344:
92:
104:
119:
745:, the right join their churches with those in Béarn. Louis's edict of June 1617 ordering the restoration of property confiscated from Catholics was also ignored. In 1620, Louis marched into Béarn with a large army, convoked the estates and, sitting on his Béarnese throne, issued an edict of union with France, thus removing the principality's sovereignty.
361:
702:(1598) would have applied to them and Catholic property would have had to have been restored. Nonetheless, Henry, now a Catholic, consented to restore Catholic rights of worship in certain towns. The estates of Béarn continued to conduct business in Occitan and laws were enacted in the same. Prior to the 1601, the
756:
had authority over both regions and would sit at Pau. Its operating language would be French. This was the first time the French language was imposed on a region incorporated into France. It was not part of an effort to convert the French king's
Occitan subjects into French speakers, nor did it
757:
directly impact the
Bearnese aristocracy, who had adopted French as a status language during the 16th century. It was politically symbolic, since the use of Occitan in an official capacity had been an important marker of Bearnese independence and a source of pride.
748:
Louis preserved the freedom of worship of the
Calvinists, the right of the estates to negotiate their taxes and the obligation of the king of France to swear to uphold the customary law of Béarn on his accession. He also united Béarn and Navarre: thenceforth the
581:
in western Europe in the late Middle Ages, the status of
Occitan in Béarn was unusual because its use was required by law: "lawyers will draft their petitions and pleas in the vernacular language of the present country, both in speech and in writing".
618:(II of Navarre) inherited it, as well as Béarn, from his mother. The Bearnese monarchs extended the use of Occitan to Navarre after 1512, despite the fact that it was not the vernacular language there, where
460:(right to mint coins) to a private moneyer. The mint continued operating under his successors, always minting coins bearing Centule's name. It was at the time the most productive mint in Gascony.
698:
s demand that he unite Béarn and Lower
Navarre with the French crown, since these territories were not French estates, but separate realms. Had these principalities been united with France, the
729:
that year, the Third Estate petitioned for the union of all sovereign provinces with France. In 1616, Louis issued an edict uniting the principality with France, but it was ignored.
722:
577:. It was the spoken language of law courts and of business and it was the written language of customary law. Although vernacular languages were increasingly preferred to
217:
543:
paid homage to the king of France for his county of Foix, but stated that Béarn was to be held "from God and from no man in this world". After the
English
1005:
717:
in 1611 in an effort to enlist their support for Béarnese and
Navarrese independence. In 1614, the same year he came of age, Henry IV's successor,
652:, declared Catholicism outlawed and disbanded monasteries, confiscating church property. When Jeanne's son, Henry II (III of Navarre), became King
924:
Paul Cohen, "Linguistic
Politics on the Periphery: Louis XIII, Béarn, and the Making of French as an Official Language in Early Modern France",
558:
to enforce his suzerainty as Prince of
Aquitaine over Béarn. In 1364, Gaston dropped the lowly vicecomital title in favour of "Lord of Béarn" (
405:
from the late ninth century. In 1347, the viscount declared Béarn an independent principality without feudal obligations. It later entered a
808:
742:
491:
who paid homage to the kings of Aragon. Under
Aragonese influence, the legal charters in Béarn were further developed into the
664:, his regent in Navarre and Béarn. It was only in 1607, after Catherine's death (1604), that he acceded to the demands of the
1000:
889:
Richard Vernier, "Lord of the Pyrenees: Gaston Fébus, Count of Foix (1331–1391)", "Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2008", pp. 13.
433:) is the first attestation of a specific regional organization in the late 860s/early 870s. The viscounty was named after
603:
17:
956:
750:
566:, a site fortified by the 11th century, and proclaimed as official capital of the independent principality in 1464.
500:
563:
147:
413:
in 1479 and with France in 1589. In 1620, the prince (who was also the king of France) formally incorporated
472:
in 1053. Béarn, as a part of Gascony, became subject to the dukes of Aquitaine and, in 1152, passed to the
926:
When Languages Collide: Perspectives on Language Conflict, Language Competition, and Language Coexistence
815:, N. P. Zacour and H. W. Hazard, eds. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), pp. 354–87, at 357.
