92:
3468:
27:
393:
3665:
479:
411:
names were called and taken into custody. After the list was read, Saddam congratulated those still seated in the room for their past and future loyalty. Those arrested at the meeting were subsequently tried together and found guilty of treason. Twenty-two men, including five members of the
Revolutionary Command Council, were sentenced to execution. Those spared were given weapons and directed to execute their comrades.
287:
816:
611:
410:
within the party. Abdul-Hussein "confessed" to be part of a Syrian-financed faction established in 1975 that played a major role in the Syrian-backed plot against the Iraqi government. He also gave the names of 68 alleged co-conspirators. These were removed from the room one by one as their
374:
fiercely objected to al-Bakr's resignation during the session and urged al-Bakr to take a temporary vacation without transferring power to his successor, a proposition that was declined by Al-Bakr. This had raised the suspicion of Saddam
Hussein, the Iraqi second-in-command who became president on 16
507:
The events led to a complete rupture of ties between the Ba'athist governments of Syria and Iraq. Hussein’s personal conclusion, which he conveyed to Syrian president Assad, was that Syrian Ba'athists "were deep in the plot,” though he continued to provide Syria with the financial support originally
330:
publicly endorsing the merger of Iraq and Syria in 1978. By then, Saddam had become the effective leader of the Ba'ath party due to Iraqi
President Ahmed Hussein Al-Bakr's health issues. A major demand of Saddam was the unification of both the Syrian and Iraqi wings of the Ba'ath party, as the first
503:
because he was "nowhere to be found", the agency said. A tape of the assembly and of the executions was distributed throughout the country. Shortly thereafter, in early August 1979, Hussein took to the balcony of the presidential mansion in
Baghdad to inform “a chanting crowd of 50,000
524:
members by Assad further demonstrated the division between the two nations, with Assad declaring that Syria's policy was to prolong "the war to a degree that will facilitate the replacement of Saddam" and install pro-Syrian Iraqi
Nationalist Front in Iraq. Syria would go on to support
270:. Names of people were announced and they were taken outside the hall to be executed. Ba'athist propaganda at the time showed that they were convicted of conspiracy and high treason to the party. Iraq subsequently cut off relations with its fellow
2683:
494:
Details of the events were publicised on 28 July 1979, and Iraqi media began accusing Syria of backing the alleged plot. Syrian Ba'athists responded by denying any relations to the coup plotters. On August 8, the
1320:
375:
July 1979. In an assembly of party leadership convened on 22 July, Saddam staged a purge against the military wing of the Baath-Party whom he accused of collaborating with Syria to topple the regime in Iraq.
2673:
2580:
2014:
1809:
295:
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announced that twenty-one of the twenty-two Iraqis were executed by firing squad for "their part in a plot to overthrow Iraq's new president". The twenty-second man was condemned to death
2678:
446:
1671:
975:
3394:
131:
Saddam's claim that he has discovered a fifth column in the
Revolutionary Command Council plotting to overthrow the party leadership in co-ordination with Hafez al-Assad
2822:
2663:
2622:
406:
Saddam hurriedly convened an "emergency session" of party leaders on July 22. During the assembly, which he ordered to be videotaped, he claimed to have uncovered a
504:
supporters that he had just witnessed the punishment the state court had ordered for 21 of those men: They had been executed by a firing squad. The crowd cheered.”
263:
to carry out a campaign of arrests and executions that included Baathist comrades, who were accused of taking part in a pro-Syrian plot to overthrow Saddam.
3428:
2612:
2643:
1342:
2857:
266:
The list included most of the comrades who opposed Saddam
Hussein's rise to power after Al-Bakr, and among these was the former president's secretary,
2690:
2668:
2570:
554:
428:
336:
2575:
968:
437:
45:
1269:
907:
Yacoubian, Mona (2011). "6: Syria and the New Iraq: Between
Rivalry and Rapprochment". In Henri J. Barkey; Phebe Marr; Scott Lasensky (eds.).
882:
3033:
3455:
2914:
2529:
837:
961:
3168:
3150:
1154:
538:
3733:
2929:
2907:
2887:
2560:
1145:
1122:
521:
233:
3356:
2877:
2658:
2587:
3018:
2997:
2847:
2543:
1677:
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claimed in 2003 that it was a "coup" orchestrated by Saddam who compelled the ailing
President to retire "for health reasons".
