736:
report for military duty, to be examined for medical fitness, and then go into training camp. Exemption courts could grant a leave to individuals based on specified criteria such as ill-fitness, employment in certain industries, or conscientious objection. The
Governor-General approved the declaration, and the call-up was announced, with all eligible men compelled to report. One significant aspect of this measure was the compulsory fingerprinting of all those called up for enlistment. The reason was valid enough – there were problems with exemption certificates being fraudulently produced, or valid certificates being sold or reused by other individuals and fingerprinting was thought to be a solution to this problem. However, there was significant public backlash from this "October Surprise". The use of fingerprinting was almost solely associated with criminal activity and investigation, and was unnecessarily heavy-handed. Many resented this pre-emptive measure by Hughes, viewing it as an arrogant assumption about the result of the forthcoming vote.
768:. However, Hughes tabled a proposal to authorise returning officers on polling day to ask voters who were men between ages 21 and 35 whether they had evaded the call-up and if they were in fact authorised to vote. If their answer was not satisfactory, their votes would be put aside for future consideration as to whether they should be counted. The proclamation of this new regulation was to be delayed until the very last possible moment before the poll. Hughes seems to have been completely unaware of how high-handed such an edict appeared to his fellow Cabinet members, and to the public in general. The Executive Council rejected the proposal on that occasion. On 27 October, Hughes reconvened the Council, with the Governor-General present, as well as Jensen and Webster, but not the three previous attendees. This time the Council approved the motion, although the Governor-General was not told about the rejection of the same proposal two days earlier. The edict was published in the
1139:
been called up and whom had reported would be free to return home upon a month of training; men who had been sentenced by the exemption courts had their sentences annulled. In their analysis of the failure of the poll, Hughes and Pearce calculated that, assuming a consistent bloc of support from the
Commonwealth Liberal Party, about half of the Labor movement had stuck with Hughes at the polls, and half had defected to defeat the referendum, in concert with other narrower demographic groups such as farmers, pacifists and the Irish. Through the operations of his colleagues during the two-week interlude between the failure of the vote and the break-up of the party, Hughes was aware that the Labor Party was conspiring to rid themselves of him at the first opportune moment, presumably after the settlement of the coalminers' industrial dispute.
319:
months at sustaining a steady flow of new troops to the front. Hughes had left for Great
Britain (where conscription had just been introduced) in January 1916 to take part in the planning of the Allied war effort. Whilst abroad he went on extended tours on the front lines, and formed a strong personal bond with the soldiers that he visited, particularly those recovering in English and French hospitals. It became unthinkable to him that Australia should let these men down, and the strategic situation convinced him that conscription would be necessary to maintain Australia's war effort. Upon his return to Australia, he found that the domestic situation had shifted significantly, and the state of recruitment was dire. Hughes received word from Deputy Prime Minister
219:
411:
overseas conscription would be passed in the House, with the
Opposition making up the deficit from Labor defectors, but not in the Senate. Conscription was thus deemed impossible to enact, given the political landscape in late 1916. However, a majority did exist in both houses to hold a public vote on the question. No such vote was strictly necessary, as the Commonwealth government already possessed the powers to enact conscription without amending the Constitution. The poll would thus actually be to gain symbolic, rather than legal, approval for the introduction of conscription.
483:. "For an hour, he addressed members, trying by every one of his many oratorical, logical and political tricks to convert all, or at least some, of the Executive members to support his referendum campaign". Arguing on points of morale and maintaining Australian honour, Hughes concluded that he "was going to fight for a "Yes" vote as though he were fighting for his very life". Holloway and his supporters were unconvinced, and were not moved by the speech. Hughes would have a similar lack of success at other state Labor organisations. Days later he spoke before the
2189:
625:"The clause provides that this measure may be cited as 'Military Service Referendum act', and I am of the opinion that its objects and purpose should be stated in more explicit language in that title. I therefore move that the words 'Military Service' be left out, with a view to insert in lieu thereof the words 'Coloured Labour'....one of the advantages to be anticipated from the carrying of the proposed referendum is the advance of our industries by the sending out of the country 200,000 to 300,000 of our men, and replacing them by coloured labourers."
27:
399:
564:
1119:
related to the actions of Hughes and his mistakes in the exercise of government power. The heavy-handed tactics, the arrogance displayed, and eventually the dirty fighting, created more detractors than supporters; these faults, and additionally Hughes' inability to appeal, either directly or indirectly, to many ordinary voters, were major problems that hampered the 'yes' campaign. The call-up, and the collapse of cabinet, were the two events that dealt the prospects for 'yes' a death blow in the final weeks of the campaign.
1112:
199:
98:
1123:
months). However, it soon returned to its lowest numbers. The fallout from the failure to secure conscription at the ballot box was significant. Despite the numerous political post-mortems and attempts at reconciliation, it was now clear to most people that Hughes could no longer command the respect or service of his Labor Party colleagues. The government was revealed to be a shell, consisting of Hughes, Pearce and just two other ministers.
587:
This had been an issue within the Labor Party for some time – in
Australia in 1916, the wealth census revealed that 80% of the assets and wealth tabulated in the nation were held by just 15% of the population. The issue never got off the ground in a coherent way, and many counter-argued that taxation was exactly a form of wealth conscription, and that fixed assets could hardly be mobilised with sufficient liquidity to help the war effort.
