1220:
and Norway, debt peaked at more than 200 percent of household income. A surge in household debt to historic highs also occurred in emerging economies such as
Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, and Lithuania. The concurrent boom in both house prices and the stock market meant that household debt relative to assets held broadly stable, which masked households' growing exposure to a sharp fall in asset prices. When house prices declined, ushering in the global financial crisis, many households saw their wealth shrink relative to their debt, and, with less income and more unemployment, found it harder to meet mortgage payments. By the end of 2011, real house prices had fallen from their peak by about 41% in Ireland, 29% in Iceland, 23% in Spain and the United States, and 21% in Denmark. Household defaults, underwater mortgages (where the loan balance exceeds the house value), foreclosures, and fire sales are now endemic to a number of economies. Household
2331:, a RMBΒ₯ 4 trillion ($ 586 billion) stimulus package, was announced by the central government of the People's Republic of China in its biggest move to stop the global financial crisis from hitting the world's second largest economy. A statement on the government's website said the State Council had approved a plan to invest 4 trillion yuan ($ 586 billion) in infrastructure and social welfare by the end of 2010. The stimulus package was invested in key areas such as housing, rural infrastructure, transportation, health and education, environment, industry, disaster rebuilding, income-building, tax cuts, and finance. China's massive stimulus was also an important contributor to overall global recovery. In addition to helping stabilize the global economy, China's stimulus and also provided an opportunity for China to retool its domestic infrastructure.
5779:
2260:
1570:, federal deposit insurance, ample regulations β to provide a bulwark against the panics that had regularly plagued America's banking system in the 19th century. Yet, over the past 30-plus years, we permitted the growth of a shadow banking system β opaque and laden with short term debt β that rivaled the size of the traditional banking system. Key components of the market β for example, the multitrillion-dollar repo lending market, off-balance-sheet entities, and the use of over-the-counter derivatives β were hidden from view, without the protections we had constructed to prevent financial meltdowns. We had a 21st-century financial system with 19th-century safeguards.
1793:
1180:
1542:(AIG) had insured mortgage-backed and other securities but was not required to maintain sufficient reserves to pay its obligations when debtors defaulted on these securities. AIG was contractually required to post additional collateral with many creditors and counter-parties, touching off controversy when over $ 100 billion of U.S. taxpayer money was paid out to major global financial institutions on behalf of AIG. While this money was legally owed to the banks by AIG (under agreements made via credit default swaps purchased from AIG by the institutions), a number of Congressmen and media members expressed outrage that taxpayer money was used to bail out banks.
1295:
1706:
pre-recession (November or Q4 2007) levels until 2011β2016. For example, real GDP fell $ 650 billion (4.3%) and did not recover its $ 15 trillion pre-recession level until Q3 2011. Household net worth, which reflects the value of both stock markets and housing prices, fell $ 11.5 trillion (17.3%) and did not regain its pre-recession level of $ 66.4 trillion until Q3 2012. The number of persons with jobs (total non-farm payrolls) fell 8.6 million (6.2%) and did not regain the pre-recession level of 138.3 million until May 2014. The unemployment rate peaked at 10.0% in
October 2009 and did not return to its pre-recession level of 4.7% until May 2016.
1614:
housing regulations established in the 1990s for a sudden spike in subprime origination is problematic at best. A more proximate government action to the sudden rise in subprime lending was the SEC relaxing lending standards for the top investment banks during an April 2004 meeting with bank leaders. These banks increased their risk-taking shortly thereafter, significantly increasing their purchases and securitization of lower-quality mortgages, thus encouraging additional subprime and Alt-A lending by mortgage companies. This action by its investment bank competitors also resulted in Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac taking on more risk.
2151:
2170:. The crowd moved to the building of the parliament and attempted to force their way into it, but were repelled by the state's police. In late February many Greeks took part in a massive general strike because of the economic situation and they shut down schools, airports, and many other services in Greece. Police and protesters clashed in Lithuania where people protesting the economic conditions were shot with rubber bullets. Communists and others rallied in Moscow to protest the Russian government's economic plans. However the impact was mild in Russia, whose economy gained from high oil prices.
1698:
2427:
2122:
1602:, which advocates for private enterprise and limited government, have asserted that private lenders were encouraged to relax lending standards by government affordable housing policies. They cite The Housing and Community Development Act of 1992, which initially required that 30 percent or more of Fannie's and Freddie's loan purchases be related to affordable housing. The legislation gave HUD the power to set future requirements. These rose to 42 percent in 1995 and 50 percent in 2000, and by 2008 a 56 percent minimum was established.
712:
1686:
1018:
1107:
1495:
2615:
1188:
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1753:) with few consequences for banking leadership, were a factor in driving the country politically rightward starting in 2010. The Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) was the largest of the bailouts. In 2008, TARP allocated $ 426.4 billion to various major financial institutions. However, the US collected $ 441.7 billion in return from these loans in 2010, recording a profit of $ 15.3 billion. Nonetheless, there was a political shift from the Democratic party. Examples include the rise of the
1758:
recovered by the government, when interest on loans is taken into consideration. A total of $ 626B was invested, loaned, or granted due to various bailout measures, while $ 390B had been returned to the
Treasury. The Treasury had earned another $ 323B in interest on bailout loans, resulting in an $ 87B profit. Economic and political commentators have argued the Great Recession was also an important factor in the rise of populist sentiment that resulted in the election of right-wing populist
2571:, IMF Chief Economist, stated that the percentage of workers laid off for long stints has been rising with each downturn for decades but the figures have surged this time. "Long-term unemployment is alarmingly high: in the United States, half the unemployed have been out of work for over six months, something we have not seen since the Great Depression." The IMF also stated that a link between rising inequality within Western economies and deflating demand may exist. The last time that the
1930:
62:
2335:
888:
1131:" that a vast inflow of savings from developing nations flowed into the mortgage market, driving the U.S. housing bubble. This pool of fixed income savings increased from around $ 35 trillion in 2000 to about $ 70 trillion by 2008. NPR explained this money came from various sources, "ut the main headline is that all sorts of poor countries became kind of rich, making things like TVs and selling us oil. China, India, Abu Dhabi, Saudi Arabia made a lot of money and banked it."
846:
1444:) bet they would not. An unlimited amount could be wagered on the same housing-related securities, provided buyers and sellers of the CDS could be found. When massive defaults occurred on underlying mortgage securities, companies like AIG that were selling CDS were unable to perform their side of the obligation and defaulted; U.S. taxpayers paid over $ 100 billion to global financial institutions to honor AIG obligations, generating considerable outrage.
1833:
2601:
975:
management practices, increasingly complex and opaque financial products, and consequent excessive leverage combined to create vulnerabilities in the system. Policy-makers, regulators and supervisors, in some advanced countries, did not adequately appreciate and address the risks building up in financial markets, keep pace with financial innovation, or take into account the systemic ramifications of domestic regulatory actions.
2587:
2629:
1960:
Poland: Extremely low levels of bank lending and a relatively small mortgage market; the relatively recent dismantling of EU trade barriers and the resulting surge in demand for Polish goods since 2004; Poland being the recipient of direct EU funding since 2004; lack of over-dependence on a single export sector; a tradition of government fiscal responsibility; a relatively large internal market; the free-floating
1511:
possible β and they should have responded by extending regulations and the financial safety net to cover these new institutions. Influential figures should have proclaimed a simple rule: anything that does what a bank does, anything that has to be rescued in crises the way banks are, should be regulated like a bank." He referred to this lack of controls as "malign neglect".
1829:, from 2010 to 2011, the unemployment rates in Spain, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, and the UK increased. France had no significant changes, while in Germany and Iceland the unemployment rate declined. Eurostat reported that Eurozone unemployment reached record levels in September 2012 at 11.6%, up from 10.3% the prior year. Unemployment varied significantly by country.
749:, which had risks that were hard to assess, were marketed around the world, as they offered higher yields than U.S. government bonds. Many of these securities were backed by subprime mortgages, which collapsed in value when the U.S. housing bubble burst during 2006 and homeowners began to default on their mortgage payments in large numbers starting in 2007.
1477:, put forth a policy paper asking for feedback from regulators, lobbyists, and legislators on the question of whether derivatives should be reported, sold through a central facility, or whether capital requirements should be required of their buyers. Greenspan, Rubin, and Levitt pressured her to withdraw the paper and Greenspan persuaded
2048:(including Greece). As of October 2014, only five out of the 71 countries with available quarterly data (Cyprus, Italy, Croatia, Belize and El Salvador), were still in ongoing recessions. The many follow-up recessions hitting the European countries, are commonly referred to as being direct repercussions of the
810:' economic ideas on how to combat recessionary conditions. Economists advise that the stimulus measures such as quantitative easing (pumping money into the system) and holding down central bank wholesale lending interest rate should be withdrawn as soon as economies recover enough to "chart a path to
2365:
In Taiwan, the central bank on
September 16, 2008, said it would cut its required reserve ratios for the first time in eight years. The central bank added $ 3.59 billion into the foreign-currency interbank market the same day. Bank of Japan pumped $ 29.3 billion into the financial system on September
2146:
Political scientists have argued that the economic stasis triggered social churning that got expressed through protests on a variety of issues across the developing world. In Brazil, disaffected youth rallied against a minor bus-fare hike and in Israel, they protested against high rents in Tel Aviv.
2097:
Ukraine went into technical depression in
January 2009 with a GDP growth of β20%, when comparing on a monthly basis with the GDP level in January 2008. Overall the Ukrainian real GDP fell 14.8% when comparing the entire part of 2009 with 2008. When measured quarter-on-quarter by changes of seasonally
1757:
and the loss of
Democratic majorities in subsequent elections. President Obama declared the bailout measures started under the Bush administration and continued during his administration as completed and mostly profitable as of December 2014. As of January 2018, bailout funds had been fully
1613:
One of the other challenges with blaming government regulations for essentially forcing banks to make risky loans is the timing. Subprime lending increased from around 10% of mortgage origination historically to about 20% only from 2004 to 2006, with housing prices peaking in 2006. Blaming affordable
1219:
The IMF reported in April 2012: "Household debt soared in the years leading up to the downturn. In advanced economies, during the five years preceding 2007, the ratio of household debt to income rose by an average of 39 percentage points, to 138 percent. In
Denmark, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands,
2480:
They also committed to maintain the supply of credit by providing more liquidity and recapitalising the banking system, and to implement rapidly the stimulus plans. As for central bankers, they pledged to maintain low-rates policies as long as necessary. Finally, the leaders decided to help emerging
2303:
reported in
February 2013 that the Fed continued to support the economy with various monetary stimulus measures: "The Fed, which has amassed almost $ 3 trillion in Treasury and mortgage-backed securities to promote more borrowing and lending, is expanding those holdings by $ 85 billion a month until
1959:
to avoid a GDP recession during the Great
Recession. As of December 2009, the Polish economy had not entered recession nor even contracted, while its IMF 2010 GDP growth forecast of 1.9 percent was expected to be upgraded. Analysts identified several causes for the positive economic development in
1848:
analysed the relationship between cumulative GDP growth from 2008 to 2012 and total reduction in budget deficits due to austerity policies (see chart) in several European countries during April 2012. He concluded that: "In all, there is no evidence here that large fiscal contractions bring benefits
1044:
was being driven by a housing bubble. When it burst, private residential investment (i.e., housing construction) fell by over four percent of GDP. Consumption enabled by bubble-generated housing wealth also slowed. This created a gap in annual demand (GDP) of nearly $ 1 trillion. The U.S. government
974:
During a period of strong global growth, growing capital flows, and prolonged stability earlier this decade, market participants sought higher yields without an adequate appreciation of the risks and failed to exercise proper due diligence. At the same time, weak underwriting standards, unsound risk
652:
has argued that 'The Great Recession' is a misnomer. According to Kuttner, "recessions are mild dips in the business cycle that are either self-correcting or soon cured by modest fiscal or monetary stimulus. Because of the continuing deflationary trap, it would be more accurate to call this decade's
2093:
Of the seven largest economies in the world by GDP, only China avoided a recession in 2008. In the year to the third quarter of 2008 China grew by 9%. Until recently Chinese officials considered 8% GDP growth to be required simply to create enough jobs for rural people moving to urban centres. This
2025:
One year before the maximum, in Q1 2008, only six countries were in recession (Iceland, Sweden, Finland, Ireland, Portugal and New Zealand). The number of countries in recession was 25 in Q2 2008, 39 in Q3 2008 and 53 in Q4 2008. At the steepest part of the Great Recession in Q1 2009, a total of 59
1800:
The crisis in Europe generally progressed from banking system crises to sovereign debt crises, as many countries elected to bail out their banking systems using taxpayer money. Greece was different in that it faced large public debts rather than problems within its banking system. Several countries
1097:
Narrative #5 challenges the popular claim (narrative #4) that subprime borrowers with shoddy credit caused the crisis by buying homes they couldn't afford. This narrative is supported by new research showing that the biggest growth of mortgage debt during the U.S. housing boom came from those with
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of around Β£500 billion ($ 850 billion at the time). The plan comprises three parts. The first Β£200 billion would be made in regard to the banks in liquidity stack. The second part will consist of the state government increasing the capital market within the banks. Along with this, Β£50 billion
1705:
Though no one knew they were in it at the time, the Great Recession had a significant economic and political impact on the United States. While the recession technically lasted from December 2007 – June 2009 (the nominal GDP trough), many important economic variables did not regain
1553:
Unlike the historical banking panics of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the current banking panic is a wholesale panic, not a retail panic. In the earlier episodes, depositors ran to their banks and demanded cash in exchange for their checking accounts. Unable to meet those demands, the banking
983:
testified in September 2010 before the FCIC regarding the causes of the crisis. He wrote that there were shocks or triggers (i.e., particular events that touched off the crisis) and vulnerabilities (i.e., structural weaknesses in the financial system, regulation and supervision) that amplified the
578:
The combination of banks being unable to provide funds to businesses, and homeowners paying down debt rather than borrowing and spending, resulted in the Great Recession that began in the U.S. officially in December 2007 and lasted until June 2009, thus extending over 19 months. As with most other
2494:
The IMF stated in September 2010 that the financial crisis would not end without a major decrease in unemployment as hundreds of millions of people were unemployed worldwide. The IMF urged governments to expand social safety nets and to generate job creation even as they are under pressure to cut
2369:
In developing and emerging economies, responses to the global crisis mainly consisted in low-rates monetary policy (Asia and the Middle East mainly) coupled with the depreciation of the currency against the dollar. There were also stimulus plans in some Asian countries, in the Middle East and in
2165:
In January 2009, the government leaders of Iceland were forced to call elections two years early after the people of Iceland staged mass protests and clashed with the police because of the government's handling of the economy. Hundreds of thousands protested in France against President Sarkozy's
2006:
The financial crisis did not affect developing countries to a great extent. Experts see several reasons: Africa was not affected because it is not fully integrated in the world market. Latin America and Asia seemed better prepared, since they have experienced crises before. In Latin America, for
1817:
However, with the exception of Germany, each of these countries had public-debt-to-GDP ratios that increased (i.e., worsened) from 2010 to 2011, as indicated in the chart at right. Greece's public-debt-to-GDP ratio increased from 143% in 2010 to 165% in 2011 to 185% in 2014. This indicates that
1606:
Republican minority dissenting report also concluded that U.S. housing policies were not a robust explanation for a wider global housing bubble. The hypothesis that a primary cause of the crisis was U.S. government housing policy requiring banks to make risky loans has been widely disputed, with
1860:
analysed the relationship between GDP and reduction in budget deficits for several European countries in April 2012 and concluded that austerity was slowing growth, similar to Martin Wolf. He also wrote: "... this also implies that 1 euro of austerity yields only about 0.4 euros of reduced
1642:
argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a reshaping should include new advances
2382:
Until September 2008, European policy measures were limited to a small number of countries (Spain and Italy). In both countries, the measures were dedicated to households (tax rebates) reform of the taxation system to support specific sectors such as housing. The European Commission proposed a
1605:
However, the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) Democratic majority report concluded that Fannie & Freddie "were not a primary cause" of the crisis and that CRA was not a factor in the crisis. Further, since housing bubbles appeared in multiple countries in Europe as well, the FCIC
1119:
wrote in July 2012 that the inflow of investment dollars required to fund the U.S. trade deficit was a major cause of the housing bubble and financial crisis: "The trade deficit, less than 1% of GDP in the early 1990s, hit 6% in 2006. That deficit was financed by inflows of foreign savings, in
2346:
Later that month, China's export driven economy was starting to feel the impact of the economic slowdown in the United States and Europe despite the government already cutting key interest rates three times in less than two months in a bid to spur economic expansion. On November 28, 2008, the
2138:
stated in March 2009 that global political instability is rising fast because of the global financial crisis and is creating new challenges that need managing. The Associated Press reported in March 2009 that: United States "Director of National Intelligence Dennis Blair has said the economic
1147:
Another narrative about the origin has been focused on the respective parts played by public monetary policy (notably in the US) and by the practices of private financial institutions. In the U.S., mortgage funding was unusually decentralised, opaque, and competitive, and it is believed that
2565:
crucially on the right policies being adopted today." The IMF pointed out that unlike the Great Depression, this recession was synchronised by global integration of markets. Such synchronized recessions were explained to last longer than typical economic downturns and have slower recoveries.
2564:
said that there was a chance that certain countries may not implement the proper policies to avoid feedback mechanisms that could eventually turn the recession into a depression. "The free-fall in the global economy may be starting to abate, with a recovery emerging in 2010, but this depends
2217:
led to emergency interventions in many national financial systems. As the crisis developed into genuine recession in many major economies, economic stimulus meant to revive economic growth became the most common policy tool. After having implemented rescue plans for the banking system, major
1510:
was the fundamental cause of the crisis. "As the shadow banking system expanded to rival or even surpass conventional banking in importance, politicians and government officials should have realised that they were re-creating the kind of financial vulnerability that made the Great Depression
1207:
was 127% at the end of 2007, versus 77% in 1990. Faced with increasing mortgage payments as their adjustable rate mortgage payments increased, households began to default in record numbers, rendering mortgage-backed securities worthless. High private debt levels also impact growth by making
2026:
out of 71 countries were simultaneously in recession. The number of countries in recession was 37 in Q2 2009, 13 in Q3 2009 and 11 in Q4 2009. One year after the maximum, in Q1 2010, only seven countries were in recession (Greece, Croatia, Romania, Iceland, Jamaica, Venezuela and Belize).
2173:
Asian countries saw various degrees of protest. Protests have also occurred in China as demands from the west for exports have been dramatically reduced and unemployment has increased. Beyond these initial protests, the protest movement has grown and continued in 2011. In late 2011, the
2098:
adjusted real GDP, Ukraine was more precisely in recession/depression throughout the four quarters from Q2-2008 until Q1-2009 (with respective qoq-changes of: -0.1%, -0.5%, -9.3%, -10.3%), and the two quarters from Q3-2012 until Q4-2012 (with respective qoq-changes of: -1.5% and β0.8%).
1439:
noted CDSs enabled speculators to stack bets on the same mortgage securities. This is analogous to allowing many persons to buy insurance on the same house. Speculators that bought CDS protection were betting significant mortgage security defaults would occur, while the sellers (such as
2101:
Japan was in recovery in the middle of the decade 2000s but slipped back into recession and deflation in 2008. The recession in Japan intensified in the fourth quarter of 2008 with a GDP growth of β12.7%, and deepened further in the first quarter of 2009 with a GDP growth of β15.2%.
1554:
system became insolvent. The current panic involved financial firms "running" on other financial firms by not renewing sale and repurchase agreements (repo) or increasing the repo margin ("haircut"), forcing massive deleveraging, and resulting in the banking system being insolvent.
7613:
4187:
Both theoretical and empirical evidence show that recessions are steeper in countries with high levels of private debt and/or credit booms." and "We find that a higher level of debt before a recession is correlated with smaller economic growth after the economic slowdown has
570:
in 2005β2012. When housing prices fell and homeowners began to abandon their mortgages, the value of mortgage-backed securities held by investment banks declined in 2007β2008, causing several to collapse or be bailed out in September 2008. This 2007β2008 phase was called the
2294:, an $ 787 billion stimulus package with a broad spectrum of spending and tax cuts. Over $ 75 billion of the package was specifically allocated to programs which help struggling homeowners. This program was referred to as the Homeowner Affordability and Stability Plan.
1726:
The housing sector did not rebound, as was the case in prior recession recoveries, as the sector was severely damaged during the crisis. Millions of foreclosures had created a large surplus of properties and consumers were paying down their debts rather than purchasing
1037:, which includes investment banks and other non-depository financial entities. This system had grown to rival the depository system in scale yet was not subject to the same regulatory safeguards. Its failure disrupted the flow of credit to consumers and corporations.
2413:
indicated a lack of belief in a "Great Rescue Plan" and reluctance to spend more money addressing the crisis. In March 2009, The European Union Presidency confirmed that the EU was at the time strongly resisting the US pressure to increase European budget deficits.