3708:
3423:
2597:
2592:
941:
916:
1279:
1040:
3723:
3533:
3048:
2987:
1315:
356:
291:
256:
1055:
1045:
3118:
3083:
2648:
397:
3073:
3028:
2774:
2741:
3698:
3418:
2992:
2736:
2389:
1819:
721:
677:
3138:
3133:
3123:
2924:
2897:
2638:
2399:
323:
Various rounds of unification talks were ongoing between the two Ba'athist parties at the official level, with the
865:
3743:
3440:
3145:
2565:
2359:
1969:
364:
2967:
1337:
1172:
562:
3688:
3178:
3088:
3043:
1964:
1207:
1115:
1289:
1264:
1244:
3349:
2972:
1929:
1879:
482:
465:
371:
267:
155:
1025:
1020:
3450:
3113:
3078:
3038:
2919:
2617:
2297:
1332:
526:
3693:
790:
561:
after 1980. Relations between the two countries remained strained until Saddam
Hussein's overthrow in a
355:
On 11 July 1979, an ailing Ahmed Hussein al-Bakr announced his resignation before a meeting of the
3738:
3476:
3291:
3284:
3103:
3023:
2272:
2253:
644:
558:
3718:
3566:
3562:
3435:
3173:
2982:
2795:
890:
546:
3467:
3093:
2944:
2059:
1994:
1844:
1544:
1108:
3713:
3668:
3445:
3342:
3098:
2902:
2602:
2479:
2169:
1854:
1824:
1202:
1197:
509:
59:
52:
829:
3128:
2934:
2464:
2444:
2434:
2384:
2189:
2164:
2099:
2004:
1939:
1884:
1839:
1539:
1444:
324:
311:
38:
3650:
2720:
2607:
2459:
2409:
2184:
1979:
1959:
1782:
1732:
1593:
1524:
1362:
1228:
1076:
909:
Iraq, Its Neighbors, and the United States: Competition, Crisis, and the Reordering of Power
3492:
3485:
3411:
2369:
2282:
2134:
2079:
1949:
1874:
1727:
1529:
347:
objected these demands and was strongly opposed to the idea of a unified military command.
248:
48:
8:
2779:
2484:
2327:
2194:
2149:
2119:
2104:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1909:
1254:
1030:
516:, during which Assad overtly aligned with Iran, spurring Iraq to accuse him of betraying
55:
3629:
3543:
3379:
3108:
3053:
2764:
2449:
2424:
2312:
2144:
2049:
1859:
1829:
1712:
1646:
1466:
1305:
1259:
1249:
1100:
1004:
999:
795:
530:
455:
271:
31:
815:
164:
Arrests and subsequent killings of Ba'athist opponents accused of Syrian collaboration
3582:
3576:
3528:
3389:
2939:
2474:
2439:
2379:
2209:
2024:
1989:
1919:
1914:
1894:
1849:
1692:
1476:
1310:
953:
937:
912:
717:
683:
673:
542:
534:
513:
500:
496:
360:
303:
252:
241:
230:
97:
3612:
3499:
3227:
3217:
2977:
2454:
2204:
2199:
2089:
2069:
2054:
1864:
1834:
1752:
1722:
1717:
1636:
1449:
1367:
1274:
1089:
1035:
714:
Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics
26:
259:
on July 16, 1979, he organized a Ba'ath conference on July 22 in Al-Khuld Hall in
3636:
3315:
2852:
2842:
2769:
2715:
2337:
2317:
2214:
2179:
2174:
2159:
2124:
2044:
2034:
1974:
1889:
1792:
1787:
1777:
1742:
1702:
1656:
1631:
1561:
1519:
1486:
1131:
1071:
869:
841:
340:
218:
206:
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3558:
3506:
3401:
3365:
3309:
3232:
2862:
2494:
2429:
2374:
2322:
2287:
2229:
2224:
2039:
2029:
1954:
1904:
1772:
1707:
1697:
1651:
1571:
1534:
1514:
1471:
1439:
1357:
1352:
1284:
1192:
808:
344:
327:
307:
275:
237:
142:
41:
34:
638:
587:
3682:
3592:
3572:
3252:
3247:
2867:
2419:
2414:
2307:
2239:
2219:
2139:
2094:
2084:
1984:
1899:
1762:
1747:
1641:
175:
687:
3606:
3598:
3588:
3237:
3222:
2710:
2653:
2064:
1767:
1687:
1609:
1566:
1434:
1418:
1413:
1223:
407:
332:
3512:
3267:
3242:
2872:
2489:
2234:
2154:
2129:
2114:
2109:
2074:
1999:
1757:
1737:
1614:
1588:
517:
512:. This agreement was eventually halted in 1980 with the outbreak of the
331:
step to integrate Syria with Iraq. He also sought the rehabilitation of
3643:
3262:
2469:
1869:
853:
738:
478:
3257:
1327:
911:. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace. p. 149, 150.