114:
707:
555:, opposed the bill at every stage on the grounds that it was a question of conscience on which no majority, no matter how large, had a right to impose its will on the minority. Hughes stared down his enemies within the party and committed himself fully to the campaign: "For myself, I say that I am going into this referendum campaign as if it were the only thing for which I lived."
703:, and (after Tudor's resignation), Minister for Customs. Hughes' efforts made him the focal point and central figure of the entire campaign. "The campaign for conscription was almost becoming a battle over Mr. Hughes and his statements." Indeed, the outcome of the referendum depended a great deal on his own personal actions, particularly in the last four weeks of the campaign.
663:
No-Conscription
Committee – an immense crowd of about 60,000 people gathered at Swanston St between Guild Hall and Princes Bridge, and for upwards of an hour the street was a surging area of humanity". An anti-conscription stop work meeting called by five trade unions held on the Yarra Bank mid-week on 4 October attracted 15,000 people.
1108:
governments on its side. Supporters of the referendum were circumspect in their analysis of the result, noting that only a few percentage points and fewer than 75,000 voters had separated the results. The support for the vote in
Victoria was surprising to many, given that it had often been the locus of anti-conscription rhetoric.
535:, Cook had opposed almost no government measures throughout 1916, and Hughes and his faction were becoming increasingly distant from the bulk of the ALP and aligning much more with the conservative opposition. When the second reading of the Military Service Referendum bill was moved, it carried 46 to 10 in the
1107:
The defeat of the proposal came as a great surprise to most commentators; few had predicted that it would fail. The Labor movement, and the 'anti' cause in general, had fought under many disadvantages, and the 'yes' campaign had most of the media, many major public institutions, and many of the state
744:
becoming the general organiser and director of the Anti-Conscription campaign. Catts took a much more moderate position than many others in the "anti" campaign, and was a significant boost to its credibility. He favoured conscription for home defence, which was an acceptable compromise for those with
735:
Anticipating that the referendum would pass, and desiring that as many men as possible be readied for service following its passage, Hughes issued a directive that severely undermined his popularity. Using pre-existing powers under the
Defence Act, Hughes ordered all eligible men between 21 and 35 to
723:
he had represented since 1894. Hughes purportedly brushed those moves aside, but it is clear that his campaign left him personally isolated from those with whom he been involved during his earlier career. He missed no opportunity to speak to working-class or disaffected groups, but was largely denied
448:. At least one close associate felt that the prospect of a referendum on the issue also appealed to Hughes‘ self-perception of his popular status. "Hughes revelled in his own success as a charismatic leader, and it appealed strongly to his romantic nature to be able to talk directly with the people".
263:
for males aged 12 to 26 had been implemented in 1911. The use of conscripted troops to fight outside
Australia was contentious, although the Australian government had sufficient powers to do so. Due to the controversial nature of the measure, and a lack of clear parliamentary support, Hughes took the
784:
having quit. The publicity about Hughes' peremptory move and its consequences was a disaster, coming on the eve of the poll, and the veneer of a unified and strong government under Hughes was destroyed. Hughes, distraught and overwrought, called the
Governor-General at midnight, saying he had no one
629:
Much of the propaganda against conscription sought to play upon the fears of several sections of the community – women would lose their sons and spouses, farmers' fields would fall fallow without sufficient labour, and workers would be replaced by cheap foreign labour in their absence. However, just
467:
was winning the war just about everywhere. Furthermore, if the government could not take the steps necessary to win the war, then the public would elect an opposition who could. He claimed, amongst other things, that 80% of the population wanted conscription, and that the opposition that had emerged
650:
The conscription issue deeply divided Australia; large meetings were held, both for and against. The women's vote was seen as important; there were large women's meetings, and campaign information from both sides aimed at women voters. The campaigning for the first plebiscite was launched by Hughes
366:
in service. Such a request from the British Government was unheard of – something which Hughes made considerable beef of during the eventual campaign. The origin of the cable is subject to continuing questions; however, it appears that its timing and nature were not entirely coincidental. The cable
1138:
Hughes accepted the decision of the voters, despite calls from some newspapers and supporters to push ahead with the introduction of conscription regardless of the result. On 23 November 1916 it was announced that the government would revoke the September conscription proclamation. The men who had
719:(which Hughes had founded) expelled him on 27 September, and the Trolley, Draymen and Carters’ Union (which he had also founded) followed suit six days later. Finally, on 26 October, Labor's West Sydney electoral council voted for his expulsion as well, ending his endorsement to stand for Labor in
609:
put this popular Labor Party platform thus: "Society may say to the individual: 'you must love this; you must hate that'. But unless the individual feels love or hatred springing from his own convictions and his own feelings, society commands him in vain. He cannot love to order. He cannot hate to
526:
addressed parliament in support of conscription: "There are some that do not believe in the compulsion of men, who say that Australia has done enough ... I hope there are few men in the parliament who believe that ... We are proud of what the Empire has done, and our contribution must be adequate,
1126:
Immediately following the poll, another event – which would be the last straw for the Labor Party – emerged. A general strike amongst the coalminers had been brewing throughout October, and by November it had boiled over. Within weeks the Labor Party split, Hughes and his followers walking out to
594:
being perhaps the best known, fully agreed about the danger threatening Australia if the war was lost, and with the consequent necessity of carrying on the war with the utmost power that could be developed. However, they believed that the best effort that could be mustered would be as a result of
586:
published an analysis of the situation on 13 April and came to the conclusion that "if a vote were taken of the rank and file of the entire movement, there would be an undoubted demand for conscription". Some Labor supporters did so only on the proviso of an accompanying 'conscription of wealth'.