1163:, injected huge amounts of "easy" credit-based money into the financial system and created an unsustainable economic boom. There is an argument that Greenspan's actions in the years 2002β2004 were actually motivated by the need to take the U.S. economy out of the
7769:
2143:, said: "Many, if not most, of the big countries out there have room to accommodate economic downturns without having large-scale political instability if we're in a recession of normal length. If you're in a much longer-run downturn, then all bets are off."
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2166:
economic policies. Prompted by the financial crisis in Latvia, the opposition and trade unions there organised a rally against the cabinet of premier Ivars Godmanis. The rally gathered some 10β20 thousand people. In the evening the rally turned into a
1232:
The onset of the economic crisis took most people by surprise. A 2009 paper identifies twelve economists and commentators who, between 2000 and 2006, predicted a recession based on the collapse of the then-booming housing market in the United States:
1849:
to confidence and growth that offset the direct effects of the contractions. They bring exactly what one would expect: small contractions bring recessions and big contractions bring depressions." Changes in budget balances (deficits or surpluses)
2442:
Most political responses to the economic and financial crisis has been taken, as seen above, by individual nations. Some coordination took place at the European level, but the need to cooperate at the global level has led leaders to activate the
2315:
On September 15, 2008, China cut its interest rate for the first time since 2002. Indonesia reduced its overnight rate, at which commercial banks can borrow overnight funds from the central bank, by two percentage points to 10.25 percent. The
2495:
spending. The IMF also encouraged governments to invest in skills training for the unemployed and even governments of countries, similar to that of Greece, with major debt risk to first focus on long-term economic recovery by creating jobs.
579:
recessions, it appears that no known formal theoretical or empirical model was able to accurately predict the advance of this recession, except for minor signals in the sudden rise of forecast probabilities, which were still well under 50%.
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1920:
went from a mixed regime to an authoritarian one. While each country had democratic backsliding for different reasons, economic calamity has long been known to contribute to instability that can cause authoritarian forces to take hold.
946:
There were two Republican dissenting FCIC reports. One of them, signed by three Republican appointees, concluded that there were multiple causes. In his separate dissent to the majority and minority opinions of the FCIC, Commissioner
2417:
From 2010, the United Kingdom began a fiscal consolidation program to reduce debt and deficit levels while at the same time stimulating economic recovery. Other European countries also began fiscal consolidation with similar aims.
2473:, England, on March to prepare the summit, and pledged to restore global growth as soon as possible. They decided to coordinate their actions and to stimulate demand and employment. They also pledged to fight against all forms of
3707:
2139:
weakness could lead to political instability in many developing nations." Even some developed countries are seeing political instability. NPR reports that David Gordon, a former intelligence officer who now leads research at the
1398:, writing at the same time, went further, saying, "he worldwide rise in house prices is the biggest bubble in history". Real estate bubbles are (by definition of the word "bubble") followed by a price decrease (also known as a
3410:"Olivier Blanchard, the chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, "is advising officials around the world to keep economic stimulus programs in place no longer than necessary to chart a path to sustainable growth.""
7077:
2021:
The few recessions appearing early in 2006β07 are commonly never associated to be part of the Great Recession, which is illustrated by the fact that only two countries (Iceland and Jamaica) were in recession in Q4 2007.
7766:
7404:
1530:). The investment banks were not subject to the more stringent regulations applied to depository banks. These failures exacerbated the instability in the global financial system. The remaining two investment banks,
1000:
or Repos; deficiencies in corporate risk management; excessive use of leverage (borrowing to invest); and inappropriate usage of derivatives as a tool for taking excessive risks. Examples of vulnerabilities in the
4170:
2462:
to address the economic crisis. Apart from proposals on international financial regulation, they pledged to take measures to support their economy and to coordinate them, and refused any resort to protectionism.
1709:
A key dynamic slowing the recovery was that both individuals and businesses paid down debts for several years, as opposed to borrowing and spending or investing as had historically been the case. This shift to a
1138:
wrote in February 2012 that: "What we're basically looking at, then, is a balance of payments problem, in which capital flooded south after the creation of the euro, leading to overvaluation in southern Europe."
8876:
2076:
The following countries/territories had a recession starting in the second quarter of 2008: Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Italy, Turkey, Germany, United Kingdom, the Eurozone, the European Union, and OECD.
1481:
to pass a resolution preventing CFTC from regulating derivatives for another six months β when Born's term of office would expire. Ultimately, it was the collapse of a specific kind of derivative, the
565:
The causes of the Great Recession include a combination of vulnerabilities that developed in the financial system, along with a series of triggering events that began with the bursting of the United States
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1651:
that take as their starting point the socially responsible, sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet.
2007:
example, banking laws and regulations are very stringent. Bruno Wenn of the German DEG suggests that Western countries could learn from these countries when it comes to regulations of financial markets.
3386:"IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2009: "Exit strategies will be needed to transition fiscal and monetary policies from extraordinary short-term support to sustainable medium-term frameworks." (p.38)"
2067:). By mid-2012 Iceland is regarded as one of Europe's recovery success stories largely as a result of a currency devaluation that has effectively reduced wages by 50%--making exports more competitive.
2307:
The U.S. Federal reserve established some swap agreements to help banks' liquidity crisis, although this emergency liquidity only benefitted a dozen countries and excluded most developing economies.
1814:
Greece improved its budget deficit from 10.4% GDP in 2010 to 9.6% in 2011. Iceland, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, France, and Spain also improved their budget deficits from 2010 to 2011 relative to GDP.
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to maintain their desired living standard, fueling the bubble. Further, this greater share of income flowing to the top increased the political power of business interests, who used that power to
4273:
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738:(i.e., non-depository financial institutions such as investment banks) had grown to rival the depository system yet was not subject to the same regulatory oversight, making it vulnerable to a
2241:
of states around the world, as governments increased the use of market instruments to achieve public goals through approaches like bond issuance, securitization of state assets, and creating
1714:
drove a sizable government deficit. However, the federal government held spending at about $ 3.5 trillion from fiscal years 2009β2014 (thereby decreasing it as a percent of GDP), a form of
1060:) once housing prices began falling in 2006. Consumers began paying off debt, which reduces their consumption, slowing down the economy for an extended period while debt levels are reduced.
1538:, potentially facing failure, opted to become commercial banks, thereby subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation but receiving access to credit via the Federal Reserve. Further,
1216:, assuming that middle-class wages remained stagnant while wealth concentrated at the top, and households "pull equity from their homes and overload on debt to maintain living standards".
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3711:
1224:
by paying off debts or defaulting on them has begun in some countries. It has been most pronounced in the United States, where about two-thirds of the debt reduction reflects defaults."
1063:
U.S. government policies encouraged home ownership even for those who could not afford it, contributing to lax lending standards, unsustainable housing price increases, and indebtedness.
4499:
1964:; low labour costs attracting continued foreign direct investment; economic difficulties at the start of the decade, which prompted austerity measures in advance of the world crisis.
1005:
sector included: statutory gaps and conflicts between regulators; ineffective use of regulatory authority; and ineffective crisis management capabilities. Bernanke also discussed "
942:
Key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis, lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels."
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2555:
963:, for the crisis. He wrote: "When the bubble began to deflate in mid-2007, the low quality and high risk loans engendered by government policies failed in unprecedented numbers."
586:, particularly in North America, South America and Europe, fell into a severe, sustained recession, many more recently developing economies suffered far less impact, particularly
8862:
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8386:
2003:
avoided a technical recession after experiencing only one quarter of negative growth in the fourth quarter of 2008, with GDP returning to positive in the first quarter of 2009.
397:
2304:
it sees clear improvement in the labor market. It plans to hold short-term interest rates near zero even longer, at least until the unemployment rate falls below 6.5 percent."
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2358:
During the People's Bank of China helped address banks' liquidity crisis by signing swap agreements with numerous other countries to provide them with liquidity based on the
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8252:
6181:
5523:
199:
6984:
929:, composed of six Democratic and four Republican appointees, reported its majority findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by:
7032:
5067:
4174:
8757:
8203:
7944:
A Spectral Analysis of World GDP Dynamics: Kondratieff Waves, Kuznets Swings, Juglar and Kitchin Cycles in Global Economic Development, and the 2008β2009 Economic Crisis
6988:
348:
2387:
to be implemented at the European level by the countries. At the beginning of 2009, the UK and Spain completed their initial plans, while Germany announced a new plan.
689:, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has decidedβin the absence of a complete data setβnot to declare/measure global recessions according to quarterly GDP data. The
8694:
5313:
4595:
4043:
3896:
1818:
despite improving budget deficits, GDP growth was not sufficient to support a decline (improvement) in the debt-to-GDP ratio for these countries during this period.
825:
grew from 2005 to 2012 in more than two thirds of metropolitan areas. Median household wealth fell 35% in the US, from $ 106,591 to $ 68,839 between 2005 and 2011.
7288:
5731:
5476:
3481:
2348:
6786:
2406:
will be made available if the banks needed it, finally the government will write off any eligible lending between the British banks with a limit to Β£250 billion.
9770:
8777:
3128:
6262:
1120:
particular from East Asia and the Middle East. Much of that money went into dodgy mortgages to buy overvalued houses, and the financial crisis was the result."
10812:
8363:
2202:
622:
of the word "recession" exist: one sense referring broadly to "a period of reduced economic activity" and ongoing hardship; and the more precise sense used in
363:
3827:
2118:. This addition reflects the assessment of U.S. intelligence agencies that the global financial crisis presents a serious threat to international stability.
12599:
9760:
8661:
4935:
241:
5447:
3455:
1191:
U.S. Changes in Household Debt as a percentage of GDP for 1989β2016. Homeowners paying down debt for 2009β2012 was a headwind to the recovery. Economist
787:
and slumping commodity prices. Several economists predicted that recovery might not appear until 2011 and that the recession would be the worst since the
701:
decline during the three quarters from Q3‑2008 until Q1‑2009, which more accurately mark when the recession took place at the global level.
6604:
7902:
7258:
4277:
3667:
1808:
Many European countries embarked on austerity programs, reducing their budget deficits relative to GDP from 2010 to 2011. For example, according to the
13134:
9750:
8599:
6062:
5295:
1098:
good credit scores in the middle and top of the credit score distributionβand that these borrowers accounted for a disproportionate share of defaults.
5200:
1025:
There are several "narratives" attempting to place the causes of the recession into context, with overlapping elements. Five such narratives include:
734:
The years leading up to the crisis were characterized by an exorbitant rise in asset prices and associated boom in economic demand. Further, the U.S.
13119:
9755:
8242:
5642:
5615:
5585:
281:
7856:
7751:
13096:
9025:
8885:
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5820:
3782:
2147:
In all these cases, the ostensible immediate cause of the protest was amplified by the underlying social suffering induced by the great recession.
533:
343:
231:
4749:
Peter J. Wallison, "Cause and Effect: Government Policies and the Financial Crisis", Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, November 2008.
2044:
Subsequent follow-up recessions in 2010β2013 were confined to Belize, El Salvador, Paraguay, Jamaica, Japan, Taiwan, New Zealand and 24 out of 50
5417:
2355:
jointly announced a rise in export tax rebate rates on some labour-intensive goods. These additional tax rebates took place on December 1, 2008.
8854:
5754:
1822:
reported that the debt to GDP ratio for the 17 Euro area countries together was 70.1% in 2008, 79.9% in 2009, 85.3% in 2010, and 87.2% in 2011.
8752:
8656:
8333:
8198:
2291:
2223:
1742:
1250:
939:
An explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis;
708:(the official arbiter of U.S. recessions) the recession began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009, and thus extended over eighteen months.
318:
236:
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3535:
13199:
13081:
13020:
12983:
12817:
184:
6088:
5148:
4792:
13141:
12680:
9268:
8893:
8722:
8257:
8112:
6413:
2268:
1733:
Restrained government spending following initial stimulus efforts (i.e., austerity) was not sufficient to offset private sector weaknesses.
338:
6396:
4878:
1622:
The financial crisis and the recession have been described as a symptom of another, deeper crisis by a number of economists. For example,
8792:
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8762:
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6159:
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1730:
Credit for borrowing and spending by individuals (or investing by corporations) was not readily available as banks paid down their debts.
368:
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3154:
756:
losses in 2007 began the crisis and exposed other risky loans and over-inflated asset prices. With loan losses mounting and the fall of
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12824:
11745:
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10628:
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8802:
8348:
8272:
6992:
2297:
The U.S. Federal Reserve (central bank) lowered interest rates and significantly expanded the money supply to help address the crisis.
378:
5686:
5372:
4699:
3623:
2800:
2218:
developed and emerging countries announced plans to relieve their economies. In particular, economic stimulus plans were announced in
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12408:
11554:
8717:
8689:
8616:
8528:
8358:
7986:
7929:
7885:
1767:
1583:
373:
358:
67:
7125:
6491:
5215:
3592:
13089:
13006:
12976:
12859:
12852:
12796:
12789:
12657:
12346:
11398:
10960:
10075:
9486:
9093:
8188:
8041:
5851:
5533:
2081:
2063:
1631:
1311:
194:
7811:
Meltdown: A Free-Market Look at Why the Stock Market Collapsed, the Economy Tanked, and Government Bailouts Will Make Things Worse
6463:
6185:
1805:(European Commission, European Central Bank, International Monetary Fund), which also implemented a series of emergency measures.
13163:
12782:
12035:
11956:
11579:
9098:
8889:
8833:
8651:
8282:
8079:
6811:
5490:
2965:
2431:
2402:
2276:
2190:
2073:
The following countries had a recession already starting in the first quarter of 2008: Latvia, Ireland, New Zealand, and Sweden.
1462:
4327:
2983:
12969:
12873:
12838:
12695:
12533:
12028:
11450:
10896:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10189:
9464:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9180:
8772:
8624:
8592:
8069:
7187:
5075:
1079:
1074:
in house prices, and then wrecked local housing markets and financial institutions after they defaulted on their debt en masse.
822:
17:
6716:
5780:"GDP and main components - volumes: Percentage change on previous quarter (seasonally adjusted, and adjusted by working days)"
1390:
said in mid-2005 that "at a minimum, there's a little 'froth' ...it's hard not to see that there are a lot of local bubbles".
12650:
12563:
12312:
12304:
9469:
8998:
8538:
8267:
8237:
8158:
7823:
7665:
7631:
7390:
6942:
6910:
6851:
5962:
5940:
4674:
4605:
3810:
3766:
3318:
2320:
injected nearly $ 1.5 billion into the banking system, nearly three times as much as the market's estimated requirement. The
1083:
936:
Dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk;
323:
6562:
5122:
1148:
competition between lenders for revenue and market share contributed to declining underwriting standards and risky lending.
1110:
U.S. households and financial businesses significantly increased borrowing (leverage) in the years leading up to the crisis.
760:
on September 15, 2008, a major panic broke out on the inter-bank loan market. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the
11455:
10343:
9825:
9717:
8298:
8153:
8019:
5555:
3340:
3290:
2683:
1672:
1579:
1474:
705:
526:
480:
6312:
White House Given First Daily Briefing" article by Joby Warrick, Washington Post Staff Writer, Thursday, February 26, 2009
5320:
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4047:
3903:
3432:
776:
suffering huge losses and even facing bankruptcy, resulting in massive public financial assistance (government bailouts).
12998:
12267:
7640:
Ramey, Valerie A. "Ten years after the financial crisis: What have we learned from the renaissance in fiscal research?."
1997:
country to avoid recession for the whole of 2009. It was the only developed economy to expand in the first half of 2009.
1559:
933:
Widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve's failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages;
926:
6309:
6229:
5739:
4517:
3928:
2904:"Forecasting of recessions via dynamic probit for time series: replication and extension of Kauppi and Saikkonen (2008)"
550:
was a period of market decline in economies around the world that occurred in 2007 to 2009. The scale and timing of the
13231:
13226:
13027:
9613:
8443:
8328:
7745:
Too big to fail: The inside story of how Wall Street and Washington fought to save the financial system--and themselves
7599:
7511:
7475:
7445:
7330:
6674:
5477:"Britain's election offers little respite for its woes: Brexit is both a cause and a symptom of the country's troubles"
2780:
2693:
2208:
1680:
966:
In its "Declaration of the Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy," dated November 15, 2008, leaders of the
854:
697:
for the G20‑zone, however, is a good indicator for the world GDP, and it was measured to have suffered a direct
567:
313:
226:
179:
7841:
The greatest trade ever: The behind-the-scenes story of how John Paulson defied Wall Street and made financial history
6216:
Seasonal Adjustment of gross domestic product at constant prices of 2007 (Table 5.1 β Gross Domestic Product, page 99)
3222:
3002:
2259:
992:
that began in mid-2007, which adversely affected the functioning of money markets. Examples of vulnerabilities in the
13241:
13156:
12962:
12614:
12481:
12231:
11692:
10867:
10655:
10623:
8585:
8338:
8323:
8247:
7873:
7795:
7699:
6647:
6266:
4962:
4700:"Gary Gorton-NBER and Yale-Slapped in the Face by the Invisible Hand: Banking and the Panic of 2007-Updated May 2009"
4337:
3132:
2384:
2342:
experienced a sharp decline. It dropped from over 21,000 points in January 2008 to below 8,000 points in October 2008
2328:
2227:
2219:
1676:
863:
328:
308:
6535:
6066:
5713:
4807:
3609:
3087:
2185:
In 2012 the economic difficulties in Spain increased support for secession movements. In Catalonia, support for the
12401:
12013:
11677:
9459:
8566:
8193:
8024:
7937:
7893:
6793:
5394:
4224:
3246:
2352:
2126:
728:
475:
6966:
1861:
deficit, even in the short run. No wonder, then, that the whole austerity enterprise is spiraling into disaster."
1853:
approximately 53% of the change in GDP, according to the equation derived from the IMF data used in his analysis.
1578:(1999), which reduced the regulation of banks by allowing commercial and investment banks to merge, has also been
12803:
12577:
12064:
11687:
10767:
9677:
8884:
8629:
8521:
8014:
5230:
4543:
4121:
2831:
2214:
2016:
1152:
806:
initiatives to stimulate national economies and reduce financial system risks. The recession renewed interest in
519:
509:
470:
7577:
7489:
2094:
figure may more accurately be considered to be 5β7% now that the main growth in working population is receding.
12991:
12955:
12866:
12768:
11738:
11697:
11460:
10832:
10784:
10050:
9998:
9411:
8787:
8679:
8561:
8438:
8173:
8168:
7864:
7526:
5917:
4905:
2942:
2663:
2648:
2371:
2272:
2115:
1661:
1575:
840:
189:
31:
7954:
6612:
4372:
2546:
raised interest rates for the first time since March 2009 from 0.25% to 0.5% in an attempt to curb inflation.
13192:
13127:
12831:
12702:
12643:
12496:
11548:
11440:
10852:
10400:
9439:
9155:
8807:
8712:
8704:
8343:
8277:
8178:
7979:
7899:
6536:"Governments across Europe tremble as effects of global recession prompt angry people to take to the streets"
5346:
2718:
2435:
1738:
1599:
1423:
Several sources have noted the failure of the US government to supervise or even require transparency of the
952:
834:
383:
333:
218:
7853:
6208:
5619:
2860:
2090:
South Korea avoided recession with GDP returning positive at a 0.1% expansion in the first quarter of 2009.
1792:
1179:
12894:
12738:
12731:
12688:
12636:
12570:
12168:
11629:
10802:
9853:
9321:
8671:
8647:
8262:
8074:
6590:
5802:
5650:
5593:
5299:
4569:
4415:
4377:(A survey of recessions or expected recessions in 40 countries, 33 of which arguably had property bubbles.)
4201:
3409:
2703:
2513:
was the first to raise interest rates after the global recession began. It increased rates in August 2009.
1850:
1539:
1303:
1195:
explained that this behavior tends to slow recoveries from financial crises relative to typical recessions.
405:
120:
8639:
7924:
5432:
4274:"McKinsey-Debt and deleveraging: The global credit bubble and its economic consequences-Updated-July 2011"
3997:
2886:
1566:
In the early part of the 20th century, we erected a series of protections β the Federal Reserve as a
13050:
13042:
12716:
12709:
12629:
12556:
12548:
12540:
12518:
11917:
11614:
10827:
9635:
9417:
9349:
7748:
7591:
6137:
5462:
5097:
2459:
2448:
2447:
entity. A first summit dedicated to the crisis took place, at the Heads of state level in November 2008 (
2087:
The following countries/territories had a recession starting in the fourth quarter of 2008: Switzerland.
