1968–1969 Japanese university protests

1592:, or All-Campus Joint Struggle Committee was formed to coordinate protests at different universities across the country. Non-sectarian postgraduate student Yoshitaka Yamamoto was elected leader of this Zenkyōtō. Although it had previously existed, the University of Tokyo popularized the Zenkyōtō model. This served as the mainstream interpretation of the model after this point. The Zenkyōtō brought the actions of non-sectarian activists – people who did not follow any set path to revolution and were unaffiliated with either Zengakuren or the JCP – to light. This contrasted with the pre-Zenkyōtō situation, where activists were split into 39 groups affiliated with Zengakuren and opposed to the JCP and one group that was pro-JCP. The Zenkyōtō helped to expand the scope of protestors. Whereas only undergraduate students protested against Anpo in 1960, the Zenkyōtō included graduate students and some members of staff. The Zenkyōtō at Nihon University helped students push back against conservative influence on the student movement. 1378:, decentralizing the administration of the education system, and introducing the American-based 6-3-3-4 school system (six years of primary school, three years of junior secondary school, three years of senior secondary school, and four years of tertiary education), making at least nine years of education mandatory. High school admission continued to be rare and competitive. The 1949 National School Establishment Law expanded the higher education system, leading to local higher education institutions being consolidated into national universities, ensuring the existence of state-supported universities in every prefecture. This standardization later resulted in an increasing number of students ready to go on to high school, which led to the creation of more private high schools by the 1386: 1504: 1324: 1738:

weekend ended with police in control of the roof of Yasuda Hall, the final holdout of the University of Tokyo student movement. This fight was a low point for the student movement – the number of occupied university campuses had declined to 33. Following the siege, Mishima addressed the students, criticizing them for not believing strongly enough to die for their cause. The television broadcasts of the fighting in Yasuda Hall only increased the fervor of student activists elsewhere.

5128: 1543:, seen as six years of free labor by medical students, led to a student strike at the university in early 1968. A fight on February 19 between a tutor and students caused by the controversy over internship reform led to the punishment of 17 students and the expulsion of four. Medical students, who disrupted graduation ceremonies at the university in March, deemed some of the punishment as absurd, as one of the students was not in Tokyo at the day of the fight but in 2552: 104: 1201:. They began with student discontent over alleged corruption in the university board of directors. At Nihon, protests were driven less by ideology and more by pragmatism because of the university's traditional and conservative nature. The movement spread to other Japanese universities, escalating into violence both on campus and in the streets. In late 1968, at the zenith of the movement, thousands of students entered Tokyo's busiest railway station, 6484: 1099: 1822:. The Chūkaku-ha agreed with the Bund and posited that the institution of the university had been brought under capitalism from its previously free status, and that the struggles represented the contradictions within capitalism. The Kakumaru-ha believed because of the imperialistic nature of the university, students could never influence society by entering its administration. (They were also anti-Zenkyōtō, having fought against them at 1581: 172: 6059: 6496: 1219:) was rampant among these students. In January 1969, the police besieged the University of Tokyo and ended the protests there, leading to renewed fervor from students at other universities, where protests continued. However, as public support for the students fell, and the police increased their efforts to stop the protests, the movement waned. The passage of the 1969 1473:(subjectivity), or the idea of the autonomy of society from the state and the self, and as a shining beacon of democratic ideals. Yoshimoto saw the protest as a reaction against capitalist alienation, not as an act of protecting democracy. Yoshimoto accused Maruyama and his supporters of being duplicitous, hypocritical, and going against 1730:

which pressured the University of Tokyo Zenkyōtō to call in student reinforcements from Nihon University and Chuo University. The students became disillusioned, resulting in many of them voting to stop the strikes at the University of Tokyo. The hardliners, however, holed up in buildings like Yasuda Hall, readied themselves for a siege.

1795:, fractured from infighting. Movements became isolated. Despite the destruction of any unity between Zenkyōtō, students continued to riot in the streets, with more of their attention turned to concerns like the war in Vietnam and the upcoming renewal of the Anpo treaty. In 1970, the situation on campuses returned to normal. 43: 1489:

By the late 1960s, the number of university students and universities reached an all-time high, with 52 universities in Tokyo providing a haven for New Left radicals. The lack of post-war publication censorship, the printing of affordable Marxist texts and the abundance of free time at university led

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The explosion of student unrest following the Yasuda Hall siege led to the number of occupied campuses skyrocketing from 33 to 77 by March and 111 by April. However, the government paid close attention to the protests, and police strengthened their stance against them. In February, the barricades at

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that started over an accusation of the theft of papers spilled over to the University of Tokyo, where the factions occupied different buildings belonging to the University's Literature Department and built barricades. This dispute lasted three weeks, leading to the withdrawal of the Kakumaru-ha from

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by deceiving themselves into believing they were against the war and the heralds of popular democracy. The New Left, especially the Bund, took up Yoshimoto's ideas and his critique of Maruyama and Japanese progressivism. Zengakuren attacked the JCP, the progressives, and anything else they deemed as

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When University of Tokyo students were asked what they were fighting for, most of them claimed they were fighting either for "asserting the self" or "self-transformation". The students rejected anything they deemed "reformism", such as concrete reform goals. Their goals overall were very vague; one

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In July 1968, the Zenkyōtō at the University of Tokyo demanded that all senior medical staff at the university resign. This led to the resignations of the director of the University of Tokyo Hospital and the dean of the Faculty of Medicine on August 10. In the same month, talks broke down, violence

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had reached university and universities had accommodated this change by opening up thousands of additional spaces. Tensions had already risen, and the student movement had been mostly dormant since the Anpo protests. The situation in the universities had become increasingly unstable, leading to the

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identifies three reasons for this – the students' rejection of any concrete goals and their own moralistic goals, continuing economic growth in Japan leading to the employment of former activists within traditional Japanese society, and the rigid structure and Marxist nature of the sects. However,

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Critics of this interpretation like then-dean of the Literature Facility of the University of Tokyo, Kentaro Hayashi, who had been taken hostage by the students during the protests, denounced the students' ideas as "the hypocrisy of self-denigration" – despite all of their talk about denying "the

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The aftermath of the protests also led to the rise of Japanese feminism. Women were constrained in their ability to protest during the movement, especially in Japanese society, where women's roles were more traditional. Importantly, female students were given an opportunity and agency for public

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At the beginning of 1969, the students were hopeful they would hold out against the police. As violence continued, the government canceled the spring 1969 university entrance exams. The situation was hectic on the University of Tokyo campus. Minsei, the pro-JCP clique of Zengakuren, was winning,

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of funds by the university's board of directors. Students accused the board of "money-making" in a "mass-production university". Although the political ideologies of the universities were different, the University of Tokyo was an elite school whose students had left-wing sympathies, while Nihon

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was so alarmed by the siege that he contacted the police to tell them to be careful. Conflict continued among the disparate Zengakuren cliques and Zenkyōtō, although their power had been greatly reduced. Despite the conviction of the groups in Yasuda Hall that they would win the conflict, the

1847:, as a more reformist faction aligned with the JCP, believed that compromise was possible with professors and that their ultimate opponent was the oppressive force of the Ministry of Education. Minsei was important in working against Zenkyōtō, opposing their occupations of campuses. 1612:, a Zengakuren clique aligned with the JCP, became involved. These factions brought factionalist divisions onto campus, leading to fights where non-sectarian students intervened to either break them up or provide first aid. This three-way internal conflict took place mostly at the 2730:(Japanese Red Army). For these students, the student protests were just a step in the right direction, and not the end of their military struggle. Sekigun and other remnant groups of the student groups that participated in the protests were responsible for such incidents as the 1680:. The scale of the riot provoked public backlash that increased public support for the police, which led them to use more force when assaulting occupied campuses. The Sophia University occupation, for example, collapsed in December 1968 after a police siege of the campus. 1687:(LDP) movement that included opposition parties and labor unions. However, increasing violence, which resulted in less public support for the students, led the police to single out student radicals. The students fought with staves made of wood or bamboo known as 1367:, which gave political organizations the right to exist and workers the right to organize. Left-wing groups supported the Constitution and students sought to protect it and defend themselves against actions by the Japanese state they viewed as unconstitutional. 1551:

in June. The University of Tokyo decided to take measures to take back Yasuda Hall from student occupation and clear its barricades. However, this led to outrage amongst the student population, which re-occupied the hall and called a general strike.

1397:, a socialist student organization formed in 1948. Zengakuren grew out of a 1947–48 protest against an increase in university fees led by student supporters of the JCP. With Zengakuren, the student movement had a banner to rally under. In the 1950s, 1363:(JSP) were legalized and became influential within Japanese politics. The JCP focused on increasing their support among students, which led to the association of students with left-wing activism. The occupation authorities promulgated the post-war 2641:

University of Tokyo within us", the students were hypocritically keeping their privileges as University of Tokyo students. Yoshimoto himself, seen as a "prophet" by the students, was critical of them for being wrapped up in a "communal illusion".

1774:, who previously called for a special investigation into university deficiencies in 1968, as Minister of Education. Sakata, now tasked with trying to deal with calls for government intervention in the universities, did so by promulgating the 2698:(Zenkyōtō literature), which comprises books published in the 1970s and 1980s that are set during the protests. These works include intense imagery of strong emotions, disappointment, confusion, and failure. Philosopher and semiotician 1826:

in late 1969). Both also disagreed politically – although they were both Marxist. Kakumaru-ha advocated for a focus on the creation of an anti-Stalinist party, while the Chūkaku-ha focused more on class war and the mobilization of the

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and made it possible for university authorities to call in riot police to resolve disputes with students. This legislation served as a heavy blow for the already declining student groups and was one of the key factors in their demise.