318:
However, despite some calls from leading politicians, the issue was divisive within Hughes' Labor Party, and he hoped conscription could be avoided through sufficient volunteerism. A mass campaign to mobilise new recruits was started in November 1915, and proved to be successful over the next six
1118:
There were many reasons why the poll was unsuccessful. World War I itself was seen as a "right versus might" conflict, and conscription seemed to fly in the face of that. Most, though, consider the deciding factor between the initial enthusiasm for the 'yes' vote and the eventual 'no' vote to be
714:
Everywhere Hughes went, his meetings were well attended and his speeches enthusiastically received. However, as commentators later noted, the crowds were overwhelmingly middle-class and conservative in their make-up. The numerous anti-conscription meetings went largely unreported, and Hughes had
739:
Several contemporary observers felt that this action was the turning point in the campaign. Until that point, all indications seemed to favour a victory for the "Yes" vote, but thereafter, the momentum swung steadily towards "No". Huge meetings were taking place all over Australia. Although the
1122:
Hughes' gamble had not paid off, and he was forced to dramatically reappraise the position of Australia in the war. Recruitment was temporarily helped by the small surge caused by the general call-up just before the vote (enough at least to maintain the lower estimates of troop needs for a few
579:
announced in mid-1916 that "he needs of war can no longer be met by voluntary service ... this association pledges itself to support the Government to utilise the services of every citizen." Yet the branches of the ANA were split in response to the executive's announcement, with some branches
471:
Over the next three days, constant debate and fighting saw a gradual watering-down of Hughes' proposal, with conscription only to be implemented to make up the deficit in voluntary recruitment, with the general call-up being postponed until October, and should the numbers needed be reached by
410:
was obvious by mid-1916. Although Hughes was eager for conscription to be enacted immediately after returning from England, he bided his time in July and August to politically organise before putting the motion before Parliament. It became clear that support for a bill to introduce compulsory
662:
Anti-conscriptionists, especially in Melbourne, were also able to mobilise large crowds with a meeting filling the Exhibition Building on 20 September 1916; 30,000 people on the Yarra bank on Sunday, 15 October, and 25,000 the following week; a "parade of women promoted by the United Women's
775:
The fallout was swift. Gardiner, Higgs and Russell resigned from Cabinet and issued a press statement giving their views on the situation, which cleared the usually pro-government censors because Higgs temporarily held the Defence portfolio, due to George Pearce's absence in
715:
little opportunity to address the Labor and working class audiences which he had traditionally identified with. Hughes was essentially isolated from the movement with which he had built his career. He was expelled from the NSW Political Labor League in mid-September. The
794:
Are you in favour of the Government having, in this grave emergency, the same compulsory powers over citizens in regard to requiring their military service, for the term of this war, outside the Commonwealth, as it now has in regard to military service within the
66:
Are you in favour of the Government having, in this grave emergency, the same compulsory powers over citizens in regard to requiring their military service, for the term of this war, outside the Commonwealth, as it now has in regard to military service within the
435:
if the parliament could not pass it. However, Hughes quickly realised that the issue could destroy the party, especially if taken to a general election, and that there were few options except to take the question directly to the people. This route was advised by
472:
volunteerism by October, the proposal would be scrapped. The possible exemptions were also expanded as part of the ability to compromise and bring more people into the supporting side. With these modifications, a bare pass in Caucus was achieved on 28 August.
310:
was eager to maintain, if not intensify, this effort. He was fervently jingoistic in his rhetoric and actions, desiring that Australia prove itself in the conflict through bravery and sacrifice. He had long supported compulsory military service even before
302:(AIF) had fallen to the lowest level yet. High casualty rates, a longer-than-expected conflict, and a fall in enthusiasm for the war combined to create a potential policy problem for the government in sustaining the war effort. Upon assuming office as
468:
would be carried for the proposal by the end of the campaign. He ended his argument with the statement: "Don't leave the boys in the trenches. Don't see them butchered. Don't leave them below their strength or you cover Australia with shame".
740:
political leadership had largely decided in favour of conscription, the rank and file were showing themselves to be acting independently of their leadership. These forces consolidated more solidly in the first week of October, with
595:
voluntary efforts only, and the effort to introduce conscription to a nation that did not feel directly threatened would only cause infighting and actually hamper the war effort. The other group of opponents, led by default by
603:, argued that whilst it may be justifiable to compel men to do many things, compelling them to take life and risk their own came in a different category. Under no circumstances was it just to force a man to kill another man.
724:
access to them, although he very frequently spoke to assemblages of women. A strategy he used to help convince the working classes was to secure the support of foreign labor-aligned political officials, largely from the
785:
else to talk to, and the two men conversed in the wee-hours of the morning, with Lord Novar offering sympathy and support to his old colleague, but ultimately both understood that the cause was probably lost.
491:. No records are kept of those meetings; however, motions were passed at their conclusion reaffirming opposition to conscription. Some prominent Labor politicians, though, including New South Wales Premier
426:
government in England and was influential behind the scenes in pushing for conscription to aid the Empire's war effort. Realising the impasse, Munro Ferguson promised Hughes upon his return that he would
1917:
1642:
1496:
1415:
390:. Because it was not an amendment to the Constitution, (1) it had no legal force, (2) it did not require approval in a majority of states, and (3) residents of federal territories were able to vote.
