512:(RAS). The biofiltration techniques used in aquaculture can be separated into three categories: biological, physical, and chemical. The main biological method is nitrification, physical methods include mechanical techniques and sedimentation, and chemical methods are usually used in tandem with one of the other methods. Some farms use seaweed, such as those from the genera Ulva, to take excess nutrients out of the water and release oxygen into the ecosystem in a “recirculation system” while also serving as a source of income when they sell the seaweed for safe human consumption.
20:
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accumulation by acting as a first line of disinfection. Bacteria attached to filter media as a biofilm oxidize organic material as both an energy and carbon source, this prevents undesired bacteria from using these sources which can reduce water odors and tastes . These biological treatment systems effectively reduce water-borne diseases, dissolved organic carbon, turbidity and color in surface water, thus improving overall water quality.
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cost-effective solution provided the pollutant is biodegradable within a moderate time frame (increasing residence time = increased size and capital costs), at reasonable concentrations (and lb/hr loading rates) and that the airstream is at an organism-viable temperature. For large volumes of air, a biofilter may be the only cost-effective solution. There is no secondary pollution (unlike the case of
208:
organic packing media like peat, vegetable mulch, bark or wood chips may last for several years but engineered, combined natural organic, and synthetic component packing materials will generally last much longer, up to 10 years. Several companies offer these types of proprietary packing materials and multi-year guarantees, not usually provided with a conventional compost or wood chip bed biofilter.
262:
418:
and flow channeling. Depending on the type of application and on the media used for microbial growth, bioclogging can be controlled using physical and/or chemical methods. Backwash steps can be implemented using air and/or water to disrupt the biomat and recover flow whenever possible. Chemicals such
348:, which means that microorganisms require oxygen for their metabolism. Oxygen can be supplied to the biofilm, either concurrently or countercurrently with water flow. Aeration occurs passively by the natural flow of air through the process (three phase biofilter) or by forced air supplied by blowers.
269:
Biofiltration was first introduced in
England in 1893 as a trickling filter for wastewater treatment and has since been successfully used for the treatment of different types of water. Biological treatment has been used in Europe to filter surface water for drinking purposes since the early 1900s and
211:
Although widely employed, the scientific community is still unsure of the physical phenomena underpinning biofilter operation, and information about the microorganisms involved continues to be developed. A biofilter/bio-oxidation system is a fairly simple device to construct and operate and offers a
355:
The mechanisms by which certain microorganisms can attach and colonize on the surface of filter media of a biofilter can be via transportation, initial adhesion, firm attachment, and colonization . The transportation of microorganisms to the surface of the filter media is further controlled by four
244:
plant. The biofilters decrease the pollution emitted by the manufacturing process and the exhaust emitted is 98% clean. The newest, and largest, biofilter addition to Plum Creek cost $ 9.5 million, yet even though this new technology is expensive, in the long run it will cost less overtime than the
483:
as well as to flows generated by a municipality (> 240 000 m3/d). For decentralized domestic wastewater production, such as for isolated dwellings, it has been demonstrated that there are important daily, weekly and yearly fluctuations of hydraulic and organic production rates related to modern
439:
For drinking water, biological water treatment involves the use of naturally occurring microorganisms in the surface water to improve water quality. Under optimum conditions, including relatively low turbidity and high oxygen content, the organisms break down material in the water and thus improve
491:
is fed through a bio-scrubber and “scrubbed” with activated sludge liquid from an aeration tank. Most commonly found in wastewater treatment is the trickling filter process (TFs) . Trickling filters are an aerobic treatment that uses microorganisms on attached medium to remove organic matter from
443:
Typically in drinking water treatment; granular activated carbon or sand filters are used to prevent re-growth of microorganisms in water distribution pipes by reducing levels of iron and nitrate that act as a microbial nutrient. GAC also reduces chlorine demand and other disinfection by-product
440:
water quality. Slow sand filters or carbon filters are used to provide a support on which these microorganisms grow. These biological treatment systems effectively reduce water-borne diseases, dissolved organic carbon, turbidity and color in surface water, thus improving overall water quality.