1604:, took nine professors as hostages, including Literature Faculty Dean Kentarō Hayashi. Discussing the protests, Hayashi described how many professors like him were interrogated ruthlessly for days and verbally abused by students. The 1461:). For Zengakuren, Anpo marked a renewal and strengthening of their political program and the eclipsing of the Old Left by the New Left. During the Anpo protests of 1960, a split occurred between two leading left-wing intellectuals – 1750:

a "liberated area", and riot police were called in to deal with the students. Entrance exams were held in March in emergency centers in Kyoto under police protection, following which the protests at Kyoto University fizzled out. On

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This chart shows the relationships between various factions within the Japanese New Left. However, it is an oversimplification of these relations, with many details not shown. Factions colored yellow were the members of the

1746:, where the Kyoto Zenkyōtō and the local Minsei chapter, supported by the Kyoto University authorities, had been fighting viciously. Following a fight that ended at Nihon University, Zenkyōtō students declared central 1382:(MoE). The number of high school graduates grew to 90% of students by the 1960s, putting pressure on higher education institutions to expand, and for secondary education institutions to extend into tertiary education. 1668:. By the end of 1968, students had seized control of 67 campuses, with hundreds of campuses subject to significant student unrest. Protests also occurred outside of university campuses. Thousands of students entered 1790:

By the end of 1969, the students had been broken. Many barricades had been dismantled, and violence slowly dissipated. The National Zenkyōtō, formed in 1969, whose activity peaked in September with a rally held in

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movements that had evolved from Zengakuren, which were unaffiliated with the JCP, sprang up within the student movement. Some of Zengakuren's student leaders, for example, split from the JCP to form the

1293:) movement. While most disputes had settled down by the 1970s and many of the students had reintegrated into Japanese society, the protests' ideas entered the cultural sphere, inspiring writers like 2752:

action. The failure of female students to be treated equally during the protests led to a greater awareness among women of gender inequality on campus. This new awareness led feminist intellectual

1535:) to refer to the student organizations coordinating the protests. The Waseda disturbances lasted 150 days, ending when student activism calmed down nationwide. A controversial reform made by the 2617:– it was personal conviction and student agency that the students thought would bring about change, not following any party line. This led to an emphasis on self-criticism and self-negation ( 6291: 5705: 2656:

Within the psyche of the 1968 generation, the defeat of the protests generated an identity crisis. This lack of understanding towards the self was one of the main inspirations for writer

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University was more conservative and repressive. The protests used similar tactics, such as the occupation of important university buildings, whose use later allowed for the formation of

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Zenkyōtō member claimed to be fighting "for the battle itself" and some students simply wanted to join in on the fighting. The students, especially those within the Bund, interpreted

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Harris, George L.; Liebow, Elliot; Muhlenberg, Frederica; Rakowska-Harmstone, Teresa; Rintz, Frances Chadwick; Smith, Harvey H.; Suda, Frances K.; Uyehara, Hilary Mitsuo (1964).

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was much more hierarchical compared to other student groups. Ideologically, they focused on the defense of Japanese democracy from fascism instead of destroying the university.

232: 1355:, which had been enacted before the war to target left-wing groups specifically and arrest their members. Left-wing prisoners incarcerated under this law were released. The 1677: 6271: 5797: 5092: 2653:, the JSP lost 51 seats. The waning influence, power and public image of the left, as well as increased police scrutiny, led to the failure of the 1970 Anpo protests. 1775: 1648:, the protest's primary focus was giving the students a role in electing the university rector, and students aimed to gain control of student association buildings at 1220: 1183: 1482:

by destroying the autonomy of the self and replacing it with a vanguard. This marked the turn of the Japanese New Left against mainstream progressivism and orthodox

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This chart is based on Andrews's simplified chart. He notes that dozens of political groups are not shown, and that mergers and some connections have been omitted.

5995: 318: 1129: 1015: 1301:. The students' political demands made education reform a priority for the Japanese government, which it tried to address through organizations such as the 400: 6335: 5700: 1975: 1852: 1742:

Nihon University were dismantled, and the university reopened its classes. Its entrance exams were held under heavy police guard. Attention shifted to

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In the meantime, protests spread across many universities in Japan. Students at different universities protested different things. At

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believed that the problem with the university was its educational ideology of preparing students to become "slaves" in industry. The

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In 1968 and 1969, student protests at several Japanese universities ultimately forced the closure of campuses across Japan. Known as

1122: 741: 363: 6396: 5515: 5251: 5005: 1755:, students clashed with police in central Tokyo against the background of a much larger protest against the American occupation of 730: 455: 6381: 6325: 6038: 5520: 4982: 4389:"The Formation of 'Youth' as a Social Category in Pre-1970s Japan: A Forgotten Chapter of Japanese Postwar Youth Countercultures" 4244:

Leestma, Robert; August, Robert L.; George, Betty; Peak, Lois; Shimahara, Nobuo; Cummings, William K.; Stacey, Nevzer G. (1987).

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greatly influenced the students. Once started, the protests became a way for students to oppose the progressives for abandoning

5859: 5404: 5087: 1262:) were based on his critique of the progressive liberal interpretations of these ideas by other Japanese intellectuals such as 513: 1270:

in particular would lead ultimately to the disintegration of their movement, as they focused increasingly on "self-negation" (

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gave police the legal basis to apply more forceful measures, although splinter groups of the New Left groups, such as the

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to affirm this through fighting. Some of the most popular books within the student population of Japan at the time were

6627: 6612: 6537: 6527: 4234: 2574:. The students wished to have a sense of personal self-hood or agency and wanted to join with other people looking for 1197:

student organizations began occupying buildings around campus. The other main campus where the protests originated was

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reemerged on campus, and the Zenkyōtō slowly lost control to different organizations. In November, members of the

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The protests by the University of Tokyo medical students spilled over to other universities. One of the first was

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campus of the University of Tokyo. In December, a fight between the Shaseidō Kaihō-ha and the Kakumaru-ha at

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movement. Tanaka criticized the infighting within the New Left groups as overly masculine and capitalistic.

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Violence escalated in the autumn of 1968. Until then, police viewed students as part of the widespread anti-

1563:), which saw 10,000 of its 86,000 students demonstrating in May 1968 over the suspicious use of two billion 6582: 6454: 6067: 5156: 5112: 5037: 4471: 4393: 4251: 1759:. Student activity spiked again in June, as they allied with other left-wing groups to protest against the 1733:

On 18 January 1969, thousands of police moved onto the University of Tokyo campus. Nationalist writer

859: 669: 654: 614: 556: 368: 353: 4897:'s autobiography; he participated in the protests at the University of Tokyo and describes them in detail. 6622: 6607: 6567: 6142: 5941: 5918: 5362: 5327: 5148: 4975: 985: 937: 927: 701: 604: 801: 6597: 6572: 6464: 5423: 2614: 2598: 1491: 942: 844: 599: 6459: 5510: 5485: 5256: 5241: 5022: 4815: 2731: 2521: 1178:. Students demonstrated initially against practical issues in universities and eventually formed the 962: 528: 445: 348: 1705:

means "violence" or "force" in German, to students a valid means towards achieving political goals.

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to 1952 brought significant changes to Japanese politics. The occupation authorities repealed the

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Japan and Germany Under the U.S. Occupation: A Comparative Analysis of Post-war Education Reform

2735: 6562: 6557: 6532: 6522: 6233: 5972: 5894: 5851: 5827: 5734: 5281: 5191: 5161: 5047: 5017: 4968: 2744: 2710: 2694:). The events at Yasuda Hall eventually led to the creation of a new genre of literature named 2588: 1605: 1441:

In 1960, a broad coalition of left-wing groups including the JCP, the JSP, Zengakuren, and the

1352: 1310: 874: 720: 358: 343: 4611: 4335: 4180: 4134: 6361: 5835: 5377: 5032: 5027: 4266: 4195: 4098: 1898: 1540: 1364: 1073: 4245: 4111:

Dissenting Japan: A History of Japanese Radicalism and Counterculture from 1945 to Fukushima

725: 6028: 5988: 5500: 5372: 5312: 5246: 5082: 5042: 932: 839: 829: 786: 82: 1547:. As riot police were called in to protect these ceremonies, the students moved to occupy 8: 6547: 6542: 6238: 6127: 6112: 5982: 5792: 5296: 5211: 5201: 5057: 1660:

shut down its campus for six months. An American jet crashed into the computer center at

1653: 1649: 1641: 1633: 1632:, students protested rising tuition costs. They called for university democratization at 1621:

the Zenkyōtō. Different Zengakuren factions controlled different buildings from then on.

