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903:, expressed distrust of the DRA leadership, stating that "Amin and Taraki alike are concealing the true state of affairs from us". In a telephone conversation with Kosygin the following day, Taraki complained that he could no longer rely on the Afghan armed forces, even those trained in the Soviet Union, and his pleas for help became even more pressing: he requested that Soviet soldiers from the
919:...we carefully studied all aspects of this action and came to the conclusion that if our troops were introduced, the situation in your country would not only not improve, but would worsen. One cannot deny that our troops would have to fight not only with foreign aggressors, but also with a certain number of your people. And people do not forgive such things.
651:
allies for help, but the Soviet leadership declined to intervene. After the insurgents seized and held the city for about a week, the regime was able to retake it with its own forces, and the subsequent aerial bombardment and recapture of Herat left 3,000 to 25,000 of its inhabitants dead. It was the
772:
advisers to the DRA were killed, though other foreigners were spared. The exact number of
Soviets killed during the events is uncertain: some sources cite high figures of up to 200 but according to official Soviet sources, there were only two victims. Former DRA sources indicate that 3 or 4 Soviets
773:
were killed, possibly with their families. According to certain sources, the bodies of the dead advisers were paraded around the city by the rebels, but this is denied by other sources. The rebellion did not have a unified leadership: on the military side, the mutineers were led by a group of
907:(many of which were inhabited by the same ethnic groups also found in Afghanistan) could be smuggled into Afghanistan in Afghan garb. However these requests were to no avail, and the Politburo initially moved towards a policy of non-intervention, which was later validated by
1017:
and by Gilles
Dorronsoro, the latter pointing out that certain figures of the uprising such as Gul Muhammad, were ethnic Pashtuns, and that the revolt took hold equally in Pashtun-inhabited areas. However Vercellin claims that many in Herat viewed the DRA government as
1044:
According to
Olivier Roy, the Herat rebellion was an example of an organized rebellion, as opposed to the spontaneous anti-government revolts which occurred elsewhere in the country. Roy considers that the events in Herat bear the hallmark of strategy developed by
1000:
prints charged that
Pakistan, Egypt, China, the United States, United Kingdom and West Germany were responsible for the uprising, while also blaming Iran. It contradicted the assessments of the internal Soviet Politburo that it was caused by the DRA regime.
1053:, consisting of a military coup by supporters infiltrated in the Army, supported by a popular uprising. To support this thesis, Roy points to the actions of Jamiat agents in the military (Ismail Khan and Alauddin Khan), and to links between Jamiat and the
991:
communities of Herat, which made up half of the city's population. In a propaganda move, the regime took advantage of the return of 4,000 Afghan labourers from Iran, to claim that Herat had been infiltrated by
Iranians dressed as Afghans.
864:, during which the city was heavily damaged, and thousands of Heratis were killed, though the exact death toll is uncertain: the lowest estimate runs at 3,000 to 4,000 dead, while the higher-case estimate reaches 25,000 dead. In 1992, a
1004:
As a manifestation of the social and political forces at work in
Afghanistan, the Herat uprising was the subject of academic research, which has offered contradictory explanations for it. Giorgio Vercellin presented the uprising as an
1066:). In addition, the lack of coordination between the military and civilian insurgents, and the generally chaotic and unpredictable nature of the uprising indicate, in his view, that it was spontaneous rather than premeditated.
793:
commander, did not play a leading role in the revolt, as was later claimed by his supporters. Among the civilian insurgents, the situation was more confused, though some local figures played a significant role: Gul
Mohammad, a
1061:
had opened communications with officers of the 17th
Division several weeks before the events, the actual leaders of the mutiny were not aligned with that party (according to Dorronsoro, one of the two main ringleaders was a
709:
The agrarian reform had taken place near Herat without opposition, as there was little solidarity between the rural farmers and the big landowners who mostly lived in the city. In this case the repression carried out by the
676:, in many cases worsened the situation of the rural poor they were supposed to reward. Starting in May 1978 in Nuristan, spontaneous uprisings took place throughout Afghanistan against the DRA and its policies.
885:
722:, and traditional elites, is cited as a critical factor, as well as the government's literacy campaign, which had become controversial due in particular to the practice of mixed-gender literacy classes.