372:
Although biological filters have simple superficial structures, their internal hydrodynamics and the microorganisms' biology and ecology are complex and variable. These characteristics confer robustness to the process. In other words, the process has the capacity to maintain its performance or
207:
One of the main challenges to optimum biofilter operation is maintaining proper moisture throughout the system. The air is normally humidified before it enters the bed with a watering (spray) system, humidification chamber, bio scrubber, or bio trickling filter. Properly maintained, a natural,
351:
Microorganisms' activity is a key-factor of the process performance. The main influencing factors are the water composition, the biofilter hydraulic loading, the type of media, the feeding strategy (percolation or submerged media), the age of the biofilm, temperature, aeration, etc.
1357:
Neori, Amir; Chopin, Thierry; Troell, Max; Buschmann, Alejandro H.; Kraemer, George P.; Halling, Christina; Shpigel, Muki; Yarish, Charles (March 2004). "Integrated aquaculture: rationale, evolution and state of the art emphasizing seaweed biofiltration in modern mariculture".
376:
The structure of the biofilm protects microorganisms from difficult environmental conditions and retains the biomass inside the process, even when conditions are not optimal for its growth. Biofiltration processes offer the following advantages: (Rittmann et al., 1988):
456:
Biofiltration is used to treat wastewater from a wide range of sources, with varying organic compositions and concentrations. Many examples of biofiltration applications are described in the literature. Bespoke biofilters have been developed and commercialized for the
314:, worms, insect's larvae, etc.) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) (Flemming and Wingender, 2010). Air or water flows through a media bed and any suspended compounds are transferred into a surface biofilm where microorganisms are held to degrade pollutants
196:) may occupy as much or more land than a football field—this has been one of the principal drawbacks of the technology. Since the early 1990s, engineered biofilters have provided significant footprint reductions over the conventional flat-bed, organic media type.
447:
Biotechnological techniques can be used to improve the biofiltration of drinking water by studying the microbial communities in the water. Such techniques include qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction), ATP assay, metagenomics, and flow cytometry.
356:
main processes of diffusion (Brownian motion), convection, sedimentation, and active mobility of the microorganisms. The overall filtration process consists of microorganism attachment, substrate utilization which causes biomass growth, to biomass detachment.
823:
495:
In primary wastewater treatment, biofiltration is used to control levels of biochemical oxygen, demand, chemical oxygen demand, and suspended solids. In tertiary treatment processes, biofiltration is used to control levels of organic carbon .
559:
sp.). This "nitrification" process requires oxygen (aerobic conditions), without which the biofilter can crash. Furthermore, as this nitrification cycle produces H, the pH can decrease which necessitates the use of buffers such as
325:
Water to be treated can be applied intermittently or continuously over the media, via upflow or downflow. Typically, a biofilter has two or three phases, depending on the feeding strategy (percolating or submerged biofilter):
224:
are produced from burning fuels) and degradation products form additional biomass, carbon dioxide and water. Media irrigation water, although many systems recycle part of it to reduce operating costs, has a moderately high
430:
Biofiltration can require a large area for some treatment techniques (suspended growth and attached growth processes) as well as long hydraulic retention times (anaerobic lagoon and anaerobic baffled reactor).
1255:
484:
families' lifestyle. In this context, a biofilter located after a septic tank constitutes a robust process able to sustain the variability observed without compromising the treatment performance.
1732:
56:
of contaminants in air. Industrial biofiltration can be classified as the process of utilizing biological oxidation to remove volatile organic compounds, odors, and hydrocarbons.
229:(BOD) and may require treatment before disposal. However, this "blowdown water", necessary for proper maintenance of any bio-oxidation system, is generally accepted by municipal
875:
398:
The final treatment result is less influenced by biomass separation since the biomass concentration at the effluent is much lower than for suspended biomass processes;
165:
are immobilized in the biofilm and degrade the pollutant. Trickling filters and bioscrubbers rely on a biofilm and the bacterial action in their recirculating waters.
1441:
Chaudhary, Durgananda Singh; Vigneswaran, Saravanamuthu; Ngo, Huu-Hao; Shim, Wang Geun; Moon, Hee (November 2003). "Biofilter in water and wastewater treatment".
