146:
31:
386:, the set of negotiating states that once agreed upon may sign and ratify the treaty is usually limited to its own member states, and non-member states may accede to it later. However, sometimes a specific set of non-member states or non-state actors may be invited to join negotiations. For example, the Council of Europe invited the "non-member States"
490:, and by any other State invited by the General Assembly of the United Nations to become a party to the Convention, as follows: until 30 November 1969, at the Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Austria, and subsequently, until 30 April 1970, at United Nations Headquarters, New York.
285:
234:
In the practices of international law, the Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties is the legal authority about the formation and effects of a treaty. The legal standing of the VCLT is recognised by non-signator countries, such as the U.S. and India, as legally binding upon all sovereign states who
421:
The act of signing and ratifying a treaty as a negotiating state has the same effect as the act of acceding to a treaty (or "acceding a treaty") by a state that was not involved in its negotiation. Usually, accessions occur only after the treaty has entered into force, but the UN Secretary-General
242:
as "an international agreement concluded between states in written form and governed by international law", and affirms that "every state possesses the capacity to conclude treaties." Article 1 of the VCLT restricts the application of the convention to written treaties between states, excluding
188:
The Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties was adopted and opened to signature on 23 May 1969, became effective on 27 January 1980, and has been ratified by 116 sovereign states as of January 2018. Non-ratifying parties, such as the U.S, have recognized parts of the VCLT as a restatement of
438:
to determine which entities are States. If the treaty is restricted to
Members of the United Nations or Parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice, there is no ambiguity. However, a difficulty has occurred as to possible participation in treaties when entities that appeared
201:
The Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) was drafted by the International Law Commission (ILC) of the United Nations, which began work on the convention in 1949. During the 20 years of preparation, several draft versions of the convention and commentaries were prepared by
281:, or between international organizations, if any VCLT rules are independently binding upon such international organizations. In practise, Article 2 and Article 5 of the Vienna Convention apply to treaties between sovereign states and an intergovernmental organization.
367:. In rare cases, there is an explicit list of the entities that the treaty is restricted to. More commonly, the aim of the negotiating states (most or all of which usually end up becoming the founding signatories) is that the treaty is not restricted to particular
755:
180:
Known as the "treaty on treaties", the VCLT establishes comprehensive, operational guidelines, rules, and procedures for how treaties are drafted, defined, amended, and interpreted. An international treaty is a written agreement between countries subject to
935:
has stated that when the "any State" or "all States" formula is adopted, he would be able to implement it only if the
General Assembly provided him with the complete list of the States coming within the formula, other than those falling within the "Vienna
225:
In 1966, the ILC adopted 75 draft articles, which formed the basis for its final work. Over two sessions in 1968 and 1969, the Vienna
Conference completed the convention, which was adopted on 22 May 1969 and opened for signature on the following day.
1032:
ILC, Fragmentation of international law: difficulties arising from the diversification and expansion of international law, Report A/CN.4/L.682 (presented at the 58th session in Geneva, 1 May – 9 June and 3 July – 11 August 2006) 89, para
422:
has occasionally accepted accessions even before a treaty went into force. The only downside of not being a negotiating state is that one has no influence over the contents of a treaty, but one is still allowed to declare
288:
if it enters into force. Furthermore, in treaties between states and international organizations, the terms of the
Convention still apply between the state members. The Convention does not apply to unwritten agreements.
983:
411:
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The Vienna
Convention applies only to treaties agreed after the VCLT was ratified, and to treaties agreed between sovereign states, but does not govern other agreements between sovereign states and
451:. Accordingly, to allow for as wide a participation as possible, several conventions then provided that they were also open for participation to state members of specialized agencies. The type of
243:
treaties concluded between the states and international organizations or between international organizations. Article 11 defines "means of expressing consent to be bound by a treaty" including
439:
otherwise to be States could not be admitted to the United
Nations or become Parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice because of the opposition for political reasons of a
418:(described as an "International Organisation", rather than a "State") to sign and ratify the convention, rather than accede to it, and "other non-member States" were allowed only accession.
505:
Articles 31-33 of the VCLT entail principles for interpreting conventions, treaties, etc. These principles are recognized as representing customary international law, for example by the
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The interpretational principles codified in
Article 31 are to be used before applying those of Article 32, which explicitly states that it offers supplementary means of interpretation.
