122:
246:
364:
filter media but also to allow the free passage of air up through the filter media. Mounted in the center over the top of the filter media is a spindle supporting two or more horizontal perforated pipes which extend to the edge of the media. The perforations on the pipes are designed to allow an even flow of liquid over the whole area of the media and are also angled so that when liquid flows from the pipes the whole assembly rotates around the central spindle. Settled sewage is delivered to a reservoir at the centre of the spindle via some form of dosing mechanism, often a tipping bucket device on small filters.
1247:
25:
230:
221:, biological filter and biological trickling filter are often used to refer to a trickling filter. These systems have also been described as roughing filters, intermittent filters, packed media bed filters, alternative septic systems, percolating filters, attached growth processes, and fixed film processes.
363:
A typical trickling filter is circular and between 10 metres and 20 metres across and between 2 metres to 3 metres deep. A circular wall, often of brick, contains a bed of filter media which in turn rests on a base of under-drains. These under-drains function both to remove liquid passing through the
392:
in the anaerobic septic tank. Some systems use the filters in two banks operated in series so that the wastewater has two passes through a filter with a sedimentation stage between the two passes. Every few days the filters are switched round to balance the load. This method of treatment can improve
261:
Typically, settled sewage flow enters at a high level and flows through the primary settlement tank. The supernatant from the tank flows into a dosing device, often a tipping bucket which delivers flow to the arms of the filter. The flush of water flows through the arms and exits through a series of
428:
for microbial attachment, wastewater retention time, allows air flow, resists plugging, is mechanically robust in all weathers allowing walking access across the filter, and does not degrade. Some residential systems require forced aeration units which will increase maintenance and operational
293:. The filter media is typically chosen to provide a very high surface-to-volume ratio. Typical materials are often porous and have considerable internal surface area, in addition to the external surface of the medium. Passage of the wastewater over the media provides dissolved
436:, New Zealand in May 2022 when two large trickling filters filled with plastic filter bales caught fire. The resultant smell had a significant impact on many city residents and this event put out of action a significant proportion of the sewage treatment capacity.
317:
for the separation and removal of the sloughed film. Filters utilizing higher-density media, such as sand, foam and peat moss do not produce a sludge that must be removed, but may require forced air blowers, backwashing, and/or an enclosed anaerobic environment.
476:
The treated water effluent from industrial wastewater trickling filters is typically processed in a clarifier to remove the sludge that sloughs off the microbial slime layer attached to the trickling filter media as for other trickling filter applications.
448:
may involve specialized trickling filters which use plastic media and high flow rates. Wastewaters from a variety of industrial processes have been treated in trickling filters. Such industrial wastewater trickling filters consist of two types:
616:
375:
Single trickling filters may be used for the treatment of small residential septic tank discharges and very small rural sewage treatment systems. Larger centralized sewage treatment plants typically use many trickling filters in parallel.
262:
holes pointing at an angle downwards. This propels the arms around distributing the liquid evenly over the surface of the filter media. Most are uncovered (unlike the accompanying diagram) and are freely ventilated to the atmosphere.
379:
Systems can be configured for single-pass use where the treated water is applied to the trickling filter once before being disposed of, or for multi-pass use where a portion of the treated water is cycled back and re-treated via a
354:
and reductive biological processes. At certain times of year, especially in the spring, rapid growth of organisms in the film may cause the film to be too thick and it may slough off in patches leading to the "spring slough".
196:
flowing through the bed or natural convection of air if the filter medium is porous. The treatment of sewage or other wastewater with trickling filters is among the oldest and most well characterized treatment technologies.
308:
gas, water and other oxidized end products. As the biofilm layer thickens, it eventually sloughs off into the liquid flow and subsequently forms part of the secondary sludge. Typically, a trickling filter is followed by a
460:
The availability of inexpensive plastic tower packings has led to their use as trickling filter beds in tall towers, some as high as 20 meters. As early as the 1960s, such towers were in use at: the Great
Northern Oil's
480:
Some of the latest trickle filter technology involves aerated biofilters of plastic media in vessels using blowers to inject air at the bottom of the vessels, with either downflow or upflow of the wastewater.
