746:
100:
200:, Laura J. Martin reviews attempts to manage nature while respecting and even generating the wildness of other species. Another version of this theme is that wildness produces things that are natural, while humans produce things that are artificial (man-made). Ambiguities about the distinction between the natural and the artificial animate much of art, literature and philosophy. There is the perception that naturally produced items have a greater elegance over artificial things. Modern zoos seek to improve the health and vigour of animals by simulating natural settings, in a move away from stark man-made structures.
43:
111:
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only intrapsychic phenomena or social relations. One also has to include the relationship of humans to other species and ecosystems. These relations have a deep evolutionary history; reach a natural affinity within the structure of their brains and they have deep psychic significance in the present time, in spite of urbanization. Humans are dependent on healthy nature not only for their physical sustenance, but for mental health, too.
732:
549:. Many species that are farmed or ranched are now being genetically modified. This creates a unique category of them because it alters the organisms as a group but in ways unlike traditional domestication. Feral organisms are members of a population that was once raised under human control, but is now living and multiplying outside of human control. Examples include
660:'s view brings together and challenges the theories of Rousseau and Hobbes. He posits that in the natural state we are born wicked and evil because of, for instance, the cry of the baby that demands attention. Like Rousseau, he believes that society shapes us, but that we are born evil and it is up to society to shape us into who we become.
622:, who claimed that Hobbes was taking socialized persons and simply imagining them living outside of the society they were raised in. He affirmed instead that people were born neither good nor bad; men knew neither vice nor virtue since they had almost no dealings with each other. Their bad habits are the products of
681:
As I came home through the woods with my string of fish, trailing my pole, it being now quite dark, I caught a glimpse of a woodchuck stealing across my path, and felt a strange thrill of savage delight, and was strongly tempted to seize and devour him raw; not that I was hungry then, except for that
691:
We need the tonic of wildness — to wade sometimes in marshes where the bittern and the meadow-hen lurk, and hearing the booming of the snipe; to smell the whispering sedge where only some wilder and more solitary fowl builds her nest, and the mink crawls with its belly close o the ground. — Walden
704:
Trench says a wild man is a willed man. Well, then, a man of will who does what he wills or wishes, a man of hope and of the future tense, for not only the obstinate is willed, but far more the constant and persevering. The obstinate man, properly speaking, is one who will not. The perseverance of
579:
The basic idea of ecopsychology is that while the human mind is shaped by the modern social world, it can be readily inspired and comforted by the wider natural world, because that is the arena in which it originally evolved. Mental health or unhealth cannot be understood in the narrow context of
677:
I long for wildness, a nature which I cannot put my foot through, woods where the wood thrush forever sings, where the hours are early morning ones, and there is dew on the grass, and the day is forever unproved, where I might have a fertile unknown for a soil about me. — Journal, 22 June 1853
136:
and that which is not domesticated. More recently, it has been defined as "a quality of interactive processing between organism and nature where the realities of base natures are met, allowing the construction of durable systems" and "the autonomous ecological influences of nonhuman organisms."
418:(captive): These species are nurtured and sometimes bred under human control, but remain as a group essentially indistinguishable in appearance or behaviour from their wild counterparts. (Zoos and botanical gardens sometimes exhibit domesticated or feral animals and plants such as
203:
Another view of wildness is that it is a social construct, and that humans cannot be considered innately ‘unnatural. As wildness is claimed to be a quality that builds from animals and ecosystems, it often fails to be considered within reductionist theories for nature.
195:
Attempts to identify the characteristics of wildness are varied. One consideration sees wildness as that part of nature which is not controllable by humans. Nature retains a measure of autonomy, or wildness, apart from human constructions. In
673:
I wish to speak a word for Nature, for absolute
Freedom and Wildness, as contrasted with a Freedom and Culture merely civil, — to regard man as an inhabitant, or a part and parcel of Nature, rather than a member of society. — "Walking"
614:
to do anything to preserve their own liberty or safety. Famously, he believed that such a condition would lead to a "war of every man against every man" and make life "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
247:. Feeding wild animals in national parks for example, is usually discouraged because the animals may lose the skills they need to fend for themselves. Human interventions may also upset continued
485:: These species or varieties are bred and raised under human control for many generations and are substantially altered as a group in appearance or behaviour. Examples include the
157:
who personifies civilization. In the story, Enkidu is defeated by
Gilgamesh and becomes civilized. Cultures vary in their perception of the separation of humans from nature, with
705:
the saints is positive willedness, not a mere passive willingness. The fates are wild, for they will; and the
Almighty is wild above all, as fate is. — Journal, 27 June 1853
258:
Tameness implies a reduction in wildness, where animals become more easily handled by humans. Some animals are easier to tame than others, and are amenable to domestication.