1990:
1315:
1294:
555:
435:
269:
7421:
5995:
5828:
3975:
13034:
12939:
12745:
12423:
12186:
11543:
11425:
10901:
10353:
10045:
9953:
9692:
9667:
9522:
9517:
9476:
9444:
9231:
9149:
8737:
8048:
3034:
2668:
2111:
1246:
1204:
984:
shocks. Examples of triggers included: losses on subprime mortgage securities that began in 2007 and a
607:
497:
13149:
13073:
12845:
12328:
11731:
11707:
11702:
11523:
11197:
11108:
10987:
9712:
9702:
9449:
8838:
8458:
8368:
8036:
8009:
7322:
5528:
4462:
4444:
3800:
3129:"Quarterly National Accounts : Quarterly Growth Rates of real GDP, change over previous quarter"
2678:
2521:
2317:
1787:
492:
465:
12320:
6899:
China's Vulnerability Paradox: How the World's Largest Consumer Transformed Global Commodity Markets
6417:
5895:
4672:
3624:"Gary Gorton-NBER and Yale-Slapped in the Face by the Invisible Hand: Banking and the Panic of 2007"
3275:
996:
sector included: financial institution dependence on unstable sources of short-term funding such as
817:
The distribution of household incomes in the United States became more unequal during the post-2008
13221:
12810:
12473:
12445:
12282:
11712:
11682:
11373:
11175:
10934:
10891:
10857:
10358:
10348:
10030:
9818:
9602:
9390:
8742:
8608:
8453:
8208:
8084:
7972:
7382:
6934:
6639:
6522:
International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy & International Relations
4737:
3200:
2280:
2254:
1690:
1483:
572:
169:
7231:
6383:
6018:
5245:
4401:
1261:
13185:
13103:
12607:
12510:
12111:
11639:
11518:
11420:
11358:
11170:
10797:
10684:
10618:
10531:
9707:
9697:
9687:
9682:
9672:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9063:
8163:
8031:
7610:
OECD Insights From Crisis to Recovery: The Causes, Course and Consequences of the Great Recession
7166:
6902:
6690:
6092:
4387:
2749:
2723:
2673:
2469:
was held in London on April 2009. Finance ministers and central banks leaders of the G-20 met in
2466:
2178:
protest took place in the United States, spawning several offshoots that came to be known as the
1307:
1128:
1053:
692:
487:
287:
1302:
By 2007, real estate bubbles were still under way in many parts of the world, especially in the
13236:
13178:
12880:
12275:
12126:
12119:
12071:
12057:
11773:
11493:
11445:
11415:
11252:
11220:
11210:
11027:
11012:
10992:
10874:
10645:
10640:
9915:
9454:
9384:
9216:
8183:
7399:
Gertler, Mark, and Simon Gilchrist. "What happened: Financial factors in the great recession."
6440:
4882:
3262:
3173:
3059:
2903:
2653:
2561:
2070:
The following countries had a recession starting in the fourth quarter of 2007: United States,
2060:
Iceland fell into an economic depression in 2008 following the collapse of its banking system (
1868:
in 2016 has been partly attributed to the after-effects of the Great Recession on the country.
1478:
1323:
1242:
627:
4429:
4306:
3848:
2370:
Argentina. In Asia, plans generally amounted to 1 to 3% of GDP, with the notable exception of
2150:
1796:
Public Debt to GDP Ratio for Selected European Countries β 2008 to 2011. Source Data: Eurostat
645:
Under the academic definition, the recession ended in the United States in June or July 2009.
13110:
12503:
12357:
12020:
12002:
11929:
11908:
11435:
11430:
11368:
11313:
11262:
10884:
10415:
10388:
10060:
9988:
9640:
9623:
9618:
9607:
9570:
9565:
9559:
9170:
9139:
9037:
8533:
8480:
8433:
7809:
7503:
7431:
6875:
6735:
6664:
6499:
4758:
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Statement of Edward Pinto, December 9, 2008, 4.
4249:
3385:
2536:
2504:
2324:
added almost $ 1.32 billion, through a refinance operation, its biggest in at least a month.
2321:
2242:
1567:
1507:
1424:
1319:
1164:
1034:
997:
989:
761:
735:
7376:
7343:(2009). "What Went Wrong? An Initial Inquiry Into the Causes of the 2008 Financial Crisis".
4852:
4622:
4144:
3367:
2390:
On September 29, 2008, the Belgian, Luxembourg and Dutch authorities partially nationalised
1697:
13057:
12887:
12431:
12043:
11948:
11940:
11852:
11503:
11279:
11232:
11052:
11047:
10822:
10817:
10792:
10732:
10576:
10556:
10508:
10378:
10293:
10131:
9206:
9051:
8556:
7958:
7014:
5690:
5270:
4706:
3630:
2808:
2455:
2444:
2231:
2080:
The following countries/territories had a recession starting in the third quarter of 2008:
2049:
1779:
1722:
explained during November 2012 several of the economic headwinds that slowed the recovery:
1648:
1627:
1428:
850:
595:
204:
127:
7645:
4942:
4927:
3872:
3849:"Jon Wisman-Wage Stagnation, Rising Inequality and the Crisis of 2008-Retrieved June 2015"
1639:
8:
13013:
12723:
12621:
12526:
12386:
12238:
12156:
11990:
11815:
11408:
11403:
11341:
11289:
11007:
10975:
10965:
10847:
10837:
10368:
10363:
10184:
10164:
10085:
10005:
9983:
9963:
9811:
9305:
9160:
9068:
9020:
8988:
8969:
8843:
8516:
8448:
7372:
4826:
4648:
3486:
2034:
1893:
1449:
1432:
1213:
807:
780:
686:
672:
583:
174:
3897:"Stockhammer-Rising Inequality as a Cause of the Present Crisis-Amherst PERI-April 2012"
2963:
Pattern of Macroeconomic Indicators Preceding the End of an American Economic Recession.
2271:(EESA or TARP) during October 2008. This law included $ 700 billion in funding for the "
1265:
11896:
11508:
11472:
11336:
11225:
11205:
11078:
11042:
10929:
10911:
10842:
10478:
10338:
10318:
10273:
10174:
10159:
9790:
9775:
9765:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9724:
9042:
9010:
8812:
8797:
8498:
8474:
8132:
8105:
7915:
7815:
7732:
7688:
7654:
7561:
7553:
7360:
6636:
The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance
6584:
6341:
4673:
Reported and Narrated by Stephen Labaton Produced by Amy O'Leary (September 28, 2008).
3776:
3689:
2728:
2713:
2299:
2186:
2175:
2045:
1941:
1837:
1810:
1754:
1644:
1289:
1156:
1071:
1021:
U.S. residential and non-residential investment fell relative to GDP during the crisis.
811:
698:
113:
35:
7854:
Assessing the Costs and Consequences of the 2007β09 Financial Crisis and Its Aftermath
5873:
2962:
2920:
2410:
558:(IMF) concluded that it was the most severe economic and financial meltdown since the
11982:
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11866:
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11599:
11331:
11296:
11128:
11022:
11002:
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10774:
10709:
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10308:
10268:
10263:
10194:
10040:
9511:
9505:
9499:
9105:
9078:
9015:
9003:
8964:
8933:
8767:
8543:
7950:
The Second Wave of the Global Crisis? On mathematical analyses of some dynamic series
7819:
7791:
7695:
7661:
7627:
7595:
7565:
7507:
7471:
7459:
7441:
7386:
7364:
7326:
6948:
6938:
6906:
6847:
6670:
6643:
6468:
5498:
5003:
4958:
4601:
4333:
4329:
Columbia University Press, Rational Investing Book, Page 61-62 What Can Be Forecasted
3806:
3762:
3693:
3654:
2776:
2568:
2121:
1711:
1470:
1155:
has been widely discussed, the main point of controversy remains the lowering of the
948:
853:
in 2008 caused an elevated level of unemployment relative to job openings to get the
818:
46:
7736:
6571:. A pro-independence march pulled in a crowd estimated by city police at 1.5 million
6115:
4475:
4355:""No One Saw This Coming": Understanding Financial Crisis Through Accounting Models"
12947:
12462:
12457:
11873:
11845:
11822:
11754:
11589:
11378:
11346:
11306:
11301:
11098:
11088:
10906:
10737:
10694:
10667:
10662:
10516:
10483:
10473:
10323:
10251:
10055:
9993:
9973:
9958:
9592:
9587:
9433:
9422:
9083:
9073:
8983:
8943:
8938:
8913:
8908:
8904:
7722:
7583:
7543:
7535:
7356:
7352:
7188:"Israel rate cut suggests more emerging market cuts β Emerging Markets Report"
7126:"EU fiscal consolidation after the financial crisis: Lessons from past experiences"
6720:
4354:
4101:
3828:"House flippers triggered the US housing market crash, not poor subprime borrowers"
3679:
2688:
2592:
2426:
2395:
2391:
2238:
2038:
1685:
1106:
1017:
788:
753:
666:
631:
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587:
559:
87:
42:
7832:
Worswick, G. David N. "Two great recessions: the 1980s and the 1930s in Britain."
7209:
7147:
6760:
6040:
5969:
5664:
3570:
3315:
3174:"Oil prices: George Soros warns that speculators could trigger stock market crash"
2234:
assume a new significance as a focus of economic and financial crisis management.
795:
once commented on this as seemingly the beginning of "a second Great Depression".
12907:
12592:
12438:
12394:
12293:
11794:
11649:
11584:
11363:
11351:
11215:
11113:
10980:
10313:
10080:
9883:
9858:
9848:
9651:
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9342:
9337:
9331:
8923:
8492:
7906:
7860:
7773:
7755:
7624:
On the Brink: Inside the Race to Stop the Collapse of the Global Financial System
7411:
6567:
5250:
4313:
4303:"No One Saw This Coming" Understanding Financial Crisis Through Accounting Models
3322:
3218:
2969:
2890:
2698:
2658:
2543:
2179:
1802:
1759:
1750:
1587:
1515:
1494:
1403:
1269:
1199:
Another narrative focuses on high levels of private debt in the US economy. USA
1192:
1160:
1006:
803:
769:
765:
757:
599:
582:
The recession was not felt equally around the world; whereas most of the world's
255:
8577:
6362:
5448:"Brexit 'just another chapter in the global financial crisis': UBS bond manager"
2614:
2477:
and to maintain trade and foreign investments. These actions will cost $ 1.1tn.
1187:
12672:
12584:
12489:
11859:
11838:
11634:
11383:
11284:
11237:
10939:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10598:
10526:
10283:
10241:
9925:
9893:
8950:
8928:
8407:
8353:
8137:
7943:
7495:
7455:
7427:
7340:
7018:
6985:"Chinese pharmaceutical exporters to benefit from latest tax rebates increases"
4490:
2510:
2366:
17, 2008, and the Reserve Bank of Australia added $ 3.45 billion the same day.
2167:
1956:
1763:
1746:
1531:
1454:
1453:
found leading government officials at the time (Federal Reserve Board Chairman
1387:
1277:
1200:
1168:
1087:
1057:
1049:
649:
635:
430:
353:
275:
263:
6952:
5005:
1514:
During 2008, three of the largest U.S. investment banks either went bankrupt (
13215:
12335:
12260:
12253:
12246:
12224:
12208:
12200:
12193:
12179:
12149:
12142:
12135:
12093:
12086:
12079:
12050:
11889:
11882:
11808:
11780:
11609:
11528:
11513:
11498:
11269:
11247:
11153:
11037:
10970:
10944:
10879:
10722:
10679:
10674:
10521:
10405:
10303:
10025:
9878:
9863:
9378:
9372:
9363:
9357:
9299:
9290:
9281:
9263:
9252:
9240:
9210:
9032:
8828:
8122:
8117:
8100:
7619:
7467:
7437:
6236:
5502:
4954:
4770:"Dissent from the Majority Report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission"
3796:
3756:
2907:
2643:
2474:
2140:
2134:
1535:
1527:
1466:
1436:
1394:
1367:
1124:
1115:
799:
727:, England, on September 14, 2007, amid speculation of problems, prior to its
720:
440:
7869:
6209:"Quarterly gross domestic product estimates of Ukraine for 2001 β 2012"
5042:
5029:
1929:
12664:
12415:
12216:
11787:
11644:
11624:
11604:
11594:
11569:
11323:
11158:
11138:
11123:
11093:
11083:
10862:
10717:
10699:
10635:
10613:
10571:
10561:
10458:
10448:
10420:
10151:
10141:
9968:
9908:
9122:
9115:
9110:
8979:
8974:
8918:
7949:
7919:
7805:
7314:
5560:
5173:
4979:
4591:
2938:
2634:
2620:
2606:
2287:
2158:
1961:
1857:
1719:
1701:
U.S. Real GDP β Contributions to Percent Change by Component 2007β2009
1630:
produces speculative bubbles that burst and result in depression and major
1607:
1523:
1458:
1327:
1273:
1238:
1221:
1209:
1171:: although by doing so he did not avert the crisis, but only postponed it.
1135:
1041:
980:
792:
784:
7103:
6289:"Japanese GDP falls at biggest rate since 1955 β World business- NBC News"
6288:
5418:"Globalisation as we know it is over β and Brexit is the biggest sign yet"
4730:
61:
12918:
12375:
11974:
11831:
11801:
11257:
11180:
11148:
10608:
10551:
10169:
10126:
10101:
10070:
10065:
10020:
9945:
9935:
9920:
9873:
9532:
9088:
9047:
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8486:
8127:
7679:
7539:
6970:
6926:
6386:
article "Economic Crisis Poses Threat To Global Stability" by Tom Gjelten
5687:"IEA:S Korea May Be Only Large OECD Country To Avoid Recession - WSJ.com"
5004:
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US) (October 1, 1945).
4946:
4931:
4225:"How American Income Inequality Hit Levels Not Seen Since The Depression"
3953:
3091:
2947:
2528:
2374:, which announced a plan accounting for 16% of GDP (6% of GDP per year).
2334:
2110:
On February 26, 2009, an Economic Intelligence Briefing was added to the
1986:
1845:
1635:
1546:
1351:
967:
960:
887:
425:
7727:
7710:
7557:
7548:
7524:(2012). "Reading About the Financial Crisis: A Twenty-One-Book Review".
3873:"IMF-Inequality, Leverage and Crises-Kumhoff and Ranciere-November 2010"
2283:
to lend funds to banks in exchange for dividend-paying preferred stock.
1989:
narrowly avoided technical recession in the first quarter of 2009. The
11467:
11274:
11187:
11165:
11133:
11032:
11017:
10997:
10762:
10727:
10689:
10603:
10566:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10453:
10410:
10395:
10373:
10298:
10136:
10116:
10035:
9903:
9898:
9868:
9834:
9316:
7933:
7889:
7779:
4494:
3684:
2572:
2520:
became the first G20 country to raise its main interest rate, with the
2339:
2105:
1972:
1937:
1901:
1877:
1832:
1689:
Several major U.S. economic variables had recovered from the 2007β2009
1623:
1257:
1234:
1091:
956:
845:
746:
619:
420:
6492:"The New York Times β Breaking News, World News & Multimedia"
6414:"The New York Times β Breaking News, World News & Multimedia"
4515:
3482:"Income inequality seems to be rising in more than 2 in 3 metro areas"
711:
669:
only in the single calendar year 2009. That IMF definition requires a
11654:
11574:
11388:
11073:
10427:
10328:
10288:
10258:
10179:
10015:
9978:
9127:
9058:
8959:
8955:
7763:
Freefall: America, free markets, and the sinking of the world economy
7521:
2787:
The global economy continues to struggle with post-crisis adjustments
2517:
2155:
2055:
2000:
1900:
went from democracies to a mix of democracy and authoritarianism and
1897:
1889:
1783:
1715:
1519:
1363:
1347:
1254:
955:(AEI) primarily blamed U.S. housing policy, including the actions of
678:
623:
551:
415:
97:
7656:
Global Financial Meltdown: How We Can Avoid the Next Economic Crisis
7054:
3708:"CEPR-Dean Baker-The Economics of the Great Recession-June 29, 2014"
11766:
11723:
11488:
10546:
10536:
10468:
10463:
10432:
10278:
10233:
10111:
10106:
10010:
9888:
8402:
7910:
6839:
5201:"The Trump "unhappiness" effect nears the Great Recession for many"
5098:"Federal Reserve Board β The Economic Recovery and Economic Policy"
4500:
All the Devils Are Here: The Hidden History of the Financial Crisis
4106:
4093:
4070:
3510:"Middle class households' wealth fell 35 percent from 2005 to 2011"
3026:
2708:
2359:
2263:
Federal Reserve Holdings of Treasury and Mortgage-Backed Securities
1952:
1909:
1885:
1819:
1503:
1407:
1335:
1067:
1030:
985:
739:
724:
716:
410:
7964:
7500:
Till Time's Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694β2013
4168:
3456:"Fed Says Growth Lifts the Affluent, Leaving Behind Everyone Else"
11118:
11068:
10807:
10757:
10541:
10246:
9930:
5586:"Central Europe Risks Downgrades on Worsening Finances (Update1)"
3316:
Congressional Budget Office compares downturn to Great Depression
2470:
1993:
stated in mid September that South Korea could be the only large
1881:
1379:
1375:
1359:
1339:
603:
30:
For background on financial market events beginning in 2007, see
6160:"National Bank estimate: Ukraine GDP down 20 percent in January"
5896:"HIGHLIGHTS: Crisis sends Japan into first recession in 7 years"
5030:
FRED-All Employees Total Nonfarm Payrolls-Retrieved July 7, 2018
4977:
4570:"Bloomberg β Senators Dodd & Shelby Demand Information"
4373:"From the subprime to the terrigenous: Recession begins at home"
2752:. Development Policy and Analysis Division of the UN secretariat
2556:
Comparisons between the Great Recession and the Great Depression
1593:
653:
stagnant economy The Lesser Depression or The Great Deflation."
11242:
10590:
10229:
8387:
List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession
7787:
6931:
China's Good War: How World War II is Shaping a New Nationalism
5040:
4516:
Anthony Faiola; Ellen Nakashima; Jill Drew (October 15, 2008).
4020:
3060:"World Economic Outlook β April 2009: Crisis and Recovery"
2883:
2775:(trade paperback) (1st ed.). United Nations. p. 200.
2586:
2532:
1948:
1933:
1913:
1905:
1865:
1355:
1343:
1331:
906:
Traditional (fractional reserve) banking assets: $ 39 trillion
779:
The global recession that followed resulted in a sharp drop in
773:
7588:
A History of the Federal Reserve β Volume 2, Book 2: 1970β1986
5803:"In European Crisis, Iceland Emerges as an Island of Recovery"
5616:"Zloty to Gain, Says LBBW, Most Accurate Forecaster (Update1)"
4951:
Counting on Marilyn Waring: New Advances in Feminist Economics
2481:
and developing countries, through a strengthening of the IMF.
1469:) vehemently opposed any regulation of derivatives. In 1998,
1052:
accumulated in the decades preceding the crisis resulted in a
11103:
9803:
8733:
Acquired or bankrupt banks in the late 2000s financial crisis
6666:
Liquidity Lost: The Governance of the Global Financial Crisis
5643:"Poland's Economic Outlook May Be Raised by IMF, PAP Reports"
5198:
4544:"Vanity Fair-Michael Lewis-Betting the Blind Side-April 2010"
3021:
Debtorsβ Prison: The Politics of Austerity Versus Possibility
2972:
Journal of Pattern Recognition Research, JPRR Vol.3 (1) 2008.
2230:. In the final quarter of 2008, the financial crisis saw the
1976:
1968:
1383:
1371:
1212:
claims the amount of debt in the US economy can be traced to
8222:
6116:"South Korea Economy Avoids Recession, Grows 0.1% - WSJ.com"
5996:"TOPWRAP 10-Germany, China, US feel pain of global downturn"
4936:"Advances in Feminist Economics in Times of Economic Crisis"
4092:
Reinhart, Carmen M.; Reinhart, Vincent R. (September 2010).
3155:"NBER Makes It Official: Recession Started in December 2007"
11143:
10586:
7784:
Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World
7574:
Ages of American Capitalism: A History of the United States
6563:"Barcelona Warns Madrid: Pay Up, or Catalonia Leaves Spain"
5149:"U.S. Declares Bank and Auto Bailouts Over, and Profitable"
4853:"Pressured to Take More Risk, Fannie Reached Tipping Point"
3655:
FRED-Private Residential Investment-Retrieved March 3, 2019
1994:
1983:
experienced slowing growth, they did not enter recessions.
1980:
1917:
1876:
During the Great Recession and in the immediate aftermath,
1298:
Housing price appreciation in selected countries, 2002β2008
1045:
was unwilling to make up for this private sector shortfall.
554:
varied from country to country (see map). At the time, the
349:
Government intervention during the subprime mortgage crisis
7676:
This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly
7319:
The Courage to Act: A Memoir of a Crisis and Its Aftermath
6063:"Taiwan in recession as economy contracts record 8.36 pct"
5296:"Eurostat-Selected Principal European Economic Indicators"
5231:"Why did Trump win β 'Whitelash' or economic frustration?"
5006:"Households and Nonprofit Organizations; Net Worth, Level"
3998:"NYT-Paul Krugman-European Crisis Realities-February 2012"
3571:"Financial Crisis Inquiry Report-Conclusions-January 2011"
10121:
8728:
DoddβFrank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
8253:
DoddβFrank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
7690:
The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007β2012
7486:
The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008
6736:"Administration Is Seeking $ 700 Billion for Wall Street"
4597:
The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008
3976:"NPR-This American Life-The Giant Pool of Money-May 2008"
2030:
1441:
682:
677:. Despite the fact that quarterly data are being used as
662:
639:
445:
200:
DoddβFrank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
7930:
Financial Transmission of the Crisis: What's the Lesson?
7711:"The Neoliberal Policy Paradigm and the Great Recession"
5772:
4649:"Agency's '04 Rule Let Banks Pile Up New Debt, and Risk"
2912:
2549:
2193:
drew a crowd that police estimated at 1.5 million.