1536: 1508: 1430:), and less radical Zengakuren leaders within the Bund led the Student Socialist League ( 1344: 1190: 679: 544: 420: 177: 48: 2660:– some of his books deal directly with the aftermath of the protests in the 1970s, like 6437: 6162: 5887: 5551: 5465: 5216: 5097: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4791: 4783: 4742: 4701: 4655: 4631: 4535: 4496: 4488: 4453: 4410: 2662: 1832: 1756: 1371: 1175: 922: 894: 774: 746: 639: 523: 430: 425: 227: 2649:

The late-1960s protest cycle caused the Japanese left to lose public support – in the

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Initially, demonstrations were organized to protest against unpaid internships at the

6442: 6401: 6248: 6207: 6182: 6157: 5977: 5636: 5596: 5446: 5367: 5286: 5102: 4913: 4884: 4874: 4844: 4795: 4635: 4500: 4366: 4345: 4320: 4295: 4270: 4230: 4205: 4165: 4144: 4119: 4115: 2798: 2786: 2726: 2630: 2583: 2555: 2528: 1823: 1661: 1657: 1645: 1629: 1617: 1524: 1466: 1251: 1194: 947: 854: 849: 486: 450: 222: 159: 72: 5967: 4587: 2739: 1306: 6487: 6447: 6187: 6092: 6082: 5787: 5744: 5739: 5576: 5394: 5052: 4991: 4938: 4824: 4775: 4734: 4693: 4664: 4623: 4588:"Japan's 1968: A Collective Reaction to Rapid Economic Growth in an Age of Turmoil" 4566: 4527: 4480: 4443: 4402: 2610: 2174: 1743: 1669: 1637: 1556: 1411: 1348: 1243: 1202: 1198: 1167: 869: 806: 634: 328: 109: 30: 4612:"Professor Aoki when he was interested in dynamic processes in the market economy" 4136:

Human Rights Constitutionalism in Japan and Asia: The Writings of Lawrence W. Beer

2512: 6421: 6312: 6167: 6147: 5641: 5317: 5266: 5171: 5067: 4954: 4943: 4894: 4866: 4721:"The Thought and Behavior of Zengakuren: Trends in the Japanese Student Movement" 4360: 4316: 4310: 4285: 4260: 4220: 4159: 4140: 4109: 2657: 2637:

led to their demise – they wanted to have the agency to negate their own selves.

2605:

Japanese New Left scholar William Andrews likens the students' interpretation of

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Japan Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee (Central Core Faction)

5591: 5062: 4779: 4680:"Magical Realism and the Search for Identity in the Fiction of Murakami Haruki" 2709:

The student protests did not spawn any reformist political movements, like the

2699: 2579: 1873: 1856: 1819: 1771: 1438:). These factions wrested control of Zengakuren from the JCP for the New Left. 1328: 1103: 864: 567: 494: 277: 237: 6192: 5963:

Relations between Japanese revolutionaries, the Comintern and the Soviet Union

4627: 2666:. Other famous books inspired by the protests include the 1977 Zenkyōtō novel 253: 42: 6516: 6469: 6212: 6177: 6152: 6122: 6117: 6033: 5672: 5581: 5561: 5546: 5474: 5460: 5276: 5261: 5226: 5010: 4888: 2720: 2571: 1779: 1734: 1673: 1589: 1569: 1528: 1455:

Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan

1450: 1206: 1179: 1171: 1053: 899: 791: 470: 383: 117: 6197: 2067: 1808: 1807:(anti-JCP) groups, Minsei, and others plagued the university struggles. The 1782:

and implemented it as law in August. The law called for the creation of the

1410:

group known as the "Bund" which took their name from the German name of the

1385: 6499: 6172: 6077: 5586: 5332: 5271: 5107: 4725: 2827:

The Anti-Yoyogi tendency was named so because the JCP was headquartered in

2753: 2593: 1564: 1469:. Maruyama saw the protest as an example of the enacting of the concept of 1446: 1419: 1393:

The rise of left-wing sympathies among students led to the creation of the

1282: 1247: 1239: 1083: 1068: 889: 460: 4531: 4448: 4429: 4406: 1339:(from left to right) immediately following the end of the Second World War 6217: 5556: 5399: 5322: 4909: 4669: 4650: 4571: 4103:. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education. 2074: 1828: 1812: 1792: 1767: 1760: 1597: 1548: 1058: 995: 904: 689: 4836: 4539: 4515: 4457: 4414: 4388: 1836: 1701: 1490:

to the radicalization of many more students. The generation born in the

6345: 6202: 6137: 6132: 5880: 5764: 5664: 5566: 5352: 4925: 4901: 4746: 4720: 4554: 4492: 4466: 2714: 2682: 1816: 1442: 1394: 1193:

Medical School. Building on years of student organization and protest,

1005: 122: 5127: 4787: 4761: 4705: 4679: 1323: 1305:. The protests have been the subject of modern popular media, such as 6276: 6006: 5910: 5843: 5337: 4291: 2691: 1724:

Unknown author, translated poem found on the walls of Yasuda Hall

1483: 1415: 1235: 1078: 1035: 6292:

Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)

5706:

Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)

5415: 4738: 4555:"Japan 1968: The Performance of Violence and the Theater of Protest" 3037: 2738:. The evolution of these groups from the protests is the subject of 2718:

some militant students created their own new movements, such as the

2551: 1503: 6107: 5754: 5659: 5357: 4960: 4697: 4484: 1407: 1398: 1063: 296: 34: 5506:

Bombing of the Fusetsu no Gunzo and Institute of Northern Cultures

4871:

Toppamono: Outlaw. Radical. Suspect. My Life in Japan's Underworld

1098: 584:

2015 University of Amsterdam Bungehuis and Maagdenhuis Occupations

5571: 4430:"Sons, Daughters, and Patriarchy: Gender and the 1968 Generation" 4337:

Scream from the Shadows: The Women's Liberation Movement in Japan

1231: 3780: 3778: 5749: 5342: 5236: 4762:"Some Comments on the Japanese Student Movement in the Sixties" 2976: 2974: 2828: 1804: 1613: 1544: 1266:, whom he denounced as hypocritical. The students' devotion to 1250:, and the homegrown philosophy of the Japanese poet and critic 373: 3169: 3085: 3061: 3001: 2991: 2989: 3775: 3646: 3364: 1747: 171: 60: 4262:

Coed Revolution: The Female Student in the Japanese New Left

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The students drew ideological inspiration from the works of

4362:

Student Activism in Asia: Between Protest and Powerlessness

4222:

Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo

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Yasuda Auditorium, one of the most iconic buildings of the

5798:

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

5093:

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

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Act on Temporary Measures concerning University Management

1221:

Act on Temporary Measures concerning University Management

1184:

Act on Temporary Measures concerning University Management

4021: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3610: 3354: 3352: 3312: 3310: 3181: 3133: 1664:, sparking anti-American protests aimed at shutting down 1170:

and the late-1960s Japanese protest cycle, including the

1166:, 'university struggles'), the protests were part of the 4287:

Education Reform in Japan: A Case of Immobilist Politics

3973: 3961: 3862: 3741: 3739: 3658: 3564: 3562: 3547: 3376: 3271: 3237: 3235: 3013: 4467:"Student Radicalism in Japan: A 'Cultural Revolution'?" 4243: 3949: 3937: 3043: 4033: 4009: 3997: 3913: 3850: 3838: 3802: 3790: 3763: 3751: 3709: 3670: 3513: 3511: 3484: 3472: 3448: 3436: 3400: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3307: 3283: 3259: 3208: 3157: 3145: 3097: 3049: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2870: 1575: 4057: 4045: 3985: 3877: 3826: 3736: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3622: 3574: 3559: 3535: 3523: 3322: 3295: 3232: 3196: 3121: 2930: 1855:, an anti-JCP alliance. The two splinter factions of 1478:

the "Establishment" as organizations that threatened

1389:

9th Central Committee Convention of Zengakuren (1956)

5996:

Draft Constitution of the People's Republic of Japan

3925: 3814: 2918: 2858: 401:

1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity

3889: 3508: 3334: 3109: 2942: 2906: 2882: 1281:The university troubles helped in the emergence of 1176:

struggle against the construction of Narita Airport

6336:Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee 4247:A Report from the U.S. Study of Education in Japan 3682: 3424: 1778:in May 1969. The government rushed it through the 1831:. The Chūkaku-ha criticized Kakumaru-ha as being 1186:allowed for the dispersal of protesters in 1969. 6514: 6392:Japan Socialist Youth League, Liberation Faction 5660:Beheiren (Citizen's League for Peace in Vietnam) 5627:Japan Socialist Youth League, Liberation Faction 4359:Weiss, Meredith Leigh; Aspinall, Edward (2012). 4158:Dowsey, Stuart J.; Ikeda, Kazuo (October 2012). 4616:Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review 1672:on October 21 (International Anti-War Day) and 1318: 1214: 1161: 1147: 5926: 5431: 4976: 4358: 4178: 3466: 3175: 3091: 3067: 3031: 3007: 2995: 2980: 2900: 1600:, a breakaway organization of the Trotskyist 1123: 312: 5292:Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968 5143:1968 Democratic National Convention protests 2633:'s simplified interpretation. Their idea of 1584:A helmet emblazoned with the word "Zenkyōtō" 1418:'s time. Groups that followed the theory of 1254:. Yoshimoto's interpretation of "autonomy" ( 736:Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968 594:2014 Hong Kong student protest for democracy 466:Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968 4950:1968: The year Japan truly raised its voice 4157: 3784: 3652: 3640: 3604: 3592: 3502: 3418: 3394: 3370: 3226: 3079: 2621:) as a way of becoming more revolutionary. 1608:, another Zengakuren organization, and the 1227:, continued their violence into the 1970s. 1153: 675:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 6282:Japan Communist League (Unified Committee) 5933: 5919: 5438: 5424: 4983: 4969: 4386: 4333: 4161:Zengakuren: Japan's Revolutionary Students 4075: 3907: 3664: 3553: 3190: 1519:Student unrest reemerged with protests at 1242:, French existentialist philosophers like 1130: 1116: 787:1964-65 U.C. Berkeley Free Speech Movement 552:Mahatma Gandhi Central University protests 319: 305: 197:Conservative and right-wing student groups 41: 6321:Japanese Communist Party (Action Faction) 5167:1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia 5073:Human rights movement in the Soviet Union 4668: 4648: 4570: 4447: 4197:Art and Engagement in Early Postwar Japan 3979: 1527:in 1966 being the first to use the name " 742:1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia 364:1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia 6387:Japan Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) 5516:1974 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries bombing 5252:Occupation of the Student Union Building 4865: 4677: 4609: 4258: 4096: 3955: 3943: 3478: 3103: 3055: 2876: 2550: 1715:There is silence in the midst of battle, 1579: 1502: 1384: 1370:Occupation authorities restructured the 1322: 1182:in mid-1968 to organize themselves. The 1016:Students for a Democratic Society (2006) 1011:Students for a Democratic Society (1960) 782:1965 Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu 456:Occupation of the Student Union Building 6326:Japanese Communist Party (Left Faction) 6039:1974 French Embassy attack in The Hague 5521:1974 French Embassy attack in The Hague 4928:'s account of the university struggles. 4808: 4759: 4552: 4513: 4308: 4283: 4259:Schieder, Chelsea Szendi (2021-01-22). 4107: 4100:Japan, Three Epochs of Modern Education 4039: 4027: 4015: 3991: 3967: 3919: 3883: 3871: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3808: 3796: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3730: 3718: 3703: 3676: 3628: 3616: 3541: 3529: 3490: 3454: 3442: 3406: 3382: 3358: 3316: 3301: 3289: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3214: 3202: 3163: 3139: 3127: 3019: 2936: 2924: 2864: 1445:trade federation representing Japanese 6515: 6019:1968–1969 Japanese university protests 5940: 5471:1968–1969 Japanese university protests 5405:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5088:Northern Ireland civil rights movement 4718: 3580: 3568: 3328: 3277: 1863:, Kakukyōdō's Zengakuren student arm. 1588:In July 1968, the University of Tokyo 389:1968–1969 Japanese university protests 24:1968–1969 Japanese university protests 6397:Japanese People's Emancipation League 5914: 5445: 5419: 4964: 4900: 4585: 4427: 4284:Schoppa, Leonard James (2002-03-11). 4218: 4193: 4063: 4051: 4003: 3931: 3895: 3820: 3691: 3430: 3151: 3115: 2965: 2953: 2912: 2888: 2702:even dedicated a section of his book 2538: 2536: 2534: 2527: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2422: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2362: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2309: 2307: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2157: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2010: 2004: 1995: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1968: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1912: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1880: 1878: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1498: 1031:UP Diliman University Student Council 625:2010 University of Puerto Rico Strike 610:2013 Bangladesh quota reform movement 534:2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement 509:2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement 300: 194:Individual university administrations 6382:Enlightened People's Communist Party 6287:Japan Revolutionary Communist League 5696:Japan Revolutionary Communist League 5207:Columbia University protests of 1968 5197:Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968 5006:1968–69 Japanese university protests 4990: 4464: 4132: 3517: 3343: 2814:These activists were referred to as 2769: 2562:Their interpretation of the idea of 1784:Extra Council on University Disputes 1602:Japan Revolutionary Communist League 1529:All-Campus Joint Struggle Committees 1424:Japan Revolutionary Communist League 731:1968–69 Japanese university protests 574:2015 University of Missouri protests 539:2018 Bangladesh road safety protests 416:Columbia University protests of 1968 326: 5958:Socialist thought in Imperial Japan 1708: 1676:, leading the police to invoke the 1576:Zenkyōtō and spread of the movement 13: 4859: 4829:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1970.tb00513.x 4553:Marotti, William (February 2009). 1815:were the two main factions of the 1572:groups in different universities. 14: 6639: 6603:Riots and civil disorder in Japan 5232:March of the One Hundred Thousand 4932: 4514:Kersten, Rikki (September 2009). 4182:U.S. Army Area Handbook for Japan 589:2014 Jadavpur University protests 514:2021 Boğaziçi University protests 441:March of the One Hundred Thousand 6494: 6482: 6412:Mountain Village Operation Units 6377:East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front 6307:Democratic Youth League of Japan 6057: 6044:1975 AIA building hostage crisis 5622:East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front 5526:1975 AIA building hostage crisis 5126: 4133:Beer, Lawrence W. (2009-05-01). 1876:(Revolutionary Communist League) 1719:Order in the midst of struggle. 1097: 991:Hong Kong Federation of Students 579:2015 Bangladesh student protests 170: 102: 6460:Proletarian literature in Japan 6341:Workers Communist Party (Japan) 5390:Segregation in Northern Ireland 4767:Journal of Contemporary History 4685:The Journal of Japanese Studies 4649:Steinhoff, Patricia G. (2013). 4465:Fuse, Toyomasa (October 1969). 4187:U.S. Government Printing Office 4108:Andrews, William (2016-08-15). 4097:Anderson, Ronald Stone (1959). 4084: 2834: 2821: 2808: 2776: 2558:, the "prophet" of the New Left 1859:also had their own factions of 1168:worldwide protest cycle in 1968 812:1229 University of Paris strike 797:1956 Bucharest student movement 660:July 1999 Iran student protests 519:2021 Columbia University strike 6049:Malaysian Flight 653 hijacking 6014:1949 Japanese general election 5496:Bombing of the Soji-ji Ossuary 4651:"Memories of New Left protest" 4559:The American Historical Review 4435:The American Historical Review 2651:1969 Japanese general election 1976:Kakukyōdō (National Committee) 1376:Imperial Rescript on Education 685:1980 student protests in Kabul 645:2006 student protests in Chile 620:2011 student protests in Chile 1: 6407:Left Socialist Party of Japan 5177:1968 Red Square demonstration 4678:Strecher, Matthew C. (1999). 4342:University of Minnesota Press 2847: 2546: 1766:In late 1968, Prime Minister 1717:Peace in the midst of war and 1303:Central Council for Education 1001:RMIT University Student Union 953:School district drug policies 650:2006 student uprising in Iran 406:1968 Red Square demonstration 6455:Political extremism in Japan 5157:1968 Polish political crisis 5113:West German student movement 5038:Black Consciousness Movement 4610:Shiozawa, Yoshinori (2017). 4520:Social Science Japan Journal 4472:Comparative Education Review 4394:Social Science Japan Journal 4252:U.S. Department of Education 4194:Jesty, Justin (2018-09-15). 