955:. Though these were all put down, the weakness of the military contributed significantly to the spread of the insurgency. On December 24, 1979, under Leonid Brezhnev, the Soviet Union deployed the
729:
isolated revolts had already taken place, but the uprising began in earnest on March 15, 1979. In the surrounding districts insurgents gathered around mosques, and following the preaching of their
935:
attack helicopters, along with extra advisers to service them. Despite this, the situation of the Afghan armed forces continued to deteriorate, with mutinies occurring in
1283:
1679:
501:
134:
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who preached to the insurgents. Dorronsoro contested this interpretation, based on the relatively minor role played by Jamiat agents. While Jamiat office in
1194:
1151:
805:, and Kamar-i Dozd and Shir Aga Shongar, two former convicts, led large groups of insurgents. The rebellion overran all the districts around Herat, except
733:, marched on the city, where they were joined by many townsmen in attacking government buildings, and symbols of communism. The 17th Division of the
840:
garrison to send an armored force that could reach Herat faster. Additionally, Amin ordered the mobilization of commando battalions, stationed in
1749:
668:
The events in Herat took place in the wider context of unrest against the communist reforms implemented by the DRA, of which the principal was
923:
However, the
Soviets did increase their military assistance in the following months by sending large quantities of equipment, including
889:
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494:
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1729:
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troops were thus allowed to pass, and recapture the city. The government forces then subjected Herat to an aerial bombardment with
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worst outbreak of armed violence in the country in 50 years, and was the deadliest incident in the 1978-1979 period following the
1705:
1572:
1492:
1416:
1276:
1235:
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487:
28:
1310:
Ghost wars : The secret history of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet invasion to
September 10, 2001
880:
The events in Herat caused the Soviet leadership to realize that their Afghan allies were in crisis. Repeated demands from
764:(those with uncovered heads), indicating a lack of piety; communist officials, in particular teachers, were massacred. The
580:
899:, asserted the "fundamental proposition" that "under no circumstances may we lose Afghanistan". Another Politburo member,
690:, was relatively liberal compared to some other parts of the country, but was nevertheless still pious and opposed to the
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983:'s Iran and the socialist DRA were tense, and the Khalq leadership suspected collusion between the Iranian
884:, president of the DRA, for Soviet military assistance in quelling the revolt, prompted a series of secret
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and joined the uprising. A small group of soldiers, officials and Khalq activists withdrew into the city's
144:
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in Kabul. As with most other anti-regime resistances in 1979, their religious faith was a uniting factor.
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was detailed by the regime to put down the rebellion, but this proved a mistake, as there were few
36:
1219:
1054:
1014:
848:. Mukharam's column of 30 tanks and 300 men arrived at Herat on March 20, waving green flags and
749:
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752:. The insurgents held Herat for about a week, during which the city underwent a period of
8:
1046:
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acknowledged that the DRA faced "thousands" of insurgents, but, in accordance with the
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1013:-speaking communities against Pashtun settlers. This version is rejected both by
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on March 20, Kosygin explained to him the Soviet policy regarding Afghanistan:
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639:, across several days in March 1979. It included both a popular uprising and a
66:
1723:
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After the initial shock of losing a major city and the defection of a whole
1110:
824:, the DRA reacted ruthlessly. The much more reliable 4th and 15th armoured
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both in public and in private conversations, occurring a month after the
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where government command posts held out, and spread a few days later to
1680:"The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Detente, A Chronology"
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680:
1227:
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672:. The reforms, besides contradicting tradition and the principles of
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Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency
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officers under Sardar Jagran and Rasul Baloch which also included
479:
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1038:
825:
753:
42:
1117:, University of California Press, pp. 321–326, 2023-09-01,
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meetings. One such meeting took place on March 17, during which
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Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet withdrawal
1277:"Afghanistan Chronology of Events January 1995-February 1997"
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853:
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841:
741:
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1706:"Failings of Inclusivity: The Herat uprising of March 1979"
1195:"Failings of Inclusivity: The Herat uprising of March 1979"
1152:"Failings of Inclusivity: The Herat uprising of March 1979"
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was uncovered, containing 2,000 bodies of those killed by
971:
The DRA claimed that the rebellion had been organized by
1029:(being ruled by Ghilzai Pashtuns) having overthrown the
836:
ordered Major General Sayyed Mukharam, commander of the
789:
of Jamiat-e Islami forces in Herat Province and a major
1587:
1253:
Revolution Unending. Afghanistan: 1979 to the present
647:(DRA). The communist regime at first appealed to its
45:depicting the insurgency in Herat Military Museum.
89:steps up military assistance to Afghan government
1721:
781:and Alauddin Khan, who were associated with the
1405:Empires of mud Wars and warlords in Afghanistan
817:, and then on to other neighbouring provinces.
643:of ethnic Tajik Afghan Army troops against the
1596:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
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1465:
1463:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1430:
1428:
1398:
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1230:: Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–92.
832:, but due to the distance they had to travel,
1484:The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963-1993
576:Islamic State–Taliban conflict (2015–present)
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92:DRA regains control of the Herat Province in
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760:", searching for government supporters and
1368:. London: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 30.
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686:-accented city, which included strains of
631:that took place in and around the city of
502:
488:
1588:Harrison, Selig; Cordovez, Diego (1995).