91:
118:
544:
487:
military campaigns between the 10th and 12th centuries. In 1170, the viscounty passed to the Catalan
270:
726:
548:
103:
598:, across the Pyrenees to the southwest. The two sovereign entities would from then on remain in
626:
convoked in 1522 (or in 1523, according to other sources) kept records in Occitan, as did the
657:
532:
766:
449:
718:
703:
661:
504:
477:
229:
516:
8:
680:
627:
615:
483:
While nominally part of the Duchy of Aquitaine, the Viscounts of Béarn frequently joined
570:
540:
535:(1337–1453) between France and England. In 1347, on the heels of English victory at the
165:
900:
665:
653:
645:
623:
595:
528:
469:
418:
410:
286:
536:
940:
691:, conforming to the tradition that the king of France would have no personal domain.
676:
631:
488:
484:
398:
337:
179:
995:
684:
738:
473:
453:
402:
58:
771:
713:
After Henry IV's death, Calvinists from Béarn attended the Huguenot conference at
699:
619:
591:
380:
169:
72:
672:
599:
578:
406:
360:
290:
157:
44:
878:
Thirteenth Century England XVII: Proceedings of the Cambridge Conference, 2017
989:
971:
958:
607:
569:
The official language of the sovereign principality was the local vernacular
512:
493:
790:
Robert Sabatino Lopez, "An Aristocracy of Money in the Early Middle Ages",
649:
555:
839:
Heresy in Medieval France: Dualism in Aquitaine and the Agenais, 1000–1249
813:
A History of the Crusades, Volume VI: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe
638:
574:
437:, former Benearnum, last cited in 673. Its first parliamentary body, the
394:
247:
243:
161:
688:
445:
137:
707:
184:
611:
508:
429:
The citation of a certain "Gaston of Centule, viscount of Béarn" (
414:
554:
For the next decade, he successfully resisted the efforts of the
714:
434:
303:
142:
132:
741:
gave the Huguenots, who had supported the rebellion of the
388:
50:
671:, and reunited with the French crown his domains of
809:"Crusader Coinage with Greek or Latin Inscriptions"
656:in 1589, he kept all his estates distinct from the
585:
928:(Ohio State University Press, 2003), pp. 165–200.
614:, escaped Spanish permanent occupation. In 1517,
987:
947:(Cambridge University Press, 1968), pp. 170–73.
945:French Absolutism: The Crucial Phase, 1620–1629
936:
934:
725:supported by Béarn. In a meeting of the French
706:was the heir to Navarre and Béarn, since the
931:
732:
64:
630:created in 1524. When Henry II revised the
36:
1006:States and territories established in 1080
828:(Taylor & Francis, 1995), pp. 102–103.
527:The independence of Béarn from France and
117:
867:(Bloomsbury Academic, 1984), pp. 180, XV.
522:
519:of the lands from her father Gaston VII.
920:
918:
916:
914:
562:). Its chief seat and stronghold lay at
359:
818:
14:
988:
865:Feudal Empires: Norman and Plantagenet
547:in 1356, Gaston refused to attend the
511:in 1242. In 1290, Béarn passed to the
911:
880:(Boydell & Brewer, 2021), pp. 83.
841:(Boydell & Brewer, 2005), p. 147.
637:in 1530, he had them translated from
892:
24:
622:was the tongue of the people. The
602:. In 1512, the Kingdom of Navarre
463:
431:Gasto Centuli vicecomes Bearnensis
25:
1017:
852:Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia
826:Medieval France: An Encyclopedia
824:John Jr. Bell Henneman, et al.,
424:
342:
269:• Independence declared by
102:
90:
710:of France did not apply there.