3406:
3013:
550:
286:
167:
Deepening rift between Iraq-based and Syrian-based Ba'ath movements
3334:
762:
299:
260:
128:
Failure of unity talks between Syrian and Iraqi Ba'ath Parties
670:
Syria and Iran: Middle Powers in a Penetrated Regional System
226:
115:
985:
716:. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Princeton University Press.
171:
1130:
668:
Ehteshami, Anoushiravan; Hinnebusch, Raymond A. (2002).
16:
Public purge of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party by Saddam Hussein
545:
factions that included pro-Iraqi Syrian Ba'athists and
255:, Regional Secretary of the party, and Chairman of the
983:
936:. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 450, 451.
582:
580:
578:
529:
parties for decades, including the pro-Iranian Shia
240:
six days after his arrival to the presidency of the
667:
575:
296:
Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
2858:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
470:Member of the Regional Command from 1974 to 1979
460:Member of the Regional Command from 1974 to 1979
71:
3680:
1343:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq
400:, Footage of the purge from a Ba'ath Party video
889:. Vol. 130, no. 44748. Archived from
539:National Front for the Liberation of Arab Syria
318:
306:, on 16 June 1988, presided by Iraqi President
236:orchestrated on 22 July 1979 by then-president
161:Saddam Hussein's domination of the Ba'ath Party
1270:National Council for the Revolutionary Command
3350:
3034:National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria
1116:
969:
763:"The 1979 Saddam Hussein coup d'état in Iraq"
2821:
247:Six days after the resignation of President
902:
900:
739:"Iraq: The Rise And Fall Of Saddam Hussein"
310:; on his right side is RCC deputy chairman
3357:
3343:
1123:
1109:
976:
962:
612:"بعث العراق وسوريا... صراع الإخوة الأعداء"
2915:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party
906:
350:
2878:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
897:
860:. 27 September 1990, citing Fuad Matar.
477:
359:(RCC) and his intention to transfer the
343:. It was reported that Syrian President
285:
3019:Front of Patriotic and National Parties
2998:Palestinian National and Islamic Forces
2848:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
3681:
2930:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
931:
880:
711:
414:Some of the victims are listed below:
107:Khuld Hall Incident, Comrades Massacre
3338:
3199:
2820:
2527:
1388:
1170:
1104:
957:
736:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
663:
661:
655:Saddam Hussein's 'Official' Biography
557:rule in Syria. It also supported the
3049:Palestinian National Salvation Front
785:
783:
634:
632:
606:
604:
3119:Socialist Democratic Unionist Party
3084:Democratic Socialist Unionist Party
881:Wright, Claudia (26 October 1980).
363:to Saddam Hussein. US government's
222:
210:
13:
3364:
3169:General Federation of Trade Unions
3029:Lebanese National Resistance Front
2742:National Progressive Front (Syria)
934:Wars in the Third World Since 1945
694:
658:
14:
3755:
3554:Mother: Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat
3424:Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory
3200:
2993:Palestine Liberation Organization
2737:National Progressive Front (Iraq)
2390:Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai
1820:Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur
780:
640:A Documentary on Saddam Hussein 5
629:
601:
398:"Saddam's 1979 Baath Party purge"
58:(far right, half-covered) at the
3734:20th-century mass murder in Iraq
3664:
3663:
3466:
2898:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
2528:
1802:Members of the Regional Commands
814:
737:Moore, Kathleen (9 April 2008).
472:Secretary of president al-Bakr.
391:
90:
25:
3146:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
1280:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
925:
874:
846:
822:
743:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
520:. A 1981 secret memo issued to
339:, and make Aflaq the head of a
253:President of the Iraqi Republic
3551:Father: Hussein 'Abid al-Majid
2968:Alliance of Palestinian Forces
1389:
984:Changes in political power in
755:
730:
649:
447:Adnan Hussein Abbas al-Hamdani
335:, who was on the kill-list of
1:
3729:Political violence in Baghdad
3704:Political and cultural purges
3179:General Union of Syrian Women
3089:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party
3044:Palestinian National Alliance
1316:Revolutionary Command Council
1208:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
791:"Iraq executes coup plotters"
568:
357:Revolutionary Command Council
292:Revolutionary Command Council
281:
257:Revolutionary Command Council
3709:Political repression in Iraq
2988:National Democratic Alliance
2973:Forces of Freedom and Change
1970:Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i
1930:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi
1880:Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri
834:U.S. News & World Report
799:. August 8, 1979. p. 12
672:. New York, USA: Routledge.