744:
Chaudhary, Durgananda Singh; Vigneswaran, Saravanamuthu; Ngo, Huu-Hao; Shim, Wang Geun; Moon, Hee (November 2003). "Biofilter in water and wastewater treatment".
1264:
717:
1257:
Effectiveness of domestic wastewater treatment technologies in the context of the new constrains imposed by lifestyle changes in north
American families
1192:
Talbot P, Bélanger G, Pelletier M, Laliberté G, Arcand Y (1996). "Development of a biofilter using an organic medium for on-site wastewater treatment".
469:
381:
Since microorganisms are retained within the biofilm, biofiltration allows the development of microorganisms with relatively low specific growth rates;
373:
rapidly return to initial levels following a period of no flow, of intense use, toxic shocks, media backwash (high rate biofiltration processes), etc.
401:
The attached biomass becomes more specialized (higher concentration of relevant organisms) at a given point in the process train because there is no
402:
414:
Because filtration and growth of biomass leads to an accumulation of matter in the filtering media, this type of fixed-film process is subject to
298:. Biofiltration is thus usually referred to as a fixed–film process. Generally, the biofilm is formed by a community of different microorganisms (
1652:
364:
Most biofilters use media such as sand, crushed rock, river gravel, or some form of plastic or ceramic material shaped as small beads and rings.
1219:
Y. Bihan & P. Lessard (2000). "Use of enzyme tests to monitor the biomass activity of a trickling biofilter treating domestic wastewaters".
184:
and coatings application and manufacturing and resin manufacturing and application, etc. Compounds treated are typically mixed VOCs and various
1849:
1104:
M.G. Healy; M. Rodgers & J. Mulqueen (2007). "Treatment of dairy wastewater using constructed wetlands and intermittent sand filters".
515:
Many designs are used, with different benefits and drawbacks, however the function is the same: reducing water exchanges by converting
72:
192:. Very large airflows may be treated and although a large area (footprint) has typically been required—a large biofilter (>200,000
76:
1515:
Pagans, Estel.la; Font, Xavier; Sánchez, Antoni (October 2005). "Biofiltration for ammonia removal from composting exhaust gases".
903:
881:
1834:
1554:
Nishimura, Sosuke; Yoda, Motoyuki (1 January 1997). "Removal of hydrogen sulfide from an anaerobic biogas using a bio-scrubber".
1397:
1240:
644:"Biofiltration of high concentrations of methanol vapors: removal performance, carbon balance and microbial and fly populations"
1844:
26:
composting plant biofilter mound - note sprinkler visible front right to maintain proper moisture level for optimum functioning
1157:
Jowett, E. Craig; McMaster, Michaye L. (January 1995). "On-Site
Wastewater Treatment Using Unsaturated Absorbent Biofilters".
203:
Air cycle system at biosolids composting plant. Large duct in foreground is exhaust air into biofilter shown in previous photo
622:
1839:
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1824:
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509:
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230:
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alternative exhaust-cleaning incinerators fueled by natural gas (which are not as environmentally friendly).
1404:
Bouwer, Edward J.; Crowe, Patricia B. (September 1988). "Biological
Processes in Drinking Water Treatment".
41:
containing living material to capture and biologically degrade pollutants. Common uses include processing
340:
Organic matter and other water components diffuse into the biofilm where the treatment occurs, mostly by
547:
of organic matter. As ammonia-N is highly toxic, this is converted to a less toxic form of nitrite (by
294:
A biofilter is a bed of media on which microorganisms attach and grow to form a biological layer called
1711:
169:
1315:
Crab, Roselien; Avnimelech, Yoram; Defoirdt, Tom; Bossier, Peter; Verstraete, Willy (September 2007).
226:
1537:
103:
1026:
G. Buelna, R. Dubé & N. Turgeon (2008). "Pig manure treatment by organic bed biofiltration".
237:
131:
1854:
1747:
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1532:
1398:
https://www.cityofventura.ca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/13163/CASQA-Guidance-SE-14-Biofilter-Bags
265:
Image 1: A schematic cross-section of the contact face of the bed media in a trickling filter.