1546:
1544:
1402:
1327:
1098:
1049:, the leader of the Tajik Islamist party
714:against religious dignitaries, including
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
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1346:
756:. Rioters roamed the streets, chanting "
591:
1703:
844:, and the 2nd Army Corps, stationed in
744:in that particular unit and instead it
1722:
1677:
1623:
1541:
1199:Afghanistan Analysts Network - English
1156:Afghanistan Analysts Network - English
1009:movement, driven by the resentment of
571:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
400:355th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment
1662:"Timeline: Soviet war in Afghanistan"
1629:
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785:party. Ismail Khan, who later became
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581:Republican insurgency in Afghanistan
69:, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
1224:Islam and resistance in Afghanistan
1218:
509:
13:
1750:Afghanistan–Soviet Union relations
1704:Gammell, Charlie (15 March 2015).
1678:Byrne, Malcolm; Zubok, Vladislav.
1481:Azimi, General Nabi (2019-04-11).
1169:
966:
645:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
14:
1796:
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1635:The Fragmentation of Afghanistan
1514:The University Press of Kentucky
905:Soviet republics in Central Asia
679:The traditional culture of this
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1730:Military history of Afghanistan
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1289:from the original on 2017-10-12
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1708:. Afghanistan Analysts Network
1668:. Published February 17, 2009.
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1212:
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1144:
959:, commencing the start of the
566:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
1:
1255:. London: Hurst. p. 97.
1091:
663:
415:11th Heavy Artillery Regiment
1508:Joes, Anthony James (2004).
656:and before the start of the
561:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)
556:Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
551:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
394:5th Heavy Artillery Regiment
7:
1403:Giustozzi, Antonio (2009).
1251:Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005).
1069:
704:
546:Soviet–Afghan War (1979–89)
541:Bala Hissar uprising (1979)
10:
1801:
1086:Iran Afghanistan Relations
947:, and in August 1979, the
1765:Rebellions in Afghanistan
1760:March 1979 events in Asia
536:Chindawol uprising (1979)
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473:
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409:177th Air Defence Company
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246:Maj. Gen. Sayyed Mukharam
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49:
34:
26:
21:
1785:Massacres in Afghanistan
768:was looted, and several
612:), locally known as the
16:Rebellion in Afghanistan
1770:Islamism in Afghanistan
1551:Maley, William (2002).
1201:(in Pashto). 2015-03-15
1158:(in Pashto). 2015-03-15
921:
911:. When Taraki visited
597:
526:Saur Revolution (1978)
412:70th Infantry Regiment
397:20th Infantry Regiment
197:Commanders and leaders
1639:Yale University Press
1123:10.2307/jj.5973009.25
917:
595:
531:Herat uprising (1979)
474:25,000 civilians dead
469:Casualties and losses
391:15th Armoured Brigade
1555:The Afghanistan wars
1307:Coll, Steve (2004).
979:. Relations between
949:Bala Hissar uprising
860:bombers flying from
625:قیام بیست و چهار حوت
388:4th Armoured Brigade
29:Afghanistan Conflict
1755:Cold War rebellions
1735:1979 in Afghanistan
1409:Hurst & Company
1047:Burhanuddin Rabbani
882:Nur Muhammad Taraki
211:Nur Muhammad Taraki
22:1979 Herat uprising
1687:nsarchive2.gwu.edu
1561:Palgrave Macmillan
1366:War in Afghanistan
977:Iranian Revolution
598:
1780:Afghan war crimes
1745:Conflicts in 1979
1574:978-0-333-80291-5
1538:Dorronsoro, p.101
1512:. Lexington, Ky:
1494:978-1-7283-8701-7
1471:Dorronsoro, p.100
1434:Dorronsoro, p.102
1418:978-1-85065-932-7
1282:. February 1997.
1237:978-0-521-39700-1
1132:978-0-520-91914-3
961:Soviet–Afghan War
951:on a fortress in
897:Brezhnev Doctrine
862:Shindand Air Base
658:Soviet occupation
614:Uprising of 24th
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83:Uprising put down
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1641:. p. 120.
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1650:
1648:0-300-05963-9
1644:
1640:
1637:. New Haven:
1636:
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1617:
1609:
1607:0-19-506294-9
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1523:0-8131-2339-9
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1320:9781594200076
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1262:1-85065-703-3
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1111:"APPENDIX D."