2561:
610:
order. These passions must find their source within his soul ... the man who is forced to fight is a vilely outraged as the woman who is forced to fondle." Similar sentiments were echoed by the
284:
was held late that year, about the same issue. The government had softened the conscription conditions and simplified the wording of the conscription proposal, but it was also rejected.
634:, the newspapers, and many jurists. Upon the announcement of the campaign and the vote, most media outlets quickly took up the cause, brandishing stirring rhetoric and powerful images.
362:
cabled the Australian government notifying it of the heavy losses in France and warning that as many as 69,500 reinforcements would be needed within the next three months to keep the
575:
The debate over whether to introduce conscription had risen in profile with the public, and many sectors of the population were heavily divided on the issue. The highly influential
580:
declaring against conscription (such as Coburn) and others rallying to support (Collingwood). Coming into the conscription debate, organised labour's opposition was not unanimous.
630:
about every influential public man in Australia otherwise supported the conscription campaign. All non-Catholic church heads published in support of the movement, as well as the
543:. In neither house did any member of the opposition vote against the bill — the opposing vote came entirely from Labor detractors. Upon the second moving of the Referendum Bill,
358:, requested that Australia send 20,000 men at once and an additional 15,000 over three months to rebuild the Australian divisions to full strength. In late August, the British
515:
did not take a position, and supported the principle of the referendum for the people to decide. Hughes had been unsuccessful in taking the bulk of his party along with him.
2155:
383:. The figures were seen by some as a gross exaggeration – estimates by others, including those commanding the Australian divisions at the front, were much lower.
1909:
1632:
1486:
1405:
268:
1916. The referendum sparked a divisive debate that split the nation and resulted in a close but clear rejection of the measure. It directly resulted in the
2493:
2576:
2177:
2185:
752:, Hughes decided to issue another decree. The meeting was poorly attended, with mostly anti-conscription members of the cabinet present –
2621:
2571:
2511:
1294:
780:, so Hughes was unable to prevent its publication. The government was threatened with collapse, with four of the nine members of the
419:
1855:
1229:
2662:
1324:
1083:
Including 133,813 votes by members of the Australian Imperial Force, of which 72,399 were for, 58,894 against, and 2,520 informal.
386:
All of the historical documentation refers to the ballot as a "referendum", even though it did not involve a proposal to amend the
2536:
2477:
1148:
281:
1180:
2551:
753:
617:
Trade unionists feared that the bill would open the door for foreign labour to immigrate and take jobs from the fighting men.
2616:
749:
347:
293:
260:
2642:
2207:
532:
372:
269:
2611:
536:
359:
204:
2657:
2170:
1913:
576:
2672:
2667:
2652:
2083:
1450:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
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2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
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2325:
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2310:
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2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
488:
277:
2682:
2365:
2355:
2345:
2315:
1153:
568:
299:
264:
issue to a public vote to obtain symbolic, rather than legal, sanction for the move. It was conducted under the
2128:
2059:
2042:
2016:
1298:
1132:
2053:
2163:
1992:
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 Vol. III, The Australian Imperial Force in France, 1916
507:, New South Wales, and Victoria declared themselves against the proposal in state caucuses. South Australia,
452:
415:
273:
655:, where he outlined the Government's proposals. This was followed by a huge pro-conscription meeting at the
2677:
315:, and his affection and camaraderie with troops would eventually earn him the moniker "The Little Digger".
1323:
People in the territories were not able to vote at a referendum to alter the Constitution until after the
1482:
716:
303:
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2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2566:
2556:
2546:
2541:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2075:
765:
696:
548:
519:
331:
642:
produced some of the most powerful images of the war with their posters in support of the 'yes' vote.
2647:
611:
387:
246:
323:
that troop replacements would be insufficient by December 1916 even at the most generous estimates.
2503:
2198:
761:
729:
363:
238:
2148:
1996:
1851:
1225:
720:
437:
312:
218:
2194:
1401:
639:
407:
335:
1705:. Victoria, Australia. 21 September 1916. p. 8 – via National Library of Australia.
1685:. Victoria, Australia. 22 September 1916. p. 6 – via National Library of Australia.
1665:. Victoria, Australia. 19 September 1916. p. 7 – via National Library of Australia.
1442:
671:
Hughes' campaign over the next months involved traveling great distances. From the opening in
1597:
1529:
781:
605:
460:
456:
1765:. Victoria, Australia. 23 October 1916. p. 8 – via National Library of Australia.
1745:. Victoria, Australia. 23 October 1916. p. 9 – via National Library of Australia.
1725:. Victoria, Australia. 16 October 1916. p. 8 – via National Library of Australia.
1430:
327:
2034:
1785:. Victoria, Australia. 5 October 1916. p. 6 – via National Library of Australia.
1677:"Conscription. The campaign meeting in Victoria. A huge meeting. Great speech by Mr Hughes"
1128:
725:
614:, which opposed the bill because it would prevent the expression of freedom of conscience.
476:
1553:. Victoria, Australia. 13 April 1916. p. 6 – via National Library of Australia.
1533:. Victoria, Australia. 23 March 1916. p. 7 – via National Library of Australia.