489:
483:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi
466:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi
372:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi
319:Syria–Iraq unification talks
268:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi
170:Hafez al-Assad's support to
156:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi
154:Killing of former Secretary
7:
3724:Massacres committed by Iraq
3114:Social Democratic Unionists
3079:Arab Democratic Union Party
2775:National Defense Battalions
1171:
1133:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
862:Saddam Hussein: A Biography
251:and Hussein's accession to
10:
3760:
3292:On the Way of Resurrection
3285:The Battle for One Destiny
3074:Arab Socialist Union Party
3024:Lebanese National Movement
2254:Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab
1965:Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i
3660:
3621:
3581:Uncle and Father-in-Law:
3542:
3521:
3475:
3464:
3372:
3301:
3276:
3210:
3206:
3195:
3174:General Union of Peasants
3161:
3066:
3006:
2983:National Consensus Forces
2960:
2953:
2886:
2835:
2831:
2816:
2796:Revolutionary Youth Union
2788:
2757:
2750:
2729:
2703:
2631:
2553:
2542:
2538:
2523:
2508:
2398:
2358:
2351:
2296:
2271:
2264:
2248:
2013:
1808:
1801:
1670:
1624:
1602:
1581:
1554:
1507:
1500:
1459:
1427:
1406:
1399:
1395:
1384:
1298:
1237:
1216:
1185:
1181:
1166:
1140:
1085:
1064:
1013:
992:
830:When Saddam ruled the day
559:Islamist revolts in Syria
547:Syrian Muslim Brotherhood
390:
385:
191:
183:
148:
138:
121:
111:
103:
85:
77:
67:
46:Algerian foreign minister
24:
3124:Socialist Unionist Party
3094:Libyan National Movement
2920:Arabic Toilers' Movement
2824:Associated organizations
2684:National Security Bureau
2632:Syrian-dominated faction
2060:Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan
1995:Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi
1845:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
1545:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
1460:Syrian-dominated faction
1156:Syrian-dominated faction
883:"Behind Iraq's Bold Bid"
858:New York Review of Books
378:
278:of organizing the plot.
3669:Category:Saddam Hussein
3385:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
3099:National Covenant Party
2903:Arab Socialist Movement
2554:Iraqi-dominated faction
2480:Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji
2170:Mohammad Jihad al-Laham
1855:Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash
1825:Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun
1428:Iraqi-dominated faction
1348:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
1338:Union of Arab Republics
1290:1966 Syrian coup d'état
1265:1963 Syrian coup d'état
1245:1954 Syrian coup d'état
1203:Arab Socialist Movement
1147:Iraqi-dominated faction
1051:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
840:16 January 2014 at the
618:(in Arabic). 2021-08-28
510:1978 Arab League summit
341:re-unified Ba'ath Party
203:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
60:1978 Arab League summit
20:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
3744:Mass murder in Baghdad
3129:Syrian Communist Party
2935:Palestinian Arab Front
2465:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
2445:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
2435:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
2385:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
2190:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
2165:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
2100:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
2005:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
1940:Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi
1885:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
1840:Jamal Mustafa Abdullah
1540:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
1445:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
712:Batatu, Hanna (1999).
563:2003 American invasion
537:in turn supported the
486:
351:Resignation of al-Bakr
315:
2945:Sudanese Ba'ath Party
2460:Muhammad Mustafa Mero
2410:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
2185:Muhammad Mustafa Mero
1980:Nayef Shindakh Thamer
1733:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
1594:Abd al-Majid al-Rafei
1229:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
485:talking during purge.
481:
312:Izzat Ibrahim ad-Duri
290:Joint meeting of the
289:
53:Syrian vice president
3699:Iraq–Syria relations
3689:1979 murders in Iraq
3493:The Fortified Castle
3486:Zabibah and the King
3039:National Union Front
2370:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
2328:Abdul Halim Khaddam
2283:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
2135:Abdul-Karim al-Jundi
2080:Fahd Jassem al-Freij
1950:Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi
1875:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
1728:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
1530:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
1501:Regional Secretaries
1198:Arab Ba'ath Movement
932:Arnold, Guy (2016).