1314:, the Netherlands, Australia, the United Arab Emirates,
1078:
Underlying narratives #1β3 is a hypothesis that growing
6844:
The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism
6218:. State Statistics Service Of Ukraine. August 30, 2013.
4021:"Manipulating the Interest Rate: a Recipe for Disaster"
2401:
On October 8, 2008, the British Government announced a
1498:
Securitization markets were impaired during the crisis.
1183:
US household debt relative to disposable income and GDP
10813:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
8364:
National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession
7955:
Recession 'link' with over 10,000 suicides in the West
6520:
E. Shadrina et al. "Russia and the "Great Recession",
6263:"Japan headed for longest, deepest post-war recession"
5963:"OECD area GDP down 0.1% in the third quarter of 2008"
5827:. Findarticles.com. September 26, 2008. Archived from
5584:
Brogger, Tasneem; Lovasz, Agnes (September 21, 2009).
4402:"Real estate prices in Adriatic Coast up, Zagreb down"
2203:
National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession
1836:
Relationship between fiscal tightening (austerity) in
364:
National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession
12072:
Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks
7281:"IMF fears 'social explosion' from world jobs crisis"
6868:"Asian central banks spend billions to prevent crash"
5314:"Eurostat News Release-Euro indicators-23 April 2012"
5174:"Bailout Scorecard β Eye on the Bailout β ProPublica"
4769:
4114:
4044:"America's financial meltdown: lessons and prospects"
3536:"Global recession β where did all the money go?"
2349:
Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China
1410:
debt higher than the current value of the property).
1208:
recessions deeper and the following recovery weaker.
1009:" institutions, monetary policy, and trade deficits.
7104:"Cutting the deficit: three years down, five to go?"
6019:"Euro zone in recession, December rate cut expected"
5732:"Australia's economy shrank in last quarter of 2008"
4978:
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (January 1, 1947).
4326:
Langlois, Hugues; Lussier, Jacques (March 7, 2017).
2861:"Causes of the Recent Financial and Economic Crisis"
2582:
2106:
Political instability related to the economic crisis
1101:
242:
Government policies and the subprime mortgage crisis
8778:
PublicβPrivate Investment Program for Legacy Assets
7454:
7182:
7180:
6441:"Greeks shut airports, services to protest economy"
6397:"Bus-fare protests hit Brazil's two biggest cities"
5041:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (January 1, 1948).
3433:"U.S deficit poses potential systemic risk: Taylor"
3240:
3238:
3236:
1924:
8483:(Europe, Middle East and North Africa, Asia; 2009)
7687:
7653:
6787:"Obama-Homeowner Affordability and Stability Plan"
6091:. Seco.admin.ch. November 25, 2009. Archived from
5199:Carol Graham and Sergio Pinto (February 2, 2017).
2056:Country specific details about recession timelines
1094:or limit regulation of the shadow banking system.
8607:
7418:The complete idiot's guide to the great recession
6933:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of
6342:"Experts: Financial crisis threatens US security"
6065:. TAIPEI (AFP). February 18, 2009. Archived from
5463:"Brexit: The end of globalization as we know it?"
5090:
5068:"United States sector balances over five decades"
4767:
3748:
3341:"Twenty-five People at the Heart of the Meltdown"
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
2943:"It's Dippy to Fret About a Double-Dip Recession"
2798:
2248:
1693:and Great Recession by the 2013β2014 time period.
610:, in part due to its proximity to Asian markets.
70:for 2009; countries in brown were in a recession.
13213:
8291:
7433:The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World
7177:
6464:"Protests spread in Europe amid economic crisis"
5618:. Bloomberg.com. October 9, 2009. Archived from
5373:"The Impact of Fiscal Austerity in the Eurozone"
4250:"IMF-Report Extract Chapter 3 β April 2012"
4091:
3233:
2902:Park, B.U., Simar, L. & Zelenyuk, V. (2020)
2409:In early December 2008, German Finance Minister
2310:
2037:), depict that the Great Recession existed as a
1159:to 1% for more than a year, which, according to
344:Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis
232:Causes of the 2000s United States housing bubble
7106:. The Institute for Fiscal Studies. May 8, 2013
6363:"Europe | Iceland protest ends in clashes"
6089:"SECO β Gross Domestic Product in Q2 2009"
5850:Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (September 25, 2008).
5849:
5800:
5460:
4563:
4561:
4325:
4216:
4171:"THE IMPACT OF PRIVATE DEBT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH"
3217:
2918:
2854:
2852:
2575:reached such skewed extremes was in 1928β1929.
1666:
896:Central banks' gold reserves: $ 0.845 trillion
764:, resulting in many large and well established
79:December 2007 β June 2009 (c. 1 year; 7 months)
8753:Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
8334:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
8199:Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight
7251:"IMF warns over parallels to Great Depression"
6461:
6416:. International Herald Tribune. Archived from
5524:"Aussie jumps on surprising economic strength"
4926:
4827:"Agency's '04 Rule Let Banks Pile Up New Debt"
4790:
4731:Who's Whining Now? Gramm Slammed By Economists
4276:. Mckinsey.com. March 13, 2013. Archived from
4000:. Krugman.blogs.nytimes.com. February 25, 2012
3754:
3616:
3106:
3003:"Street Rallies Around Official Recession End"
3000:
2770:
2292:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
1940:at night. Throughout the Great Recession, the
1486:, that triggered the economic crisis of 2008.
319:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
237:Credit rating agencies and the subprime crisis
13200:List of stock market crashes and bear markets
11739:
9819:
8870:
8593:
7980:
7167:"I.M.F. Calls for Countries to Focus on Jobs"
6324:"Economic Woes Raising Global Political Risk"
5583:
5415:
5290:
5288:
5243:
5213:
4541:
3954:"The Economist-Points of Light-July 14, 2012"
3223:"A Global Breakdown of the Recession in 2009"
2884:US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions
2750:"World Economic Situation and Prospects 2013"
2338:During the 2008 global financial crisis, the
2275:" (TARP). Following a model initiated by the
1594:Regulations encouraging lax lending standards
1435:(CDSs) were unregulated or barely regulated.
798:Governments and central banks responded with
602:substantially during this period. Similarly,
527:
185:2000s United States housing market correction
8723:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
8258:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
7674:Reinhart, Carmen M., and Kenneth S. Rogoff.
7287:. London. September 13, 2010. Archived from
7232:"India's Central Bank Raises Interest Rates"
7224:
7007:
6734:Herszenhorn, David M. (September 21, 2008).
6656:
6016:
5445:
5430:
5246:"Free Lunch: It's still the economy, stupid"
5222:
4805:
4584:
4558:
4442:
4169:Martti Randveer; Lenno UuskΓΌla; Liina Kulu.
3929:"Rethinking how the housing crisis happened"
3781:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3668:"Private Investment and the Great Recession"
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3052:
3001:Evans-Schaefer, Steve (September 20, 2010).
2925:Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary online
2849:
2560:On April 17, 2009, the then head of the IMF
2377:
2269:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
1737:On the political front, widespread anger at
339:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
8793:2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program
8763:Homeowners Affordability and Stability Plan
7371:
7128:. VOX CEPR's Policy Portal. October 2, 2010
6733:
6669:. Oxford University Press. pp. 83β86.
6533:
6140:. Beijing: The Economist. November 13, 2008
5993:
5556:"Economy puts aside post-mining boom blues"
5433:"What Brexit Reveals About Rising Populism"
5265:
5263:
5261:
4432:. Global Property Guide. September 1, 2008.
4418:. Global Property Guide. February 28, 2008.
4375:. Land Values Research Group. June 2, 2009.
3789:
2773:World Economic Situation and Prospects 2013
1174:
921:Bail-out money (early 2009): $ 1.9 trillion
638:, with two or more consecutive quarters of
369:Regulatory responses to the subprime crisis
11746:
11732:
9826:
9812:
8877:
8863:
8803:Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
8600:
8586:
8395:
8349:Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009
8273:Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
7987:
7973:
7075:
6901:. New York, NY, United States of America:
6389:
6321:
6113:
5994:Fitzgibbons, Patrick (November 14, 2008).
5366:
5364:
5285:
4761:
4297:
4295:
4145:"Opinion β Block Those Economic Metaphors"
3507:
3501:
2908:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-019-01708-2
2879:
2877:
2832:"The 2007β2008 Financial Crisis in Review"
534:
520:
379:Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
13021:2015β2016 Chinese stock market turbulence
11555:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
8718:Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008
8529:Effects of the Great Recession on museums
8359:Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008
8243:ChinaβJapanβSouth Korea trilateral summit
7872:accurate and useful information from the
7726:
7685:
7547:
7426:
7080:. London: Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from
6810:Appelbaum, Binyamin (February 26, 2013).
6809:
5968:. OECD. November 20, 2008. Archived from
4511:
4509:
4486:
4484:
4404:. Global Property Guide. August 19, 2008.
4390:. Global Property Guide. August 25, 2008.
4202:"Chart titled "Anyone See Deleveraging?""
4105:
3710:. Cepr.net. June 29, 2014. Archived from
3683:
3554:
3473:
3454:Binyamin, Appelbaum (September 4, 2014).
3447:
2981:
2742:
2498:
2484:
1413:
1402:) that can result in many owners holding
1227:
1070:with mid-to-good credit scores created a
374:Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate
359:Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008
282:ChinaβJapanβSouth Korea trilateral summit
27:Global economic decline from 2007 to 2009
11399:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
10076:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
8223:Government policy and spending responses
8189:Government National Mortgage Association
7494:
7313:
7164:
6834:
6832:
6605:"EU Proposes β¬200 Billion Stimulus Plan"
6438:
6357:
6355:
6182:"Ukraine | Global Finance Magazine"
5918:"HK shares may fall; exporters may drop"
5347:"Eurozone unemployment hits record high"
5258:
4222:
4068:
4041:
3825:
3508:Kurtzleben, Danielle (August 23, 2014).
3453:
3291:"It's official: Recession since Dec '07"
3201:"Greenspan Concedes Error on Regulation"
2984:"The End Of The Great Recession? Hardly"
2858:
2425:
2333:
2258:
2149:
2120:
1928:
1831:
1791:
1696:
1684:
1610:referring to it as "imaginary history".
1493:
1489:
1293:
1186:
1178:
1105:
1016:
886:
844:
710:
642:contraction (negative GDP growth rate).
302:Government response and policy proposals
11580:Credentialism and educational inflation
8834:Financial position of the United States
8283:2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package
7618:
7582:
6967:"The Sensex journey: From 2008 to 2013"
6812:"Fed Chairman Defends Stimulus Efforts"
6662:
6017:Strupczewski, Jan (November 14, 2008).
5938:
5920:. HONG KONG: Reuters. November 16, 2008
5852:"Ireland leads eurozone into recession"
5711:
5640:
5395:"Austerity And Growth, Again (Wonkish)"
5361:
5228:
5147:Weisman, Jonathan (December 19, 2014).
5146:
5047:FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5010:FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4984:FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4824:
4646:
4620:
4590:
4352:
4292:
4242:
4142:
4019:Polleit, Thorsten (December 13, 2007).
4018:
3593:"FCIC-Final Report Dissent of Wallison"
3573:. Fcic.law.stanford.edu. March 10, 2011
3479:
3365:
3288:
3244:
3199:Andrews, Edmund L. (October 24, 2008).
3198:
3171:
2982:Wingfield, Brian (September 20, 2010).
2937:
2874:
2764:
1871:
1598:Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto of the
14:
13214:
12926:Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009β2010
12696:South American economic crisis of 2002
12593:Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)
11451:List of countries by unemployment rate
7339:
7035:. London: The Telegraph. March 9, 2009
6925:
6896:
6627:
6260:
4850:
4567:
4506:
4481:
4388:"The end of Poland's house price boom"
4199:
3795:
3665:
2010:
1086:encouraged families to increase their
823:Income inequality in the United States
12977:2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis
12933:2010β2014 Portuguese financial crisis
12409:Secondary banking crisis of 1973β1975
11727:
9807:
8858:
8581:
8268:Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program
8238:Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008
8221:
8159:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
7968:
7834:Scottish Journal of Political Economy
7804:
7778:
7708:
7248:
6829:
6560:
6439:Maltezou, Renee (February 25, 2009).
6352:
5344:
4908:. Thom Hartman's radio show (at 1:15)
4903:
4876:
4675:"The Day the S.E.C. Changed the Game"
4069:Karlsson, Stefan (November 8, 2004).
3533:
3430:
3338:
3069:, IMF, pp. 11β14, April 24, 2009
3032:
2550:Comparisons with the Great Depression
2539:raised interest rates in March 2010.
2524:moving rates up from 3.00% to 3.25%.
2489:
2286:On February 17, 2009, U.S. President
1840:with their GDP growth rate, 2008β2012
911:Shadow banking assets: $ 62 trillion
324:Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008
13007:Russian financial crisis (2014β2016)
12860:2008β2011 Icelandic financial crisis
12853:2008β2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
12818:2000s U.S. housing market correction
12658:1998β2002 Argentine great depression
11753:
10344:Practice-based professional learning
8154:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
7651:
7165:Alderman, Liz (September 13, 2010).
7076:Waterfield, Bruno (March 25, 2009).
6919:
6874:. September 16, 2008. Archived from
6633:
5752:
5641:Andrusz, Katya (December 15, 2009).
5370:
4825:Labaton, Stephen (October 2, 2008).
4791:Barry Ritholtz (November 26, 2011).
4647:Labaton, Stephen (October 3, 2008).
4042:Pettifor, Ann (September 16, 2008).
3734:"Learned Macroeconomic Helplessness"
3023:. New York: Vintage Books, 2013, 40.
2684:Great Recession in the United States
2064:2008β2011 Icelandic financial crisis
1866:decision to leave the European Union
1773:
1673:Great Recession in the United States
1502:Paul Krugman wrote in 2009 that the
1475:Commodity Futures Trading Commission
1123:In May 2008, NPR explained in their
706:National Bureau of Economic Research
195:2008β2010 automotive industry crisis
13164:2023β2024 Egyptian financial crisis
12999:Puerto Rican government-debt crisis
12992:2014β2016 Brazilian economic crisis
12365:1963β1965 Indonesian hyperinflation
12268:Shanghai rubber stock market crisis
11957:Dutch Republic stock market crashes
10897:Workers' right to access the toilet
8444:Collateralized mortgage obligations
7994:
7878:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis,
6890:
6838:
6611:. November 26, 2008. Archived from
6462:Megan K. Stack (January 17, 2009).
6348:. Associated Press. March 11, 2009.
6310:"CIA Adds Economy To Threat Updates
6261:Alford, Peter (February 16, 2009).
5939:Dunkley, Jamie (October 10, 2008).
5898:. TOKYO: Reuters. November 17, 2008
5665:"S Korea avoids entering recession"
5271:"CIA World Factbook-Greece Example"
5244:Martin Sandbu (November 12, 2016).
5060:
4851:Duhigg, Charles (October 4, 2008).
4223:McCarthy, Ryan (October 22, 2010).
4143:Krugman, Paul (December 12, 2010).
3978:. Thisamericanlife.org. May 9, 2008
3826:Guilford, Gwynn (August 29, 2017).
3755:Mian, Atif and, Sufi, Amir (2014).
3289:Isidore, Chris (December 1, 2008).
2906:. Empirical Economics 58, 379β392.
2859:Bernanke, Ben (September 2, 2010).
2771:United Nations (January 15, 2013).
2421:
2394:. The German government bailed out
2196:
2029:The recession data for the overall
1801:received bailout packages from the
1560:Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
927:Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
24:
12970:2012β2013 Cypriot financial crisis
12874:2008β2014 Spanish financial crisis
12846:2008β2009 Russian financial crisis
12839:2008β2009 Belgian financial crisis
12534:1988β1992 Norwegian banking crisis
12029:British credit crisis of 1772β1773
9181:British credit crisis of 1772β1773
7520:
7307:
7015:"Germany Rescues Hypo Real Estate"
6991:. December 1, 2008. Archived from
6561:Abend, Lisa (September 11, 2012).
6041:"Spain's economy enters recession"
5874:"New Zealand falls into recession"
5689:. December 1, 2009. Archived from
5216:"Politics Are Not Recession-Proof"
4768:Peter J. Wallison (January 2011).
4443:Monica Davey (December 25, 2005).
4353:Bezemer, Dirk J. (June 16, 2009).
3480:Chokshi, Niraj (August 11, 2014).
3431:Cooke, Kristin (August 21, 2009).
3247:"Geithner: Does He Pass The Test?"
2694:International relations since 1989
2277:United Kingdom bank rescue package
2161:protest due to the great recession
2041:throughout Q3 2008 until Q1 2009.
1681:National debt of the United States
1626:argues that growing inequality of
1617:
1283:
1142:
227:Causes of the European debt crisis
180:2000s United States housing bubble
25:
13253:
13157:2023 United States banking crisis
12963:2011 Bangladesh share market scam
12651:1998β1999 Ecuador economic crisis
12615:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
12541:Japanese asset price bubble crash
12482:Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash
12232:Australian banking crisis of 1893
12036:Dutch Republic financial collapse
8894:Commonwealth of Nations countries
8539:2007β2008 world food price crisis
8339:Chinese economic stimulus program
8324:2008 European Union stimulus plan
8248:Commercial Paper Funding Facility
7874:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7847:
7765:(WW Norton & Company, 2010).
7694:(2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press.
7249:Evans, Ambrose (April 16, 2009).
7210:"Australia raises interest rates"
7148:"G20 leaders seal tn global deal"
7033:"Gordon Brown should say 'sorry'"
6717:"Treasury β Paulson News Release"
6489:
6411:
5941:"Singapore slides into recession"
5825:Oxford Economic Country Briefings
5755:"Exceedingly high interest rates"
5491:"Where democracy is most at risk"
5461:Robert E. Scott (June 28, 2016).
5345:Smith, Aaron (October 31, 2012).
4806:Paul Krugman (November 6, 2014).
4503:Portfolio, Penguin, 2010, p.104-7
3534:Allen, Paddy (January 29, 2009).
3366:Krugman, Paul (January 4, 2009).
3339:Finch, Julia (January 26, 2009).
2829:
2329:Chinese economic stimulus program
1955:were the only two members of the
1677:Unemployment in the United States
1386:. U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman
1134:Describing the crisis in Europe,
1102:Trade imbalances and debt bubbles
901:M0 (paper money): $ 3.9 trillion
329:Chinese economic stimulus program
309:2008 European Union stimulus plan
12014:Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763
11668:
11667:
10961:Corporate collapses and scandals
8567:List of countries by public debt
8194:National Asset Management Agency
7938:International Economics Bulletin
7894:International Economics Bulletin
7660:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
7642:Journal of Economic Perspectives
7464:Capitalism in America: A History
7401:Journal of Economic Perspectives
7345:Journal of Corporate Law Studies
7273:
7242:
7202:
7158:
7140:
7118:
7096:
7069:
7057:. Newsweek.com. December 6, 2008
7047:
7025:
6977:
6959:
6860:
6803:
6779:
6753:
6727:
6709:
6683:
6597:
6554:
6534:Ian Traynor (January 31, 2009).
6527:
6514:
6483:
6455:
6432:
6405:
6377:
6334:
6315:
6303:
6281:
6265:. The Australian. Archived from
6254:
6222:
6200:
6174:
6152:
6130:
6107:
6081:
6055:
6033:
6010:
5987:
5955:
5932:
5910:
5888:
5866:
5843:
5813:
5801:Charles Forelle (May 19, 2012).
5794:
5753:Wenn, Bruno (January 25, 2013).
5746:
5724:
5705:
5679:
5657:
5634:
5608:
5577:
5548:
5516:
5483:
5469:
5454:
5439:
5424:
5409:
5387:
5338:
5306:
5237:
5207:
5192:
5166:
5140:
5115:
4623:"Opinion - Financial Reform 101"
4430:"Looming housing slump in China"
3612:. Whitehouse.gov. November 2008.
3172:Wearden, Graeme (June 3, 2008).
3131:. Stats.oecd.org. Archived from
2919:Merriam-Webster (May 31, 2023),
2893:, NBER, accessed August 9, 2012.
2801:"The Great Recession Definition"
2627:
2613:
2599:
2585:
2353:State Administration of Taxation
2279:, $ 205 billion was used in the
2127:anti-austerity movement in Spain
1925:Countries that avoided recession
1762:in 2016, and left-wing populist
1447:A 2008 investigative article in
882:
630:, referring specifically to the
60:
12739:2007 Chinese stock bubble crash
12065:Danish state bankruptcy of 1813
8890:recessions in the United States
8522:2008 Central Asia energy crisis
8439:Collateralized debt obligations
7709:Stein, Howard (July 25, 2012).
5712:Zappone, Chris (June 3, 2009).
5532:. March 2, 2016. Archived from
5435:. Council on Foreign Relations.
5416:Ruchir Sharma (June 28, 2016).
5371:Wolf, Martin (April 27, 2012).
5034:
5023:
4997:
4971:
4920:
4897:
4879:"Weapons of Mass Exploitation?"