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As of January 2018, there are 116 state parties that have ratified the convention, and a further 15 states have signed but have not ratified the convention. In addition, the
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1055:-term" of article 218 (1) of UNCLOS following article 31 of the VCLT to allow the term to encompass emissions has also been discussed. See Jesper Jarl Fanø (2019)
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Some treaties that use it include provisions that in addition to these States any other State invited by a specified authority or organization (commonly the
447:, on which there is no "veto" procedure, a number of those States became members of specialized agencies and so were in essence recognized as States by the
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All States are defined as all UN member states and states about which there are individual statements of inclusion by the UN Secretary-General or other
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However, agreements between states and international organizations or between international organizations themselves are governed by the 1986
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clause used in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties was later called the "Vienna formula," and various treaties, conventions and
262:
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that stipulates their consent to the creation, alteration, or termination of their rights and obligations, as stipulated in the treaty.
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or an institution created by the treaty in question) can also participate, thus making the scope of potential signatories even broader.
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or have not applied for ICJ or UN membership. Since that difficulty did not arise as concerns membership in
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Practical Aspects of Treaty Law: Treaty Registration under Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations
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523:(2018), in which the court interpreted the extent of the term "any resources" in Article 220(6) of
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Case C-15/17 Bosphorus Queen Shipping Ltd Corp vs Rajavartiolaitos, ECLI:EU: C:2018:557, para 67.
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has also applied the interpretational provisions of the VCLT in different cases, including the
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concerning specific provisions of the treaty that one wishes to accede to (Article 19).
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895:"What is the difference between signing, ratification and accession of UN treaties?"
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Practical Aspects of Treaty Law: The Depositary Functions of the Secretary-General
265:, which determines the validity or invalidity of a treaty; and Article 77 defines
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Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
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735:"Is the United States a party to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties?"
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Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
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or some other competent authority defined in the treaty in question, such as
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When a treaty is open to "States", it may be difficult or impossible for the
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1103:
1057:
Enforcing International Maritime Legislation on Air Pollution through UNCLOS
850:"Guest Post: Indian Court embraces the Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties"
708:
784:
395:
244:
1000:
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Aust, Anthony (2006). "Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969)".
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Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs Supplement No. 8; page 10
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willing to accept its provisions" is used (the "all states formula").
30:
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have recognised the customary-law status of the Vienna Convention.
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The present Convention shall be open for signature by all States
963:"Full list: Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 210"
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Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties
206:
of the ILC, which included prominent international law scholars
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The VCLT is often relied upon in investment arbitration cases.
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Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article 81, Signature
403:
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299:
List of parties to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
239:
170:
82:
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269:, the organisation or person who holds a multilateral treaty.
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323:, which subsequently acceded to the convention. There are 66
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and so a wording like "this treaty is open for signature to
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parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice
1110:, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the
791:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 607–08.
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to them. Some treaties are restricted to states that are
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247:, acceptance, approval or accession. Article 26 defines
779:
777:
1212:
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
684:
capt. Enchev, V. (2012), Fundamentals of Maritime Law
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that have neither signed nor ratified the convention.
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1162:
Treaties drafted by the International Law Commission
818:
Max Planck Encyclopedias of Public International Law
774:
1722:
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1070:"Celebrating 50 Years of the VCLT: An Introduction"
756:"50 Years Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties"
646:
Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
378:In the case of regional organizations, such as the
253:, that agreements must be kept; Article 53 defines
1667:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
703:
701:
699:
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641:"Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969)"
540:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 97 (1)
1143:
1135:(both lectures also available in French) in the
307:(Taiwan), which is currently recognized by only
814:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969)
694:
1782:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
1232:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
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311:, signed the Convention in 1970 prior to the
134:Arabic, Chinese, English, French, and Russian
1662:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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586:
584:
292:
1517:Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic
1397:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
863:
861:
859:
410:to "participate in the elaboration" of the
1262:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
615:"Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties"
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546:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
35:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
1252:Treaties of the Central African Republic
1112:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
889:
887:
885:
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595:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
441:permanent member of the Security Council
347:contain rules about what entities could
163:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
150:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
638:
552:Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
1772:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
1462:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
1144:
789:Principles of Public International Law
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1272:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
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882:
609:
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429:
336:Signature, ratification and accession
826:10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e1498
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655:10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e1498
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1157:Treaties entered into force in 1980
733:United States Department of State.
13:
1572:Treaties of the State of Palestine
1317:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
1222:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
879:Articles 2 and 5 of the Convention
600:
480:International Atomic Energy Agency
263:Fundamental Change of Circumstance
14:
1813:
1637:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
1362:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
1092:
330:
1792:Treaties extended to West Berlin
933:United Nations Secretary-General
569:Provisional application (treaty)
144:
29:
1652:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
1062:
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1023:the so-called "Vienna formula".
