500:, directed by Darren Stein, the film tells the journey of two closeted gay teens, Tanner and Brent, on their quest to popularity in high school. The film explores the theme of tokenism through demonstrating the desire of a homosexual male best friend by typically heterosexual women. The three most popular girls in school: Fawcett Brooks, Caprice Winters, and 'Shley Osgood believe that the key to winning the prom queen title is through acquiring a gay best friend. In media, gay best friends are displayed as sassy, effeminate, fashionable, and flamboyant, making them act as a stock character accessory to the main character. While Tanner and Brent plan to become popular through exposing their sexuality, the girls are disappointed to find out that Tanner contradicts the stereotypical gay men they have seen in television. The film shows how harmful it can be to associate gay stereotypes with gay characters.
283:, which has been the focus of societal and political debates. All-male boards typically recruit women to improve specialized skills and to bring different values to decision making. In particular, women introduce useful female leadership qualities and skills like risk averseness, less radical decision-making, and more sustainable investment strategies. However, the mandate of gender diversity may also harm women. Some critics of the mandate believe that it makes women seem like "space fillers," which undermines the qualifications that women can bring to their jobs.
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need to work harder and strive for perfection. Secondly, polarization implies that the dominant group are uncomfortable around tokens or feel threatened by them due to their differences. As a result, tokens may experience social isolation from the exclusion of the majority group. Finally, tokens will feel the need to assimilate to the stereotyped caricature of their roles. For instance, women will feel forced to perform the “suitable behaviour" of a woman in reinforcing the behaviour of stereotypes attached to which they are associated with.
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sidekick positions to their white counterparts. Research completed on token ethnic characters into the new millennium has found that the representation of males has grown in numbers, but has not improved in negative portrayal. Statistics on token ethnic characters still suggest toxic masculinity in
African American males; threateningly powerful stereotypes of African American women; hyper-sexuality of African American and Asian women; and effeminate characteristics in Asian men and men of other racial minorities.
229:, the broader definition of tokenism is a situation in which a member of a distinctive category is treated differently from other people. The characteristics that make the person of interest a token can be perceived as either a handicap or an advantage, as supported by Václav Linkov. In a positive light, these distinct people can be seen as experts in their racial/cultural category, valued skills, or a different perspective on a project. In contrast, tokenism is most often seen as a handicap due to the
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of the group of token employees in a workplace, the individual identity of each token person is usually disrespected by the dominant group, who apply a stereotype role to them as a means of social control in the workplace. In order to avoid tokenism within the workplace, diversity and inclusion must be integrated to foster an environment where people feel connected and included. Employees must be hired on the basis of their capabilities rather than their gender, ethnicity, race, and sexuality.
491:
superhero the Black
Panther, a.k.a. King T’Challa, learns to stand in solidarity with the oppressed, even those in whose oppression he has been unwittingly complicit, such as the children of the African diaspora. As a result, the film can function as catalyst for reflection on the part of viewers in terms of how they might perceive more clearly the complexity, variety, and ambiguity represented by blackness, whether others’ or their own, and how they, too, might identify with the Other.
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462:) have been cited as two human characters of a racial minority that appear on screen. Lando was one of the first developed black characters in a science-fiction film at the time. Loyola Marymount University Professor of African American Studies, Adilifu Nama, has stated that this character is "a form of tokenism that placed one of the most optimistic faces on racial inclusion in a genre that had historically excluded Black representation."
25:
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world can see it. All this little tokenism that is dangled in front of the Negro and then he's told, 'See what we're doing for you, Tom.' Why the whole world can see that this is nothing but hypocrisy? All you do is make your image worse; you don't make it better." Malcolm X highlights that tokenism is used as a tool by
America to improve its image but fails in its attempts. For instance, in 1954, the United States ruled
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as early as the 1970s suggests an early recognition and disapproval of tokenism and its effects on perceptions of minority groups—specifically, perceptions of
African Americans. Tokenism seemed to be used as a quick fix for the complete void of major/recurring minority roles in television, but its skewed representation lacked room for thoroughly independent and positive roles. Throughout that decade, major
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students and this behavior was encouraged by the school's administration. Malcolm X's example of Little Rock exemplifies how tokenism can be intended to create the impression of social inclusiveness and diversity without bringing about any significant changes to the inclusion of underrepresented groups.