4870:
4844:
4818:
4799:
4784:
4772:. American Enterprise Institute
4752:
4743:
4724:
4692:
4666:
4640:
4621:Krugman, Paul (April 1, 2010).
4614:
4600:. W.W. Norton Company Limited.
4568:Lanman, Scott (March 5, 2009).
4535:
4469:
4465:. The Economist. June 16, 2005.
4455:
4436:
4422:
4416:"The good times are here again"
4408:
4394:
4380:
4365:
4346:
4319:
4266:
4200:Bianco, James (June 13, 2012).
4193:
4162:
4136:
4085:
4062:
4046:. openDemocracy. Archived from
4035:
4012:
3990:
3968:
3946:
3921:
3889:
3865:
3841:
3819:
3805:. Basic Books. pp. 57β58.
3726:
3700:
3659:
3648:
3602:
3585:
3527:
3424:
3402:
3378:
3359:
3332:
3308:
3282:
3245:Krugman, Paul (July 10, 2014).
3211:
3192:
3165:
3147:
3080:
3013:
2994:
2975:
2955:
2267:The U.S. government passed the
2017:Timeline of the Great Recession
1770:for the Democratic nomination.
1153:Chairman of the Federal Reserve
1151:While Alan Greenspan's role as
13120:Chinese property sector crisis
13028:2015β2016 stock market selloff
12956:August 2011 stock markets fall
12867:2008β2011 Irish banking crisis
12564:1990s Swedish financial crisis
12313:Weimar Republic hyperinflation
11461:Employment-to-population ratio
10833:Occupational health psychology
9833:
8788:Primary Dealer Credit Facility
8657:Role of credit rating agencies
8617:Background / timeline
8329:2008β2009 Keynesian resurgence
8174:Federal Housing Finance Agency
8169:Federal Housing Administration
7865:Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
7527:Journal of Economic Literature
7357:10.1080/14735970.2009.11421533
6162:. Kyiv Post. February 17, 2009
5876:. BBC News. September 26, 2008
5479:. The Economist. June 3, 2017.
5450:. Australian Financial Review.
5446:Vesna Poljak (June 29, 2016).
5431:Edward Alden (June 29, 2016).
5214:Eric Schnurer (June 2, 2016).
4904:Batra, Ravi (April 29, 2011).
4881:. Truthout.org. Archived from
4173:. Eestipank.ee. Archived from
4071:"America's Unsustainable Boom"
3956:. Economist.com. July 14, 2012
2931:
2896:
2823:
2792:
2649:Collateralized debt obligation
2273:Troubled Assets Relief Program
2249:United States policy responses
2209:2008β2009 Keynesian resurgence
2116:President of the United States
2033:zone (representing 85% of all
1944:remained resilient and stable.
1662:Effects of the Great Recession
1418:
1167:caused by the bursting of the
1029:There was the equivalent of a
613:
314:2008β2009 Keynesian resurgence
140:Impact differed geographically
34:. For the 2020 recession, see
13:
1:
13193:List of sovereign debt crises
13135:2022 Russian financial crisis
12832:2008 Latvian financial crisis
12825:U.S. bear market of 2007β2009
12703:Stock market downturn of 2002
12644:1998 Russian financial crisis
12497:1983 Israel bank stock crisis
11549:Works Progress Administration
11441:Unemployment Convention, 1919
10853:Personal protective equipment
10401:Occupational Outlook Handbook
8808:Troubled Asset Relief Program
8713:Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
8609:U.S. subprime mortgage crisis
8344:Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
8278:Troubled Asset Relief Program
8204:Office of Financial Stability
8179:Federal Housing Finance Board
8113:SociΓ©tΓ© GΓ©nΓ©rale trading loss
7870:Tracking the Global Recession
6761:"BBC β Stimulus Package 2009"
6365:. BBC News. November 23, 2008
6322:Jack Ewing (March 10, 2009).
6230:"Why Did Japan Stop Growing?"
6114:In-Soo Nam (April 24, 2009).
5229:Ben Chu (November 13, 2016).
4980:"Real Gross Domestic Product"
4332:. Columbia University Press.
4124:. Economist. October 30, 2008
3412:. Bloomberg.com. May 30, 2005
3033:Davis, Bob (April 22, 2009).
2735:
2719:Stock market crashes in India
2311:Asia-Pacific policy responses
2232:G-20 group of major economies
2215:financial phase of the crisis
2189:exceeded. On September 11, a
1749:and continued or expanded by
1745:measures (begun by President
1600:American Enterprise Institute
1012:
953:American Enterprise Institute
916:Other assets: $ 290 trillion
835:Causes of the Great Recession
384:Troubled Asset Relief Program
334:Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
12895:Greek government-debt crisis
12732:2004 Argentine energy crisis
12689:2001 Turkish economic crisis
12578:1990s Armenian energy crisis
12571:1990s Finnish banking crisis
12432:1976 British currency crisis
12402:1973β1974 stock market crash
11630:Psychopathy in the workplace
10803:Human factors and ergonomics
8648:United States housing bubble
8263:Irish emergency budget, 2009
7686:Rosenberg, Jerry M. (2012).
6872:International Herald Tribune
6496:International Herald Tribune
6043:. BBC News. January 28, 2009
5782:. Eurostat. January 10, 2014
5738:. March 2009. Archived from
5714:"Australia dodges recession"
5465:. Economic Policy Institute.
5043:"Civilian Unemployment Rate"
4736:August 5, 2011, at Wikiwix.
4542:Michael Lewis (March 2010).
4361:– via ideas.repec.org.
4098:NBER Working Paper No. 16334
3666:Martin, Fernando M. (2016).
3327:McClatchy Washington Bureau.
3035:"What's a Global Recession?"
2112:daily intelligence briefings
1667:Effects on the United States
1540:American International Group
970:cited the following causes:
661:The Great Recession met the
441:Royal Bank of Scotland Group
406:American International Group
41:Not to be confused with the
7:
13051:2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis
12717:2003 Myanmar banking crisis
12710:2002 Uruguay banking crisis
12630:1997 Asian financial crisis
12557:1991 Indian economic crisis
12549:Rhode Island banking crisis
12519:Cameroonian economic crisis
12305:Early Soviet hyperinflation
11918:Crisis of the Third Century
11615:Narcissism in the workplace
10828:Occupational exposure limit
9636:1997 Asian financial crisis
9269:Civil War-era United States
7592:University of Chicago Press
7378:The Crisis of Neoliberalism
7212:. BBC News. October 6, 2009
6184:. Gfmag.com. Archived from
4877:Batra, Ravi (May 8, 2011).
2889:September 25, 2008, at the
2578:
2460:November 2008 in Washington
2449:2008 G-20 Washington summit
2438:in proportion to their GDPs
2237:The crisis accelerated the
1991:International Energy Agency
681:definition criteria by all
656:
556:International Monetary Fund
10:
13258:
13082:Sri Lankan economic crisis
12940:Energy crisis in Venezuela
12919:2009 Dubai debt standstill
12769:2007β2008 financial crisis
12424:Latin American debt crisis
12187:Paris Bourse crash of 1882
11544:Civil Works Administration
11426:Technological unemployment
10902:Workplace health promotion
10354:Professional certification
10051:Personalityβjob fit theory
9412:PostβWorld War I recession
9232:Post-Napoleonic Depression
8738:Capital Assistance Program
8680:2007β2008 financial crisis
8562:2007β2008 financial crisis
8454:Mortgage-backed securities
8065:Automotive industry crisis
7925:ILO Job Crisis Observatory
7859:December 11, 2016, at the
7375:; LΓ©vy, Dominique (2013).
7323:W. W. Norton & Company
6206:"Ukrainian recession data"
3629:. May 2009. Archived from
2961:V.I. Keilis-Borok et al.,
2669:Fractional-reserve banking
2664:2007β2008 financial crisis
2553:
2502:
2385:β¬200 billion stimulus plan
2252:
2206:
2200:
2014:
1777:
1670:
1659:
1655:
1562:reported in January 2011:
1287:
1205:disposable personal income
1203:as a percentage of annual
841:2007β2008 financial crisis
838:
832:
685:, representing 85% of the
190:2007β2008 financial crisis
40:
32:2007β2008 financial crisis
29:
13232:2010s in economic history
13227:2000s in economic history
13173:
13150:2022 stock market decline
13142:Pakistani economic crisis
13128:2021β2023 inflation surge
13074:Lebanese liquidity crisis
13043:Venezuelan hyperinflation
13035:Brexit stock market crash
12984:Venezuela economic crisis
12906:
12756:
12746:Zimbabwean hyperinflation
12456:
12374:
12345:
12329:Wall Street Crash of 1929
12292:
12169:2nd Industrial Revolution
12167:
12103:
12003:1st Industrial Revolution
12001:
11928:
11906:
11761:
11663:
11562:
11524:Guaranteed minimum income
11481:
11322:
11196:
11109:Organizational commitment
11061:
10953:
10920:
10783:
10708:
10585:
10507:
10441:
10228:
10150:
10094:
9944:
9841:
9650:
9586:
9531:
9485:
9400:
9322:2nd Industrial Revolution
9315:
9262:
9255:(1836β1838 and 1839β1843)
9171:1st Industrial Revolution
9169:
9138:
8939:Price-and-wage stickiness
8900:
8839:Foreclosure rescue scheme
8821:
8748:Federal Reserve responses
8703:
8695:Indirect economic effects
8670:
8652:housing market correction
8638:
8615:
8552:
8509:
8467:
8459:Secondary mortgage market
8424:
8380:rescues, and acquisitions
8378:Government interventions,
8377:
8369:Zero interest-rate policy
8316:
8228:
8217:
8146:
8093:
8080:Housing market correction
8057:
8002:
6989:Asia Manufacturing Pharma
6524:(2010), 56#2, pp 113-129.
5718:The Sydney Morning Herald
5529:The Sydney Morning Herald
4463:"The global housing boom"
4316:, esp. p. 9 and appendix.
3802:The Housing Boom and Bust
3761:. University of Chicago.
3368:"Fighting Off Depression"
2679:Great Recession in Europe
2542:On November 2, 2017, the
2522:Reserve Bank of Australia
2378:European policy responses
2327:On November 9, 2008, the
2318:Reserve Bank of Australia
1788:Great Recession in Europe
1066:Wealthy and middle-class
828:
772:in the United States and
695:‑weighted real GDP
136:
103:
93:
83:
75:
59:
13242:2007 in economic history
12811:Subprime mortgage crisis
12474:Brazilian hyperinflation
12446:Brazilian hyperinflation
12283:Financial crisis of 1914
11991:Mississippi bubble crash
11693:Aspects of organizations
11374:Involuntary unemployment
10935:Equal pay for equal work
10858:Repetitive strain injury
10359:Professional development
10349:Professional association
10031:Letter of recommendation
9603:1990s United States boom
9391:Financial crisis of 1914
8743:Capital Purchase Program
8477:(United States; c. 2009)
8209:UK Financial Investments
8094:Banking losses and fraud
8085:Subprime mortgage crisis
8070:California budget crisis
7880:"What Caused the Crisis"
7612:(OECD Publishing, 2010)
7383:Harvard University Press
7257:. London. Archived from
6935:Harvard University Press
6897:Massot, Pascale (2024).
6640:Cornell University Press
6589:: CS1 maint: location (
6291:. NBC News. May 19, 2009
5203:. Brookings Institution.
2458:met in a summit held on
2281:Capital Purchase Program
2255:Subprime mortgage crisis
1691:Subprime mortgage crisis
1484:mortgage-backed security
1175:High private debt levels
891:The great asset bubble:
871: Total job openings
791:of the 1930s. Economist
573:subprime mortgage crisis
170:Subprime mortgage crisis
45:during the 1930s or the
13186:List of economic crises
13104:2020 stock market crash
13097:Financial market impact
13066:Turkish economic crisis
12681:9/11 stock market crash
12637:October 1997 mini-crash
12608:1994 bond market crisis
12600:Yugoslav hyperinflation
12511:Savings and loan crisis
12112:European potato failure
11678:Aspects of corporations
11640:Slow movement (culture)
11519:Employer of last resort
11421:Structural unemployment
11359:Frictional unemployment
10798:Epilepsy and employment
10685:Performance-related pay
10619:National average salary
10532:996 working hour system
9418:Depression of 1920β1921
9350:Depression of 1882β1885
9264:Early Victorian Britain
8999:Real and nominal values
8758:Government intervention
8495:(worldwide; 2011β2012)
8434:Auction rate securities
8164:Federal Home Loan Banks
7772:April 20, 2021, at the
7754:April 20, 2021, at the
6903:Oxford University Press
6021:. BRUSSELS: Reuters.com
5178:projects.propublica.org
4793:"Examining the Big Lie"
4312:April 15, 2015, at the
4122:"The End of the Affair"
3270:Cite magazine requires
3159:The Wall Street Journal
3039:The Wall Street Journal
2799:The Investopedia Team.
2724:Savings and loan crisis
2674:Great Recession in Asia
1522:prices to other banks (
1264:, Jens Kjaer SΓΈrensen,
1129:The Giant Pool of Money
1054:balance sheet recession
864:Total unemployed people
671:decline in annual real
149:Part of a series on the
13179:List of banking crises
12948:Syrian economic crisis
12881:Blue Monday Crash 2009
12490:Chilean crisis of 1982
12321:ShΕwa financial crisis
12127:Highland Potato Famine
11983:South Sea bubble crash
11774:Commodity price shocks
11688:Aspects of occupations
11494:Unemployment insurance
11446:Unemployment extension
11416:Reserve army of labour
11221:Constructive dismissal
11028:Sleeping while on duty
10993:Exploitation of labour
10875:Sick building syndrome
10046:Personβenvironment fit
9916:Independent contractor
9523:Recession of 1969β1970
9518:Recession of 1960β1961
9477:Recession of 1937β1938
8625:Background information
8184:Federal Reserve System
8058:United States-specific
7918:ongoing coverage from
7909:ongoing coverage from
7882:, collection of papers
7594:. pp. 1243β1256.
7410:March 5, 2022, at the
6723:on September 24, 2008.
6663:Langley, Paul (2015).
6138:"Reflating the dragon"
4906:"Ravi Batra interview"
4808:"Triumph of the Wrong"
3321:March 3, 2009, at the
2968:July 16, 2011, at the
2921:"headword "recession""
2654:2000s commodities boom
2562:Dominique Strauss-Kahn
2499:Raising interest rates
2485:Policy recommendations
2439:
2343:
2264:
2191:pro-independence march
2162:
2130:
1945:
1841:
1797:
1712:private sector surplus
1702:
1694:
1634:. Feminist economists
1576:GrammβLeachβBliley Act
1572:
1556:
1499:
1431:. Derivatives such as
1414:Ineffective regulation
1299:
1228:Pre-recession warnings
1196:
1184:
1111:
1022:
979:Federal Reserve Chair
977:
922:
879:
731:
704:According to the U.S.
270:G-20 Washington summit
18:2008 economic downturn
12504:Black Saturday (1983)
12358:Kennedy Slide of 1962
11930:Commercial revolution
11698:Aspects of workplaces
11436:Unemployment benefits
11431:Types of unemployment
11369:Graduate unemployment
11263:Letter of resignation
10892:Workers' compensation
10885:Occupational fatality
10389:Vocational university
9989:Employment counsellor
9641:Early 2000s recession
9608:Early 1990s recession
9560:Early 1980s recession
9140:Commercial revolution
9038:Nominal interest rate
8534:Decline of newspapers
8481:2009 May Day protests
8427:and financial markets
8317:Stimulus and recovery
7905:June 7, 2009, at the
7836:31.3 (1984): 209β228.
7743:Sorkin, Andrew Ross.
7678:(Princeton UP, 2009)
7291:on September 15, 2010
7078:"EU resists deficits"
6878:on September 19, 2008
6799:on February 19, 2009.
6638:. Ithaca and London:
6634:Chen, Muyang (2024).
5667:. BBC. April 24, 2009
5326:on September 19, 2013
4740:. September 19, 2008.
3090:. G20. Archived from
2537:Reserve Bank of India
2505:Corporate debt bubble
2503:Further information:
2432:in the United Kingdom
2429:
2337:
2322:Reserve Bank of India
2262:
2153:
2124:
1932:
1835:
1795:
1778:Further information:
1700:
1688:
1671:Further information:
1568:lender of last resort
1564:
1551:
1508:shadow banking system
1497:
1490:Shadow banking system
1457:, Treasury Secretary
1425:financial instruments
1297:
1288:Further information:
1262:Jakob BrΓΈchner Madsen
1190:
1182:
1165:early 2000s recession
1109:
1035:shadow banking system
1020:
998:repurchase agreements
990:shadow banking system
972:
890:
848:
839:Further information:
762:shadow banking system
736:shadow banking system
714:
665:criteria for being a
628:defined operationally
68:real GDP growth rates
13058:Ghana banking crisis
12888:European debt crisis
12673:Dot-com bubble crash
12585:Cuban Special Period
12044:Copper Panic of 1789
11949:The Great Debasement
11941:Great Bullion Famine
11504:Job creation program
11280:Mandatory retirement
11233:Employee offboarding
11053:Workplace incivility
11048:Workplace harassment
10823:Occupational disease
10818:Occupational burnout
10733:Disability insurance
10577:Workweek and weekend
10557:Retroactive overtime
10379:Vocational education
10294:Continuing education
10132:Permanent employment
9207:Copper Panic of 1789
8844:Property derivatives
8783:Regulatory responses
8557:European debt crisis
8449:Credit default swaps
8425:Securities involved
8231:stability and reform
7959:University of Oxford
7839:Zuckerman, Gregory.
7761:Stiglitz, Joseph E.
7652:Read, Colin (2009).
7644:33.2 (2019): 89-114
7626:. London: Headline.
7540:10.1257/jel.50.1.151
7506:. pp. 747β776.
7470:. pp. 368β388.
7440:. pp. 507β532.
7381:(Reprint ed.).
6995:on December 11, 2008
6846:. New York: Viking.
6420:on February 28, 2009
6269:on February 19, 2009
5831:on December 16, 2008
5302:on January 19, 2013.
5078:on February 23, 2020
5072:New Policy Institute
4050:on December 16, 2008
3909:on February 28, 2020
3610:"Declaration of G20"
3221:(January 15, 2009).
3094:on February 10, 2015
2516:On October 6, 2009,
2445:G-20 major economies
2436:in the United States
2050:European debt crisis
1872:Effects on Democracy
1780:European debt crisis
1649:ecological economics
1628:financial capitalism
1433:credit default swaps
851:inverted yield curve
729:2008 nationalisation
691:seasonally adjusted
205:European debt crisis
128:financial regulation
13014:2015 Nepal blockade
12724:2000s energy crisis
12622:Mexican peso crisis
12527:Black Monday (1987)
12387:1970s energy crisis
12347:PostβWWII expansion
12021:Bengal bubble crash
11816:Financial contagion
11409:Recession-proof job
11404:Lists of recessions
11342:Economic depression
11290:Retirement planning
11171:Workβlife interface
11008:Employee monitoring
10976:Corporate behaviour
10966:Accounting scandals
10848:Occupational stress
10838:Occupational injury
10369:Reflective practice
10364:Professional school
10086:Work-at-home scheme
10006:Induction programme
9984:Employment contract
9964:Business networking
9543:1973β1975 recession
9487:PostβWWII expansion
9161:Great Frost of 1709
8989:Neutrality of money
8970:Classical dichotomy
8886:Economic expansions
8662:Government policies
8517:2000s energy crisis
8229:Banking and finance
8147:Government entities
7728:10.2298/PAN1204421S
7403:32.3 (2018): 3-30.
7285:The Daily Telegraph
7255:The Daily Telegraph
7055:"It Doesn't Exist!"
6973:. November 1, 2013.
6767:. February 14, 2009
6615:on December 8, 2008
6502:on February 4, 2009
6069:on January 24, 2013
5998:. NEW YORK: Reuters
5943:. London: Telegraph
5854:. London: Telegraph
5807:Wall Street Journal
5742:on October 6, 2011.
5693:on December 1, 2009
5622:on December 2, 2010
5596:on December 2, 2010
4522:The Washington Post
3487:The Washington Post
3161:. December 1, 2008.
2467:Another G-20 summit
2403:bank rescue package
2011:Timeline of effects
1586:-winning economist
1582:for the crisis, by
1549:wrote in May 2009:
1450:The Washington Post
1400:housing price crash
1214:economic inequality
781:international trade
745:US mortgage-backed
719:at a branch of the
584:developed economies
175:2000s energy crisis
114:Real-estate bubbles
56:
12276:Panic of 1910β1911
12120:Great Irish Famine
12058:Panic of 1796β1797
11897:Stock market crash
11672:See also templates
11509:Job creation index
11473:Youth unemployment
11337:Discouraged worker
11226:Wrongful dismissal
11206:At-will employment
11079:Civil conscription
11043:Workplace bullying
10930:Affirmative action
10912:Workplace wellness
10843:Occupational noise
10479:Long service leave
10339:Overspecialization
10319:Induction training
10274:Career development
9725:COVID-19 recession
9385:Panic of 1910β1911
9217:Panic of 1796β1797
9043:Real interest rate
9011:Economic expansion
8813:Wall Street reform
8798:Tea Party protests
8499:Occupy Wall Street
8475:Tea Party protests
8133:Scott W. Rothstein
7936:, Lauren Falcao, "
7863:, September 2013,
7816:Regnery Publishing
7814:. Washington, DC:
7460:Wooldridge, Adrian
7236:The New York Times
7171:The New York Times
7021:. October 6, 2008.