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901:. United Nations. 26 April 2018
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464:United Nations General Assembly
384:Organization of American States
1777:Treaties extended to Greenland
1727:Treaties of the United Kingdom
1297:Treaties of the Czech Republic
805:
678:
632:
488:International Court of Justice
173:that regulates treaties among
48:
1:
1347:Treaties of Georgia (country)
472:Members of the United Nations
414:and specifically allowed the
317:vote to transfer China's seat
1617:Treaties of the Soviet Union
619:United Nations Treaty Series
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507:International Law Commission
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1697:Treaties of North Macedonia
1657:Treaties of Francoist Spain
1592:Treaties of the Philippines
1547:Treaties of the Netherlands
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279:international organizations
191:customary international law
54:
10:
1818:
1787:Treaties extended to Aruba
1302:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
1152:Treaties concluded in 1969
938:UN Office of Legal Affairs
564:List of Vienna conventions
501:Interpretation of treaties
321:People's Republic of China
296:
196:
1467:Treaties of Liechtenstein
517:European Court of Justice
293:Parties to the convention
143:
138:
130:
120:
112:
104:
100:Ratification by 35 states
96:
88:
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1717:Treaties of Turkmenistan
1627:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
1492:Treaties of the Maldives
1387:Treaties of the Holy See
1357:Treaties of East Germany
1352:Treaties of West Germany
1237:Treaties of Burkina Faso
950:Belém do Pará Convention
929:UN THE WORLD TODAY (PDF)
899:Dag Hammerskjöld Library
476:the specialized agencies
445:the specialized agencies
412:2011 Istanbul Convention
309:11 UN member states
272:
116:116 (as of January 2018)
1682:Treaties of Switzerland
1607:Treaties of South Korea
1552:Treaties of New Zealand
1167:United Nations treaties
1074:Kluwer Arbitration Blog
986:Articles 76, 77 and 81.
716:17 October 2013 at the
449:international community
171:international agreement
16:International agreement
1757:Treaties of Yugoslavia
1747:Treaties of Uzbekistan
1702:Treaties of East Timor
1692:Treaties of Tajikistan
1532:Treaties of Mozambique
1522:Treaties of Montenegro
1477:Treaties of Luxembourg
1437:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
1422:Treaties of Kazakhstan
1277:Treaties of Costa Rica
952:Article 15, 16 and 17.
760:juridicum.univie.ac.at
639:Anthony, Aust (2006).
498:
484:parties to the Statute
341:International treaties
24:on the Law of Treaties
1507:Treaties of Mauritius
1472:Treaties of Lithuania
1367:Treaties of Guatemala
1197:Treaties of Australia
1187:Treaties of Argentina
468:
261:; Article 62 defines
1732:Treaties of Tanzania
1672:Treaties of Suriname
1647:Treaties of Slovenia
1642:Treaties of Slovakia
1602:Treaties of Portugal
1582:Treaties of Paraguay
1487:Treaties of Malaysia
1427:Treaties of Kiribati
1392:Treaties of Honduras
1267:Treaties of Colombia
1242:Treaties of Cameroon
1207:Treaties of Barbados
997:UN Secretary-General
521:Bosphorus Queen Case
436:depositary authority
125:UN Secretary-General
1767:Treaty law treaties
1752:Treaties of Vietnam
1742:Treaties of Uruguay
1737:Treaties of Ukraine
1712:Treaties of Tunisia
1632:Treaties of Senegal
1612:Treaties of Moldova
1562:Treaties of Nigeria
1537:Treaties of Myanmar
1527:Treaties of Morocco
1457:Treaties of Liberia
1452:Treaties of Lesotho
1412:Treaties of Jamaica
1402:Treaties of Ireland
1337:Treaties of Finland
1332:Treaties of Estonia
1322:Treaties of Ecuador
1312:Treaties of Denmark
1282:Treaties of Croatia
1217:Treaties of Belgium
1202:Treaties of Austria
1192:Treaties of Armenia
1182:Treaties of Andorra
1177:Treaties of Algeria
1172:Treaties of Albania
984:Istanbul Convention
965:. Council of Europe
313:UN General Assembly
250:pacta sunt servanda
238:The VCLT defines a
230:Content and effects
204:special rapporteurs
25:
1677:Treaties of Sweden
1622:Treaties of Rwanda
1597:Treaties of Poland
1577:Treaties of Panama
1512:Treaties of Mexico
1482:Treaties of Malawi
1447:Treaties of Latvia
1432:Treaties of Kuwait
1377:Treaties of Guyana
1372:Treaties of Guinea
1292:Treaties of Cyprus
1247:Treaties of Canada
1227:Treaties of Brazil
1125:Annebeth Rosenboom
1059:. Hart Publishing.
1051:Interpreting the "
1005:Geneva Conventions
870:of the Convention.
459:used its wording.