238:
350:.) This is very different from many other biofilms, which may be less than 1 mm thick. Within the biofilm, both aerobic and anaerobic zones can exist supporting both
530:
631:
661:
326:
The biofilm that develops in a trickling filter may become several millimetres thick and is typically a gelatinous matrix that may contain many species of
830:
579:
770:
393:
nitrification and de-nitrification since much of the carbonaceous oxidative material is removed on the first pass through the filters.
1136:
490:
1292:
1277:
850:
89:
556:
845:
708:
534:
401:
Trickling may have a variety of types of filter media used to support the biofilm. Types of media most commonly used include
61:
742:
121:
642:
384:. Multi-pass systems result in higher treatment quality and assist in removing Total Nitrogen (TN) levels by promoting
68:
1272:
1131:
129:: The effluent from the primary settling tanks is sprayed onto a bed of coarse gravel (Benfleet Sewage Treatment Plant)
1001:
108:
42:
75:
1091:
1061:
1031:
445:
805:
245:
1282:
495:
46:
367:
Larger filters may be rectangular and the distribution arms may be driven by hydraulic or electrical systems.
1297:
1081:
905:
865:
57:
1006:
1146:
913:
611:
918:
835:
735:
1106:
1046:
973:
815:
35:
590:
241:
Image 1. A schematic cross-section of the contact face of the bed of media in a trickling filter
963:
958:
923:
270:
250:
346:, insect larvae, other microfauna. (If annelids are abundant, the filter may be considered a
82:
1172:
983:
595:
584:
138:
8:
1086:
1071:
1026:
825:
728:
614:, Enrique R. Witt, "Biological filter and process", issued September 28, 1982
500:
1212:
1177:
1121:
1041:
1016:
785:
765:
462:
314:
204:
a bed of filter medium upon which a layer of microbial slime is promoted and developed;
432:
Synthetic filter media may pose a significant risk of flammability as demonstrated in
1287:
1251:
1036:
933:
780:
704:
666:
638:
470:
278:
1167:
1111:
1011:
991:
1202:
1076:
790:
389:
589:. King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. pp. 62–65. Archived from
1227:
1207:
1197:
1192:
1182:
1162:
1101:
996:
928:
870:
855:
800:
305:
237:
142:
126:
453:
Large tanks or concrete enclosures filled with plastic packing or other media.
1266:
885:
810:
385:
213:
a system for removing and disposing of any sludge from the treated effluent.
210:
a system for distributing the flow of wastewater over the filter medium; and
1232:
1116:
1066:
938:
895:
433:
425:
410:
169:
158:
189:
1222:
1217:
1141:
1096:
1056:
953:
860:
505:
421:
402:
347:
298:
146:
16:
Type of wastewater treatment system with a fixed bed of rocks or similar
1187:
1051:
751:
274:
193:
177:
200:
The fundamental components of a complete trickling filter system are:
1021:
968:
820:
466:
351:
327:
310:
301:
266:
218:
181:
165:
24:
948:
840:
775:
381:
343:
290:
254:
207:
an enclosure or a container which houses the bed of filter medium;
875:
339:
331:
286:
282:
257:, showing importance of maintenance to prevent structural failure
229:
192:
conditions are maintained by splashing, diffusion, and either by
185:
670:
531:"Biological wastewater treatment processes; secondary treatment"
890:
880:
406:
335:
294:
173:
150:
688:. Conference on Biological Waste Treatment. Manhattan College.
795:
720:
456:
Vertical towers filled with plastic packing or other media.
417:
413:
161:
154:
943:
469:; the Cities Service Oil Company Trafalgar Refinery in
662:
Aqueous Wastes from
Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
658:
557:"Updates on the wastewater treatment plant stench"
439:
1264:
217:The terms trickle filter, trickling biofilter,
580:"Saudi Aramco Engineering Development Program"
736:
701:Activated Sludge and Aerobic Biofilm Reactors
684:Bryan, E.H.; Moeller, D.H. (April 20, 1960).