1737:
1716:
479:
This process is versatile as it can be adapted to small flows (< 1 m3/d), such as onsite
1819:
1524:
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1331:
1228:
1166:
1113:
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172:(VOCs). Industries employing the technology include food and animal products, off-gas from
1263:. NOWRA - 18th Annual Technical Education Conference and Expo in Milwaukee. Archived from
1178:
8:
1681:
987:"Applying biotechnology for drinking water biofiltration: advancing science and practice"
473:
145:
When applied to air filtration and purification, biofilters use microorganisms to remove
89:
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1495:
1491:
1470:
Carlson, Kenneth H.; Amy, Gary L. (December 1998). "BOM removal during biofiltration".
1458:
1429:
1425:
954:"Physical and Biological Treatment Technologies of Slaughterhouse Wastewater: A Review"
931:
804:
761:
679:
1601:
1576:
1567:
1396:
Biofilter Bags SE-14. (2012). California
Stormwater BMP Handbook, 1–3. Retrieved from
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The technology finds the greatest application in treating malodorous compounds and
98:
84:
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848:
638:
Cruz-GarcĂa, Blanca; Geronimo-Meza, Andrea Selene; MartĂnez-Lievana, ConcepciĂłn;
612:
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134:
122:
1047:
1592:
637:
540:
341:
261:
177:
46:
1546:
149:. The air flows through a packed bed and the pollutant transfers into a thin
1813:
1288:"Removal of hydrogen sulfide from an anaerobic biogas using a bio-scrubber".
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is now receiving more interest worldwide. Biofiltration is also common in
1752:
1317:"Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production"
919:
593:
555:
505:
415:
275:
80:
42:
1499:
1433:
1061:
M. Heavey (2003). "Low-cost treatment of landfill leachate using peat".
873:
792:
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1241:
10.1002/1097-4660(200011)75:11<1031::AID-JCTB312>3.0.CO;2-A
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757:
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Biofilters are less subject to variable or intermittent loading and to
241:
173:
113:
108:
38:
1575:
van
Loosdrecht, M C; Lyklema, J; Norde, W; Zehnder, A J (March 1990).
1134:
667:
904:"Innovations in wastewater treatment: the moving bed biofilm process"
583:
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279:
53:
23:
257:
A typical complete trickling filter system for treating wastewaters.
1778:
1773:
985:
Kirisits, Mary Jo; Emelko, Monica B.; Pinto, Ameet J. (June 2019).
613:
Joseph S. Devinny; Marc A. Deshusses & Todd S. Webster (1999).
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recycling, as a way to minimize water replacement while increasing
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68:
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253:
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727:
1103:
877:
Aerobic fixed-media biofilter treatment of flushed swine manure
779:
H.C. Flemming & J. Wingender (2010). "The biofilm matrix".
488:
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185:
126:
1314:
880:. ASAE Annual International Meeting - Florida. Archived from
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307:
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162:
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536:
193:
1356:
874:
P.W. Westerman; J.R. Bicudo & A. Kantardjieff (1998).
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sp.) and then to an even less toxic form of nitrate (by
719:
Aqueous Wastes from
Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants
846:
1660:
984:
642:; Huante-González, Yolanda; Aizpuru, Aitor (2019).
1221:Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology
1218:
715:
648:Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology
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739:
737:
1811:
1627:- California Dept. of Transportation (CalTrans)
1577:"Influence of interfaces on microbial activity"
1156:
734:
487:In anaerobic wastewater treatment facilities,
1646:
1553:
951:
824:"Biofiltration-Nitrification Design Overview"
391:Operational costs are usually lower than for
952:Ali Musa, Mohammed; Idrus, Syazwani (2021).
59:
1403:
901:
722:(1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
359:
140:
45:, capturing harmful chemicals or silt from
1733:Continuous monitoring and adaptive control
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1639:
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1253:
850:Ecological Aspects of Used-Water Treatment
504:The use of biofilters is common in closed
1600:
1536:
1133:
1060:
1002:
969:
853:. The Processes and their Ecology Vol.3.