868:23 July 2008 at the
854:The Thief of Baghdad
589:صدام وإعدام البعثيين
549:, which opposed the
325:Iraqi vice-president
249:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
49:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
39:Iraqi vice president
3419:Human rights record
3162:Other organizations
3104:Popular Unity Party
2954:Political alliances
2485:Wael Nader al-Halqi
2352:Heads of government
2195:Abdul Qadir Qaddura
2150:Abdul Halim Khaddam
2120:Mohammad al-Hussein
2105:Wael Nader al-Halqi
1945:Taha Yassin Ramadan
1935:Aziz Saleh Al-Numan
1925:Ali Hassan al-Majid
1910:Latif Nassif Jassim
1400:General Secretaries
1333:Corrective Movement
1255:1959 Mosul uprising
864:. Highlight. 1990.
522:Syrian Ba'ath Party
508:offered during the
337:Syrian Ba'ath party
274:in Syria, accusing
213:), also called the
56:Abdul Halim Khaddam
21:
3651:The Devil's Double
3630:Al-ayyam al-tawila
3380:17 July Revolution
3054:Rejectionist Front
2450:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
2425:Nureddin al-Atassi
2313:Nureddin al-Atassi
2145:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
2050:Nureddin al-Atassi
1960:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
1860:Salih Mahdi Ammash
1830:Ghanim Abdul-Jalil
1783:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
1713:Nureddin al-Atassi
1647:Nureddin al-Atassi
1525:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
1477:Abdullah al-Ahmar
1467:Nureddin al-Atassi
1363:De-Ba'athification
1306:17 July Revolution
1260:Ramadan Revolution
1250:14 July Revolution
893:on 12 August 2024.
887:The New York Times
852:Edward Mortimer. "
796:The Salina Journal
531:Islamic Dawa Party
487:
456:Ghanim Abdul-Jalil
316:
19:
3739:Massacres in 1979
3676:
3675:
3583:Khairallah Talfah
3577:Samira Shahbandar
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3067:Political parties
3062:
3061:
2940:Socialist Lebanon
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2699:
2698:
2545:Regional branches
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2503:
2475:Riyad Farid Hijab
2440:Mahmoud al-Ayyubi
2347:
2346:
2333:
2260:
2259:
2210:Hikmat al-Shihabi
2025:Abdullah al-Ahmar
1990:Hardan al-Tikriti
1920:Adnan Khayr Allah
1915:Rashid Taan Kazim
1850:Salah Omar al-Ali
1693:Abdullah al-Ahmar
1666:
1665:
1496:
1495:
1482:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1098:
1097:
943:978-1-4742-9102-6
918:978-1-60127-077-1
543:Syrian opposition
541:, a coalition of
497:Iraqi News Agency
476:
475:
404:
403:
365:Radio Free Europe
244:on 16 July 1979.
215:Comrades Massacre
199:
198:
72:Comrades Massacre
3751:
3719:1970s in Baghdad
3667:
3666:
3613:Mustapha Hussein
3534:Alleged shredder
3500:Men and the City
3470:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3228:Arab nationalism
3218:Anti-imperialism
3208:
3207:
3197:
3196:
2978:March 8 Alliance
2958:
2957:
2890:
2889:Breakaway groups
2833:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2817:
2755:
2754:
2581:Regional Command
2551:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2455:Mahmoud Al-Zoubi
2402:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2329:
2300:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2205:Farouk al-Sharaa
2200:Hammouda Sabbagh
2090:Ibrahim al-Hadid
2070:Mahdi Dakhlallah
2055:Shibli al-Aysami
2017:
1865:Hussein Al-Awadi
1835:Saad Abdul-Majid
1812:
1806:
1805:
1753:Akram al-Hawrani
1723:Shibli al-Aysami
1718:Mansur al-Atrash
1680:
1679:National Command
1674:
1637:Shibli al-Aysami
1505:
1504:
1478:
1450:Salah Al-Mukhtar
1404:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1368:Syrian civil war
1275:Ar-Rashid revolt
1183:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1157:
1148:
1134:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1090:Politics of Iraq
978:
971:
964:
955:
954:
948:
947:
929:
923:
922:
904:
895:
894:
878:
872:
850:
844:
836:. 11 July 2004.
