32:
20:
1305:
516:
40:
1316:
155:. According to the IMF, the real GDP growth of the emerging and developing countries is on an uptrend and that of advanced economies is on a downtrend since the late 1980s. The world growth is projected to slow from 5% in 2007 to 3.75% in 2008 and to just over 2% in 2009. Downward revisions in GDP growth vary across regions. Among the most affected are commodity exporters, and countries with acute external financing and
47:, which covers only 70 countries. The general upward trend might be attributed to many factors. One of these is a gradual increase in the percent of people who receive money for their labor. The dramatic feature of this graph is the virtual absence of banking crises during the period of the
140:(NBER) is regarded as the authority which identifies a recession and which takes into account several measures in addition to GDP growth before making an assessment. In many developed nations (but not the United States), the two-quarter rule is also used for identifying a recession.
82:
weighted), backed up by a decline or worsening for one or more of the seven other global macroeconomic indicators: Industrial production, trade, capital flows, oil consumption, unemployment rate, per‑capita investment, and per‑capita consumption".
90:
there were only four global recessions (in 1975, 1982, 1991 and 2009), all of them only lasting a year (although the 1991 recession would have lasted until 1993 if the IMF had used normal exchange rate weighted per‑capita real World GDP rather than the
170:
The IMF estimates that global recessions occur over a cycle lasting between eight and ten years. During what the IMF terms the past three global recessions of the last three decades, global per capita output growth was zero or negative.
1353:
167:) have suffered smaller declines because their financial situations are more robust. They have benefited from falling commodity prices and they have initiated a shift toward macroeconomic policy easing.
106:
growth rate of 3.0 percent or less was "equivalent to a global recession". By this measure, there were six global recessions since 1970: 1974β75, 1984β85, 1990β93, 1996, 2008β09, and 2018β19.
159:. If a global recession were to occur in its full magnitude, an estimated 100 million jobs would be lost around the world, with total lost capital hovering at US$ 120 trillion. Countries in
1346:
51:, 1945 to 1971. This analysis is similar to Figure 10.1 in Reinhart and Rogoff (2009). For more details see the help file for "bankingCrises" in the Ecdat package available from the
1339:
2257:
2262:
2247:
2237:
2227:
99:, was by far the worst of the four postwar recessions, both in terms of the number of countries affected and the decline in real World GDP per capita.
2232:
1502:
1362:
1331:
136:(GDP), a measure of the nation's output. This two-quarter metric is now a commonly held definition of a recession. In the United States, the
1745:
1370:
2105:
2052:
1963:
1570:
1575:
1366:
489:
1941:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
509:
1946:
1475:
186:
2194:
852:
137:
857:
391:"The risk of redefining recession, Lakshman Achuthan and Anirvan Banerji, Economic Cycle Research Institute, May 7, 2008"
66:
that affects many countries around the worldβthat is, a period of global economic slowdown or declining economic output.
309:
Lall, Subir. "IMF Predicts Slower World Growth Amid
Serious Market Crisis," International Monetary Fund, April 9, 2008.