6816:The New York Times
6740:The New York Times
6697:. October 12, 2008
6695:The New York Times
6691:"Gordon Does Good"
6400:The New York Times
6188:on August 16, 2010
5653:on April 29, 2011.
5153:The New York Times
5102:federalreserve.gov
4943:BjΓΈrnholt, Margunn
4928:BjΓΈrnholt, Margunn
4857:The New York Times
4831:The New York Times
4812:The New York Times
4795:. The Big Picture.
4679:The New York Times
4653:The New York Times
4627:The New York Times
4449:The New York Times
4229:huffingtonpost.com
4149:The New York Times
3685:10.20955/es.2016.1
3460:The New York Times
3372:The New York Times
3205:The New York Times
2729:COVID-19 recession
2714:Stock market crash
2490:IMF recommendation
2440:
2344:
2300:The New York Times
2265:
2187:secession movement
2176:Occupy Wall Street
2163:
2131:
2046:European countries
1946:
1942:Australian economy
1938:financial district
1842:
1838:Eurozone countries
1827:CIA World Factbook
1811:CIA World Factbook
1798:
1703:
1695:
1645:feminist economics
1518:) or were sold at
1500:
1300:
1290:Real-estate bubble
1197:
1185:
1161:Austrian theorists
1157:Federal funds rate
1112:
1072:speculative bubble
1023:
923:
880:
812:sustainable growth
732:
699:quarter on quarter
288:G-20 London Summit
66:World map showing
54:
36:COVID-19 recession
13209:
13208:
13090:COVID-19 pandemic
11975:Tulip mania crash
11966:Kipper und Wipper
11943:(c. 1400βc. 1500)
11721:
11720:
11620:Post-work society
11600:Kiss up kick down
11332:Barriers to entry
11297:Severance package
11129:Human trafficking
11023:Sexual harassment
11003:Employee handbook
10922:Equal opportunity
10785:Safety and health
10775:Take-home vehicle
10384:Vocational school
10334:Lifelong learning
10309:Further education
10269:Career counseling
10264:Career assessment
10041:Overqualification
9801:
9800:
9512:Recession of 1958
9506:Recession of 1953
9500:Recession of 1949
9197:Thirteen Colonies
9004:Velocity of money
8934:Paradox of thrift
8852:
8851:
8773:Loan modification
8768:Hope Now Alliance
8575:
8574:
8544:Retail apocalypse
8489:(MENA; 2010β2012)
8420:
8419:
8416:
8415:
8312:
8311:
8292:Bank stress tests
7825:978-1-59698-587-2
7667:978-0-230-22218-2
7633:978-0-7553-6054-3
7584:Meltzer, Allan H.
7392:978-0-674-07224-4
7261:on April 17, 2009
7238:. March 19, 2010.
7084:on March 28, 2009
6944:978-0-674-98426-4
6912:978-0-19-777140-2
6853:978-1-9848-7828-1
6469:Los Angeles Times
5975:on March 26, 2009
5180:. August 18, 0202
4957:. pp. 7β20.
4607:978-0-393-07101-6
4518:"What Went Wrong"
4445:"2005: In a Word"
4305:, available via:
4177:on March 27, 2016
4073:. Mises Institute
4023:. Mises Institute
3812:978-0-465-01880-2
3768:978-0-226-08194-6
3672:Economic Synopses
3329:January 27, 2009.
3019:Kuttner, Robert.
2941:(July 15, 2010).
2569:Olivier Blanchard
2114:prepared for the
1825:According to the
1774:Effects on Europe
1718:. Then-Fed Chair
1640:Margunn BjΓΈrnholt
1632:political changes
1471:Brooksley E. Born
1127:winning program "
1080:income inequality
1048:Record levels of
949:Peter J. Wallison
877: Total quits
819:economic recovery
752:The emergence of
675:per‑capita
632:contraction phase
544:
543:
398:Business failures
144:
143:
47:Great Resignation
16:(Redirected from
13249:
13202:
13195:
13188:
13181:
13166:
13159:
13152:
13145:
13137:
13130:
13123:
13113:
13106:
13099:
13092:
13085:
13077:
13069:
13061:
13053:
13046:
13038:
13030:
13023:
13016:
13009:
13002:
12994:
12987:
12979:
12972:
12965:
12958:
12951:
12943:
12935:
12928:
12921:
12897:
12890:
12883:
12876:
12869:
12862:
12855:
12848:
12841:
12834:
12827:
12820:
12813:
12806:
12799:
12792:
12785:
12778:
12771:
12749:
12741:
12734:
12727:
12719:
12712:
12705:
12698:
12691:
12684:
12676:
12668:
12660:
12653:
12646:
12639:
12632:
12625:
12617:
12610:
12603:
12595:
12588:
12580:
12573:
12566:
12559:
12552:
12544:
12536:
12529:
12522:
12514:
12506:
12499:
12492:
12485:
12477:
12463:Great Regression
12458:Great Moderation
12449:
12441:
12434:
12427:
12419:
12411:
12404:
12397:
12390:
12367:
12360:
12338:
12331:
12324:
12316:
12308:
12285:
12278:
12271:
12263:
12256:
12249:
12242:
12234:
12227:
12220:
12212:
12204:
12196:
12189:
12182:
12160:
12152:
12145:
12138:
12129:
12122:
12115:
12096:
12089:
12082:
12075:
12067:
12060:
12053:
12046:
12039:
12031:
12024:
12016:
11994:
11986:
11978:
11970:
11960:
11952:
11944:
11921:
11899:
11892:
11885:
11876:
11869:
11862:
11855:
11848:
11846:Liquidity crisis
11841:
11834:
11825:
11823:Social contagion
11818:
11811:
11804:
11797:
11790:
11783:
11776:
11769:
11755:Financial crises
11748:
11741:
11734:
11725:
11724:
11708:Critique of work
11703:Corporate titles
11671:
11670:
11590:Evil corporation
11456:Employment rates
11379:Jobless recovery
11347:Great Depression
11307:Golden parachute
11302:Golden handshake
11099:Job satisfaction
11089:Critique of work
10907:Workplace phobia
10738:Health insurance
10695:Wage compression
10663:Progressive wage
10517:35-hour workweek
10484:No call, no show
10474:Leave of absence
10324:Knowledge worker
10252:Master craftsman
10056:Personality hire
9994:Executive search
9974:Curriculum vitae
9959:Background check
9828:
9821:
9814:
9805:
9804:
9593:Great Regression
9588:Great Moderation
9434:Great Depression
9423:Roaring Twenties
8944:Underconsumption
8914:Effective demand
8905:Aggregate demand
8879:
8872:
8865:
8856:
8855:
8602:
8595:
8588:
8579:
8578:
8468:Social responses
8393:
8392:
8289:
8288:
8219:
8218:
7989:
7982:
7975:
7966:
7965:
7916:Global Recession
7900:Global Recession
7829:
7806:Woods, Thomas E.
7801:
7747:(Penguin, 2010)
7740:
7730:
7705:
7693:
7671:
7659:
7637:
7605:
7572:Levy, Jonathan.
7569:
7551:
7517:
7481:
7451:
7396:
7368:
7336:
7315:Bernanke, Ben S.
7301:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7266:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7228:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7217:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7184:
7175:
7174:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7154:. April 2, 2009.
7144:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7122:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7051:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7011:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6981:
6975:
6974:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6864:
6858:
6857:
6836:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6792:. Archived from
6791:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6719:. Archived from
6713:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6631:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6588:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6531:
6525:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6498:. Archived from
6487:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6409:
6403:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6359:
6350:
6349:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6319:
6313:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6241:
6235:. Archived from
6234:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6213:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6118:. Online.wsj.com
6111:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6095:on March 3, 2010
6085:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5974:
5967:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5847:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5649:. Archived from
5638:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5592:. Archived from
5581:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5536:on March 2, 2016
5520:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5397:. April 24, 2012
5391:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5368:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5325:
5319:. Archived from
5318:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5298:. Archived from
5292:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5267:
5256:
5255:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5074:. Archived from
5064:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5038:
5032:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4940:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4765:
4759:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4741:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4712:on June 20, 2014
4711:
4705:. Archived from
4704:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4565:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4546:. Vanityfair.com
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4513:
4504:
4488:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4323:
4317:
4301:Dirk J Bezemer:
4299:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4280:on March 7, 2013
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4254:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4094:"After the Fall"
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3933:mitsloan.mit.edu
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3902:. Archived from
3901:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3877:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3853:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3780:
3772:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3714:on April 2, 2015
3704:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3663:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3636:on June 20, 2014
3635:
3628:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3567:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3336:
3330:
3314:David Lightman.
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3242:
3231:
3230:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3125:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3064:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3030:
3024:
3017:
3011:
3010:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2979:
2973:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2916:
2910:
2900:
2894:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2811:on June 26, 2021
2807:. Archived from
2796:
2790:
2789:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2746:
2689:Great Regression
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2593:Economics portal
2590:
2589:
2422:Global responses
2396:Hypo Real Estate
2239:financialization
2197:Policy responses
2039:global recession
1739:banking bailouts
1266:Kurt RichebΓ€cher
876:
870:
861:
789:Great Depression
770:commercial banks
766:investment banks
667:global recession
560:Great Depression
536:
529:
522:
146:
145:
64:
57:
53:
43:Great Depression
21:
13257:
13256:
13252:
13251:
13250:
13248:
13247:
13246:
13222:Great Recession
13212:
13211:
13210:
13205:
13198:
13191:
13184:
13177:
13169:
13162:
13155:
13148:
13140:
13133:
13126:
13118:
13109:
13102:
13095:
13088:
13080:
13072:
13064:
13056:
13049:
13041:
13033:
13026:
13019:
13012:
13005:
12997:
12990:
12982:
12975:
12968:
12961:
12954:
12946:
12938:
12931:
12924:
12917:
12910:
12908:Information Age
12902:
12893:
12886:
12879:
12872:
12865:
12858:
12851:
12844:
12837:
12830:
12823:
12816:
12809:
12802:
12795:
12788:
12781:
12774:
12767:
12760:
12758:Great Recession
12752:
12744:
12737:
12730:
12722:
12715:
12708:
12701:
12694:
12687:
12679:
12671:
12663:
12656:
12649:
12642:
12635:
12628:
12620:
12613:
12606:
12598:
12591:
12583:
12576:
12569:
12562:
12555:
12547:
12539:
12532:
12525:
12517:
12509:
12502:
12495:
12488:
12480:
12472:
12465:
12461:
12452:
12444:
12439:1979 oil crisis
12437:
12430:
12422:
12414:
12407:
12400:
12395:1973 oil crisis
12393:
12385:
12378:
12376:Great Inflation
12370:
12363:
12356:
12349:
12341:
12334:
12327:
12319:
12311:
12303:
12296:
12294:Interwar period
12288:
12281:
12274:
12266:
12259:
12252:
12245:
12237:
12230:
12223:
12215:
12207:
12199:
12192:
12185:
12178:
12171:
12163:
12155:
12148:
12141:
12134:
12125:
12118:
12110:
12099:
12092:
12085:
12078:
12070:
12063:
12056:
12049:
12042:
12034:
12027:
12019:
12012:
12005:
11997:
11989:
11981:
11973:
11963:
11955:
11947:
11939:
11932:
11924:
11916:
11902:
11895:
11888:
11881:
11872:
11865:
11858:
11851:
11844:
11837:
11830:
11821:
11814:
11807:
11800:
11795:Currency crisis
11793:
11786:
11779:
11772:
11765:
11757:
11752:
11722:
11717:
11713:Organized labor
11683:Aspects of jobs
11659:
11650:Toxic workplace
11585:Emotional labor
11558:
11482:Public programs
11477:
11394:Great Recession
11364:Full employment
11352:Long Depression
11318:
11216:Banishment room
11192:
11114:Refusal of work
11057:
10981:Corporate crime
10949:
10916:
10779:
10704:
10581:
10503:
10437:
10314:Graduate school
10224:
10146:
10090:
10081:Underemployment
9940:
9884:Self-employment
9859:Contingent work
9849:Academic tenure
9842:Classifications
9837:
9832:
9802:
9797:
9662:Great Recession
9654:
9652:Information Age
9646:
9595:
9591:
9582:
9535:
9533:Great Inflation
9527:
9489:
9481:
9404:
9402:Interwar period
9396:
9332:Long Depression
9324:
9320:
9311:
9271:
9267:
9258:
9173:
9165:
9142:
9134:
9099:U.S. recessions
9094:U.K. recessions
9026:U.S. expansions
8896:
8883:
8853:
8848:
8817:
8699:
8685:Great Recession
8666:
8634:
8630:Impact timeline
8611:
8606:
8576:
8571:
8548:
8505:
8493:Occupy movement
8463:
8426:
8412:
8391:
8379:
8373:
8308:
8287:
8230:
8224:
8213:
8142:
8089:
8053:
7998:
7996:Great Recession
7993:
7907:Wayback Machine
7861:Wayback Machine
7850:
7826:
7798:
7774:Wayback Machine
7756:Wayback Machine
7702:
7668:
7634:
7602:
7514:
7496:Kynaston, David
7484:Krugman, Paul.
7478:
7456:Greenspan, Alan
7448:
7428:Greenspan, Alan
7412:Wayback Machine
7393:
7373:DumΓ©nil, GΓ©rard
7341:Coffee, John C.
7333:
7310:
7308:Further reading
7305:
7304:
7294:
7292:
7279:
7278:
7274:
7264:
7262:
7247:
7243:
7230:
7229:
7225:
7215:
7213:
7208:
7207:
7203:
7193:
7191:
7186:
7185:
7178:
7163:
7159:
7146:
7145:
7141:
7131:
7129:
7124:
7123:
7119:
7109:
7107:
7102:
7101:
7097:
7087:
7085:
7074:
7070:
7060:
7058:
7053:
7052:
7048:
7038:
7036:
7031:
7030:
7026:
7013:
7012:
7008:
6998:
6996:
6983:
6982:
6978:
6965:
6964:
6960:
6945:
6924:
6920:
6913:
6895:
6891:
6881:
6879:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6854:
6837:
6830:
6820:
6818:
6808:
6804:
6796:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6780:
6770:
6768:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6744:
6742:
6732:
6728:
6715:
6714:
6710:
6700:
6698:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6677:
6661:
6657:
6650:
6632:
6628:
6618:
6616:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6582:
6581:
6574:
6572:
6559:
6555:
6545:
6543:
6532:
6528:
6519:
6515:
6505:
6503:
6488:
6484:
6474:
6472:
6460:
6456:
6446:
6444:
6437:
6433:
6423:
6421:
6410:
6406:
6395:Romero, Simon.
6394:
6390:
6382:
6378:
6368:
6366:
6361:
6360:
6353:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6320:
6316:
6308:
6304:
6294:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6282:
6272:
6270:
6259:
6255:
6245:
6243:
6242:on May 14, 2012
6239:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6211:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6191:
6189:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6165:
6163:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6143:
6141:
6136:
6135:
6131:
6121:
6119:
6112:
6108:
6098:
6096:
6087:
6086:
6082:
6072:
6070:
6061:
6060:
6056:
6046:
6044:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6024:
6022:
6015:
6011:
6001:
5999:
5992:
5988:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5965:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5946:
5944:
5937:
5933:
5923:
5921:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5901:
5899:
5894:
5893:
5889:
5879:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5857:
5855:
5848:
5844:
5834:
5832:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5799:
5795:
5785:
5783:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5751:
5747:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5710:
5706:
5696:
5694:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5670:
5668:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5639:
5635:
5625:
5623:
5614:
5613:
5609:
5599:
5597:
5582:
5578:
5568:
5566:
5565:. March 2, 2016
5554:
5553:
5549:
5539:
5537:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5459:
5455:
5444:
5440:
5429:
5425:
5414:
5410:
5400:
5398:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5378:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5352:
5350:
5349:. Money.cnn.com
5343:
5339:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5294:
5293:
5286:
5276:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5259:
5251:Financial Times
5242:
5238:
5227:
5223:
5212:
5208:
5197:
5193:
5183:
5181:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5157:
5155:
5145:
5141:
5131:
5129:
5123:"TARP Programs"
5121:
5120:
5116:
5106:
5104:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5081:
5079:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5051:
5049:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5024:
5014:
5012:
5002:
4998:
4988:
4986:
4976:
4972:
4965:
4938:
4925:
4921:
4911:
4909:
4902:
4898:
4888:
4886:
4885:on June 4, 2011
4875:
4871:
4861:
4859:
4849:
4845:
4835:
4833:
4823:
4819:
4804:
4800:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4773:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4683:
4681:
4671:
4667:
4657:
4655:
4645:
4641:
4631:
4629:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4589:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4549:
4547:
4540:
4536:
4526:
4524:
4514:
4507:
4489:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4441:
4437:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4324:
4320:
4314:Wayback Machine
4300:
4293:
4283:
4281:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4231:
4221:
4217:
4207:
4205:
4198:
4194:
4180:
4178:
4167:
4163:
4153:
4151:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4067:
4063:
4053:
4051:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4017:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3979:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3937:
3935:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3794:
3790:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3753:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3598:. January 2011.