430:Statehood question
216:Gerald Fitzmaurice
212:Hersch Lauterpacht
21:
1687:Treaties of Syria
1557:Treaties of Niger
1542:Treaties of Nauru
1502:Treaties of Malta
1417:Treaties of Japan
1407:Treaties of Italy
1382:Treaties of Haiti
1342:Treaties of Gabon
1327:Treaties of Egypt
1307:Treaties of Zaire
1257:Treaties of Chile
1104:Introductory note
1076:. 2 December 2019
798:978-0-19-876299-7
707:untreaty.un.org,
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361:members of the UN
305:Republic of China
183:international law
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59:Non-parties
22:Vienna Convention
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1707:Treaties of Togo
1587:Treaties of Peru
1567:Treaties of Oman
1497:Treaties of Mali
1442:Treaties of Laos
1287:Treaties of Cuba
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797:
773:
747:
722:
693:
677:
663:
631:
599:
579:
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
566:
561:
555:
549:
543:
535:
532:
502:
499:
492:
431:
428:
416:European Union
337:
334:
332:
331:Vienna formula
329:
297:Main article:
294:
291:
274:
271:
231:
228:
198:
195:
157:
156:
141:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
62:
61:
36:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1814:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1039:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1009:special cases
1006:
1002:
998:
992:
985:
980:
964:
958:
951:
948:For example,
945:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
916:
900:
896:
890:
888:
886:
876:
869:
864:
862:
860:
851:
845:
837:
835:9780199231690
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
808:
800:
794:
790:
786:
785:Brownlie, Ian
780:
778:
761:
757:
751:
736:
729:
727:
719:
715:
712:
711:
704:
702:
700:
698:
691:
687:
681:
666:
664:9780199231690
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:
642:
635:
620:
616:
610:
608:
606:
604:
596:
591:
589:
587:
585:
580:
570:
567:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:
531:
528:
526:
522:
518:
513:
510:
508:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:or of any of
473:
467:
465:
460:
458:
457:organizations
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
427:
425:
419:
417:
413:
409:
408:United States
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
300:
290:
287:
282:
280:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
246:
241:
236:
227:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:James Brierly
205:
194:
192:
186:
184:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
155:
151:
142:
137:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
60:
53:Signatories
40:
39:
32:
27:
19:
1132:
1128:
1111:
1108:Karl Zemanek
1078:. Retrieved
1073:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1038:
1028:
1016:
991:
979:
967:. Retrieved
957:
944:
915:
903:. Retrieved
898:
875:
844:
817:
813:
807:
788:
764:. Retrieved
759:
750:
740:15 September
738:. Retrieved
709:
680:
668:. Retrieved
645:
634:
622:. Retrieved
529:
520:
514:
511:
504:
469:
461:
433:
424:reservations
420:
396:Vatican City
377:
372:
339:
302:
283:
276:
254:
248:
245:ratification
237:
233:
224:
200:
187:
179:
166:
162:
160:
41:
18:
1080:10 November
1001:Switzerland
766:12 November
762:(in German)
345:conventions
105:Signatories
74:23 May 1969
1146:Categories
267:depositary
255:jus cogens
154:Wikisource
121:Depositary
1127:entitled
1053:discharge
868:Article 3
575:Footnotes
139:Full text
131:Languages
97:Condition
89:Effective
1121:Lectures
1003:for the
936:formula"
921:UN organ
787:(1998).
714:Archived
624:17 April
534:See also
493:—
406:and the
392:Holy See
315:'s 1971
169:) is an
79:Location
47:Parties
1114:in the
969:8 April
905:8 April
670:26 July
597:, pg. 1
509:(ILC).
486:of the
478:or the
382:or the
319:to the
197:History
113:Parties
56:
50:
44:
1007:– see
931:; the
832:
795:
688:
661:
560:(1978)
554:(1963)
548:(1961)
542:(1946)
525:UNCLOS
404:Mexico
390:, the
388:Canada
373:States
369:states
357:accede
353:ratify
240:treaty
218:, and
83:Vienna
71:Signed
400:Japan
273:Scope
1131:and
1082:2021
995:The
971:2020
907:2020
830:ISBN
793:ISBN
768:2019
742:2015
686:ISBN
672:2019
659:ISBN
626:2016
515:The
349:sign
343:and
167:VCLT
161:The
1123:by
1106:by
1033:168
822:doi
651:doi
482:or
398:),
363:or
355:or
152:at
1148::
1072:.
927:,
923:.
897:.
884:^
858:^
828:.
820:.
816:.
776:^
758:.
725:^
696:^
657:.
649:.
643:.
617:.
602:^
583:^
527:.
402:,
351:,
257:,
222:.
214:,
210:,
177:.
108:45
1084:.
1011:.
973:.
909:.
838:.
824::
801:.
770:.
744:.
674:.
653::
628:.
394:(
165:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