1106:
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1097:
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1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1065:
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1052:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1033:reflared the
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
998:
993:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
931:fighters and
930:
926:
920:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
891:
887:
883:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
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713:
702:
700:
696:
693:
689:
685:
682:
677:
675:
671:
661:
659:
655:
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638:
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618:
617:
607:
603:
594:
582:
579:
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574:
572:
569:
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557:
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544:
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539:
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491:
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467:
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440:
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421:
414:
411:
408:
407:
405:
404:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
386:
385:
384:
379:
365:
362:Mohammed Omar
354:
343:
340:Shamshir Khan
332:
321:
310:
299:
296:Alauddin Khan
288:
277:
274:Sardar Jagran
266:
263:
262:
251:
250:
248:
237:
226:
225:
213:
212:
201:
200:
195:
192:
180:
179:
168:
166:
156:
155:
154:Supported By:
146:
138:
136:
128:
127:
126:
125:
114:
113:
111:
110:
105:
95:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1710:. Retrieved
1686:
1673:
1657:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1591:
1583:
1554:
1534:
1509:
1503:
1483:
1476:
1439:
1404:
1384:
1365:
1309:
1302:
1291:. Retrieved
1271:
1252:
1246:
1223:
1220:Roy, Olivier
1214:
1203:. Retrieved
1198:
1189:
1160:. Retrieved
1155:
1146:
1136:, retrieved
1114:
1043:
1003:
995:
994:
970:
922:
918:
879:
876:Consequences
872:repression.
830:Pul-e-Charki
819:
761:
758:Allahu Akbar
724:
708:
678:
667:
629:insurrection
613:
601:
599:
530:
307:Kamar-i Dozd
285:Rasul Baloch
259:
215:
202:
176:
165:Soviet Union
153:
152:
122:
107:Belligerents
87:Soviet Union
79:DRA victory
78:
27:Part of the
1563:. pp.
1362:Urban, Mark
1313:. Penguin.
1115:Afghanistan
1015:Olivier Roy
779:Ismail Khan
750:Blue Mosque
735:Afghan Army
697:-dominated
637:Afghanistan
635:in western
436:Afghanistan
261:Ismail Khan
135:Afghan Army
124:Afghanistan
94:Afghanistan
1724:Categories
1712:2018-12-11
1407:. London:
1293:2018-01-01
1205:2024-02-14
1184:Roy, p.108
1162:2024-02-14
1138:2023-09-26
1092:References
985:Ayatollahs
866:mass grave
791:Mujahideen
699:government
664:Background
351:Haji Qasim
1388:Roy, p.93
1228:Cambridge
1041:rivalry.
1027:Khalqists
957:40th Army
939:, Asmar,
937:Jalalabad
886:Politburo
688:mysticism
627:) was an
610:قیام هرات
1775:Mutinies
1666:BBC News
1633:(1995).
1364:(1990).
1284:Archived
1222:(1992).
1070:See also
987:and the
981:Khomeini
909:Brezhnev
870:Khalqist
846:Kandahar
838:Kandahar
826:brigades
822:division
803:Gozargah
796:Barakzai
762:sarluchi
746:mutinied
705:Uprising
464:: 4,000+
451:: 20,000
423:Strength
62:Location
1059:Mashhad
1055:mawlawi
1039:Durrani
1035:Ghilzai
1023:Pashtun
1020:Ghilzai
1011:Persian
1007:Pashtun
927:tanks,
893:Gromyko
799:Pashtun
754:anarchy
742:Khalqis
739:Pashtun
731:mullahs
695:Pashtun
684:Persian
43:diorama
1645:
1604:
1571:
1520:
1491:
1415:
1372:
1317:
1259:
1234:
1129:
1064:Maoist
997:Pravda
989:Shiite
945:Nahrin
941:Ghazni
929:MiG-21
913:Moscow
850:Qurans
770:Soviet
766:bazaar
649:Soviet
641:mutiny
459:
438:: 300+
188:
75:Result
1683:(PDF)
1600:–37.
1567:–31.
1287:(PDF)
1280:(PDF)
1076:Khalq
1005:anti-
953:Kabul
933:Mi-24
854:Khalq
842:Kabul
801:from
775:Tajik
720:Ulema
712:Khalq
692:Sunni
674:Islam
633:Herat
1643:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1127:ISBN
973:Iran
925:T-62
809:and
807:Obeh
787:Amir
718:and
681:Shia
621:Dari
606:Dari
600:The
462:Iran
191:Iran
54:Date
1119:doi
725:In
716:Pir
616:Hūt
1726::
1685:.
1664:.
1598:36
1565:30
1559:.
1543:^
1516:.
1460:^
1448:^
1427:^
1393:^
1345:^
1329:^
1226:.
1197:.
1171:^
1154:.
1125:,
1113:,
1100:^
963:.
943:,
623::
608::
41:A
1715:.
1689:.
1651:.
1610:.
1577:.
1526:.
1497:.
1421:.
1378:.
1323:.
1296:.
1265:.
1240:.
1208:.
1165:.
1121::
1037:-
619:(
604:(
503:e
496:t
489:v
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