586:Sovereign under the Foix-Albret
883:
870:
857:
844:
831:
801:
784:
660:. He re-appointed his sister,
531:came about as a result of the
517:Margaret, Viscountess of Béarn
458:magisterium sectionis cognorum
13:
1:
863:John F. Le Patourel, et al.,
777:
501:Gaston VII, Viscount of Béarn
397:lordship in the far south of
604:was almost entirely occupied
590:In 1479, the Lord of Béarn,
456:(1058–88). Centule sold the
7:
1001:Former monarchies of Europe
798::1 (1953), pp. 1–43, at 12.
760:
644:In 1564, Henry's daughter,
10:
1022:
854:(Routledge, 2013), p. 153.
468:Gascony was united to the
444:A mint was established at
733:Incorporation into France
549:Estates General of France
317:
313:
302:• Incorporated into
300:
283:
267:
257:
253:
239:
235:
223:
211:
207:
199:
191:
175:
153:
128:
123:Gascony and Bearn ca.1150
116:
86:
81:
65:
51:
37:
31:
876:Andrew Spencer, et al.,
694:However, he refused the
515:with the inheritance of
507:as Duke of Aquitaine at
182:(up to the 16th century)
38:Vicomitatus Benearniens
908::2 (1961), pp. 354–56.
721:, was confronted by a
523:Sovereign principality
441:, was formed in 1080.
389:
384:
365:
364:An early Bearnese coin
539:(1346), the Viscount
503:, did homage to King
363:
154:Common languages
145:(12th–15th centuries)
140:(10th–12th centuries)
754:of Navarre and Béarn
505:Henry III of England
478:Eleanor of Aquitaine
968: /
898:John Hine Mundy, ,
737:On 3 May 1616, the
658:French royal domain
628:Chancery of Navarre
545:victory at Poitiers
476:, heirs of Duchess
259:• Established
213:• 9th century
18:Viscountcy of Bearn
850:E. Michael Gerli,
767:Viscounts of Béarn
654:Henry IV of France
648:, firmly opposing
624:Estates of Navarre
596:Kingdom of Navarre
551:as Count of Foix.
533:Hundred Years' War
470:Duchy of Aquitaine
419:province of France
411:Kingdom of Navarre
366:
200:Viscount or Prince
52:Vescomtat de Bearn
33:Viscounty of Béarn
941:A. D. Lublinskaya
723:Huguenot uprising
489:House of Montcada
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
338:Kingdom of France
279:25 September 1347
180:Roman Catholicism
16:(Redirected from
1013:
983:
982:
980:
979:
978:
973:
969:
966:
965:
964:
961:
948:
938:
929:
922:
909:
896:
890:
887:
881:
874:
868:
861:
855:
848:
842:
835:
829:
822:
816:
805:
799:
788:
739:Treaty of Loudun
594:, inherited the
541:Gaston III Fébus
474:kings of England
454:Count of Bigorre
403:Duchy of Gascony
392:
346:
345:
334:
333:
319:
318:
296:27 February 1594
121:
106:
94:
82:9th century–1620
76:
68:
67:
66:Vicomté de Béarn
62:
54:
53:
48:
40:
39:
29:
28:
21:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1010:
986:
985:
976:
974:
970:
967:
962:
959:
957:
955:
954:
952:
951:
939:
932:
923:
912:
897:
893:
888:
884:
875:
871:
862:
858:
849:
845:
837:Claire Taylor,
836:
832:
823:
819:
807:John Porteous,
806:
802:
789:
785:
780:
763:
743:Prince of Condé
735:
727:Estates General
700:Edict of Nantes
610:, north of the
606:by Spain; only
592:Francis Phoebus
588:
571:Bearnès dialect
537:battle of Crécy
525:
466:
464:Under Aquitaine
452:, who was also
448:under Viscount
427:
343:
306:
293:
276:
260:
226:
225:• 1610–20
214:
183:
168:
160:
146:
141:
136:
135:(up to ca.841)
124:
112:
111:
110:
107:
99:
98:
95:
77:
70:
63:
56:
49:
42:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1019:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
972:43.30°N 0.37°W
950:
949:
930:
910:
891:
882:
869:
856:
843:
830:
817:
800:
782:
781:
779:
776:
775:
774:
769:
762:
759:
734:
731:
685:Quatre-Vallées
641:into Occitan.