3595:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3337:
3333:
3323:Wayback Machine
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3287:
3283:
3272:|magazine=
3271:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3250:
3243:
3234:
3219:Nouriel Roubini
3216:
3212:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3170:
3166:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3135:on May 22, 2023
3127:
3126:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3031:
3027:
3018:
3014:
2999:
2995:
2980:
2976:
2970:Wayback Machine
2960:
2956:
2936:
2932:
2917:
2913:
2901:
2897:
2891:Wayback Machine
2882:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2699:Kondratiev wave
2659:Economic bubble
2633:
2628:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2558:
2552:
2544:Bank of England
2507:
2501:
2492:
2487:
2424:
2411:Peer SteinbrΓΌck
2380:
2313:
2257:
2251:
2243:sovereign funds
2211:
2205:
2199:
2180:Occupy movement
2108:
2058:
2019:
2013:
1927:
1874:
1790:
1776:
1760:President Trump
1751:President Obama
1683:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1620:
1618:Systemic crisis
1596:
1588:Joseph Stiglitz
1516:Lehman Brothers
1492:
1421:
1416:
1404:negative equity
1292:
1286:
1284:Housing bubbles
1270:Nouriel Roubini
1230:
1193:Carmen Reinhart
1177:
1145:
1143:Monetary policy
1104:
1084:wage stagnation
1015:
1007:Too big to fail
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
885:
878:
874:
872:
868:
866:
859:
843:
837:
831:
804:monetary policy
758:Lehman Brothers
659:
616:
548:Great Recession
540:
504:
503:
502:
460:
452:
451:
450:
436:Lehman Brothers
400:
390:
389:
388:
303:
295:
294:
293:
284:(December 2008)
278:(November 2008)
272:(November 2008)
258:
256:Summit meetings
248:
247:
246:
221:
211:
210:
209:
164:
155:Great Recession
132:
71:
55:Great Recession
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13255:
13245:
13244:
13239:
13234:
13229:
13224:
13207:
13206:
13204:
13203:
13196:
13189:
13182:
13174:
13171:
13170:
13168:
13167:
13160:
13153:
13146:
13144:(2022βpresent)
13138:
13131:
13124:
13122:(2020βpresent)
13116:
13115:
13114:
13107:
13100:
13086:
13084:(2019βpresent)
13078:
13076:(2019βpresent)
13070:
13068:(2018βpresent)
13062:
13054:
13047:
13039:
13031:
13024:
13017:
13010:
13003:
12995:
12988:
12986:(2013βpresent)
12980:
12973:
12966:
12959:
12952:
12950:(2011βpresent)
12944:
12942:(2010βpresent)
12936:
12929:
12922:
12914:
12912:
12911:(2009βpresent)
12904:
12903:
12901:
12900:
12899:
12898:
12891:
12884:
12877:
12870:
12863:
12856:
12849:
12842:
12835:
12828:
12821:
12814:
12807:
12800:
12793:
12786:
12779:
12776:September 2008
12764:
12762:
12754:
12753:
12751:
12750:
12748:(2007βpresent)
12742:
12735:
12728:
12720:
12713:
12706:
12699:
12692:
12685:
12677:
12669:
12661:
12654:
12647:
12640:
12633:
12626:
12618:
12611:
12604:
12596:
12589:
12581:
12574:
12567:
12560:
12553:
12545:
12537:
12530:
12523:
12515:
12507:
12500:
12493:
12486:
12478:
12469:
12467:
12454:
12453:
12451:
12450:
12442:
12435:
12428:
12420:
12412:
12405:
12398:
12391:
12382:
12380:
12372:
12371:
12369:
12368:
12361:
12353:
12351:
12343:
12342:
12340:
12339:
12332:
12325:
12317:
12309:
12300:
12298:
12290:
12289:
12287:
12286:
12279:
12272:
12264:
12257:
12250:
12243:
12235:
12228:
12221:
12213:
12205:
12197:
12190:
12183:
12175:
12173:
12165:
12164:
12162:
12161:
12153:
12146:
12139:
12132:
12131:
12130:
12123:
12107:
12105:
12101:
12100:
12098:
12097:
12090:
12083:
12076:
12068:
12061:
12054:
12047:
12040:
12038:(c. 1780β1795)
12032:
12025:
12017:
12009:
12007:
11999:
11998:
11996:
11995:
11987:
11979:
11971:
11961:
11959:(c. 1600β1760)
11953:
11945:
11936:
11934:
11926:
11925:
11923:
11922:
11913:
11911:
11904:
11903:
11901:
11900:
11893:
11886:
11879:
11878:
11877:
11870:
11863:
11856:
11842:
11839:Hyperinflation
11835:
11828:
11827:
11826:
11812:
11805:
11798:
11791:
11784:
11777:
11770:
11762:
11759:
11758:
11751:
11750:
11743:
11736:
11728:
11719:
11718:
11716:
11715:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11695:
11690:
11685:
11680:
11674:
11673:
11664:
11661:
11660:
11658:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11635:Sunday scaries
11632:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11566:
11564:
11560:
11559:
11552:
11551:
11546:
11541:
11536:
11531:
11526:
11521:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11501:
11496:
11491:
11485:
11483:
11479:
11478:
11476:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11464:
11463:
11458:
11448:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11412:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11386:
11384:Phillips curve
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11355:
11354:
11349:
11339:
11334:
11328:
11326:
11320:
11319:
11317:
11316:
11311:
11310:
11309:
11304:
11294:
11293:
11292:
11287:
11285:Retirement age
11282:
11272:
11267:
11266:
11265:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11238:Exit interview
11235:
11230:
11229:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11208:
11202:
11200:
11194:
11193:
11191:
11190:
11185:
11184:
11183:
11178:
11168:
11163:
11162:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11065:
11063:
11059:
11058:
11056:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10988:Discrimination
10985:
10984:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10957:
10955:
10951:
10950:
10948:
10947:
10942:
10940:Gender pay gap
10937:
10932:
10926:
10924:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10888:
10887:
10877:
10872:
10871:
10870:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10789:
10787:
10781:
10780:
10778:
10777:
10772:
10771:
10770:
10760:
10755:
10753:Parental leave
10750:
10748:Marriage leave
10745:
10743:Life insurance
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10714:
10712:
10706:
10705:
10703:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10671:
10670:
10660:
10659:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10633:
10632:
10631:
10626:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10599:Income bracket
10595:
10593:
10583:
10582:
10580:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10527:Eight-hour day
10524:
10519:
10513:
10511:
10505:
10504:
10502:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10445:
10443:
10439:
10438:
10436:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10424:
10423:
10418:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10392:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10286:
10284:Creative class
10281:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10255:
10254:
10244:
10242:Apprenticeship
10238:
10236:
10226:
10225:
10223:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10210:Scarlet-collar
10207:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10156:
10154:
10148:
10147:
10145:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10098:
10096:
10092:
10091:
10089:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
10002:
10001:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9950:
9948:
9942:
9941:
9939:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9926:Temporary work
9923:
9918:
9913:
9912:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9894:Skilled worker
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9845:
9843:
9839:
9838:
9831:
9830:
9823:
9816:
9808:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9795:
9794:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9781:United Kingdom
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9722:
9721:
9720:
9715:
9713:United Kingdom
9710:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9658:
9656:
9655:(2007βpresent)
9648:
9647:
9645:
9644:
9638:
9633:
9632:
9631:
9626:
9624:United Kingdom
9621:
9616:
9605:
9599:
9597:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9580:
9579:
9578:
9573:
9571:United Kingdom
9568:
9557:
9556:
9555:
9550:
9548:United Kingdom
9539:
9537:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9509:
9503:
9497:
9493:
9491:
9483:
9482:
9480:
9479:
9474:
9473:
9472:
9467:
9465:United Kingdom
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9431:
9428:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9408:
9406:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9394:
9388:
9382:
9376:
9370:
9367:
9361:
9355:
9352:
9347:
9346:
9345:
9340:
9338:United Kingdom
9328:
9326:
9313:
9312:
9310:
9309:
9303:
9297:
9294:
9288:
9285:
9279:
9275:
9273:
9260:
9259:
9257:
9256:
9250:
9247:
9244:
9238:
9235:
9229:
9226:
9223:
9220:
9214:
9204:
9201:
9200:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9177:
9175:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9146:
9144:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9132:
9131:
9130:
9120:
9119:
9118:
9113:
9103:
9102:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9056:
9055:
9054:
9045:
9040:
9030:
9029:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9008:
9007:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8953:
8951:Business cycle
8948:
8947:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8929:Overproduction
8926:
8921:
8916:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8882:
8881:
8874:
8867:
8859:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8829:Error accounts
8825:
8823:
8822:Related topics
8819:
8818:
8816:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8709:
8707:
8701:
8700:
8698:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8676:
8674:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8644:
8642:
8636:
8635:
8633:
8632:
8627:
8621:
8619:
8613:
8612:
8605:
8604:
8597:
8590:
8582:
8573:
8572:
8570:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8553:
8550:
8549:
8547:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8513:
8511:
8510:Related topics
8507:
8506:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8501:
8490:
8484:
8478:
8471:
8469:
8465:
8464:
8462:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8430:
8428:
8422:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8414:
8413:
8411:
8410:
8408:General Motors
8405:
8399:
8397:
8390:
8389:
8383:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8354:Green New Deal
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8320:
8318:
8314:
8313:
8310:
8309:
8307:
8306:
8301:
8295:
8293:
8286:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8234:
8232:
8226:
8225:
8215:
8214:
8212:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8150:
8148:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8140:
8138:Allen Stanford
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8097:
8095:
8091:
8090:
8088:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8075:Housing bubble
8072:
8067:
8061:
8059:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8046:
8045:
8044:
8034:
8029:
8028:
8027:
8022:
8012:
8006:
8004:
8000:
7999:
7992:
7991:
7984:
7977:
7969:
7963:
7962:
7952:
7947:
7941:
7932:Shimelse Ali,
7927:
7922:
7913:
7897:
7886:Global Outlook
7883:
7876:
7867:
7849:
7848:External links
7846:
7845:
7844:
7843:(Crown, 2010).
7837:
7830:
7824:
7802:
7796:
7776:
7759:
7741:
7721:(4): 421β440.
7715:Panoeconomicus
7706:
7700:
7683:
7672:
7666:
7649:
7638:
7632:
7616:
7606:
7601:978-0226213514
7600:
7580:
7570:
7534:(1): 151β178.
7518:
7513:978-1408868560
7512:
7492:
7482:
7477:978-0735222441
7476:
7452:
7447:978-0143114161
7446:
7424:
7414:
7397:
7391:
7369:
7337:
7332:978-0393247213
7331:
7309:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7272:
7241:
7223:
7201:
7176:
7157:
7139:
7117:
7095:
7068:
7046:
7024:
7019:Deutsche Welle
7006:
6976:
6958:
6943:
6918:
6911:
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6726:
6708:
6682:
6676:978-0199683789
6675:
6655:
6648:
6626:
6596:
6553:
6526:
6513:
6490:Dobbs, David.
6482:
6454:
6431:
6412:Dobbs, David.
6404:
6388:
6376:
6351:
6333:
6314:
6302:
6280:
6253:
6221:
6199:
6173:
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6032:
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5865:
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5812:
5793:
5771:
5745:
5723:
5704:
5678:
5656:
5633:
5607:
5576:
5547:
5515:
5482:
5468:
5453:
5438:
5423:
5420:. Independent.
5408:
5386:
5375:. Blogs.ft.com
5360:
5337:
5305:
5284:
5257:
5236:
5233:. Independent.
5221:
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5022:
4996:
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4751:
4742:
4723:
4691:
4665:
4639:
4613:
4606:
4583:
4557:
4534:
4505:
4491:Bethany McLean
4480:
4468:
4454:
4435:
4421:
4407:
4393:
4379:
4364:
4345:
4338:
4318:
4291:
4265:
4241:
4215:
4204:. Ritholtz.com
4192:
4161:
4135:
4113:
4107:10.3386/w16334
4084:
4061:
4034:
4011:
3989:
3967:
3945:
3920:
3888:
3864:
3840:
3818:
3811:
3797:Sowell, Thomas
3788:
3767:
3747:
3725:
3699:
3658:
3647:
3615:
3601:
3584:
3553:
3526:
3500:
3472:
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3358:
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3307:
3281:
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3191:
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3105:
3079:
3051:
3025:
3012:
2993:
2974:
2954:
2930:
2911:
2895:
2873:
2848:
2830:Singh, Manoj.
2822:
2791:
2782:978-9211091663
2781:
2763:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
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2711:
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2646:
2640:
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2624:
2610:
2596:
2580:
2577:
2554:Main article:
2551:
2548:
2511:Bank of Israel
2500:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2456:G-20 countries
2430:Bank bailouts
2423:
2420:
2379:
2376:
2312:
2309:
2253:Main article:
2250:
2247:
2228:European Union
2201:Main article:
2198:
2195:
2107:
2104:
2084:, and Taiwan.
2057:
2054:
2015:Main article:
2012:
2009:
1957:European Union
1926:
1923:
1873:
1870:
1775:
1772:
1764:Bernie Sanders
1747:George W. Bush
1735:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1668:
1665:
1660:Main article:
1657:
1654:
1619:
1616:
1595:
1592:
1590:among others.
1532:Morgan Stanley
1491:
1488:
1473:, head of the
1455:Alan Greenspan
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1388:Alan Greenspan
1308:United Kingdom
1306:, France, the
1285:
1282:
1278:Robert Shiller
1247:Michael Hudson
1229:
1226:
1201:household debt
1176:
1173:
1169:dot-com bubble
1144:
1141:
1103:
1100:
1088:household debt
1076:
1075:
1068:house flippers
1064:
1061:
1058:debt deflation
1050:household debt
1046:
1038:
1014:
1011:
944:
943:
940:
937:
934:
884:
881:
873:
867:
858:
855:housing bubble
833:Main article:
830:
827:
754:sub-prime loan
658:
655:
650:Robert Kuttner
636:business cycle
615:
612:
608:minimal impact
600:economies grew
568:housing bubble
542:
541:
539:
538:
531:
524:
516:
513:
512:
506:
505:
501:
500:
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484:
483:
478:
468:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
449:
448:
443:
438:
433:
431:General Motors
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
402:
401:
396:
395:
392:
391:
387:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
354:Green New Deal
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
292:
291:
285:
279:
273:
267:
264:34th G8 summit
260:
259:
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250:
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245:
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208:
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197:
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177:
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166:
165:
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151:
150:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
131:
130:
124:
117:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
65:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13254:
13243:
13240:
13238:
13237:World economy
13235:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13219:
13217:
13201:
13197:
13194:
13190:
13187:
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13180:
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13112:
13108:
13105:
13101:
13098:
13094:
13093:
13091:
13087:
13083:
13079:
13075:
13071:
13067:
13063:
13059:
13055:
13052:
13048:
13044:
13040:
13036:
13032:
13029:
13025:
13022:
13018:
13015:
13011:
13008:
13004:
13000:
12996:
12993:
12989:
12985:
12981:
12978:
12974:
12971:
12967:
12964:
12960:
12957:
12953:
12949:
12945:
12941:
12937:
12934:
12930:
12927:
12923:
12920:
12916:
12915:
12913:
12909:
12905:
12896:
12892:
12889:
12885:
12882:
12878:
12875:
12871:
12868:
12864:
12861:
12857:
12854:
12850:
12847:
12843:
12840:
12836:
12833:
12829:
12826:
12822:
12819:
12815:
12812:
12808:
12805:
12801:
12798:
12797:December 2008
12794:
12791:
12790:November 2008
12787:
12784:
12780:
12777:
12773:
12772:
12770:
12766:
12765:
12763:
12759:
12755:
12747:
12743:
12740:
12736:
12733:
12729:
12725:
12721:
12718:
12714:
12711:
12707:
12704:
12700:
12697:
12693:
12690:
12686:
12682:
12678:
12674:
12670:
12666:
12662:
12659:
12655:
12652:
12648:
12645:
12641:
12638:
12634:
12631:
12627:
12623:
12619:
12616:
12612:
12609:
12605:
12601:
12597:
12594:
12590:
12586:
12582:
12579:
12575:
12572:
12568:
12565:
12561:
12558:
12554:
12550:
12546:
12542:
12538:
12535:
12531:
12528:
12524:
12520:
12516:
12512:
12508:
12505:
12501:
12498:
12494:
12491:
12487:
12483:
12479:
12475:
12471:
12470:
12468:
12464:
12459:
12455:
12447:
12443:
12440:
12436:
12433:
12429:
12425:
12421:
12417:
12413:
12410:
12406:
12403:
12399:
12396:
12392:
12388:
12384:
12383:
12381:
12377:
12373:
12366:
12362:
12359:
12355:
12354:
12352:
12348:
12344:
12337:
12336:Panic of 1930
12333:
12330:
12326:
12322:
12318:
12314:
12310:
12306:
12302:
12301:
12299:
12295:
12291:
12284:
12280:
12277:
12273:
12269:
12265:
12262:
12261:Panic of 1907
12258:
12255:
12254:Panic of 1901
12251:
12248:
12247:Panic of 1896
12244:
12240:
12236:
12233:
12229:
12226:
12225:Panic of 1893
12222:
12218:
12214:
12210:
12209:Baring crisis
12206:
12202:
12201:Arendal crash
12198:
12195:
12194:Panic of 1884
12191:
12188:
12184:
12181:
12180:Panic of 1873
12177:
12176:
12174:
12170:
12166:
12158:
12154:
12151:
12150:Panic of 1866
12147:
12144:
12143:Panic of 1857
12140:
12137:
12136:Panic of 1847
12133:
12128:
12124:
12121:
12117:
12116:
12113:
12109:
12108:
12106:
12102:
12095:
12094:Panic of 1837
12091:
12088:
12087:Panic of 1825
12084:
12081:
12080:Panic of 1819
12077:
12073:
12069:
12066:
12062:
12059:
12055:
12052:
12051:Panic of 1792
12048:
12045:
12041:
12037:
12033:
12030:
12026:
12022:
12018:
12015:
12011:
12010:
12008:
12004:
12000:
11992:
11988:
11984:
11980:
11976:
11972:
11968:
11967:
11962:
11958:
11954:
11950:
11946:
11942:
11938:
11937:
11935:
11931:
11927:
11919:
11915:
11914:
11912:
11910:
11905:
11898:
11894:
11891:
11890:Social crisis
11887:
11884:
11883:Minsky moment
11880:
11875:
11871:
11868:
11864:
11861:
11857:
11854:
11850:
11849:
11847:
11843:
11840:
11836:
11833:
11829:
11824:
11820:
11819:
11817:
11813:
11810:
11809:Energy crisis
11806:
11803:
11799:
11796:
11792:
11789:
11785:
11782:
11781:Credit crunch
11778:
11775:
11771:
11768:
11764:
11763:
11760:
11756:
11749:
11744:
11742:
11737:
11735:
11730:
11729:
11726:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11675:
11666:
11665:
11662:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11610:Make-work job
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11567:
11565:
11561:
11557:
11556:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11532:
11530:
11529:Right to work
11527:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11514:Job guarantee
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11499:Make-work job
11497:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11486:
11484:
11480:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11453:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11391:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11344:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11329:
11327:
11325:
11321:
11315:
11312:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11299:
11298:
11295:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11277:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11270:Restructuring
11268:
11264:
11261:
11260:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11248:Notice period
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11213:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11203:
11201:
11199:
11195:
11189:
11186:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11173:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11154:Unfree labour
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11124:Bonded labour
11122:
11121:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11066:
11064:
11060:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11038:Whistleblower
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10971:Control fraud
10969:
10967:
10964:
10963:
10962:
10959:
10958:
10956:
10952:
10946:
10945:Glass ceiling
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10927:
10925:
10923:
10919:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10886:
10883:
10882:
10881:
10880:Work accident
10878:
10876:
10873:
10869:
10868:United States
10866:
10865:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10790:
10788:
10786:
10782:
10776:
10773:
10769:
10768:United States
10766:
10765:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10723:Casual Friday
10721:
10719:
10716:
10715:
10713:
10711:
10707:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10680:Paid time off
10678:
10676:
10675:Overtime rate
10673:
10669:
10666:
10665:
10664:
10661:
10657:
10656:United States
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10638:
10637:
10634:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10621:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10596:
10594:
10592:
10588:
10584:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10522:Four-day week
10520:
10518:
10515:
10514:
10512:
10510:
10506:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10446:
10444:
10440:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10413:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10406:Practice firm
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10304:Employability
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10291:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10253:
10250:
10249:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10239:
10237:
10235:
10231:
10227:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10205:Orange-collar
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10157:
10155:
10153:
10152:Working class
10149:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10099:
10097:
10093:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10026:Job interview
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10000:
9997:
9996:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9951:
9949:
9947:
9943:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9896:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9879:Part-time job
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9864:Full-time job
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9846:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9829:
9824:
9822:
9817:
9815:
9810:
9809:
9806:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9786:United States
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9728:
9727:
9726:
9723:
9719:
9718:United States
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9665:
9664:
9663:
9660:
9659:
9657:
9653:
9649:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9630:
9629:United States
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9611:
9610:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9600:
9598:
9594:
9589:
9585:
9577:
9576:United States
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9563:
9562:
9561:
9558:
9554:
9553:United States
9551:
9549:
9546:
9545:
9544:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9513:
9510:
9507:
9504:
9501:
9498:
9495:
9494:
9492:
9488:
9484:
9478:
9475:
9471:
9470:United States
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9437:
9436:
9435:
9432:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9413:
9410:
9409:
9407:
9403:
9399:
9392:
9389:
9386:
9383:
9380:
9379:Panic of 1907
9377:
9374:
9373:Panic of 1901
9371:
9368:
9365:
9364:Panic of 1893
9362:
9359:
9358:Baring crisis
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9344:
9343:United States
9341:
9339:
9335:
9334:
9333:
9330:
9329:
9327:
9323:
9318:
9314:
9307:
9304:
9301:
9300:Panic of 1866
9298:
9295:
9292:
9291:Panic of 1857
9289:
9286:
9283:
9282:Panic of 1847
9280:
9277:
9276:
9274:
9270:
9265:
9261:
9254:
9253:Panic of 1837
9251:
9248:
9245:
9242:
9241:Panic of 1825
9239:
9236:
9233:
9230:
9227:
9224:
9221:
9218:
9215:
9212:
9211:Panic of 1792
9208:
9205:
9202:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9184:
9183:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9156:Slump of 1706
9154:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9129:
9126:
9125:
9124:
9121:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9108:
9107:
9104:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9064:Balance sheet
9062:
9061:
9060:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9033:Interest rate
9031:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9013:
9012:
9009:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8962:
8961:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8910:
8906:
8903:
8902:
8899:
8895:
8891:
8887:
8880:
8875:
8873:
8868:
8866:
8861:
8860:
8857:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8826:
8824:
8820:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8708:
8706:
8702:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8669:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8649:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8641:
8637:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8603:
8598:
8596:
8591:
8589:
8584:
8583:
8580:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8554:
8551:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8508:
8500:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8488:
8485:
8482:
8479:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8466:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8423:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8398:
8394:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8376:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8319:
8315:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8290:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8227:
8220:
8216:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8149:
8145:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8123:Bernie Madoff
8121:
8119:
8118:Forex scandal
8116:
8114:
8111:
8107:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8101:Libor scandal
8099:
8098:
8096:
8092:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
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8060:
8056:
8050:
8047:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8026:
8025:South America
8023:
8021:
8020:United States
8018:
8017:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7990:
7985:
7983:
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7971:
7970:
7967:
7960:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7945:
7942:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7901:
7898:
7896:", June 2009.
7895:
7891:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7877:
7875:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7862:
7858:
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7842:
7838:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7797:9780670024933
7793:
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7716:
7712:
7707:
7703:
7701:9780810883406
7697:
7692:
7691:
7684:
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7677:
7673:
7669:
7663:
7658:
7657:
7650:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7620:Paulson, Hank
7617:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7522:Lo, Andrew W.
7519:
7515:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7473:
7469:
7468:Penguin Press
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7443:
7439:
7438:Penguin Books
7435:
7434:
7429:
7425:
7423:
7419:
7416:Gorman, Tom.
7415:
7413:
7409:
7406:
7402:
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7374:
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7320:
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7286:
7282:
7276:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7245:
7237:
7233:
7227:
7211:
7205:
7190:. MarketWatch
7189:
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7127:
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7099:
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7010:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6980:
6972:
6968:
6962:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6940:
6937:. p. 8.