4164:. Ishi Press International. 2852: 2818:, short for "non-political". 2706:to the Zengakuren students. 1695:in Japanese (abbreviated as 860:Minimally invasive education 670:1996 Quebec student protests 665:1996–1997 protests in Serbia 655:2005 Quebec student protests 615:2012 Quebec student protests 369:West German student movement 354:1968 Polish political crisis 7: 6553:Counterculture of the 1960s 6254:Women's liberation movement 5363:Racism in the United States 5328:Counterculture of the 1960s 5149:The whole world is watching 5118:Women's liberation movement 4873:. Tokyo: Kotan Publishing. 4809:Tsuzuki, Chushichi (1970). 4387:Daliot-Bul, Michal (2014). 1798: 1319:Origins of student activism 1156:'university troubles') or 938:Ordinance of Student Rights 928:Censorship of student media 702:Athens Polytechnic uprising 690:1978 "Ali Must Go" protests 605:2014 Iguala mass kidnapping 217:Non-centralised leadership: 47:Students protesting at the 10: 6644: 6578:Far-left politics in Japan 6465:The Singing Voice of Japan 5860:Children of the Revolution 5770:Women's liberation (Japan) 4780:10.1177/002200947000500107 4334:Shigematsu, Setsu (2012). 1678:Riotous Assembly Crime Act 1422:came together to form the 1345:Allied Occupation of Japan 943:School corporal punishment 600:Sunflower Student Movement 6628:Cold War history of Japan 6613:Student protests in Japan 6538:1969 in Japanese politics 6528:1968 in Japanese politics 6478: 6430: 6354: 6264: 6226: 6066: 6055: 5950: 5870: 5817: 5810: 5778: 5725: 5718: 5681: 5650: 5612: 5605: 5539: 5531:Japan Airlines Flight 472 5511:Japan Airlines Flight 404 5486:Japan Airlines Flight 351 5453: 5305: 5242:Memphis sanitation strike 5135: 5124: 5023:1968 movement in Pakistan 4998: 4816:Government and Opposition 4628:10.1007/s40844-017-0083-4 3467:Weiss & Aspinall 2012 3176:Weiss & Aspinall 2012 3092:Weiss & Aspinall 2012 3068:Weiss & Aspinall 2012 3032:Weiss & Aspinall 2012 3008:Weiss & Aspinall 2012 2996:Weiss & Aspinall 2012 2901:Weiss & Aspinall 2012 2802: 2790: 2732:Yodogō Hijacking Incident 2724:(United Red Army) or the 2644: 2491: 2489: 2481: 2479: 2473: 2471: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2420: 2418: 2387: 2385: 2351: 2349: 2327: 2325: 2319: 2317: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2293: 2291: 2218: 2216: 2181: 2179: 2151: 2145: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2101: 2099: 2064: 2062: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2034: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2006: 1972: 1970: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1942: 1940: 1932: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1906: 1904: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1372:Japanese education system 1215: 1162: 1148: 963:School-to-prison pipeline 529:School strike for climate 446:Memphis sanitation strike 349:1968 movement in Pakistan 336: 213: 208: 94: 89: 78: 67: 55: 40: 28: 23: 16:Student protests in Japan 6417:Unified Socialist League 6367:Communist League (Japan) 6355:Historical organisations 6297:Japanese Communist Party 6272:Asia-Wide Campaign-Japan 5691:Communist League (Japan) 5222:King assassination riots 5182:1968 uprising in Senegal 5078:Mexican Movement of 1968 4939:The Todai Riots: 1968–69 4760:Tsurumi, Kazuko (1970). 4592:The Asia-Pacific Journal 4365:. U of Minnesota Press. 4309:Shibata, Masako (2005). 4227:Harvard University Press 4202:Cornell University Press 2760:, a seminal work in the 2690:(further adapted into a 1882:Japanese Communist Party 1803:Infighting between Anti- 1685:Liberal Democratic Party 1626:Kansei Gakuin University 1361:Japanese Socialist Party 1357:Japanese Communist Party 1274:) and "self-criticism" ( 1209:. Factional infighting ( 1021:Student Press Law Center 986:European Students' Union 880:Student-centred learning 802:Września children strike 758:Mexican Movement of 1968 630:2010 UK student protests 562:2017 Jallikattu protests 557:2017–18 Iranian protests 436:King assassination riots 379:Mexican Movement of 1968 158:Other groups within the 129:Japanese Communist Party 6372:Communist Workers Party 5811:Representation in media 5481:Folk guerrilla concerts 4719:Sunada, Ichiro (1969). 4428:Evans, Sara M. (2009). 3785:Dowsey & Ikeda 2012 3653:Dowsey & Ikeda 2012 3641:Dowsey & Ikeda 2012 3605:Dowsey & Ikeda 2012 3593:Dowsey & Ikeda 2012 3503:Dowsey & Ikeda 2012 3419:Dowsey & Ikeda 2012 3395:Dowsey & Ikeda 2012 3371:Dowsey & Ikeda 2012 3227:Dowsey & Ikeda 2012 3080:Dowsey & Ikeda 2012 2968:, p. 151, 166–167. 2756:to write her 1970 work 1770:appointed educationist 1539:in late 1967 regarding 1453:against renewal of the 1026:Worker Student Alliance 835:Anarchistic free school 769:1968 protests in Poland 715:Huelga schools, Houston 640:2007 Dutch pupil strike 259:Prime Minister of Japan 6234:Ainu Revolution Theory 5973:Peace Preservation Law 5828:Night and Fog in Japan 5735:Ainu Revolution Theory 5348:Antisemitism in Poland 5257:Poor People's Campaign 5192:Battle of Valle Giulia 5162:1968 protests in Egypt 5048:Black Power Revolution 5018:1968 movement in Italy 4908:(in Japanese). Tokyo: 2711:Green Party in Germany 2589:The Brothers Karamazov 2559: 1721: 1585: 1516: 1390: 1353:Peace Preservation Law 1340: 1258:) and "subjectivity" ( 875:Student bill of rights 717: – United States 359:1968 protests in Egypt 344:1968 movement in Italy 190:National Police Agency 6362:Amami Communist Party 6265:Current organisations 5836:Ecstasy of the Angels 5378:Years of Lead (Italy) 5033:Anti-nuclear movement 5028:Civil Rights Movement 4449:10.1086/ahr.114.2.331 4267:Duke University Press 2572:Anpo Protests of 1960 2554: 1899:Japan Socialist Party 1713: 1583: 1506: 1388: 1380:Ministry of Education 1365:Constitution of Japan 1326: 1074:LGBT student movement 283:Minister of Education 273:before November 1968) 271:Minister of Education 185:Ministry of Education 6593:History of anarchism 6588:History of socialism 6227:Principles and ideas 6029:Lod Airport massacre 6024:Asama-Sansō incident 5989:Appeal to the People 5501:Lod Airport massacre 5491:Asama-Sansō incident 5373:Second-wave feminism 5313:1968 Summer Olympics 5247:Miss America protest 5083:Movement of 22 March 5043:Black power movement 4811:"Anarchism in Japan" 4670:10.1515/cj-2013-0007 4586:Oguma, Eiji (2015). 4572:10.1086/ahr.114.1.97 4219:Kapur, Nick (2018). 2736:Asama-Sansō incident 2159:Fourth International 1432:Shakai Gakusei Dōmei 1347:from the end of the 933:Compulsory education 840:Democratic education 830:Authentic assessment 285:after November 1968) 6583:Rebellions in Japan 6113:Masanosuke Watanabe 5983:April 16th incident 5793:Anti-Stalinist left 5297:Tlatelolco massacre 5212:Delano grape strike 5202:Central Park be-ins 5058:Cultural Revolution 4532:10.1093/ssjj/jyp030 4407:10.1093/ssjj/jyt025 3256:, pp. 107–108. 3044:Leestma et al. 1987 2795:Zengaku kyōtō kaigi 2532:(Japanese Red Army) 1654:Hanazono University 1650:Nagasaki University 1642:Doshisha University 1634:Kanagawa University 1559:(known commonly as 1537:University of Tokyo 1509:University of Tokyo 1457:(known commonly as 1191:University of Tokyo 824:Concepts and theory 721:1970 Student Strike 680:1989 Anti-SAP riots 545:March for Our Lives 487:the Politics series 421:Delano grape strike 85:of campus buildings 49:University of Tokyo 6623:Trotskyism in Asia 6608:Socialism in Japan 6568:Anarchism in Japan 6438:Anarchism in Japan 5943:Communism in Japan 5888:Hear the Wind Sing 5466:Sanrizuka Struggle 5237:May 1968 in France 5217:East L.A. walkouts 5098:Red Power movement 4656:Contemporary Japan 4030:, pp. 141–42. 3787:, pp. 142–43. 3655:, pp. 174–75. 3619:, pp. 114–15. 3373:, pp. 148–50. 3280:, pp. 469–70. 3142:, pp. 232–34. 2981:Harris et al. 1964 2663:Hear the Wind Sing 2615:good and bad faith 2560: 2427:(Red Army Faction) 1586: 1541:medical internship 1517: 1499:Initial skirmishes 1391: 1341: 1287:Women's Liberation 1104:Society portal 923:Alternative school 845:Democratic schools 792:1960 Anpo protests 775:East L.A. walkouts 747:May 1968 uprisings 524:2020 Thai protests 431:Glenville shootout 426:East L.A. walkouts 233:Yoshitaka Yamamoto 6598:Protests in Japan 6573:New Left in Japan 6510: 6509: 6443:New Left in Japan 6402:Japanese Red Army 6208:Yoshiki Yamashita 6183:Tsuyoshi Okudaira 6158:Takaaki Yoshimoto 5978:March 15 incident 5908: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5806: 5805: 5714: 5713: 5669: 5637:Japanese Red Army 5597:Takaaki Yoshimoto 5447:New Left in Japan 5413: 5412: 5368:School discipline 5287:Takeover of Vanha 5103:Sexual revolution 4372:978-0-8166-7969-0 4351:978-0-8166-6758-1 4326:978-0-7391-1149-9 4301:978-1-134-86516-1 4276:978-1-4780-1297-9 4225:. Cambridge, MA: 4211:978-1-5017-1506-8 4171:978-4-87187-050-4 4150:978-90-04-21303-6 4125:978-1-84904-919-1 4078:, pp. 53–54. 4006:, pp. 20–22. 3970:, pp. 73–74. 3910:, pp. 51–52. 3874:, pp. 70–71. 3733:, p. 113-14. 3385:, pp. 85–86. 3178:, pp. 67–69. 