826:
820:
819:
818:
812:
806:
804:
787:
778:
777:
775:
774:
759:
753:
752:
750:
749:
734:
728:
727:
709:
692:
691:
665:
656:
653:
647:
641:
636:
627:
626:
624:
623:
608:
599:
598:
597:
596:
584:
527:Iraqi opposition
417:
416:
395:
394:
383:
382:
272:Ba'athist regime
225:), was a public
224:
212:
158:on 8 August 1979
96:
94:
93:
73:
68:Native name
32:Syrian president
29:
22:
18:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3656:
3637:House of Saddam
3617:
3611:Grandchildren:
3557:Half-brothers:
3538:
3517:
3471:
3462:
3368:
3363:
3333:
3320:
3316:Pan-Arab colors
3310:Arḍ ul-Furātayn
3297:
3272:
3202:
3183:
3157:
3058:
3002:
2949:
2908:Damascus branch
2888:
2882:
2853:Free Iraqi Army
2843:Al-Abud Network
2827:
2823:
2800:
2784:
2770:Fedayeen Saddam
2765:Ba'ath Brigades
2746:
2725:
2716:Sawt al-Jamahir
2695:
2674:Central Command
2627:
2544:
2534:
2530:
2511:
2500:
2400:
2394:
2360:
2343:
2338:Bashar al-Assad
2318:Ahmad al-Khatib
2298:
2292:
2273:
2256:
2244:
2215:Hammud al-Shufi
2180:Zuhair Masharqa
2175:Ibrahim Makhous
2160:Ahmad al-Khatib
2125:Hisham Ikhtiyar
2045:Rifaat al-Assad
2035:Bashar al-Assad
2015:
2009:
1975:Talib El-Shibib
1890:Saadoun Ghaidan
1810:
1797:
1793:Khaled Yashruti
1788:Talib El-Shibib
1778:Abdullah Rimawi
1743:Wahib al-Ghanim
1703:Bashar al-Assad
1678:
1672:
1662:
1657:Bashar al-Assad
1632:Hammud al-Shufi
1620:
1598:
1577:
1562:Abdullah Rimawi
1550:
1520:Talib El-Shibib
1492:
1487:Bashar al-Assad
1455:
1423:
1391:
1372:
1294:
1233:
1212:
1177:
1173:
1162:
1155:
1146:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1099:
1094:
1081:
1060:
1009:
988:
982:
952:
951:
944:
930:
926:
919:
905:
898:
879:
875:
870:Wayback Machine
851:
847:
842:Wayback Machine
827:
823:
813:
802:
800:
789:
788:
781:
772:
770:
761:
760:
756:
747:
745:
735:
731:
724:
710:
695:
680:
666:
659:
654:
650:
639:
637:
630:
621:
619:
610:
609:
602:
594:
592:
586:
585:
576:
571:
492:
471:
429:Muhammad Mahjub
392:
386:External videos
381:
353:
321:
284:
211:تطهير حزب البعث
134:
91:
89:
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3714:Saddam Hussein
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:Ba'athist Iraq
3691:
3674:
3673:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3625:
3623:
3619:
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3616:
3615:
3609:
3595:
3585:
3579:
3569:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3529:Killing babies
3525:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3507:Begone, Demons
3503:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3412:1991 uprisings
3404:
3402:Anfal campaign
3399:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3366:Saddam Hussein
3362:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3339:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3233:Arab socialism
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2863:Jeish Muhammad
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
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2801:
2799:
2798:
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2785:
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2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2730:Popular fronts
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
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2641:
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2615:
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2600:
2595:
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2584:
2583:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2548:
2536:
2535:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2495:Hussein Arnous
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2430:Hafez al-Assad
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:Sa'dun Hammadi
2377:
2375:Saddam Hussein
2372:
2366:
2364:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2325:
2323:Hafez al-Assad
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2288:Saddam Hussein
2285:
2279:
2277:
2266:
2265:Heads of state
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2230:Muhammad Umran
2227:
2225:Hasan Turkmani
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2040:Hafez al-Assad
2037:
2032:
2030:Hussein Arnous
2027:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1955:Fuad al-Rikabi
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:Saddam Hussein
1902:
1897:
1895:Sa'dun Hammadi
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1773:Fuad al-Rikabi
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1708:Hafez al-Assad
1705:
1700:
1698:Zaki al-Arsuzi
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1652:Hafez al-Assad
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1572:Akram al-Homsi
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1537:
1535:Saddam Hussein
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:Fuad al-Rikabi
1511:
1509:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1474:
1472:Hafez al-Assad
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1442:
1440:Saddam Hussein
1437:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1358:Iraqi conflict
1355:
1353:Faith Campaign
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1311:Ba'athist Iraq
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1285:1964 Hama riot
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
996:
994:
990:
989:
981:
980:
973:
966:
958:
950:
949:
942:
924:
917:
896:
873:
845:
821:
809:Newspapers.com
779:
754:
729:
722:
693:
678:
657:
648:
628:
616:اندبندنت عربية
600:
573:
572:
570:
567:
491:
488:
474:
473:
468:
462:
461:
458:
452:
451:
449:
443:
442:
440:
438:Muhammad Ayish
434:
433:
431:
425:
424:
421:
402:
401:
388:
387:
380:
377:
352:
349:
345:Hafiz al-Assad
328:Saddam Hussein
320:
317:
308:Saddam Hussein
294:(RCC) and the
283:
280:
276:Hafiz al-Assad
242:Iraqi Republic
238:Saddam Hussein
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
179:
178:
168:
165:
162:
159:
150:
146:
145:
143:Saddam Hussein
140:
136:
135:
133:
132:
129:
125:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
98:Ba'athist Iraq
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
42:Saddam Hussein
37:(centre) with
35:Hafiz al-Assad
