:
727:
713:, who was the
682:
681:
679:
678:
671:
664:
656:
653:
652:
639:
638:
637:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
608:
607:
606:
605:
600:
595:
587:
586:
583:
582:
577:
572:
567:
566:
565:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
503:Supercomputing
500:
495:
490:
484:
479:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
404:
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
358:
357:
352:
347:
342:
341:
340:
335:
325:
323:1992 consensus
320:
315:
310:
304:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
269:
268:
258:
253:
248:
241:
240:
238:Beijing Spring
235:
230:
225:
224:
223:
213:
212:
211:
201:
196:
191:
185:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
124:
123:
118:
113:
108:
106:Sufan movement
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
57:
52:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2360:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:1987 protests
2321:
2319:
2318:1986 protests
2316:
2314:
2313:1987 in China
2311:
2309:
2308:1986 in China
2306:
2305:
2303:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2176:Anniversaries
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1518:Yang Shangkun
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:Deng Xiaoping
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:Hunger Strike
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1294:Deng Xiaoping
1289:
1280:
1273:
1272:Deng Xiaoping
1267:
1258:
1249:
1241:
1235:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1005:
999:
992:
989:Eddie Cheng,
986:
979:
973:
966:
960:
953:
952:Deng Xiaoping
947:
940:
939:Deng Xiaoping
934:
927:
926:Deng Xiaoping
921:
914:
913:Deng Xiaoping
908:
901:
900:Deng Xiaoping
895:
888:
887:Deng Xiaoping
882:
875:
869:
865:
858:
856:
852:
848:
837:
835:
831:
826:
821:
817:
812:
807:
804:
800:
796:
795:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
752:
750:
745:
741:
737:
736:Deng Xiaoping
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
677:
672:
670:
665:
663:
658:
657:
655:
654:
651:
641:
640:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
609:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
589:
588:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
564:
561:
560:
559:
556:
554:
553:Space program
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
482:
477:
476:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
402:
397:
396:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
302:
297:
296:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
267:
264:
263:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
222:
219:
218:
217:
214:
210:
207:
206:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
183:
178:
177:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
126:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
55:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2251:
2129:Human rights
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2057:Leica advert
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1880:Yang Baibing
1820:Zhou Yongjun
1770:Tang Baiqiao
1735:Han Dongfang
1392:
1319:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1279:
1271:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1222:. Retrieved
1210:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1157:
1154:Asian Survey
1153:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1024:
1017:Asian Survey
1016:
1011:
1003:
998:
990:
985:
977:
972:
964:
963:Fang Lizhi,
959:
951:
946:
938:
933:
925:
920:
912:
907:
899:
894:
886:
881:
873:
868:
843:
832:of Shanghai
808:
792:
789:
758:
732:
707:Wang Ruowang
685:
593:Constitution
277:
189:Gang of Four
71:Proclamation
2219:32nd (2021)
2214:31st (2020)
2209:30th (2019)
2204:25th (2014)
2199:24th (2013)
2194:21st (2010)
2189:20th (2009)
2184:10th (1999)
1890:Hong Xuezhi
1875:Chi Haotian
1870:Liu Huaqing
1785:Wang Youcai
1750:Liu Xianbin
1725:Feng Congde
1602:Jiang Zemin
1597:Chen Xitong
1556:Zhao Ziyang
1523:Li Xiannian
834:Jiang Zemin
797:as being a
767:, Nanjing,
723:Zhao Ziyang
345:1998 floods
273:863 Program
154:Third Front
121:Canton Fair
2302:Categories
1914:Army units
1905:Li Lianxiu
1900:Xu Qinxian
1810:Zhang Boli
1805:Yu Dongyue
1790:Wu'erkaixi
1755:Liu Xiaobo
1740:Hou Dejian
1720:Fang Zheng
1715:Fang Lizhi
1710:Ding Zilin
1676:Protesters
1663:Wu Xueqian
1658:Wen Jiabao
1643:Yan Mingfu
1633:Hu Yaobang
1607:Zhu Rongji
1432:Chronology
1403:Corruption
1366:Background
1219:1538640155
861:References
847:Hu Yaobang
729:Background
711:Hu Yaobang
703:Fang Lizhi
413:Shenzhou 5
266:Opposition
76:Korean War
61:Revolution
2259:Hong Kong
2118:TV series
2112:Chimerica
2037:Execution
1885:Qin Jiwei
1800:Yan Jiaqi
1795:Xiong Yan
1765:Shen Tong
1760:Qin Benli
1695:Chai Ling
1612:Hu Jintao
1592:Li Ximing
1576:Yao Yilin
1533:Peng Zhen
1528:Wang Zhen
1489:Communist
1234:cite news
980:, 252-53.
840:Aftermath
803:Hong Kong
781:Guangzhou
629:Geography
624:Education
498:Chang'e 3
448:Expo 2010
2242:Tank Man
1863:Generals
1855:Military
1780:Wang Dan
1730:Liu Gang
1705:Dai Qing
1700:Cui Jian
1628:Bao Tong
1566:Qiao Shi
1513:Chen Yun
1215:ProQuest
773:Hangzhou
695:Shanghai
634:Politics
603:Shanghai
523:Xiong'an
2270:Related
1690:Bei Dao
1648:Yuan Mu
1638:Luo Gan
1571:Hu Qili
1561:Li Peng
1538:Bo Yibo
1318:Li Lu,
1174:2644802
785:Beijing
769:Kunming
765:Tianjin
717:of the
699:Nanjing
619:Economy
614:Culture
598:Beijing
2131:groups
1829:Groups
1653:Wan Li
1621:Others
1500:Elders
1309:, 264.
1305:Fang,
1296:, 402.
1274:, 401.
1224:2 June
1217:
1172:
1080:, 262.
1076:Fang,
1067:, 261.
1063:Fang,
1054:, 261.
1050:Fang,
1041:, 260.
1037:Fang,
1006:, 255.
1002:Fang,
976:Fang,
954:, 400.
941:, 400.
928:, 401.
915:, 401.
902:, 400.
889:, 400.
783:, and
777:Suzhou
749:Wan Li
744:Ningbo
2228:Icons
1994:Works
1745:Li Lu
1491:Party
1170:JSTOR
855:Li Lu
691:Hefei
453:BRICS
1982:67th
1978:65th
1974:64th
1971:63rd
1968:54th
1964:40th
1959:39th
1954:38th
1949:28th
1944:27th
1939:26th
1935:24th
1931:20th
1926:15th
1921:12th
1240:link
1226:2024
705:and
697:and
1162:doi
2304::
1236:}}
1232:{{
1213:.
1209:.
1168:.
1158:28
1156:.
1152:.
779:,
775:,
771:,
725:.
2238:"
2234:"
1351:e
1344:t
1337:v
1242:)
1228:.
1164::
675:e
668:t
661:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)