289:
260:
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198:
153:on the surface of the packing material.
18:
615:Biofiltration for Air Pollution Control
1812:
1443:Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
746:Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
709:
427:) or biocide agents can also be used.
344:. Biofiltration processes are usually
1634:
1625:Bioswales and strips for storm runoff
1179:10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400010012x
847:C.R. Curds & H.A. Hawkes (1983).
696:
499:
1850:Volatile organic compound abatement
821:
64:Examples of biofiltration include:
13:
1492:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1998.tb08550.x
1426:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1988.tb03103.x
1390:
699:"'Bug farm' a breath of fresh air"
248:
14:
1866:
1618:
1380:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.11.015
1344:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.05.006
510:recirculating aquaculture systems
434:
236:Biofilters are being utilized in
1159:Journal of Environmental Quality
991:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
1350:
1308:
1281:
1247:
1212:
1185:
1150:
1097:
1054:
1019:
978:
945:
895:
531:) originates from the brachial
240:at Plum Creek Timber Company's
180:, wood products manufacturing,
1835:Biodegradable waste management
1126:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.07.036
867:
840:
815:
772:
690:
631:
606:
231:publicly owned treatment works
1:
1845:Air pollution control systems
1568:10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00542-8
1302:10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00542-8
1083:10.1016/S0956-053X(03)00064-3
697:Lynch, Keriann (2008-10-26).
599:
451:
367:
1556:Water Science and Technology
1517:Chemical Engineering Journal
1290:Water Science and Technology
1206:10.1016/0273-1223(96)00609-9
1194:Water Science and Technology
1004:10.1016/j.copbio.2019.05.009
908:Water Science and Technology
409:
322:is usually slimy and muddy.
7:
1048:10.1016/j.desal.2007.11.049
781:Nature Reviews Microbiology
716:Beychok, Milton R. (1967).
567:
16:Pollution control technique
10:
1871:
1840:Waste treatment technology
1830:Environmental soil science
1712:Stormwater detention vault
1593:10.1128/mr.54.1.75-87.1990
459:treatment of animal wastes
310:, etc.), macro-organisms (
233:without any pretreatment.
170:volatile organic compounds
1825:Environmental engineering
1761:
1725:
1669:
1547:10.1016/j.cej.2005.03.004
227:biochemical oxygen demand
60:Examples of biofiltration
360:Types of filtering media
141:Control of air pollution
1670:Treatment / Containment
1581:Microbiological Reviews
333:a liquid phase (water);
238:Columbia Falls, Montana
1748:Hydrodynamic separator
1743:Flow control structure
1106:Bioresource Technology
336:a gaseous phase (air).
330:a solid phase (media);
266:
258:
204:
176:treatment facilities,
27:
1738:Flood control channel
1717:Stormwater harvesting
1664:management structures
290:Biofiltration process
264:
256:
202:
188:compounds, including
22:
920:10.2166/wst.2006.284
902:H. Odegaard (2006).
617:. Lewis Publishers.
272:wastewater treatment
90:Constructed wetlands
1682:Constructed wetland
1529:2005ChEnJ.113..105P
1484:1998JAWWA..90l..42C
1418:1988JAWWA..80i..82B
1372:2004Aquac.231..361N
1336:2007Aquac.270....1C
1254:R. Lacasse (2009).
1233:2000JCTB...75.1031B
1171:1995JEnvQ..24...86J
1118:2007BiTec..98.2268H
1075:2003WaMan..23..447H
1040:2008Desal.231..297B
793:10.1038/nrmicro2415
660:2019JCTB...94.1925C
474:domestic wastewater
216:where additional CO
1789:Percolation trench
1784:Infiltration basin
1702:Oil-grit separator
1455:10.1007/BF02706936
971:10.3390/su13094656
758:10.1007/BF02706936
500:Use in aquaculture
318:The aspect of the
267:
259:
205:
37:technique using a
28:
1807:
1806:
1799:Semicircular bund
1227:(11): 1031–1039.
1112:(12): 2268–2281.