380:, given that some animals in the wild may be handled with little or no cause of anxiety. However, this factor does clearly indicate an animal's resistance to being handled.
1108:
1117:
Wahlsten, D., Metten, P. and Crabbe, J. C., "A rating scale for wildness and ease of handling laboratory mice: results for 21 inbred strains tested in two laboratories",
701:
Whatever has not come under the sway of man is wild. In this sense original and independent men are wild — not tamed and broken by society. — Journal, 3 September 1851
165:
have always seen humans as part of nature. The perception of man's place in nature and civilization has also changed over time. In western civilization, for example,
188:
explore wildness in the themes of their works. The benefits of reconnecting with nature by seeing the achievements of wildness is an area being investigated by
444:
in large numbers for food, commodities, or the pet trade, but as a group they are not substantially altered in appearance or behavior. Examples include the
227:– can be seen as an 'unnatural' force (lacking wildness) as it strongly insulates its population from many natural selection mechanisms, including
638:, or the unique potential of humans for dynamic, creative, and cooperative relations between each other. For Marx and others in his line of
145:
People have explored the contrast of wildness versus tameness throughout recorded history. The earliest great work of literature, the
271:
270:
has been used as a scale to rate the ease with which various strains of laboratory mice can be captured and handled (
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In this sense, "wildness" may be interpreted as "tendency to respond with anxiety to handling". That there is no
1139:
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It is in vain to dream of a wildness distant from ourselves. There is none such. — Journal, 30 August 1856
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and environmentalism have renewed the perception of humans as part of nature, rather than separate from it.
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wrote "In wildness is the preservation of the world". Some artists and photographers such as
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The concept of a state of nature was first posited by the 17th century
English philosopher
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498:
8:
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What we call wildness is a civilization other than our own. — Journal, 16 February 1859
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405:: These species experience their full life cycles without deliberate human intervention.
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The importance of maintaining wildness in animals is recognized in the management of
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system can be set out showing the spectrum from wild to domesticated animal states:
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Evanoff, R. J., "Reconciling realism and constructivism in environmental ethics",
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1022:"Wildness: Conceptualising the wild in contemporary environmental archaeology"
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This classification system does not account for several complicating factors:
1128:
1081:
Micoud, A., "Vers un Nouvel Animal
Sauvage: Le Sauvage ‘Naturalisé Vivant’",
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Callicott, J. B., "A critique of and an alternative to the wilderness idea",
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928:"Designing Autonomy: Opportunities for New Wildness in the Anthropocene"
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610:, meaning "the war of all against all." In this state any person has a
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drawing a sharp contrast between the two while the traditions of many
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Wildness is often mentioned in the writings of naturalists, such as
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1069:(Journal of the International Community for Ecopsychology), 2004.
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975:"Reconciling Realism and Constructivism in Environmental Ethics"
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social relations prevent the fulfillment of this potential (see
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1112:(Walden edition), Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Company, 1906
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Cantrell, Bradley; Martin, Laura J.; Ellis, Erle C. (2017).
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perspective sees wildness as "(the degree of) subjection to
132:. Beyond this, it has been defined as a quality produced in
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In
Wildness is the preservation of the World. — "Walking"
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In
Wildness is the preservation of the World. — "Walking"
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453:
441:
618:
Hobbes's view was challenged in the eighteenth century by
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502:
410:
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connection between this factor and the state of wildness
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pressures", many of which emerge independently from the
180:, where it is admired for its freshness and otherness.
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pressures upon the population, producing a version of
899:
Cookson, L. J. (2011). "A definition for wildness".
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925:
604:. Hobbes described the concept in the Latin phrase
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261:
140:
565:is a cross between a wild and a domestic animal.
553:. Hybrids can be wild, domesticated, or both: a
436:(captive or semidomesticated): These species are
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124:, in its literal sense, is the quality of being
568:
561:is a hybrid of two domesticated animals, and a
231:such as predation and disease, as well as some
630:, and markets. Another criticism put forth by
475:. (These species are sometimes referred to as
1063:Wildness, the forgotten partner of evolution
698:The most alive is the wildest. — "Walking"
383:
328:Vigorous struggle and/or twisting, shaking
1033:
682:wildness which he represented. — Walden
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
358:Jumps off table or apparatus onto floor
336:Jumps out of cage completely onto table
255:within wildlife (Peterson et al. 2005).