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3756:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3671:
3670:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:Sajida Talfah
3570:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:Interrogation
3439:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3390:Iran–Iraq War
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:Republicanism
3251:
3249:
3248:Progressivism
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:Miscellaneous
3198:
3194:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Rejectionists
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2815:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
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2510:* = incumbent
2507:
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2443:
2441:
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2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Yusuf Zuayyin
2418:
2416:
2415:Amin al-Hafiz
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2397:
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2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:Amin al-Hafiz
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2240:Yusuf Zuayyin
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Mustafa Tlass
2218:
2216:
2213:
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2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
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2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:Sami al-Jundi
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:Amin al-Hafiz
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:Marwan Habash
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
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2036:
2033:
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2028:
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2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Khamis Sirhan
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
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1933:
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1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
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1900:Qusay Hussein
1898:
1896:
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1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:Zuheir Mohsen
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:Amin al-Hafiz
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
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1643:
1642:Amin al-Hafiz
1640:
1638:
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1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1623:
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1063:
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1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:November 1963
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1003:
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987:
979:
974:
972:
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965:
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959:
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945:
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914:
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901:
892:
888:
884:
877:
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867:
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859:
855:
849:
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839:
835:
831:
825:
817:
810:
798:
797:
792:
786:
784:
768:
764:
758:
744:
740:
733:
725:
723:0-691-00254-1
719:
715:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
689:
685:
681:
679:0-415-15675-0
675:
671:
664:
662:
652:
646:
642:
635:
633:
617:
613:
607:
605:
591:
590:
583:
581:
579:
574:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
519:
515:
514:Iran–Iraq War
511:
505:
502:
498:
484:
480:
469:
467:
464:
463:
459:
457:
454:
453:
450:
448:
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444:
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436:
435:
432:
430:
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412:
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389:
384:
376:
373:
368:
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358:
348:
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342:
338:
334:
329:
326:
313:
309:
305:
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288:
279:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
232:
228:
220:
216:
208:
204:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
176:Iran-Iraq War
173:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
153:
152:
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
130:
127:
126:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
106:
104:Also known as
102:
99:
88:
84:
80:
76:
70:
66:
61:
57:
54:
51:(right), and
50:
47:
43:
40:
36:
33:
28:
23:
3662:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3395:U.S. support
3384:
3308:
3290:
3283:
3223:Anti-Zionism
2836:Armed groups
2780:Popular Army
2758:Paramilitary
2531:Organization
2330:
2065:Muhsen Bilal
1768:Munif Razzaz
1688:Michel Aflaq
1610:Isam al-Qadi
1567:Munif Razzaz
1479:
1435:Michel Aflaq
1419:Munif Razzaz
1414:Michel Aflaq
1347:
1224:Michel Aflaq
1186:Predecessors
1153:
1144:
1056:1996 attempt
1050:
1046:1966 attempt
1036:1963 attempt
1031:1959 attempt
933:
927:
908:
891:the original
886:
876:
861:
857:
848:
833:
824:
807:– via
801:. Retrieved
794:
771:. Retrieved
769:. 2021-07-22
766:
757:
746:. Retrieved
742:
732:
713:
669:
651:
620:. Retrieved
615:
593:, retrieved
588:
555:Ba'ath Party
506:
493:
413:
408:fifth column
405:
369:
354:
333:Michel Aflaq
322:
265:
246:
234:Ba'ath Party
223:مجزرة الرفاق
214:
202:
200:
139:Organised by
81:22 July 1979
3597:Daughters:
3513:Blood Quran
3268:Vanguardism
3243:Pan-Arabism
2873:Snake Party
2659:South Yemen
2490:Imad Khamis
2235:Salim Yasin
2155:Imad Khamis
2130:Salah Jadid
2115:Hilal Hilal
2110:Salim Hatum
2075:Ahmad Diyab
2000:Tahir Yahya
1758:Salah Jadid
1738:Elias Farah
1615:Rakad Salem
1589:Assem Qanso
1193:Arab Ba'ath
1014:Coup d'état
828:Bay Fang. "
553:-dominated
518:Pan-Arabism
501:in absentia
370:RCC member
187:21 executed
174:during the
62:in Baghdad.