3154:, pp. 29–30. 3094:, pp. 63–64. 3082:, pp. 47–48. 3070:, pp. 60–61. 3022:, pp. 83–87. 3010:, pp. 59–60. 2770:Explanatory notes 2631:Takaaki Yoshimoto 2556:Takaaki Yoshimoto 2544: 2543: 2516:(United Red Army) 1997:Shaseidō Kaihō-ha 1837:Shaseidō Kaihō-ha 1824:Waseda University 1662:Kyushu University 1658:Sophia University 1646:Waseda University 1630:Tōhoku University 1618:Waseda University 1606:Shaseidō Kaihō-ha 1525:Waseda University 1492:postwar baby boom 1467:Takaaki Yoshimoto 1374:by repealing the 1252:Takaaki Yoshimoto 1140: 1139: 948:School discipline 855:Hidden curriculum 850:Freedom of speech 479: 478: 451:Takeover of Vanha 295: 294: 286: 274: 262: 223:Takaaki Yoshimoto 204: 203: 160:Japanese New Left 149:Shaseidō Kaihō-ha 73:Japanese New Left 6635: 6502: 6498: 6497: 6490: 6489:Communism portal 6486: 6485: 6448:Anti-Japaneseism 6239:Anti-Americanism 6188:Fusako Shigenobu 6093:Shoichi Ichikawa 6083:Hitoshi Yamakawa 6070: 6061: 5944: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5912: 5911: 5873: 5820: 5815: 5814: 5788:Anti-Americanism 5781: 5745:Anti-Japaneseism 5740:Anti-imperialism 5728: 5723: 5722: 5684: 5667: 5653: 5632:Red Army Faction 5615: 5610: 5609: 5577:Fusako Shigenobu 5440: 5433: 5426: 5417: 5416: 5395:Student activism 5130: 5053:Chicano Movement 4992:Protests of 1968 4985: 4978: 4971: 4962: 4961: 4923: 4892: 4867:Miyazaki, Manabu 4854: 4852: 4851: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4674: 4672: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4461: 4451: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4381:Journal articles 4376: 4355: 4330: 4305: 4280: 4255: 4240: 4215: 4190: 4175: 4154: 4129: 4104: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3347: 3341: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2984: 2978: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2825: 2819: 2812: 2806: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2696:Zenkyōtō bungaku 2611:Jean-Paul Sartre 1866: 1865: 1853:Sanpa Zengakuren 1833:petite bourgeois 1744:Kyoto University 1725: 1709:Decline and fall 1670:Shinjuku Station 1638:Beppu University 1557:Nihon University 1451:massive protests 1412:Communist League 1404:Communist League 1349:Second World War 1244:Jean-Paul Sartre 1218: 1217: 1199:Nihon University 1174:of 1970 and the 1165: 1164: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1102: 1101: 870:Student activism 807:Butter rebellion 635:2008 Greek riots 495:Students' rights 482: 481: 331: 329:Protests of 1968 321: 314: 307: 298: 297: 280: 268: 256: 175: 174: 107: 106: 105: 96: 95: 45: 31:protests of 1968 21: 20: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6618:Student strikes 6513: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6500: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6474: 6426: 6422:United Red Army 6350: 6313:Shimbun Akahata 6260: 6244:Anti-monarchism 6222: 6168:Yoshihiko Amino 6163:Kan'ichi Kuroda 6148:Kiyoteru Hanada 6068: 6062: 6053: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5909: 5900: 5871: 5866: 5852:United Red Army 5818: 5802: 5779: 5774: 5726: 5710: 5682: 5677: 5651: 5646: 5642:United Red Army 5614:Insurrectionary 5613: 5601: 5552:Kan'ichi Kuroda 5535: 5449: 5444: 5414: 5409: 5318:Anti-capitalism 5301: 5267:Presidio mutiny 5172:1968 Miami riot 5131: 5122: 5068:Hippie movement 4994: 4989: 4955:The Japan Times 4944:The Japan Times 4935: 4920: 4895:Manabu Miyazaki 4881: 4862: 4860:Further reading 4857: 4849: 4847: 4800: 4798: 4751: 4749: 4739:10.2307/2642436 4710: 4708: 4640: 4638: 4601: 4599: 4577: 4575: 4544: 4542: 4505: 4503: 4419: 4417: 4373: 4352: 4327: 4317:Lexington Books 4302: 4277: 4237: 4212: 4172: 4151: 4141:Global Oriental 4126: 4087: 4082: 4076:Shigematsu 2012 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3908:Daliot-Bul 2014 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3665:Daliot-Bul 2014 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3560: 3554:Shigematsu 2012 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3445:, pp. 113. 3441: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3350: 3342: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3191:Shigematsu 2012 3189: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2987: 2979: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2826: 2822: 2813: 2809: 2793:) is short for 2781: 2777: 2772: 2758:No More Toilets 2745:United Red Army 2704:Empire of Signs 2658:Haruki Murakami 2647: 2549: 2531: 2515: 2426: 1990:Kyosandō (Bund) 1801: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1711: 1578: 1521:Keio University 1501: 1495:1968 protests. 1434:, shortened to 1321: 1312:United Red Army 1295:Haruki Murakami 1234:theorists like 1225:United Red Army 1136: 1096: 1089: 1088: 1049: 1041: 1040: 981: 973: 972: 918: 910: 909: 895:Students' union 885:Student protest 825: 817: 816: 708:Diliman Commune 696:Soweto uprising 504: 480: 475: 332: 327: 325: 291: 290: 289: 266:Hirokichi Nadao 248: 247: 228:Kan'ichi Kuroda 200: 169: 164: 113: 103: 101: 63: 51: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6641: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6492: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6431:Related topics 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6309: 6304: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6143:Kenji Miyamoto 6140: 6135: 6130: 6128:Shōjirō Kasuga 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6103:Kyuichi Tokuda 6100: 6095: 6090: 6088:Kanson Arahata 6085: 6080: 6074: 6072: 6064: 6063: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6002:Reverse Course 5999: 5992: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5968:Kantō Massacre 5965: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5938: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5915: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5895:Norwegian Wood 5891: 5884: 5876: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5856: 5848: 5840: 5832: 5823: 5821: 5812: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5784: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5760:Self-criticism 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5652:Multi-tendency 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5618: 5616: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5592:Mitsuko Tokoro 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5468: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5443: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5420: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5063:Gay liberation 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4988: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4947: 4934: 4933:External links 4931: 4930: 4929: 4918: 4898: 4879: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4806: 4757: 4733:(6): 457–474. 4716: 4698:10.2307/133313 4692:(2): 263–298. 4675: 4663:(2): 127–165. 4646: 4622:(2): 541–554. 4607: 4583: 4550: 4526:(2): 227–245. 4511: 4485:10.1086/445430 4479:(3): 325–342. 4462: 4425: 4378: 4377: 4371: 4356: 4350: 4331: 4325: 4306: 4300: 4281: 4275: 4256: 4241: 4236:978-0674984424 4235: 4216: 4210: 4191: 4176: 4170: 4155: 4149: 4130: 4124: 4105: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4068: 4066:, p. 344. 4056: 4054:, p. 338. 4044: 4042:, p. 138. 4032: 4020: 4018:, p. 127. 4008: 3996: 3984: 3982:, p. 150. 3980:Steinhoff 2013 3972: 3960: 3958:, p. 266. 3948: 3946:, p. 264. 3936: 3934:, p. 158. 3924: 3922:, p. 241. 3912: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3861: 3859:, p. 235. 3849: 3847:, p. xix. 3837: 3825: 3823:, p. 153. 3813: 3811:, p. 149. 3801: 3799:, p. 152. 3789: 3774: 3772:, p. 148. 3762: 3760:, p. 508. 3750: 3735: 3723: 3721:, p. 123. 3708: 3696: 3681: 3679:, p. 521. 3669: 3657: 3645: 3643:, p. 171. 3633: 3621: 3609: 3607:, p. 170. 3597: 3595:, p. 169. 3585: 3583:, p. 473. 3573: 3571:, p. 472. 3558: 3546: 3534: 3522: 3520:, p. 114. 3507: 3505:, p. 160. 3495: 3493:, p. 131. 3483: 3471: 3459: 3457:, p. 134. 3447: 3435: 3423: 3421:, p. 134. 3411: 3409:, p. 130. 3399: 3397:, p. 135. 3387: 3375: 3363: 3361:, p. 240. 3348: 3346:, p. 332. 3333: 3331:, p. 470. 3321: 3319:, p. 108. 3306: 3294: 3292:, p. xxi. 3282: 3270: 3268:, p. 517. 3258: 3246: 3231: 3229:, p. 137. 3219: 3217:, p. 104. 3207: 3195: 3193:, p. 213. 3180: 3168: 3166:, p. 234. 3156: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2985: 2983:, p. 536. 2970: 2958: 2956:, p. 151. 2941: 2939:, p. 515. 2929: 2917: 2915:, p. 152. 2905: 2893: 2891:, p. 334. 2881: 2879:, p. 545. 