698:
683:
665:(1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
297:, which the biofilm layer requires for the
743:
729:
533:. Staffordshire University. Archived from
525:
523:
521:
269:from the waste water stream involves both
233:A typical complete trickling filter system
686:Aerobic Biological Oxidation Using Dowpac
491:List of wastewater treatment technologies
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
577:
358:
244:
236:
228:
120:
518:
1265:
652:
304:of the organic compounds and releases
224:
188:) to grow, covering the bed of media.
180:flows downward and causes a layer of
141:system. It consists of a fixed bed of
724:
409:, plastic matrix material, open-cell
281:and some inorganic species (such as
249:Broken trickling filter unit at the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
13:
1132:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
446:treatment of industrial wastewater
14:
1309:
1002:Agricultural wastewater treatment
629:
1246:
1245:
424:. Ideal filter medium optimizes
289:ions) by the layer of microbial
125:A trickling filter plant in the
23:
1062:Industrial wastewater treatment
1032:Decentralized wastewater system
440:Industrial wastewater treatment
34:needs additional citations for
1293:Pollution control technologies
1278:Biodegradable waste management
750:
692:
677:
623:
604:
571:
549:
496:Rotating biological contactors
396:
172:, or plastic media over which
1:
1082:Rotating biological contactor
699:Van Sperling, Marcus (2007).
511:
388:in the aerobic media bed and
7:
659:Beychok, Milton R. (1967).
641:. p. 6. Archived from
559:. Christchurch City Council
484:
473:and at a kraft paper mill.
10:
1314:
1147:Wastewater treatment plant
914:Adsorbable organic halides
321:
1273:Environmental engineering
1241:
1155:
982:
919:Biochemical oxygen demand
904:
758:
610:
370:
1107:Sewage sludge treatment
1047:Fecal sludge management
1007:API oil–water separator
974:Wastewater surveillance
632:"Recirculating Systems"
964:Total suspended solids
959:Total dissolved solids
924:Chemical oxygen demand
258:
251:sewage treatment plant
242:
234:
130:
1283:Environmental science
831:Industrial wastewater
612:US patent 4351729
359:Design considerations
248:
240:
232:
124:
1298:Industrial equipment
1173:Groundwater recharge
703:. IWA Publications.
648:on October 23, 2015.
139:wastewater treatment
43:improve this article
1087:Secondary treatment
1072:Membrane bioreactor
1027:Constructed wetland
826:Infiltration/Inflow
501:Trickle-bed reactor
416:, clinker, gravel,
225:Process description
1252:Category: Sewerage
1213:Septic drain field
1178:Infiltration basin
1122:Stabilization pond
1042:Facultative lagoon
906:Quality indicators
786:Blackwater (waste)
766:Acid mine drainage
463:Pine Bend Refinery
315:sedimentation tank
259:
243:
235:
131:
58:"Trickling filter"
1260:
1259:
1037:Extended aeration
984:Treatment options
934:Oxygen saturation
781:Blackwater (coal)
759:Sources and types
710:978-1-84339-165-4
639:Auburn University
471:Oakville, Ontario
279:organic compounds
119:
118:
111:
93:
1305:
1249:
1248:
1168:Evaporation pond
1156:Disposal options
1127:Trickling filter
1112:Sewage treatment
1012:Carbon filtering
992:Activated sludge
745:
738:
731:
722:
721:
715:
714:
696:
690:
689:
681:
675:
674:
656:
650:
649:
647:
636:
627:
621:
620:
619:
615:
608:
602:
601:
599:
588:
575:
569:
568:
566:
564:
553:
547:
546:
544:
542:
537:on 18 April 2011
527:
135:trickling filter
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1237:
1203:Reclaimed water
1151:
1077:Reverse osmosis
978:
900:
866:Reverse osmosis
791:Boiler blowdown
754:
749:
719:
718:
711:
697:
693:
682:
678:
657:
653:
645:
634:
628:
624:
617:
609:
605:
593:
582:
576:
572:
562:
560:
555:
554:
550:
540:
538:
529:
528:
519:
514:
487:
442:
399:
390:denitrification
373:
361:
324:
265:The removal of
227:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1311:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1228:Surface runoff
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1208:Sanitary sewer
1205:
1200:
1198:Marine outfall
1195:
1193:Marine dumping
1190:
1185:
1183:Injection well
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1163:Combined sewer
1159:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1102:Settling basin
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
997:Aerated lagoon
994:
988:
986:
980:
979:
977:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
929:Coliform index
926:
921:
916:
910:
908:
902:
901:
899:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
871:Sanitary sewer
868:
863:
858:
856:Produced water
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
801:Combined sewer
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
762:
760:
756:
755:
748:
747:
740:
733:
725:
717:
716:
709:
691:
676:
651:
630:Davis, Allen.