2090:
1198:
1098:
343:
410:
951:
842:
703:
197:
427:"IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO) Update - Rapidly Weakening Prospects Call for New Policy Stimulus - November 2008"
1936:
2154:
1361:
944:
1888:
1916:
1632:
879:
455:
1798:
580:
2112:
1894:
1826:
998:
570:
545:
482:
75:
449:
2169:
2144:
1999:
1994:
1953:
1921:
1708:
1626:
1023:
872:
289:
233:
2189:
2179:
1926:
718:
681:
390:
365:"World Economic Outlook (WEO) April 2013: Statistical appendix - Table A1 - Summary of World Output"
310:
2079:
1867:
939:
617:
560:
519:
426:
323:
52:
2184:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2029:
2024:
2019:
1540:
1243:
795:
639:
587:
364:
92:
79:
48:
2300:
2295:
1931:
1861:
1693:
1308:
1183:
825:
815:
698:
634:
565:
550:
475:
260:
133:
24:
2117:
2100:
2095:
2084:
2047:
2042:
2036:
1647:
1616:
1514:
1123:
961:
693:
622:
1683:
1528:
1248:
1153:
966:
934:
924:
909:
810:
805:
748:
31:
8:
2290:
1782:
1637:
1545:
1497:
1465:
1446:
785:
775:
770:
753:
644:
627:
540:
180:
95:
weighted per‑capita real World GDP). The 2009 global recession, also known as the
1028:
2267:
2252:
2242:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
1519:
1487:
1093:
919:
867:
830:
575:
191:
148:
43:
Number of countries having a banking crisis in each year since 1800. This is based on
1988:
1982:
1976:
1582:
1555:
1492:
1480:
1441:
1410:
1281:
1148:
1033:
914:
820:
686:
592:
152:
78:
defines a global recession as "a decline in annual per‑capita real World GDP (
2069:
2064:
1910:
1899:
1560:
1460:
1420:
1415:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1188:
1168:
1083:
1008:
837:
708:
607:
208:
143:
Whereas a national recession is identified by two quarters of decline, defining a
2138:
2128:
1878:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1400:
1320:
1271:
1203:
1178:
1143:
1058:
929:
847:
765:
674:
602:
555:
202:
96:
1427:
1405:
1173:
1038:
1013:
884:
730:
669:
524:
156:
129:
125:
120:
2284:
1855:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1740:
1729:
1717:
1687:
1509:
1286:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1208:
1118:
1088:
1048:
956:
723:
597:
498:
132:
to identify a recession, which included two successive quarterly declines in
1599:
1592:
1587:
1456:
1451:
1395:
1266:
1193:
1163:
1108:
1018:
790:
87:
19:
2009:
1565:
1524:
1470:
1276:
1158:
1113:
1103:
1053:
1043:
993:
800:
1793:
1218:
1213:
1078:
1003:
862:
780:
760:
1604:
1535:
1436:
1432:
889:
713:
612:
452:: Shocks and Financial Trauma, by Robert Aliber. Presented at the IMF
228:
226:
224:
160:
115:
63:
103:
44:
221:
467:
461:
344:"Global Recession Risk Grows as U.S. 'Damage' Spreads. Jan 2008"
324:
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/update/01/index.htm
39:
1315:
164:
45:
This time is different: Eight centuries of financial folly
261:"World Economic Outlook - April 2009: Crisis and Recovery"
450:
The Thirty-Five Most
Tumultuous Years in Monetary History
102:
Before April 2009, the IMF argued that a global annual
16:
Recession that affects many countries around the world
118:
is a period of declining economic output. In a 1974
421:
419:
411:Japan's Economy Shrinks 0.4%, Confirming Recession
464:- American Institute for Economic Research (AIER)
462:Independent Analysis of Business Cycle Conditions
282:
2282:
416:
151:is expected to have a higher GDP growth than a
255:
253:
251:
1347:
483:
248:
1354:
1340:
490:
476:
456:Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions
319:
317:
458:The National Bureau Of Economic Research
388:
236:. The Wall Street Journal. 22 April 2009
38:
35:Countries by real GDP growth rate (2014)
30:
18:
53:Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).
2283:
357:
314:
1335:
471:
853:New international division of labour
338:
336:
334:
332:
138:National Bureau of Economic Research
86:According to this definition, since
13:
1658:British credit crisis of 1772β1773
14:
2312:
1371:Commonwealth of Nations countries
497:
443:
389:Achuthan, Lakshman (2008-05-06).
329:
290:"The world economy Bad, or worse"
187:2007β2008 world food price crisis
1314:
1304:
1303:
514:
1367:recessions in the United States
515:
404:
382:
303:
69:
1:
215:
198:Financial crisis of 2007β2008
147:is more difficult, because a
234:"What's a Global Recession?"