600:personal union
587:
584:
560:Dominus Bearni
524:
521:
465:
462:
426:
423:
407:personal union
401:, part of the
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
340:
331:
328:
327:
322:
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
301:
298:
297:
294:
291:King of France
284:
281:
280:
277:
268:
265:
264:
261:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
241:
240:Historical era
237:
236:
233:
232:
227:
224:
221:
220:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
177:
173:
172:
158:Medieval Latin
155:
151:
150:
130:
126:
125:
122:
114:
113:
108:
101:
100:
96:
89:
88:
87:
84:
83:
79:
78:
35:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1018:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
991:
984:
981:
946:
942:
937:
935:
927:
921:
919:
917:
915:
907:
903:
902:
895:
886:
879:
873:
866:
860:
853:
847:
840:
834:
827:
821:
814:
810:
804:
797:
793:
787:
783:
773:
772:Fors de Béarn
770:
768:
765:
764:
758:
755:
753:
746:
744:
740:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
668:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:Lower Navarre
605:
601:
597:
593:
583:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
520:
518:
514:
513:House of Foix
510:
506:
502:
498:
496:
495:
494:Fors de Bearn
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
425:First dynasty
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
386:
382:
378:
375:
371:
362:
341:
339:
336:
335:
332:
330:
329:
326:
323:
321:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
299:
295:
292:
288:
282:
278:
275:
274:
266:
262:
256:
252:
249:
245:
242:
238:
234:
231:
228:
222:
219:
216:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
152:
149:
144:
139:
134:
131:
127:
120:
115:
105:
93:
85:
80:
74:
60:
46:
30:
27:
19:
977:43.30; -0.37
953:
944:
925:
905:
899:
894:
885:
877:
872:
864:
859:
851:
846:
838:
833:
825:
820:
812:
803:
795:
791:
786:
751:
747:
736:
712:
704:Duc de Rohan
695:
693:
683:, including
666:
643:
632:
589:
568:
559:
556:Black Prince
553:
526:
499:
492:
482:
467:
457:
443:
438:
430:
428:
376:
374:Principality
373:
369:
367:
325:Succeeded by
324:
309:October 1620
272:
187:(up to 1620)
109:Coat of arms
26:
975: /
575:Old Occitan
271:Gaston III
263:9th century
248:Renaissance
244:Middle Ages
162:Old Occitan
990:Categories
778:References
719:Louis XIII
696:Parlement'
646:Jeanne III
635:of Navarre
439:Cour Major
192:Government
752:Parlement
708:Salic law
681:Comminges
667:Parlement
662:Catherine
639:Castilian
529:Aquitaine
485:Aragonese
450:Centule V
409:with the
393:), was a
370:Viscounty
218:Centule I
185:Calvinism
176:Religion
901:Speculum
792:Speculum
761:See also
689:Nébouzan
669:of Paris
612:Pyrenees
509:Bordeaux
395:medieval
377:of Béarn
372:, later
287:Henry II
195:Monarchy
166:Béarnese
960:43°18′N
677:Bigorre
616:Henry I
446:Morlaàs
289:became
285:•
230:Louis I
138:Morlans
129:Capital
59:Occitan
963:0°22′W
715:Saumur
633:Fueros
620:Basque
435:Lescar
399:France
381:Gascon
304:France
203:
170:Basque
133:Lescar
73:French
69:
55:
41:
996:Béarn
579:Latin
417:as a
415:Béarn
390:Biarn
385:Bearn
273:Fèbus
164:then
143:Ortès
45:Latin
687:and
679:and
673:Foix
650:Rome
368:The
246:and
97:Flag
573:of
564:Pau
387:or
148:Pau
992::
943:,
933:^
913:^
906:36
904:,
811:,
796:28
794:,
675:,
497:.
480:.
421:.
383::
379:(
75:)
71:(
61:)
57:(
47:)
43:(
20:)
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