1302:
1111:
8:
2097:
2026:
1845:
1219:
656:
339:
2144:
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918: Vol. XI, Australia During the War
590:
Opponents to the bill stood largely behind two different principles. Some of them, with
1628:
1588:
1131:
that would eventually merge with the opposition Commonwealth Liberal Party to form the
769:
432:
423:
330:
intensified demands for conscription. The AIF lost almost 28,000 men in actions on the
237:
soldiers could be deployed, was held on 28 October 1916. It was the first non-binding
2124:
2079:
2038:
2012:
1446:
1431:
1172:
777:
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resigned from Hughes' cabinet. A group of 15 representatives and 12 senators, led by
540:
508:
272:, the expulsion of Hughes and his supporters from the ALP, and the creation of a new
563:
1847:
Letters from George Pearce to William Morris Hughes, July 14th & July 18th 1916
1601:. New South Wales, Australia. p. 19 – via National Library of Australia.
1438:
700:
699:
on 25 October, and Sydney again on 26 October. Throughout the campaign, he was PM,
652:
500:
398:
343:
1990:
342:. Only 7,000 Australians were available in Great Britain to replace them. General
2142:
757:
496:
484:
445:
355:
242:
2004:
635:
631:
552:
492:
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was on the verge of collapse, Imperial forces were stretched to the limit, and
351:
223:
1776:
1756:
1736:
1716:
1696:
1676:
1656:
1592:
1544:
528:
198:
2636:
2093:
591:
480:
464:
459:. He pulled out all the stops in the advocacy of his proposal, claiming that
441:
380:
320:
1524:
2138:
2067:
1986:
1641:. Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. pp. 8741–8742.
1624:
1495:. Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. pp. 8421–8427.
1478:
1414:. Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. pp. 8485–8490.
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proclaimed on the floor of parliament during the introduction of the bill:
618:
428:
307:
250:
1397:
741:
596:
544:
523:
368:
254:
600:
504:
479:
Political Executive of the Labor Party, chaired by Executive President
375:, keen to assist in the conscription campaign, working in concert with
367:
was initially spurred by Hughes' own Australian representative in the
2188:
706:
676:
376:
234:
1697:"Anti-conscription. Demonstration in Melbourne. Attack on Mr Hughes"
710:
Artist Norman Lindsay produced a number of posters for the campaign.
684:
680:
512:
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question), and contained one proposition, which was Prime Minister
1221:
Letter from George Pearce to William Morris Hughes, June 31st 1916
2031:
The Little Digger: A Political Biography of William Morris Hughes
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1741:
1721:
1701:
1681:
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253:' proposal to allow conscripted troops to serve overseas during
1949:
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688:
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1877:
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and maintain Hughes as prime minister for another six years.
1657:"Conscription. The referendum campaign. Mr Hughes in Sydney"
1910:"Part 5 - Referendums and Plebiscites - Plebiscite results"
1889:
1874:
1825:
1511:
Report of Proceedings of the Australian Natives Association
1354:
1330:
487:
Labor executive and then a special meeting convened of the
1972:. Melbourne: Victorian Historical Association. p. 13.
1937:
1295:"Conscription referendums, 1916 and 1917 – Fact sheet 161"
1199:
1669:
1251:
1241:
1239:
503:, backed Hughes and rejected the party line. Ultimately,
422:, was a stern imperialist who openly associated with the
1813:
567:
A poster for the anti-conscription "No" campaign by the
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1187:
531:
now would be a national sin, a national calamity." As
1366:
1342:
1925:
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1557:
1459:
675:, he traversed the country, reaching major stops in
2099:
The Australian Victory over Conscription in 1916–17
1777:"The anti-conscriptionists. Five unions cease work"
1275:
212:
Note: Saturation of colour denotes strength of vote
1970:The Conscription Plebiscites in Australia, 1916–17
1605:
2634:
1179:. Commonwealth of Australia. 28 September 1916.
2009:The Great Professional: A Study of W. M. Hughes
1471:
2121:Conscription: The Australian Debate, 1901–1970
691:on 12 October, Melbourne again on 15 October,
527:and in every way worthy of that effort ... To
2171:
1545:"Labor and conscription. Majority in support"
1092:Obtained an overall minority of 72 476 votes.
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1955:
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1807:
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1384:
1360:
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2164:
1757:"Anti-conscription Women's demonstration"
745:concerns about Australia's own security.
420:Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar
2092:
1901:
1429:Kemp, Rod & Stanton, Marion (2004).
1372:
1110:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
705:
562:
489:New South Wales Trades and Labor Council
397:
217:
2109:
1943:
1907:Handbook of the 44th Parliament (2014)
1868:
1795:
1149:1917 Australian conscription referendum
732:. Several were forthcoming in October.
298:In mid-1916, enlistment levels for the
280:resulted in the re-election of Hughes,
19:1916 Australian conscription referendum
2635:
2112:The Story of Conscription in Australia
2105:. Anti-Conscription Jubilee Committee.
2052:Forward, Roy & Reece, Bob (1968).
2003:
1854:, Canberra: George Pearce Collection.
1348:
1228:, Canberra: George Pearce Collection.
2159:
2137:
1967:
1931:
1858:from the original on 16 January 2017.
1819:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1499:from the original on 2 December 2015.
1465:
1281:
1232:from the original on 16 January 2017.
1183:from the original on 16 January 2017.
402:Poster encouraging enlistments, 1915.
348:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
294:World War I conscription in Australia
2123:. Stanmore, NSW: Cassell Australia.
2118:
2066:
1985:
1611:
1245:
1193:
270:Australian Labor Party split of 1916
1920:from the original on 15 April 2018.
1645:from the original on 15 April 2018.
1418:from the original on 15 April 2018.