109:
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50:This article includes a list of general
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314:Evades touch by running around cage
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557:is a hybrid of two wild animals, a
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666:made many statements on wildness:
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
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932:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
626:specifically social hierarchies,
1110:The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau
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744:
730:
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584:Wildness in political philosophy
262:Rating scales for mouse wildness
141:Cultural perceptions of wildness
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16:Quality of being wild or untamed
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149:, tells a story of a wild man
1:
852:Ritvo, Harriet (2004-04-01).
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973:Evanoff, Richard J. (2005).
569:Wildness in human psychology
7:
819:Two Treatises of Government
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347:Runs from vicinity of cage
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944:10.1016/j.tree.2016.12.004
607:bellum omnium contra omnes
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1119:Genes, Brain and Behavior
1084:Natures Sciences Sociétés
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229:interspecific competition
991:10.3197/0963271053306113
793:Environmental psychology
384:Degrees of domestication
325:Jumps onto wall of cage
30:Not to be confused with
816:Second of John Locke's
266:In a clinical setting,
71:more precise citations.
1140:Social constructionism
1020:Hoaen, Andrew (2019).
707:
477:partially domesticated
223:- contrasted with all
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913:10.1089/eco.2011.0028
858:Environmental History
752:Earth sciences portal
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620:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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102:
1135:Environmental ethics
1097:Conservation Biology
1075:Environmental Values
1026:Internet Archaeology
979:Environmental Values
778:Behavioural sciences
539:genetically modified
499:peach-faced lovebird
287:Behavioral response
272:Wahlsten et al. 2003
159:western civilization
1100:19: 939-944 (2005).
434:Raised commercially
350:Bites experimenter
317:Squeaks or squeals
303:Minimal resistance
239:Wildness in animals
221:modern civilization
182:Henry David Thoreau
1087:1: 202-210 (1993).
724:Environment portal
634:is his concept of
163:indigenous peoples
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108:
1078:14: 61-81 (2005).
1061:Cookson, L. J., "
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812:Original position
545:populations, and
415:botanical gardens
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366:Runs around room
339:Attempts to bite
249:natural selection
213:natural selection
153:in opposition to
147:Epic of Gilgamesh
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1121:2: 71-79 (2003).
1090:Peterson, M. N.
1058:4: 54-59 (2004).
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25:Wildness (album)
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854:"Animal Planet"
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186:Eliot Porter
178:David Brower
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55:
541:organisms,
527:guinea pigs
473:ball python
426:, and some
235:phenomena.
69:introducing
23:album, see
21:Snow Patrol
1145:Wilderness
1129:Categories
1067:Gatherings
1055:Wild Earth
830:References
658:David Hume
648:abstracted
495:budgerigar
409:Raised at
209:ecological
52:references
32:Wilderness
999:0963-2719
952:1872-8383
878:1084-5453
644:alienated
632:Karl Marx
601:Leviathan
458:alligator
374:necessary
295:Handling
217:biosphere
174:John Muir
167:Darwinism
155:Gilgamesh
1007:30302054
960:28108135
710:See also
628:property
551:mustangs
519:chickens
446:elephant
424:mustangs
292:Capture
281:Wildness
268:wildness
225:humanity
219:. Thus
122:Wildness
19:For the
1105:Walking
1047:Sources
886:3986084
783:Ecology
664:Thoreau
563:beefalo
491:pigeons
462:cricket
450:ostrich
438:ranched
428:orchids
130:untamed
114:A wild
105:red fox
103:A wild
65:improve
1028:(53).
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652:anomie
523:llamas
515:cattle
497:, the
493:, the
487:canary
471:, and
469:oyster
442:farmed
420:camels
378:per se
283:rating
151:Enkidu
134:nature
116:forest
54:, but
1107:" in
1092:et al
1003:JSTOR
882:JSTOR
555:liger
543:feral
511:sheep
466:pearl
995:ISSN
956:PMID
948:ISSN
874:ISSN
646:and
559:mule
531:mice
507:cats
503:dogs
454:deer
411:zoos
403:Wild
176:and
126:wild
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