3683:Categories
3644:South Park
3522:Propaganda
3277:Literature
3263:Secularism
3151:in Lebanon
2704:Newspapers
2649:Mauritania
2603:Mauritania
2470:Adel Safar
1870:Tariq Aziz
1480:(de facto)
1390:Leadership
1299:Post-split
993:Revolution
773:2023-01-16
748:2023-01-16
622:2022-07-14
595:2022-07-14
569:References
361:presidency
282:Background
3456:reactions
3451:Execution
3373:Biography
3302:Symbolism
3258:Saddamism
3238:Ba'athism
2721:Al-Thawra
2711:Al-Ba'ath
2654:Palestine
2608:Palestine
2331:(interim)
1603:Palestine
1407:Pre-split
1328:Arab Belt
1238:Pre-split
803:April 25,
490:Aftermath
423:Position
396:BBC News
3429:timeline
3407:Gulf War
3211:Ideology
3014:Ahd Bloc
1217:Founders
1065:Invasion
866:Archived
838:Archived
767:Iraq Now
688:36619992
86:Location
44:(left),
3571:Wives:
3436:Capture
3139:Unified
3134:Bakdash
2961:Current
2925:Al-Awda
2679:History
2644:Lebanon
2618:Tunisia
2593:Lebanon
2566:Bahrain
2561:Algeria
1676:of the
1673:Members
1582:Lebanon
1321:Members
1174:History
645:YouTube
551:Alawite
300:Baghdad
261:Baghdad
229:of the
192:Arrests
149:Outcome
3605:, and
3603:Raghad
3587:Sons:
3567:Barzan
3565:, and
3563:Sabawi
3559:Watban
3544:Family
3007:Former
2639:Jordan
2588:Jordan
1555:Jordan
940:
915:
720:
686:
676:
219:Arabic
207:Arabic
184:Deaths
95:
3622:Media
3593:Qusay
3477:Books
3446:Trial
3109:Sawab
2789:Youth
2751:Wings
2691:Yemen
2669:Syria
2664:Sudan
2623:Yemen
2613:Sudan
2598:Libya
2571:Egypt
2401:Syria
2299:Syria
2249:Yemen
2016:Syria
1625:Syria
420:Name
379:Event
231:Iraqi
227:purge
122:Cause
116:Purge
3607:Hala
3599:Rana
3591:and
3589:Uday
3575:and
2576:Iraq
2361:Iraq
2274:Iraq
1811:Iraq
1508:Iraq
1077:2003
1072:1941
1026:1941
1021:1936
1005:1963
1000:1958
986:Iraq
938:ISBN
913:ISBN
805:2018
718:ISBN
684:OCLC
674:ISBN
535:Iraq
304:Iraq
201:The
172:Iran
112:Type
78:Date
856:."
832:."
643:on
298:in
3685::
3601:,
3561:,
899:^
885:.
793:.
782:^
765:.
741:.
696:^
682:.
660:^
631:^
614:.
603:^
577:^
565:.
533:.
302:–
221::
209::
195:68
3358:e
3351:t
3344:v
2497:*
2340:*
1659:*
1617:*
1574:*
1547:*
1489:*
1452:*
1124:e
1117:t
1110:v
977:e
970:t
963:v
946:.
921:.
811:.
776:.
751:.
726:.
690:.
625:.
314:.
217:(
205:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