748:On 25 October, at a meeting of the
360:Secretary of State for the Colonies
13:
1914:Parliamentary Library of Australia
1843:
1513:. Warragul: ANA. 1916. p. 23.
1217:
651:at a huge overflow meeting at the
645:
406:That conscription could split the
14:
2694:
1633:"Military Service Referendum Act"
2187:
2074:(3rd ed.). Port Melbourne:
558:
451:Hughes put the full proposal to
197:
112:
96:
25:
2663:1916 in international relations
2072:A Military History of Australia
1979:
1961:
1837:
1749:
1709:
1689:
1649:
1638:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1617:
1581:
1537:
1517:
1503:
1492:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1422:
1411:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1390:
1317:
1175:Military Service Referendum Act
683:on 25 October, Sydney and then
577:Australian Natives' Association
569:Industrial Workers of the World
266:Military Service Referendum Act
2060:University of Queensland Press
1299:National Archives of Australia
1287:
1211:
1165:
750:Commonwealth Executive Council
431:for conscription, and grant a
1:
1159:
518:In September, Opposition and
287:
245:because it did not involve a
1525:"Conscription. ANA Approval"
1102:
1077:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1007:
1004:
1001:
993:
990:
987:
979:
976:
973:
965:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
937:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
909:
906:
903:
895:
892:
889:
881:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
851:
846:
841:
836:
334:, most notably at Pozières,
7:
2643:1916 elections in Australia
1717:"Large crowd at Yarra-bank"
1142:
666:
393:
10:
2699:
2076:Cambridge University Press
788:
764:(Navy), and the Treasurer
520:Commonwealth Liberal Party
291:
231:1916 Australian referendum
222:The New Southern Cross by
2658:Conscription in Australia
2502:
2487:Constitutional Convention
2486:
2206:
2055:Conscription in Australia
1154:Conscription in Australia
1090:
1082:
804:
612:Australian Freedom League
388:Constitution of Australia
300:Australian Imperial Force
276:led by Hughes. After the
211:
196:
187:
172:Registered voters/turnout
90:
87:
78:
73:
63:
39:
23:
2673:Conscription referendums
2668:Australia in World War I
2653:Plebiscites in Australia
2110:Jauncey, Leslie (1968).
1487:"Ministerial War Policy"
1406:"Ministerial War Policy"
1258:Forward & Reece 1968
346:, then Commander of the
241:(often referred to as a
2149:Australian War Memorial
2114:. Melbourne: Macmillan.
1997:Australian War Memorial
1852:Australian War Memorial
1226:Australian War Memorial
143:Invalid or blank votes
2683:1916 in Australian law
1433:Speaking for Australia
1115:
756:(Assistant Minister),
730:French Socialist Party
711:
627:
572:
403:
313:Australia's Federation
261:Mandatory conscription
226:
2035:Angus & Robertson
1631:(20 September 1916).
1598:The Australian Worker
1404:(13 September 1916).
1402:Member for Parramatta
1114:
782:First Hughes Ministry
709:
623:
606:The Australian Worker
566:
401:
292:Further information:
239:Australian referendum
221:
1968:Smith, F.B. (1965).
1737:"Sunday's gathering"
1593:"The vital argument"
1591:(7 September 1916).
1485:(1 September 1916).
1129:National Labor Party
1027:Federal Territories
726:British Labour Party
475:Hughes met with the
371:, Brigadier General
354:, Brigadier General
2678:October 1916 events
2119:Main, J.M. (1970).
1958:, pp. 216–217.
1946:, pp. 220–229.
1822:, pp. 350–352.
1810:, pp. 197–198.
1272:, pp. 183–184.
1196:, pp. 111–112.
801:
657:Melbourne Town Hall
539:and 19 to 9 in the
369:British War Cabinet
282:a second referendum
20:
2027:Fitzhardinge, L.F.
1387:, pp. 189–90.
1248:, p. 862-867.
1116:
971:Western Australia
799:
770:Government Gazette
717:Sydney Wharf Union
712:
573:
433:double dissolution
424:David Lloyd George
404:
328:Battle of Pozières
326:In late July, the
227:
18:
2630:
2629:
2208:Federal elections
1956:Fitzhardinge 1979
1896:Fitzhardinge 1979
1884:Fitzhardinge 1979
1832:Fitzhardinge 1979
1808:Fitzhardinge 1979
1629:Member for Bourke
1439:Allen & Unwin
1385:Fitzhardinge 1979
1361:Fitzhardinge 1979
1337:Fitzhardinge 1979
1270:Fitzhardinge 1979
1206:Fitzhardinge 1979
1100:
1099:
778:Western Australia
679:on 21 September,
659:on 21 September.
533:opposition leader
509:Western Australia
306:in October 1915,
274:Nationalist Party
233:, concerning how
216:
215:
183:
182:
54:
53:
2690:
2648:1916 referendums
2192:
2191:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2134:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2089:
2063:
2048:
2022:
2000:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1844:Pearce, George.
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1436:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1301:. Archived from
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1218:Pearce, George.
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1169:
943:South Australia
859:New South Wales
802:
798:
701:Attorney-General
653:Sydney Town Hall
501:Crawford Vaughan
497:South Australian
416:Governor-General
364:AIF 3rd Division
344:William Birdwood
201:
192:
191:
173:
116:
115:
100:
99:
80:
79:
59:
58:
41:
40:
35:
34:
30:
29:
28:
21:
17:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2498:
2482:
2202:
2186:
2184:
2131:
2102:
2086:
2045:
2019:
2011:. McGraw-Hill.