668:10.1002/jctb.5974
624:978-1-56670-289-8
508:systems, such as
99:Slow sand filters
85:trickling filters
35:pollution control
1862:
1794:Permeable paving
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1648:
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1523:(2–3): 105–110.
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1449:(6): 1054–1065.
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1366:(1–4): 361–391.
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1063:Waste Management
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1034:(1–3): 297–304.
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1017:
1016:
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930:. Archived from
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837:
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828:
822:Ebeling, James.
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812:
776:
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769:
752:(6): 1054–1065.
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732:
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713:
707:
706:
703:Spokesman Review
694:
688:
687:
654:(6): 1925–1936.
635:
629:
628:
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470:dairy wastewater
393:activated sludge
190:hydrogen sulfide
123:riparian forests
94:natural wetlands
79:, bioscrubbers,
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1707:Retention basin
1687:Detention basin
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1538:10.1.1.470.1234
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1391:Further reading
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135:bioaccumulation
104:Treatment ponds
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31:Biofiltration
25:
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1769:Bioretention
1762:Infiltration
1726:Flow control
1697:Media filter
1676:
1587:(1): 75–87.
1584:
1580:
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1472:Journal AWWA
1471:
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1412:(9): 82–93.
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1265:the original
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1028:Desalination
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932:the original
914:(9): 17–33.
911:
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886:. Retrieved
882:the original
876:
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832:November 25,
830:. Retrieved
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589:Media filter
574:Bioretention
554:
550:Nitrosomonas
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492:wastewater.
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214:incineration
210:
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167:
157:, including
144:
81:Vermifilters
63:
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29:
1820:Bioreactors
1753:Storm drain
1360:Aquaculture
1324:Aquaculture
997:: 197–204.
964:(9): 4656.
594:Vermifilter
556:Nitrobacter
506:aquaculture
416:bioclogging
276:aquaculture
114:Green walls
109:Green belts
51:microbiotic
43:waste water
1814:Categories
1692:Green roof
1662:Stormwater
1274:2013-06-19
1135:10379/2567
938:2013-06-19
888:2013-06-19
600:References
452:Wastewater
368:Advantages
242:fiberboard
174:wastewater
39:bioreactor
1677:Biofilter
1533:CiteSeerX
684:104375950
676:0268-2575
584:Folkewall
535:from the
533:excretion
466:leachates
410:Drawbacks
280:greywater
73:biostrips
69:Bioswales
54:oxidation
24:Biosolids
1779:Dry well
1774:Bioswale
1508:91347325
1500:41296445
1463:10028364
1434:41292287
1144:16973357
1091:12893018
1013:31207464
928:16841724
809:28850938
801:20676145
766:10028364
728:67019834
579:Bioswale
568:See also
463:landfill
421:peroxide
312:protozoa
300:bacteria
159:bacteria
1611:2181260
1525:Bibcode
1480:Bibcode
1414:Bibcode
1368:Bibcode
1332:Bibcode
1229:Bibcode
1200:(3–4).
1167:Bibcode
1114:Bibcode
1071:Bibcode
1036:Bibcode
656:Bibcode
521:nitrate
517:ammonia
346:aerobic
320:biofilm
296:biofilm
151:biofilm
132:Bivalve
127:bosques
77:biobags
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527:and NH
489:biogas
481:sewage
220:and NO
186:sulfur
49:, and
1504:S2CID
1496:JSTOR
1459:S2CID
1430:JSTOR
1320:(PDF)
1268:(PDF)
1261:(PDF)
827:(PDF)
805:S2CID
762:S2CID
680:S2CID
537:gills
425:ozone
308:yeast
304:fungi
182:paint
163:fungi
33:is a
1607:PMID
1140:PMID
1087:PMID
1009:PMID
924:PMID
855:ISBN
834:2018
797:PMID
724:LCCN
672:ISSN
619:ISBN
562:lime
278:and
194:acfm
161:and
92:and
83:and
1597:PMC
1589:doi
1564:doi
1543:doi
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1422:doi
1376:doi
1364:231
1340:doi
1328:270
1298:doi
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1175:doi
1130:hdl
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