7:
2113:1997 Asian financial crisis
1746:Civil War-era United States
571:Environmental globalization
546:Anti-globalization movement
346:. Bloomberg.com. 2008-01-28
292:. Economist.com. 2008-10-09
174:
109:
76:International Monetary Fund
10:
2317:
1889:PostβWorld War I recession
1709:Post-Napoleonic Depression
719:Offshore financial centres
2127:
2063:
2008:
1962:
1877:
1799:2nd Industrial Revolution
1792:
1739:
1732:(1836β1838 and 1839β1843)
1648:1st Industrial Revolution
1646:
1615:
1416:Price-and-wage stickiness
1377:
1299:
1257:
1132:
1067:
984:
975:
902:
739:
660:
653:
533:
505:
2080:1990s United States boom
1868:Financial crisis of 1914
561:Democratic globalization
1895:Depression of 1920β1921
1827:Depression of 1882β1885
1741:Early Victorian Britain
1476:Real and nominal values
843:Investor-state disputes
796:Illicit financial flows
640:Political globalization
588:Global financial system
114:Informally, a national
93:purchasing power parity
80:purchasing power parity
49:Bretton Woods agreement
2000:Recession of 1969β1970
1995:Recession of 1960β1961
1954:Recession of 1937β1938
1184:Christopher Chase-Dunn
952:Primitive accumulation
635:Military globalization
566:Economic globalization
551:Cultural globalization
134:gross domestic product
55:
36:
28:
2118:Early 2000s recession
2085:Early 1990s recession
2037:Early 1980s recession
1617:Commercial revolution
1515:Nominal interest rate
429:. Imf.org. 2008-11-06
42:
34:
22:
1684:Copper Panic of 1789
1249:Immanuel Wallerstein
910:Capital accumulation
776:Endangered languages
370:. IMF. 16 April 2013
270:. IMF. 24 April 2009
268:Box 1.1 (page 11-14)
2020:1973β1975 recession
1964:PostβWWII expansion
1638:Great Frost of 1709
1466:Neutrality of money
1447:Classical dichotomy
1363:Economic expansions
1321:Business portal
880:Transnational crime
786:Forced displacement
771:Economic inequality
645:Trade globalization
541:Alter-globalization
326:IMF Jan 2009 update
181:2000s energy crisis
2202:COVID-19 recession
1862:Panic of 1910β1911
1694:Panic of 1796β1797
1520:Real interest rate
1488:Economic expansion
1094:Andre Gunder Frank
868:Race to the bottom
858:NorthβSouth divide
576:Global citizenship
413:By Jason Clenfield
192:COVID-19 recession
157:liquidity problems
149:Developing country
128:suggested several
56:
37:
29:
27:growth rate (2009)
23:Countries by real
2278:
2277:
1989:Recession of 1958
1983:Recession of 1953
1977:Recession of 1949
1674:Thirteen Colonies
1481:Velocity of money
1411:Paradox of thrift
1329:
1328:
1295:
1294:
1154:K. Anthony Appiah
1149:Daniele Archibugi
898:
897:
687:COVID-19 pandemic
593:Global governance
153:Developed country
2308:
2070:Great Regression
2065:Great Moderation
1911:Great Depression
1900:Roaring Twenties
1421:Underconsumption
1391:Effective demand
1382:Aggregate demand
1356:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1319:
1318:
1307:
1306:
1260:
1169:Jean Baudrillard
1137:
1084:Giovanni Arrighi
1072:
1029:Branko MilanoviΔ
1009:Jagdish Bhagwati
987:
982:
981:
873:pollution havens
838:Invasive species
742:
663:
658:
657:
608:Global workforce
518:
517:
492:
485:
478:
469:
468:
438:
437:
435:
434:
423:
414:
408:
402:
401:
399:
398:
386:
380:
379:
377:
375:
369:
361:
355:
354:
352:
351:
340:
327:
321:
312:
307:
301:
300:
298:
297:
286:
280:
279:
277:
275:
265:
257:
246:
245:
243:
241:
230:
209:Great Depression
145:global recession
60:global recession
2316:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2139:Great Recession
2131:
2129:Information Age
2123:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2012:
2010:Great Inflation
2004:
1966:
1958:
1881:
1879:Interwar period
1873:
1809:Long Depression
1801:
1797:
1788:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1650:
1642:
1619:
1611:
1576:U.S. recessions
1571:U.K. recessions
1503:U.S. expansions
1373:
1360:
1330:
1325:
1313:
1291:
1272:Thomas Friedman
1258:
1253:
1204:Anthony Giddens
1179:Manuel Castells
1144:Arjun Appadurai
1135:
1133:
1128:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1059:Joseph Stiglitz
999:Richard Baldwin
985:
977:
971:
930:Fiscal localism
894:
848:McDonaldization
766:Development aid
740:
735:
704:Multilingualism
699:Labor arbitrage
675:Climate justice
661:
649:
603:Global politics
556:Deglobalization
529:
501:
496:
446:
441:
432:
430:
425:
424:
417:
409:
405:
396:
394:
393:. Money.cnn.com
387:
383:
373:
371:
367:
363:
362:
358:
349:
347:
342:
341:
330:
322:
315:
308:
304:
295:
293:
288:
287:
283:
273:
271:
263:
259:
258:
249:
239:
237:
232:
231:
222:
218:
203:Great Recession
177:
112:
97:Great Recession
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2314:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:United Kingdom
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2190:United Kingdom
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2135:
2133:
2132:(2007βpresent)
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2101:United Kingdom
2098:
2093:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2048:United Kingdom
2045:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2025:United Kingdom
2016:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1942:United Kingdom
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1815:United Kingdom
1805:
1803:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1517:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1430:
1428:Business cycle
1425:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1406:Overproduction
1403:
1398:
1393:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1311:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1174:Zygmunt Bauman
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1039:Thomas Piketty
1036:
1034:Kevin O'Rourke
1031:
1026:
1024:Michael Hudson
1021:
1016:
1014:Robert Brenner
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
990:
988:
979:
973:
972:
970:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
948:
947:
942:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
906:
904:
900:
899:
896:
895:
893:
892:
887:
885:Westernization
882:
877:
876:
875:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
757:
756:
745:
743:
737:
736:
734:
733:
728:
727:
726:
724:Tax inversions
721:
711:
706:
701:
696:
694:Digital divide
691:
690:
689:
679:
678:
677:
670:Climate change
666:
664:
655:
651:
650:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
631:
630:
625:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
584:
583:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
537:
535:
531:
530:
528:
527:
522:
512:
506:
503:
502:
495:
494:
487:
480:
472:
466:
465:
459:
453:
445:
444:External links
442:
440:
439:
415:
403:
381:
356:
328:
313:
302:
281:
247:
219:
217:
214:
213:
212:
206:
200:
195:
189:
184:
176:
173:
130:rules of thumb
126:Julius Shiskin
121:New York Times
111:
108:
71:
68:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2313:
2302:
2301:World economy
2299:
2297:
2296:Market trends
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:United States
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2195:United States
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2106:United States
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2053:United States
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2030:United States
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:United States
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1856:Panic of 1907
1854:
1851:
1850:Panic of 1901
1848:
1845:
1842:
1841:Panic of 1893
1839:
1836:
1835:Baring crisis
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:United States
1818:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1777:Panic of 1866
1775:
1772:
1769:
1768:Panic of 1857
1766:
1763:
1760:
1759:Panic of 1847
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1730:Panic of 1837
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:Panic of 1825
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1688:Panic of 1792
1685:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
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1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:Slump of 1706
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1606:
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1601:
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1534:
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1510:Interest rate
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1499:
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1322:
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1301:
1298:
1288:
1287:Vandana Shiva
1285:
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1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:Saskia Sassen
1237:
1235:
1234:George Ritzer
1232:
1230:
1229:Antonio Negri
1227:
1225:
1224:L. H. M. Ling
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:Michael Hardt
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1189:Alfred Crosby
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:Susan Strange