2005:Booker, Malcolm
1982:
1977:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1427:
1423:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1325:1977 referendum
1322:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1237:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1145:
1105:
800:Results
791:
758:Albert Gardiner
695:on 23 October,
669:
648:
646:Public meetings
561:
485:New South Wales
446:Samuel Griffith
396:
373:Robert Anderson
356:Brudenell White
296:
290:
207:
190:
189:
188:
171:
113:
97:
85:
69:
57:
56:
55:
47:28 October 1916
33:
32:
31:
26:
24:
12:
11:
5:
2696:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2135:
2129:
2116:
2107:
2094:Holloway, E.J.
2090:
2084:
2064:
2049:
2043:
2023:
2017:
2001:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1934:, p. 355.
1924:
1900:
1898:, p. 212.
1888:
1886:, p. 211.
1873:
1871:, p. 196.
1861:
1836:
1834:, p. 201.
1824:
1812:
1800:
1798:, p. 191.
1788:
1768:
1748:
1728:
1708:
1688:
1668:
1648:
1616:
1604:
1580:
1578:, p. 343.
1568:
1566:, p. 336.
1556:
1536:
1516:
1502:
1483:Prime Minister
1470:
1468:, p. 341.
1458:
1451:
1437:. Crows Nest:
1421:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1363:, p. 186.
1353:
1351:, p. 195.
1341:
1339:, p. 179.
1329:
1316:
1305:on 5 July 2016
1286:
1284:, p. 360.
1274:
1262:
1250:
1235:
1210:
1208:, p. 173.
1198:
1186:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
989:
986:
981:
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:
964:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
940:
939:
936:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
912:
911:
908:
905:
902:
897:
894:
891:
888:
884:
883:
880:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
816:Ballots issued
813:
811:Electoral roll
808:
790:
787:
772:that evening.
754:Edward Russell
721:the electorate
687:on 1 October,
668:
665:
647:
644:
636:Norman Lindsay
632:Salvation Army
560:
557:
553:Myles Ferricks
493:William Holman
481:E. J. Holloway
395:
392:
352:chief of staff
304:Prime Minister
289:
286:
247:constitutional
224:Claude Marquet
214:
213:
209:
208:
202:
194:
193:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
168:
167:
162:
157:
151:
150:
147:
144:
140:
139:
136:
133:
129:
128:
123:
118:
109:
108:
105:
102:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
76:
75:
71:
70:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
49:
44:
37:
36:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2695:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2139:Scott, Ernest
2136:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2085:9780521697910
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:Grey, Jeffrey
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1614:, p. 67.
1613:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1454:
1452:9781741144307
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1373:Holloway 1966
1369:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1260:, p. 33.
1259:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1054:
1053:
1041:
1038:
1026:
1025:
1013:
1010:
998:
997:
985:
982:
970:
969:
963:
960:
942:
941:
935:
932:
914:
913:
901:
898:
886:
885:
879:
876:
858:
857:
854:
849:
844:
839:
835:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
803:
797:
796:
795:Commonwealth?
786:
783:
779:
773:
771:
767:
766:William Higgs
763:
760:(Treasurer),
759:
755:
751:
746:
743:
737:
733:
731:
727:
722:
718:
708:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
664:
660:
658:
654:
643:
641:
637:
633:
626:
622:
620:
615:
613:
608:
607:
602:
598:
593:
592:Andrew Fisher
588:
585:
584:
578:
570:
565:
559:Public debate
556:
554:
550:
549:Frank Brennan
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
469:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
442:Edmund Barton
439:
434:
430:
425:
421:
417:
412:
409:
400:
391:
389:
384:
382:
381:Keith Murdoch
378:
374:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
321:George Pearce
316:
314:
309:
305:
301:
295:
285:
283:
279:
278:1917 election
275:
271:
267:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
225:
220:
210:
206:
200:
195:
186:
178:
175:
170:
169:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
148:
145:
142:
141:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
122:
119:
111:
110:
106:
103:
95:
94:
82:
81:
77:
72:
68:
67:Commonwealth?
62:
50:
48:
45:
43:
42:
38:
22:
16:
2531:
2478:by-elections
2471:
2201:in Australia
2147:– via
2143:
2120:
2111:
2098:
2071:
2058:. Brisbane:
2054:
2030:
2008:
1995:– via
1991:
1987:Bean, C.E.W.
1980:Bibliography
1969:
1963:
1951:
1944:Jauncey 1968
1939:
1927:
1903:
1891:
1869:Jauncey 1968
1864:
1846:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1796:Jauncey 1968
1791:
1780:
1771:
1760:
1751:
1740:
1731:
1720:
1711:
1700:
1691:
1680:
1671:
1660:
1651:
1636:
1625:Frank Anstey
1619:
1607:
1596:
1589:Boote, Henry
1583:
1571:
1559:
1548:
1539:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1505:
1490:
1479:Billy Hughes
1473:
1461:
1432:
1424:
1409:
1392:
1380:
1375:, p. 5.
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:the original
1289:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1220:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1174:
1167:
1137:
1133:Nationalists
1125:
1121:
1117:
1106:
1094:
1091:
1073:
1039:
1011:
983:
961:
933:
899:
877:
852:
847:
842:
837:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
793:
792:
774:
747:
738:
734:
713:
670:
661:
649:
628:
624:
619:Frank Anstey
616:
604:
589:
581:
574:
517:
474:
470:
450:
413:
405:
385:
336:Mouquet Farm
325:
317:
308:Billy Hughes
297:
265:
259:
251:Billy Hughes
230:
228:
164:
159:
154:
132:Valid votes
125:
120:
65:
46:
15:
2504:Referendums
2199:referendums
2151:, Canberra.