622:
603:
600:on 2011-07-28.
578:Saudi Aramco.
570:
548:
516:
515:
513:
510:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
486:
483:
458:
457:
454:
441:
438:
398:
395:
372:
369:
360:
357:
323:
320:
306:carbon dioxide
226:
223:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
127:United Kingdom
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1310:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Sedimentation
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
987:
985:
981:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
909:
907:
903:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
886:Sewage sludge
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
811:Cooling water
809:
807:
806:Cooling tower
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
771:Ballast water
769:
767:
764:
763:
761:
757:
753:
746:
741:
739:
734:
732:
727:
726:
723:
712:
706:
702:
695:
687:
680:
672:
668:
664:
663:
655:
644:
640:
633:
626:
613:
607:
597:
592:
586:
581:
574:
558:
552:
536:
532:
526:
524:
522:
517:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
482:
478:
474:
472:
468:
464:
455:
452:
451:
450:
447:
437:
435:
430:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:
408:
404:
394:
391:
387:
386:nitrification
383:
377:
368:
365:
356:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
319:
316:
312:
307:
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
256:
252:
247:
239:
231:
222:
220:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
201:
198:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:is a type of
136:
128:
123:
113:
110:
102:
99:November 2013
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1233:Vacuum sewer
1126:
1117:Sewer mining
1067:Ion exchange
1017:Chlorination
939:Heavy metals
896:Urban runoff
836:Ion exchange
816:Fecal sludge
700:
694:
685:
679:
660:
654:
643:the original
625:
606:
591:the original
573:
561:. Retrieved
551:
539:. Retrieved
535:the original
479:
475:
459:
443:
434:Christchurch
431:
426:surface area
411:polyurethane
400:
378:
374:
366:
362:
325:
264:
260:
216:
199:
159:polyurethane
134:
132:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1223:Storm drain
1218:Sewage farm
1142:Vermifilter
1097:Septic tank
1057:Imhoff tank
954:Temperature
861:Return flow
851:Papermaking
541:13 December
506:Vermifilter
422:geotextiles
397:Media types
382:closed loop
348:vermifilter
344:round worms
299:biochemical
253:in Norton,
164:, sphagnum
1267:Categories
1188:Irrigation
1052:Filtration
752:Wastewater
512:References
338:protozoa,
275:adsorption
271:absorption
267:pollutants
194:forced-air
178:wastewater
69:newspapers
1022:Clarifier
969:Turbidity
821:Greywater
467:Minnesota
352:oxidative
311:clarifier
302:oxidation
219:biofilter
182:microbial
176:or other
166:peat moss
1288:Sewerage
949:Salinity
841:Leachate
776:Bathroom
671:67019834
485:See also
340:annelids
336:amoeboid
332:ciliates
328:bacteria
255:Zimbabwe
876:Septage
563:13 June
429:costs.
322:Biofilm
291:biofilm
287:nitrate
283:nitrite
190:Aerobic
186:biofilm
184:slime (
170:ceramic
83:scholar
1250:
891:Toilet
881:Sewage
846:Manure
707:
669:
618:
407:pumice
295:oxygen
174:sewage
151:gravel
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
796:Brine
646:(PDF)
635:(PDF)
371:Types
143:rocks
90:JSTOR
76:books
1137:UASB
705:ISBN
667:LCCN
565:2022
543:2019
444:The
420:and
418:sand
414:foam
403:coke
334:and
285:and
273:and
162:foam
155:slag
147:coke
62:news
596:PPT
585:PPT
465:in
313:or
277:of
45:by
1269::
944:pH
637:.
520:^
405:,
342:,
330:,
168:,
157:,
153:,
149:,
145:,
133:A
744:e
737:t
730:v
713:.
673:.
598:)
594:(
587:)
583:(
567:.
545:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