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:Robert W. Cox
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:Jeffrey Sachs
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
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974:
968:
967:World-systems
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962:World history
960:
958:
957:Social change
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953:
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946:
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937:
936:
935:Modernization
933:
931:
928:
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918:
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598:Global health
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499:Globalization
493:
488:
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67:
65:
61:
54:
50:
46:
41:
33:
26:
21:
2180:South Africa
1937:South Africa
1783:Black Friday
1600:Unemployment
1550:
1457:Money supply
1452:Disinflation
1396:General glut
1282:John R. Saul
1267:Noam Chomsky
1259:Nonβacademic
1199:Susan George
1194:Nancy Fraser
1164:Walden Bello
1109:David Harvey
1099:Stephen Gill
1019:Jayati Ghosh
925:Earth system
791:Human rights
731:Water crisis
628:early modern
431:. Retrieved
406:
395:. Retrieved
384:
372:. Retrieved
359:
348:. Retrieved
305:
294:. Retrieved
284:
274:17 September
272:. Retrieved
267:
240:17 September
238:. Retrieved
169:
144:
142:
119:
113:
101:
88:World War II
85:
73:
59:
57:
2248:New Zealand
2206:2020β2022;
2170:New Zealand
2143:2007β2009;
2089:1990β1991;
2073:(1982β2007)
2041:1980β1982;
2013:(1973β1982)
1991:(1957β1958)
1985:(1953β1954)
1979:(1948β1949)
1967:(1945β1973)
1932:New Zealand
1915:1929β1939;
1891:(1918β1919)
1882:(1918β1939)
1864:(1910β1912)
1858:(1907β1908)
1852:(1902β1904)
1843:(1893β1897)
1837:(1890β1891)
1813:1873β1879;
1802:(1870β1914)
1785:(1869β1870)
1779:(1865β1867)
1770:(1857β1858)
1761:(1847β1848)
1749:(1840β1870)
1720:(1825β1826)
1711:(1815β1821)
1696:(1796β1799)
1690:(1789β1793)
1662:1772β1774;
1651:(1760β1840)
1629:(1430β1490)
1627:Great Slump
1620:(1000β1760)
1566:Stagflation
1525:Yield curve
1471:Price level
1277:Naomi Klein
1159:Ulrich Beck
1134:Politics /
1124:Robert Wade
1114:Ronen Palan
1104:Peter Gowan
1054:Amartya Sen
1044:Dani Rodrik
994:David Autor
920:Development
801:Imperialism
749:Brain drain
211:(1929β1939)
205:(2007β2009)
194:(2020β2022)
183:(2003β2008)
163:(including
70:Definitions
2291:Recessions
2285:Categories
2213:Bangladesh
2150:Bangladesh
1794:Gilded Age
1546:Depression
1498:Stagnation
1219:Paul Hirst
1214:David Held
1079:Samir Amin
1069:Political
1004:Ravi Batra
945:history of
940:ecological
915:Dependency
863:Offshoring
826:scientific
816:linguistic
781:Fair trade
761:Care drain
714:Tax havens
709:Population
618:History of
433:2009-04-15
397:2009-04-15
350:2009-04-15
296:2009-04-15
216:References
2253:Singapore
2208:Australia
2185:Sri Lanka
2145:Australia
2091:Australia
1917:Australia
1907:1926β1927
1904:1923β1924
1870:(1913β14)
1846:1899β1900
1702:1807β1810
1699:1802β1804
1680:1785β1788
1605:Sahm rule
1536:Recession
1437:Inflation
1433:Deflation
1244:John Urry
1136:sociology
986:Economics
890:World war
613:Globality
581:education
161:East Asia
124:article,
116:recession
64:recession
2238:Malaysia
2223:Botswana
2175:Pakistan
2165:Malaysia
1669:Scotland
1529:Inverted
1493:Recovery
1309:Category
978:scholars
903:Theories
811:cultural
806:academic
510:Journals
374:16 April
175:See also
110:Overview
104:real GDP
2243:Namibia
1831:1887β88
1773:1860β61
1764:1853β54
1755:1845β46
1726:1833β34
1723:1828β29
1714:1822β23
1664:England
1556:Rolling
1442:Chronic
1071:economy
976:Notable
754:reverse
682:Disease
623:archaic
534:Aspects
525:Studies
520:Outline
2268:Zambia
2228:Canada
2218:Belize
2155:Canada
2120:(2001)
2096:Canada
2043:Canada
1922:Canada
1593:Supply
1588:Demand
1561:Shapes
1551:Global
1461:demand
1386:Supply
831:social
662:Global
654:Issues
2233:India
2160:India
1927:India
1583:Shock
1401:Model
821:media
741:Other
368:(PDF)
264:(PDF)
165:China
62:is a
1973:1945
1705:1812
1369:and
1365:and
376:2013
276:2013
242:2013
74:The
25:GDP
2287::
418:^
331:^
316:^
266:.
250:^
223:^
58:A
2067:/
1796:/
1743:/
1686:/
1527:/
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1435:/
1384:/
1355:e
1348:t
1341:v
491:e
484:t
477:v
436:.
400:.
378:.
353:.
299:.
278:.
244:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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