6936:
6932:
6928:
6922:
6914:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6882:September 21,
6877:
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6649:9781501775857
6645:
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6637:
6630:
6614:
6610:
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6600:
6592:
6586:
6575:September 16,
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6328:Business Week
6325:
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5504:
5500:
5496:
5495:The Economist
5492:
5486:
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5063:
5048:
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5026:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4966:
4964:9781927335277
4960:
4956:
4955:Demeter Press
4952:
4948:
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4929:
4923:
4907:
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4650:
4643:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4592:Krugman, Paul
4587:
4571:
4564:
4562:
4545:
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4523:
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4339:9780231543781
4335:
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3808:
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3803:
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3778:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3758:House of Debt
3751:
3735:
3729:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3695:
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3537:
3530:
3519:September 13,
3515:
3511:
3504:
3493:September 13,
3489:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3465:September 13,
3461:
3457:
3450:
3435:. Reuters.com
3434:
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3263:cite magazine
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3114:
3112:
3110:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3073:September 17,
3068:
3061:
3055:
3044:September 17,
3040:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2939:Hulbert, Mark
2934:
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2899:
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2647:
2645:
2644:Basel Accords
2642:
2641:
2636:
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2475:protectionism
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2224:United States
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2141:Eurasia Group
2137:
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2135:Business Week
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1965:
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1543:
1541:
1537:
1536:Goldman Sachs
1533:
1529:
1528:Merrill Lynch
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:Arthur Levitt
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1437:Michael Lewis
1434:
1430:
1426:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1395:The Economist
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:Baltic states
1365:
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1357:
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1337:
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1304:United States
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1291:
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1279:
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1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:Fred Harrison
1240:
1236:
1225:
1223:
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1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:Peabody Award
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:The Economist
1108:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1073:
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938:
935:
932:
931:
930:
928:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
889:
883:Panel reports
865:
857:prices down.
856:
852:
847:
842:
836:
826:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:fiscal policy
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
743:
741:
737:
730:
726:
722:
721:Northern Rock
718:
713:
709:
707:
702:
700:
696:
694:
688:
684:
680:
676:
674:
668:
664:
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481:United States
479:
477:
476:South America
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163:Major aspects
160:
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78:
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69:
63:
58:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
12783:October 2008
12757:
12665:Samba effect
12521:(1987β2000s)
12416:Steel crisis
12239:Black Monday
12217:Encilhamento
12157:Black Friday
11964:
11920:(235β284 CE)
11788:Credit cycle
11645:Toxic leader
11625:Presenteeism
11605:Labor rights
11595:Going postal
11570:Bullshit job
11553:
11538:
11533:
11393:
11324:Unemployment
11176:Downshifting
11159:Wage slavery
11139:Penal labour
11094:Dead-end job
11084:Conscription
10863:Right to sit
10718:Annual leave
10700:Working poor
10636:Minimum wage
10614:Maximum wage
10572:Working time
10562:Six-hour day
10459:Career break
10421:Professional
10215:Black-collar
10185:White-collar
10165:Green-collar
10142:Volunteering
9979:Drug testing
9969:Cover letter
9909:Tradesperson
9703:South Africa
9661:
9460:South Africa
9306:Black Friday
9123:Unemployment
8980:Money supply
8975:Disinflation
8919:General glut
8684:
8650: /
7995:
7961:, June 2014.
7940:, June 2009.
7920:The Guardian
7840:
7833:
7810:
7786:. New York:
7783:
7762:
7744:
7718:
7714:
7689:
7675:
7655:
7641:
7623:
7609:
7587:
7573:
7549:1721.1/75360
7531:
7525:
7502:. New York:
7499:
7485:
7466:. New York:
7463:
7436:. New York:
7432:
7417:
7400:
7377:
7348:
7344:
7321:. New York:
7318:
7293:. Retrieved
7289:the original
7284:
7275:
7263:. Retrieved
7259:the original
7254:
7244:
7235:
7226:
7214:. Retrieved
7204:
7192:. Retrieved
7170:
7160:
7151:
7142:
7130:. Retrieved
7120:
7108:. Retrieved
7098:
7086:. Retrieved
7082:the original
7071:
7061:December 15,
7059:. Retrieved
7049:
7037:. Retrieved
7027:
7009:
6997:. Retrieved
6993:the original
6979:
6961:
6930:
6927:Mitter, Rana
6921:
6898:
6892:
6880:. Retrieved
6876:the original
6871:
6862:
6843:
6819:. Retrieved
6815:
6805:
6794:the original
6781:
6771:February 27,
6769:. Retrieved
6764:
6755:
6743:. Retrieved
6739:
6729:
6721:the original
6711:
6699:. Retrieved
6694:
6685:
6665:
6658:
6635:
6629:
6617:. Retrieved
6613:the original
6609:Businessweek
6608:
6599:
6573:. Retrieved
6566:
6556:
6544:. Retrieved
6540:The Guardian
6539:
6529:
6521:
6516:
6504:. Retrieved
6500:the original
6495:
6485:
6473:. Retrieved
6467:
6457:
6445:. Retrieved
6434:
6422:. Retrieved
6418:the original
6407:
6402:, June 2013.
6399:
6391:
6379:
6367:. Retrieved
6345:
6336:
6327:
6317:
6305:
6293:. Retrieved
6283:
6271:. Retrieved
6267:the original
6256:
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6237:the original
6224:
6215:
6202:
6190:. Retrieved
6186:the original
6176:
6164:. Retrieved
6154:
6142:. Retrieved
6132:
6120:. Retrieved
6109:
6097:. Retrieved
6093:the original
6083:
6071:. Retrieved
6067:the original
6057:
6045:. Retrieved
6035:
6023:. Retrieved
6012:
6000:. Retrieved
5989:
5977:. Retrieved
5970:the original
5957:
5945:. Retrieved
5934:
5922:. Retrieved
5912:
5900:. Retrieved
5890:
5878:. Retrieved
5868:
5856:. Retrieved
5845:
5833:. Retrieved
5829:the original
5824:
5815:
5806:
5796:
5784:. Retrieved
5774:
5764:February 20,
5762:. Retrieved
5758:
5748:
5740:the original
5735:
5726:
5717:
5707:
5695:. Retrieved
5691:the original
5681:
5669:. Retrieved
5659:
5651:the original
5646:
5636:
5624:. Retrieved
5620:the original
5610:
5598:. Retrieved
5594:the original
5589:
5579:
5567:. Retrieved
5561:Nine Network
5559:
5550:
5538:. Retrieved
5534:the original
5527:
5518:
5506:. Retrieved
5494:
5485:
5471:
5456:
5441:
5426:
5411:
5399:. Retrieved
5389:
5377:. Retrieved
5351:. Retrieved
5340:
5328:. Retrieved
5321:the original
5308:
5300:the original
5275:. Retrieved
5249:
5239:
5224:
5209:
5194:
5182:. Retrieved
5177:
5168:
5156:. Retrieved
5152:
5142:
5132:November 14,
5130:. Retrieved
5127:treasury.gov
5126:
5117:
5105:. Retrieved
5101:
5092:
5080:. Retrieved
5076:the original
5071:
5062:
5050:. Retrieved
5046:
5036:
5025:
5013:. Retrieved
5009:
4999:
4987:. Retrieved
4983:
4973:
4950:
4947:McKay, Ailsa
4932:McKay, Ailsa
4922:
4910:. Retrieved
4899:
4887:. Retrieved
4883:the original
4872:
4860:. Retrieved
4856:
4846:
4834:. Retrieved
4830:
4820:
4811:
4801:
4786:
4776:November 20,
4774:. Retrieved
4763:
4754:
4745:
4726:
4714:. Retrieved
4707:the original
4694:
4684:November 20,
4682:. Retrieved
4678:
4668:
4656:. Retrieved
4652:
4642:
4630:. Retrieved
4626:
4616:
4596:
4586:
4574:. Retrieved
4548:. Retrieved
4537:
4525:. Retrieved
4521:
4498:
4471:
4457:
4448:
4438:
4424:
4410:
4396:
4382:
4367:
4358:
4348:
4328:
4321:
4302:
4282:. Retrieved
4278:the original
4268:
4256:. Retrieved
4244:
4232:. Retrieved
4228:
4218:
4206:. Retrieved
4195:
4186:
4179:. Retrieved
4175:the original
4164:
4152:. Retrieved
4148:
4138:
4128:February 27,
4126:. Retrieved
4116:
4097:
4087:
4075:. Retrieved
4064:
4052:. Retrieved
4048:the original
4037:
4025:. Retrieved
4014:
4002:. Retrieved
3992:
3980:. Retrieved
3970:
3958:. Retrieved
3948:
3936:. Retrieved
3932:
3923:
3911:. Retrieved
3904:the original
3891:
3879:. Retrieved
3867:
3855:. Retrieved
3843:
3831:. Retrieved
3821:
3801:
3791:
3757:
3750:
3738:. Retrieved
3728:
3716:. Retrieved
3712:the original
3702:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3650:
3638:. Retrieved
3631:the original
3618:
3604:
3587:
3575:. Retrieved
3544:. Retrieved
3540:The Guardian
3539:
3529:
3517:. Retrieved
3513:
3503:
3491:. Retrieved
3485:
3475:
3463:. Retrieved
3459:
3449:
3437:. Retrieved
3426:
3414:. Retrieved
3404:
3392:. Retrieved
3380:
3371:
3361:
3349:. Retrieved
3345:The Guardian
3344:
3334:
3326:
3310:
3298:. Retrieved
3294:
3284:
3251:. Retrieved
3226:
3213:
3204:
3194:
3182:. Retrieved
3178:The Guardian
3177:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3137:. Retrieved
3133:the original
3096:. Retrieved
3092:the original
3082:
3071:, retrieved
3066:
3054:
3042:. Retrieved
3038:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3006:
2996:
2987:
2977:
2957:
2946:
2933:
2924:
2914:
2898:
2866:February 15,
2864:. Retrieved
2839:. Retrieved
2836:Investopedia
2835:
2825:
2813:. Retrieved
2809:the original
2805:Investopedia
2804:
2794:
2786:
2772:
2766:
2756:December 19,
2754:. Retrieved
2744:
2635:2000s portal
2621:World portal
2607:Money portal
2567:
2559:
2541:
2526:
2515:
2508:
2493:
2479:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2389:
2381:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2345:
2326:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2288:Barack Obama
2285:
2266:
2236:
2212:
2184:
2172:
2164:
2159:anti-fascist
2145:
2133:
2132:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2061:
2059:
2043:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2005:
1999:
1985:
1966:
1962:Polish zloty
1947:
1875:
1863:
1858:Paul Krugman
1855:
1843:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1799:
1736:
1720:Ben Bernanke
1708:
1704:
1621:
1612:
1608:Paul Krugman
1604:
1597:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1552:
1544:
1524:Bear Stearns
1513:
1501:
1459:Robert Rubin
1448:
1446:
1422:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1328:South Africa
1301:
1274:Peter Schiff
1251:Eric Janszen
1239:Wynne Godley
1231:
1222:deleveraging
1218:
1210:Robert Reich
1198:
1150:
1146:
1136:Paul Krugman
1133:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1096:
1077:
1056:(similar to
1042:U.S. economy
1024:
1002:
993:
981:Ben Bernanke
978:
973:
965:
945:
924:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
816:
797:
793:Paul Krugman
785:unemployment
778:
751:
744:
733:
703:
690:
670:
660:
647:
644:
617:
581:
577:
564:
547:
545:
290:(April 2009)
154:
107:
51:
13060:(2017β2018)
13045:(2016β2022)
13001:(2014β2022)
12761:(2007β2009)
12726:(2003β2008)
12675:(2000β2004)
12624:(1994β1996)
12602:(1992β1994)
12587:(1991β2000)
12551:(1990β1992)
12543:(1990β1992)
12513:(1986β1995)
12476:(1982β1994)
12466:(1982β2007)
12448:(1980β1982)
12426:(1975β1982)
12418:(1973β1982)
12389:(1973β1980)
12379:(1973β1982)
12350:(1945β1973)
12315:(1921β1923)
12307:(1917β1924)
12297:(1918β1939)
12219:(1890β1893)
12172:(1870β1914)
12114:(1845β1856)
12074:(1815β1816)
12023:(1769β1784)
12006:(1760β1840)
11969:(1621β1623)
11951:(1544β1551)
11933:(1000β1760)
11832:Flash crash
11802:Debt crisis
11534:Historical:
11258:Resignation
11198:Termination
11181:Slow living
11149:Truck wages
11134:Labour camp
11062:Willingness
10954:Infractions
10609:Living wage
10552:Remote work
10220:Gold-collar
10175:Pink-collar
10170:Grey-collar
10160:Blue-collar
10127:Labour hire
10102:Cooperative
10066:Recruitment
10021:Job hunting
9954:Application
9936:Wage labour
9921:Labour hire
9874:Job sharing
9771:New Zealand
9729:2020β2022;
9693:New Zealand
9666:2007β2009;
9612:1990β1991;
9596:(1982β2007)
9564:1980β1982;
9536:(1973β1982)
9514:(1957β1958)
9508:(1953β1954)
9502:(1948β1949)
9490:(1945β1973)
9455:New Zealand
9438:1929β1939;
9414:(1918β1919)
9405:(1918β1939)
9387:(1910β1912)
9381:(1907β1908)
9375:(1902β1904)
9366:(1893β1897)
9360:(1890β1891)
9336:1873β1879;
9325:(1870β1914)
9308:(1869β1870)
9302:(1865β1867)
9293:(1857β1858)
9284:(1847β1848)
9272:(1840β1870)
9243:(1825β1826)
9234:(1815β1821)
9219:(1796β1799)
9213:(1789β1793)
9185:1772β1774;
9174:(1760β1840)
9152:(1430β1490)
9150:Great Slump
9143:(1000β1760)
9089:Stagflation
9048:Yield curve
8994:Price level
8487:Arab Spring
8396:Non-banking
8128:Tom Petters
7780:Tooze, Adam
7590:. Chicago:
7351:(1): 1β22.
7265:January 21,
7216:January 21,
7132:February 2,
7110:February 2,
7088:January 21,
6999:December 1,
6971:NDTV Profit
6701:February 5,
6619:January 21,
6295:January 21,
6122:January 21,
6099:January 21,
5786:January 10,
5671:January 21,
5626:January 21,
5600:January 21,
5184:January 16,
5158:January 16,
5107:January 16,
5082:January 16,
5052:January 16,
5015:January 16,
4989:January 16,
4862:January 16,
4836:January 16,
4572:. Bloomberg
4478:| Frontline
4476:The Warning
4234:October 24,
3736:. July 2014
3439:January 21,
3416:January 21,
3394:January 21,
3098:January 15,
2704:Lost Decade
2529:Norges Bank
2290:signed the
1987:South Korea
1846:Martin Wolf
1636:Ailsa McKay
1584:Nobel Prize
1547:Gary Gorton
1429:derivatives
1419:Derivatives
1352:South Korea
1316:New Zealand
968:Group of 20
683:G20 members
648:Journalist
626:, which is
614:Terminology
426:Freddie Mac
266:(July 2008)
13216:Categories
11853:Accounting
11468:Wage curve
11275:Retirement
11188:Workaholic
11166:Work ethic
11033:Wage theft
11018:Labour law
11013:Evaluation
10998:Dress code
10763:Sick leave
10728:Child care
10690:Salary cap
10604:Income tax
10567:Shift work
10499:Time clock
10494:Sick leave
10489:Sabbatical
10454:Break room
10442:Attendance
10411:Profession
10396:Mentorship
10374:Retraining
10299:E-learning
10195:New-collar
10190:Red-collar
10137:Supervisor
10117:Internship
10036:Onboarding
9904:Technician
9899:Journeyman
9869:Gig worker
9835:Employment
9736:Bangladesh
9673:Bangladesh
9317:Gilded Age
9069:Depression
9021:Stagnation
8690:Writedowns
7934:Uri Dadush
7890:Uri Dadush
7504:Bloomsbury
7295:August 17,
6953:1141442704
6821:October 5,
6192:August 23,
6144:January 4,
6025:January 4,
6002:January 4,
5947:January 4,
5924:January 4,
5902:January 4,
5880:January 4,
5858:January 4,
5835:January 4,
5379:August 17,
5353:August 17,
5330:August 17,
5277:August 17,
5218:. US News.
4550:August 17,
4495:Joe Nocera
4359:MPRA Paper
4284:August 17,
4258:August 17,
4208:August 23,
4077:January 4,
4054:January 4,
4027:January 4,
3718:August 23,
3253:August 23,
3249:. NY books
3139:August 17,
2736:References
2573:wealth gap
2340:BSE Sensex
2226:, and the
2207:See also:
2154:Slovenian
2129:, May 2011
1973:Uzbekistan
1902:Madagascar
1878:Bangladesh
1864:Britain's
1856:Economist
1844:Economist
1624:Ravi Batra
1545:Economist
1258:Steve Keen
1235:Dean Baker
1092:deregulate
1013:Narratives
747:securities
421:Fannie Mae
108:(disputed)
13111:Recession
12104:1840β1870
11655:Workhouse
11575:Busy work
11389:Recession
11253:Pink slip
11211:Dismissal
11074:Careerism
10668:Singapore
10646:Hong Kong
10509:Schedules
10428:Tradesman
10329:Licensure
10289:Education
10259:Avocation
10200:No-collar
10180:Precariat
10061:Probation
10016:Job fraud
9776:Singapore
9731:Australia
9708:Sri Lanka
9668:Australia
9614:Australia
9440:Australia
9430:1926β1927
9427:1923β1924
9393:(1913β14)
9369:1899β1900
9225:1807β1810
9222:1802β1804
9203:1785β1788
9128:Sahm rule
9059:Recession
8960:Inflation
8956:Deflation
8705:Responses
8106:Tom Hayes
8003:By region
7576:(2021)
7566:145081442
7430:(2008) .
7365:153278046
6840:Jin, Keyu
6585:cite news
6506:April 22,
6443:. Reuters
6424:April 22,
6273:April 10,
6166:April 10,
6073:April 10,
6047:April 10,
5979:April 10,
5697:March 14,
5647:Bloomberg
5590:Bloomberg
5503:0013-0613
5401:March 14,
5273:. Cia.gov
4716:April 22,
4632:March 14,
4527:April 10,
4188:finished.
4181:April 22,
4154:March 14,
4004:April 22,
3982:April 22,
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3640:April 16,
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3546:April 10,
3351:April 10,
3300:April 10,
3295:CNN Money
3184:April 10,
3088:"Members"
2518:Australia
2156:anarchist
2001:Australia
1898:Hong Kong
1894:Palestine
1890:Guatemala
1851:explained
1784:Austerity
1768:candidacy
1755:Tea Party
1716:austerity
1520:fire sale
1465:Chairman
1427:known as
1364:Argentina
1348:Singapore
1255:Med Jones
808:Keynesian
783:, rising
687:world GDP
679:recession
673:world GDP
624:economics
606:suffered
596:Indonesia
552:recession
416:Citigroup
276:APEC Peru
98:Recession
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11767:Bank run
11563:See also
11489:Workfare
11314:Turnover
10710:Benefits
10591:salaries
10547:Overtime
10537:Flextime
10469:Gap year
10464:Furlough
10433:Vocation
10416:Operator
10279:Coaching
10234:training
10112:Employer
10107:Employee
10011:Job fair
9889:Side job
9761:Malaysia
9746:Botswana
9698:Pakistan
9688:Malaysia
9192:Scotland
9052:Inverted
9016:Recovery
8403:Chrysler
8015:Americas
7911:BBC News
7903:Archived
7857:Archived
7808:(2009).
7782:(2018).
7770:Archived
7752:Archived
7737:26437908
7622:(2010).
7586:(2009).
7558:23269975
7498:(2017).
7462:(2018).
7408:Archived
7317:(2015).
7152:BBC News
7039:March 9,
6929:(2020).
6842:(2023).
6765:BBC News
6542:. London
6346:Politico
5821:"Latvia"
5569:March 4,
5540:March 4,
4949:(eds.).
4934:(2014).
4738:ABC News
4734:Archived
4594:(2009).
4576:July 11,
4310:Archived
3799:(2009).
3542:. London
3347:. London
3319:Archived
3180:. London
2966:Archived
2948:Barron's
2887:Archived
2841:July 12,
2815:July 12,
2709:Peak oil
2579:See also
2535:and the
2360:renminbi
2351:and the
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1910:Ethiopia
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1820:Eurostat
1743:stimulus
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1031:bank run
740:bank run
725:Brighton
723:bank in
717:bank run
657:Overview
598:, whose
510:Timeline
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8042:Iceland
7680:summary
7578:excerpt
7490:excerpt
7488:(2009)
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7194:May 15,
6745:May 24,
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6475:May 15,
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6369:May 15,
5736:Wotnews
5508:May 10,
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4889:June 4,
4658:May 24,
3067:Box 1.1
2471:Horsham
1882:Ukraine
1656:Effects
1643:within
1506:on the
1380:Ukraine
1376:Romania
1360:Finland
1340:Croatia
1320:Ireland
1033:on the
994:private
988:on the
961:Freddie
951:of the
925:The US
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498:Oceania
459:Regions
137:Outcome
121:housing
13037:(2016)
12683:(2001)
12667:(1999)
12484:(1982)
12323:(1927)
12270:(1910)
12241:(1894)
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12203:(1886)
12159:(1869)
11993:(1720)
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5403:2018
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