2869: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2833: 2820: 2807: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2740:Kōji Wakamatsu 2700:Roland Barthes 2646: 2643: 2582:works such as 2580:existentialist 2548: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 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1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1871: 1869: 1800: 1797: 1772:Michita Sakata 1712: 1710: 1707: 1666:Brady Air Base 1577: 1574: 1500: 1497: 1463:Masao Maruyama 1359:(JCP) and the 1329:Kyuichi Tokuda 1320: 1317: 1307:Kōji Wakamatsu 1264:Masao Maruyama 1138: 1137: 1135: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 982: 979: 978: 975: 974: 971: 970: 968:Zero tolerance 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 919: 916: 915: 912: 911: 908: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 865:Sudbury school 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 826: 823: 822: 819: 818: 815: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 778: 777: 771: 763: 762: 761: 760: 752: 751: 750: 749: 744: 739: 733: 723: 718: 711: 704: 700:November 1973 698: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 568:Fees Must Fall 564: 559: 554: 548: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 505: 502: 501: 498: 497: 491: 490: 477: 476: 474: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 392: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 337: 334: 333: 324: 323: 316: 309: 301: 293: 292: 288: 287: 278:Michita Sakata 275: 263: 250: 249: 246: 245: 240: 238:Mitsuko Tokoro 235: 230: 225: 219: 215: 214: 211: 210: 206: 205: 202: 201: 199: 198: 195: 192: 187: 167: 165: 163: 162: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 125: 120: 99: 92: 91: 87: 86: 80: 76: 75: 69: 65: 64: 59: 57: 53: 52: 46: 38: 37: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6640: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6563:1969 protests 6561: 6559: 6558:1968 protests 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6533:1969 in Japan 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6523:1968 in Japan 6521: 6520: 6518: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6213:Tomoko Tamura 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6178:Michiko Kanba 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6153:Seiji Yoshida 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6123:Hotsumi Ozaki 6121: 6119: 6118:Daisuke Nanba 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6060: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6034:Laju incident 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5936: 5931: 5929: 5924: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5869: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5780:International 5777: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5671: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5582:Takaya Shiomi 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5562:Hiroko Nagata 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5547:Michiko Kanba 5545: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5475:Shinjuku riot 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5461:Anpo protests 5459: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5436: 5434: 5429: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5282:Silence March 5280: 5278: 5277:Shinjuku riot 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5262:Prague Spring 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5227:Mafeje affair 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4972: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4927: 4921: 4919:9784788511637 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4823:(4): 501–22. 4822: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4774:(1): 104–12. 4773: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4573: 4568: 4565:(1): 97–135. 4564: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4442:(2): 331–47. 4441: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4374: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4036: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4012: 4005: 4000: 3994:, p. 76. 3993: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3956:Strecher 1999 3952: 3945: 3944:Strecher 1999 3940: 3933: 3928: 3921: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3898:, p. 13. 3897: 3892: 3886:, p. 71. 3885: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3858: 3853: 3846: 3841: 3835:, p. xv. 3834: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3810: 3805: 3798: 3793: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3771: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3748:, p. 94. 3747: 3742: 3740: 3732: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3713: 3706:, p. 92. 3705: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3678: 3673: 3667:, p. 52. 3666: 3661: 3654: 3649: 3642: 3637: 3631:, p. 81. 3630: 3625: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3556:, p. 53. 3555: 3550: 3544:, p. 88. 3543: 3538: 3532:, p. 87. 3531: 3526: 3519: 3514: 3512: 3504: 3499: 3492: 3487: 3481:, p. 99. 3480: 3479:Schieder 2021 3475: 3469:, p. 70. 3468: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3439: 3432: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3408: 3403: 3396: 3391: 3384: 3379: 3372: 3367: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3330: 3325: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3304:, p. 98. 3303: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3244:, p. 85. 3243: 3238: 3236: 3228: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3205:, p. 83. 3204: 3199: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3177: 3172: 3165: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3130:, p. 41. 3129: 3124: 3118:, p. 19. 3117: 3112: 3106:, p. 25. 3105: 3104:Schieder 2021 3100: 3093: 3088: 3081: 3076: 3069: 3064: 3058:, p. 56. 3057: 3056:Anderson 1959 3052: 3045: 3040: 3034:, p. 60. 3033: 3028: 3021: 3016: 3009: 3004: 2998:, p. 59. 2997: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2938: 2933: 2927:, p. 75. 2926: 2921: 2914: 2909: 2903:, p. 66. 2902: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2878: 2877:Shiozawa 2017 2873: 2867:, p. 46. 2866: 2861: 2857: 2837: 2830: 2824: 2817: 2811: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2742:'s 2007 film 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2727:Nihon Sekigun 2723: 2722: 2721:Rengo Sekigun 2716: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2674:Masahiro Mita 2671: 2670: 2669:Boku tte nani 2665: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2613:'s theory of 2612: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2541: 2530: 2529:Nihon Sekigun 2523: 2514: 2513:Rengō Sekigun 2504: 2502: 2460: 2457: 2449: 2447: 2446: 2433: 2425: 2416: 2408: 2406: 2368: 2366: 2358: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2321: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2303: 2297: 2295: 2289: 2287: 2270: 2268: 2257: 2233: 2231: 2193: 2191: 2176: 2175:Marx-Leninist 2160: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2140: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2096: 2094: 2083: 2076: 2069: 2059: 2056: 2048: 2047: 2022: 2014: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1991: 1984: 1977: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1889: 1883: 1875: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1780:National Diet 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1735:Yukio Mishima 1731: 1726: 1720: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:Gewalt Staves 1686: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1582: 1573: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1309:'s 2007 film 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172:Anpo protests 1169: 1159: 1145: 1144:daigaku funsō 1133: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1054:Animal rights 1052: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 983: 980:Organizations 977: 976: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 958:School speech 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 920: 914: 913: 906: 903: 901: 900:Student voice 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 821: 820: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 776: 772: 770: 767: 766: 765: 764: 759: 756: 755: 754: 753: 748: 745: 743: 740: 737: 734: 732: 729: 728: 727: 726:1968 Protests 724: 722: 719: 716: 712: 710:– Philippines 709: 705: 703: 699: 697: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 569: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 549: 546: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 500: 499: 496: 493: 492: 488: 484: 483: 472: 471:Mafeje affair 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 397: 396: 390: 387: 385: 384:Prague Spring 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 340: 335: 330: 322: 317: 315: 310: 308: 303: 302: 299: 284: 279: 276: 272: 267: 264: 260: 255: 252: 251: 244: 243:Akehiro Akita 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 218: 212: 207: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 181: 180: 179: 173: 166: 161: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 134: 130: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 114: 112: 111: 98: 97: 93: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 44: 39: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 6501:Japan portal 6311: 6173:Tetsuzo Fuwa 6098:Sanzō Nosaka 6078:Sen Katayama 6018: 5994: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5858: 5850: 5842: 5834: 5826: 5587:Mitsu Tanaka 5470: 5333:Flower power 5272:Rodney riots 5187:Båstad riots 5108:The Troubles 4953: 4942: 4924:Sociologist 4905: 4870: 4848:. Retrieved 4820: 4814: 4799:. Retrieved 4771: 4765: 4750:. Retrieved 4730: 4726:Asian Survey 4724: 4709:. Retrieved 4689: 4683: 4660: 4654: 4639:. Retrieved 4619: 4615: 4600:. Retrieved 4595: 4591: 4576:. Retrieved 4562: 4558: 4543:. Retrieved 4523: 4519: 4504:. Retrieved 4476: 4470: 4439: 4433: 4418:. Retrieved 4401:(1): 41–58. 