1999:, Canberra.
1441:. pp.
1398:Joseph Cook
1349:Booker 1980
1309:12 December
1127:form a new
1095:Not carried
915:Queensland
762:Jens Jensen
597:Frank Tudor
545:Frank Tudor
524:Joseph Cook
429:sign a bill
408:Labor Party
255:World War I
235:conscripted
203:Results by
155:Total votes
2637:Categories
2130:0726954578
2044:0207132453
2033:. Sydney:
2018:0070729360
1932:Scott 1941
1820:Scott 1941
1576:Scott 1941
1564:Scott 1941
1466:Scott 1941
1282:Scott 1941
1160:References
1070:1,160,033
1064:1,087,557
1061:2,308,603
1058:2,789,830
862:1,055,986
742:J.H. Catts
601:T. J. Ryan
505:Queensland
438:High Court
288:Background
243:plebiscite
176:2,789,830
135:2,247,590
104:1,087,557
2195:elections
1612:Main 1970
1530:The Argus
1246:Bean 1941
1194:Grey 2008
1103:Aftermath
999:Tasmania
887:Victoria
697:Newcastle
677:Melbourne
640:David Low
477:Victorian
440:Justices
377:Bonar Law
340:Fromelles
160:2,308,603
121:1,160,033
2193:Federal
2141:(1941).
2096:(1966).
2070:(2008).
2029:(1979).
2007:(1980).
1989:(1941).
1918:Archived
1856:Archived
1643:Archived
1497:Archived
1416:Archived
1230:Archived
1181:Archived
1143:See also
1088:Results
1002:107,875
977:140,648
974:167,602
958:119,236
949:211,252
946:262,781
930:158,051
924:144,200
921:309,921
918:366,042
904:328,216
896:353,930
893:696,684
890:824,972
874:474,544
868:356,805
865:858,399
831:Informal
728:and the
685:Brisbane
681:Adelaide
667:Campaign
513:Tasmania
499:Premier
394:Proposal
350:and his
1782:The Age
1762:The Age
1742:The Age
1722:The Age
1702:The Age
1682:The Age
1662:The Age
1627:,
1550:The Age
1481:,
1400:,
1078:61,013
1016:37,833
1008:48,493
1005:88,231
988:40,884
980:94,069
952:87,924
910:14,538
882:27,050
826:Against
789:Results
583:The Age
522:leader
465:Germany
457:Cabinet
179:82.75%
165:100.00%
146:61,013
138:97.36%
107:48.39%
74:Results
2127:
2082:
2041:
2015:
1449:
1067:48.39
1055:Total
1047:37.27
1044:1,269
1036:2,136
1033:3,468
1030:4,572
1022:1,905
1019:43.83
994:5,695
991:30.29
966:4,092
955:42.44
938:7,670
927:47.71
907:48.12
871:42.92
693:Albury
689:Hobart
673:Sydney
571:, 1916
541:Senate
529:palter
461:France
453:Caucus
149:2.64%
126:51.61%
88:Votes
84:Choice
2103:(PDF)
1445:–53.
1177:1916"
1074:51.61
1040:62.73
1012:56.17
984:69.71
962:57.56
934:52.29
900:51.88
878:57.08
806:State
537:House
332:Somme
205:state
2622:2023
2617:2017
2612:1999
2607:1988
2602:1984
2597:1977
2592:1974
2587:1973
2582:1967
2577:1951
2572:1948
2567:1946
2562:1944
2557:1937
2552:1928
2547:1926
2542:1919
2537:1917
2532:1916
2527:1913
2522:1911
2517:1910
2512:1906
2494:1997
2472:Next
2466:2022
2461:2019
2456:2016
2451:2013
2446:2010
2441:2007
2436:2004
2431:2001
2426:1998
2421:1996
2416:1993
2411:1990
2406:1987
2401:1984
2396:1983
2391:1980
2386:1977
2381:1975
2376:1974
2371:1972
2366:1970
2361:1969
2356:1967
2351:1966
2346:1964
2341:1963
2336:1961
2331:1958
2326:1955
2321:1954
2316:1953
2311:1951
2306:1949
2301:1946
2296:1943
2291:1940
2286:1937
2281:1934
2276:1931
2271:1929
2266:1928
2261:1925
2256:1922
2251:1919
2246:1917
2241:1914
2236:1913
2231:1910
2226:1906
2221:1903
2216:1901
2197:and
2125:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2039:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1311:2016
848:Vote
838:Vote
638:and
599:and
551:and
511:and
495:and
455:and
444:and
414:The
379:and
338:and
229:The
101:Yes
1050:63
821:For
117:No
2639::
2078:.
2037:.
1916:.
1912:.
1876:^
1850:.
1779:.
1759:.
1739:.
1719:.
1699:.
1679:.
1659:.
1635:.
1595:.
1547:.
1527:.
1489:.
1443:50
1408:.
1297:.
1238:^
1224:.
418:,
257:.
91:%
2179:e
2172:t
2165:v
2133:.
2088:.
2062:.
2047:.
2021:.
1922:.
1455:.
1327:.
1313:.
1173:"
853:%
843:%
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