4398: 4392: 4380: 4379: 4361: 4336: 4311: 4286: 4261: 4246: 4221: 4196: 4181: 4160: 4135: 4110: 4099: 4090: 4089: 4085:Bibliography 4071: 4059: 4047: 4040:Andrews 2016 4035: 4028:Andrews 2016 4023: 4016:Andrews 2016 4011: 3999: 3992:Andrews 2016 3987: 3975: 3968:Andrews 2016 3963: 3951: 3939: 3927: 3920:Kersten 2009 3915: 3903: 3891: 3884:Andrews 2016 3879: 3872:Andrews 2016 3857:Kersten 2009 3852: 3845:Andrews 2016 3840: 3833:Andrews 2016 3828: 3816: 3809:Andrews 2016 3804: 3797:Andrews 2016 3792: 3770:Andrews 2016 3765: 3758:Tsuzuki 1970 3753: 3746:Andrews 2016 3731:Andrews 2016 3726: 3719:Andrews 2016 3704:Andrews 2016 3699: 3694:, p. 5. 3677:Tsuzuki 1970 3672: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3629:Schoppa 2002 3624: 3617:Andrews 2016 3612: 3600: 3588: 3576: 3549: 3542:Andrews 2016 3537: 3530:Andrews 2016 3525: 3498: 3491:Marotti 2009 3486: 3474: 3462: 3455:Marotti 2009 3450: 3443:Andrews 2016 3438: 3433:, p. 3. 3426: 3414: 3407:Marotti 2009 3402: 3390: 3383:Andrews 2016 3378: 3366: 3359:Kersten 2009 3324: 3317:Tsurumi 1970 3302:Marotti 2009 3297: 3290:Andrews 2016 3285: 3273: 3266:Tsuzuki 1970 3261: 3254:Tsurumi 1970 3249: 3242:Andrews 2016 3222: 3215:Tsurumi 1970 3210: 3203:Andrews 2016 3198: 3171: 3164:Kersten 2009 3159: 3147: 3140:Kersten 2009 3135: 3128:Andrews 2016 3123: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3075: 3063: 3051: 3046:, p. 5. 3039: 3027: 3020:Shibata 2005 3015: 3003: 2961: 2937:Tsuzuki 1970 2932: 2925:Andrews 2016 2920: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2872: 2865:Schoppa 2002 2860: 2836: 2823: 2815: 2810: 2794: 2782: 2778: 2761: 2757: 2754:Mitsu Tanaka 2750: 2743: 2725: 2719: 2708: 2703: 2695: 2688:Ryū Murakami 2681: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2648: 2639: 2634: 2626: 2623: 2618: 2606: 2604: 2599:The Stranger 2597: 2587: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2561: 2522:Yodogō Group 2415:Kakumei Saha 1983:Minsei Dōmei 1849: 1802: 1789: 1765: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1714: 1700: 1699:). The word 1696: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1623: 1610:Minsei Dōmei 1594: 1587: 1560: 1554: 1532: 1523:in 1965 and 1518: 1488: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1458: 1449:carried out 1447:trade unions 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1420:Leon Trotsky 1392: 1369: 1342: 1337:Yoshio Shiga 1333:Sanzō Nosaka 1327:JCP leaders 1311: 1299:Ryū Murakami 1290: 1283:Mitsu Tanaka 1280: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1259: 1255: 1248:Albert Camus 1240:Leon Trotsky 1229: 1210: 1188: 1158:daigaku tōsō 1157: 1143: 1141: 1084:Youth rights 1069:Labor rights 890:Student riot 461:Rodney riots 411:Båstad riots 394: 393: 388: 338: 216: 209:Lead figures 176: 168: 108: 100: 71:Rise of the 29:Part of the 18: 6218:Kohei Saito 6193:Yū Kikumura 5727:Ideological 5668:(post–1958) 5557:Tsuneo Mori 5540:Key figures 5400:Vietnam War 5323:Black power 4910:Shin-yo-sha 4902:Oguma, Eiji 3581:Sunada 1969 3569:Sunada 1969 3329:Sunada 1969 3278:Sunada 1969 2570:during the 2363:Many others 2256:Second Bund 2184:Many others 2075:Kakumaru-ha 1829:proletariat 1813:Kakumaru-ha 1793:Hibiya Park 1768:Eisaku Sato 1761:Vietnam War 1753:Okinawa Day 1693:gebaruto-bō 1598:Kakumaru-ha 1549:Yasuda Hall 1059:Anti-racism 996:Rouge Forum 905:Unschooling 254:Eisaku Satō 154:Second Bund 144:Kakumaru-ha 83:Occupations 6548:1969 riots 6543:1968 riots 6517:Categories 6346:Zengakuren 6203:Kazuo Shii 6198:Haruo Wakō 6138:Jun Takami 6133:Ineko Sata 6069:Key people 5872:Literature 5765:Trotskyism 5719:Influences 5683:Trotskyist 5665:Zengakuren 5567:Makoto Oda 5353:Hot Autumn 4926:Eiji Oguma 4880:0970171625 4850:2021-04-26 4801:2021-04-26 4752:2021-04-26 4711:2021-05-12 4641:2021-07-14 4602:2021-05-11 4598:(12): 1–27 4578:2021-04-26 4545:2021-04-16 4506:2021-04-26 4420:2021-05-12 4064:Evans 2009 4052:Evans 2009 4004:Oguma 2015 3932:Kapur 2018 3896:Oguma 2015 3821:Kapur 2018 3692:Oguma 2015 3431:Oguma 2015 3152:Jesty 2018 3116:Kapur 2018 2966:Kapur 2018 2954:Kapur 2018 2913:Kapur 2018 2889:Evans 2009 2848:References 2584:Dostoevsky 2547:Philosophy 2424:Sekigun-ha 2068:Chūkaku-ha 1861:Marugakudō 1817:Trotskyist 1809:Chūkaku-ha 1395:Zengakuren 1272:jiko hitei 1256:jiritsusei 1006:Scholarism 713:1970-1972 178:Government 139:Chūkaku-ha 131:students ( 123:Zengakuren 6331:Kakurōkyō 6277:Hantenren 6007:Red Purge 5338:Free love 4999:Movements 4889:823709000 4845:144716648 4796:154567251 4636:158246477 4501:145243868 4292:Routledge 3518:Beer 2009 3344:Fuse 1969 2853:Citations 2763:Ūman ribu 2692:2004 film 2635:shutaisei 2627:shutaisei 2619:jikohihan 2607:shutaisei 2576:shutaisei 2568:shutaisei 2564:shutaisei 2082:Shagakudō 1874:Kakukyōdō 1857:Kakukyōdō 1820:Kakukyōdō 1484:Stalinism 1480:shutaisei 1475:shutaisei 1471:shutaisei 1436:Shagakudō 1428:Kakukyōdō 1416:Karl Marx 1291:Ūman Ribu 1268:shutaisei 1260:shutaisei 1236:Karl Marx 1211:uchi-geba 1079:Socialism 1036:PUP SPEAK 395:Incidents 339:Movements 110:Students: 68:Caused by 6470:Zenkyōtō 6249:Feminism 6108:Kozo Uno 5755:Pacifism 5673:Zenkyōtō 5358:New Left 5011:Zenkyōtō 4904:(2009). 4869:(2005). 4837:44484495 4540:40649684 4458:30223782 4415:43920418 2799:Japanese 2787:Japanese 2783:Zenkyōtō 2734:and the 2629:through 2357:Senki-ha 1799:Factions 1590:Zenkyōtō 1570:Zenkyōtō 1561:Nichidai 1533:Zenkyōtō 1408:Leninist 1399:New Left 1203:Shinjuku 1195:New Left 1180:Zenkyōtō 1064:Feminism 694:1976-77 550:2017–18 485:Part of 133:Minseidō 118:Zenkyōtō 56:Location 35:Cold War 33:and the 6302:members 5572:Ryū Ōta 5383:Morocco 5306:Related 4893:Writer 4747:2642436 4493:1186545 2816:nonpori 2680:), and 1757:Okinawa 1697:geba-bō 1232:Marxist 1048:Related 503:History 90:Parties 79:Methods 5951:Events 5863:(2010) 5855:(2007) 5847:(2004) 5839:(1972) 5831:(1960) 5750:Maoism 5606:Groups 5454:Events 5343:Hippie 5136:Events 4916: 4887: 4877: 4843: 4835: 4794: 4788:259983 4786: 4745: 4706:133313 4704: 4634: 4538: 4499: 4491: 4456: 4413: 4369: 4348: 4323: 4298: 4273: 4233: 4208: 4168: 4147: 4122: 2829:Yoyogi 2803:全学共闘会議 2645:Legacy 1845:Minsei 1835:. The 1805:Yoyogi 1702:Gewalt 1674:rioted 1614:Komaba 1545:Kyushu 1515:campus 1276:hansei 1207:rioted 917:Issues 566:2015 " 543:2018 " 374:May 68 4841:S2CID 4833:JSTOR 4792:S2CID 4784:JSTOR 4743:JSTOR 4702:JSTOR 4632:S2CID 4536:JSTOR 4497:S2CID 4489:JSTOR 4454:JSTOR 4411:JSTOR 4116:Hurst 4091:Books 2715:Oguma 2594:Camus 2161:Japan 1748:Kyoto 1691:, or 1640:. At 1513:Hongō 1443:Sōhyō 773:1968 706:1971 598:2014 61:Japan 5819:Film 4914:ISBN 4906:1968 4885:OCLC 4875:ISBN 4367:ISBN 4346:ISBN 4321:ISBN 4296:ISBN 4271:ISBN 4231:ISBN 4206:ISBN 4166:ISBN 4145:ISBN 4120:ISBN 2592:and 1841:Bund 1811:and 1652:and 1644:and 1636:and 1628:and 1465:and 1459:Anpo 1406:, a 1343:The 1335:and 1297:and 1246:and 1238:and 1205:and 1163:大学闘争 1154:lit. 1149:大学紛争 127:Pro- 4952:at 4941:at 4825:doi 4776:doi 4735:doi 4694:doi 4665:doi 4624:doi 4567:doi 4563:114 4528:doi 4481:doi 4444:doi 4440:114 4403:doi 2791:全共闘 2686:by 2672:by 2609:to 2596:'s 2586:'s 2177:-ha 1565:yen 1531:" ( 1511:'s 1414:of 1285:'s 1278:). 1216:内ゲバ 6519:: 5881:69 5844:69 4912:. 4883:. 4839:. 4831:. 4819:. 4813:. 4790:. 4782:. 4770:. 4764:. 4741:. 4729:. 4723:. 4700:. 4690:25 4688:. 4682:. 4661:25 4659:. 4653:. 4630:. 4620:14 4618:. 4614:. 4596:13 4594:. 4590:. 4561:. 4557:. 4534:. 4524:12 4522:. 4518:. 4495:. 4487:. 4477:13 4475:. 4469:. 4452:. 4438:. 4432:. 4409:. 4399:17 4397:. 4391:. 4344:. 4340:. 4319:. 4315:. 4294:. 4290:. 4269:. 4265:. 4250:. 4229:. 4204:. 4200:. 4185:. 4143:. 4139:. 4118:. 4114:. 3864:^ 3777:^ 3738:^ 3711:^ 3684:^ 3561:^ 3510:^ 3351:^ 3336:^ 3309:^ 3234:^ 3183:^ 2988:^ 2973:^ 2944:^ 2805:). 2801:: 2789:: 2748:. 2713:. 2683:69 2678:ja 2602:. 1763:. 1656:. 1486:. 1331:, 1315:. 1213:, 1152:, 489:on 5991:" 5987:" 5934:e 5927:t 5920:v 5477:) 5473:( 5439:e 5432:t 5425:v 5151:" 5147:" 4984:e 4977:t 4970:v 4922:. 4891:. 4853:. 4827:: 4821:5 4804:. 4778:: 4772:5 4755:. 4737:: 4731:9 4714:. 4696:: 4673:. 4667:: 4644:. 4626:: 4605:. 4581:. 4569:: 4548:. 4530:: 4509:. 4483:: 4460:. 4446:: 4423:. 4405:: 4375:. 4354:. 4329:. 4304:. 4279:. 4254:. 4239:. 4214:. 4189:. 4174:. 4153:. 4128:. 2831:. 2797:( 2785:( 2676:( 1426:( 1289:( 1160:( 1146:( 1131:e 1124:t 1117:v 738:- 570:" 547:" 320:e 313:t 306:v 281:( 269:( 261:) 257:( 135:)

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Knowledge

1968–1969 Japanese university protests

Index