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held a collective 10:1 ratio of white characters to black characters, a much smaller margin of which had recurring
African American characters. At that, the representation of African American women was much slimmer. The use of these token characters often portrayed African American people to stand in
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Professor Kanter found that being a token evoked three behaviour consequences of visibility, polarization, and assimilation. Firstly, tokens often felt that they were being watched all the time, leading to the feeling of more pressure to perform well. In attempts to perform well, tokens will feel the
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By definition, token employees in a workplace are known to be few; hence, their alleged high visibility among the staff subjects them to greater pressure to perform their work at higher production standards of quality and volume and to behave in the expected, stereotypical manner. Given the smallness
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Ethnic and racial representation in television has been proven as an educational basis to inform mass audiences. However, tokenism leads to a narrow representation of minority groups, and this trend often leads to minority characters being exposed in negative or stereotypical fashions. Research done
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There has been much debate surrounding the concept of tokenism behind women directors on corporate boards. Since men disproportionately occupy the majority of board seats globally, governments and corporations have attempted to address this inequitable distribution of seats through reform measures.
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Tokenism can also have an impact on mental health in the workplace. According to one study, racial minorities also experience heightened performance pressures related to their race and gender; however, many reported that racial problems were more common than gender problems. Being a token makes one
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portrays the heroes of the fictional
African kingdom of Wakanda as godlike. They possess otherworldly sophistication by virtue of their blackness, in contrast to longstanding tendencies in mainstream film toward tokenism, stereotyping, and victimhood in depictions of people of African descent. The
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Black characters being the first characters to die was first identified in
Hollywood horror movies of the 1930s, notes writer Renee Cozier. The Oscars ceremonies have received criticism over a lack of representation of people of color, as critics have pointed towards a lack of minorities nominated
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Tokenism appears in advertising as well as other subdivisions of major media. Tokenism is interpreted as reinforcing subtle representations of minorities in commercials. Studies have shown that, among other racial minorities, Asian
Americans are targeted by advertising companies to fulfill casting
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puts forward candidates from under-represented groups, such as women or racial minorities, in races that the party has little or no chance of winning, while making limited or no effort to ensure that such candidates have similar opportunity to win the nomination in races where the party is safe or
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answered: "Tokenism is hypocrisy. One little student in the
University of Mississippi, that's hypocrisy. A handful of students in Little Rock, Arkansas, is hypocrisy. A couple of students going to school in Georgia is hypocrisy. Integration in America is hypocrisy in the rawest form. And the whole
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was analyzed to determine how often and in what situations black people were being portrayed in the magazine's cartoon section. Over the 42 years of research, there was only one U.S. black main character in a cartoon where race was not the main theme, race was actually completely irrelevant. All
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field, where women also sometimes face more hostile working environments where discrimination and sexual harassment are more frequent. Women in STEM may experience greater performance pressure to work harder in a male-dominated field while also experiencing social isolation from the males within
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federalized the
Arkansas National Guard and enforced federal troops to uphold the law. While this marked the day that ignited change within Arkansas' school system for African-American children, desegregation did not constitute equality. All nine of the students were brutally bullied by white
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of a selected sample of a minority group. Linkov also attributes drawbacks in psychology to Cultural and Numerical Tokenism, instances that have shifted where value of expertise is placed and its effect on proliferating information that is not representative of all the possible facts.
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In professor Kanter's work on tokenism and gender, she found that the problems experienced by women in typically male-dominated occupations were due solely to the skewed proportions of men and women in these occupations. For example, women are often underrepresented within the
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character in a predominantly male cast) or disability. Token characters are usually background characters, and, as such, are usually disposable and are eliminated from the narrative early in the story, in order to enhance the drama, while conserving the main characters.
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cartoons from the earliest times depicted black people in the U.S. in stereotypical roles. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, cartoons were mostly racially themed, and depicted black people in "token" roles where they are only there to create a sense of inclusion.
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appear more visible within the workplace, placing more scrutiny and pressure for them to represent an entire group. Anxiety, stress, exhaustion, guilt, shame and burnout can arise from overworking in efforts to become a good representative of their identity group.
212:, where nine students sought to fight for their rights to attend school. On September 4, 1957, Arkansas National Guard troops were sent around Central High School to prevent the entry of nine African American students into an all-white school, defying federal law.
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for awards, particularly in 2015 and 2016, when not a single actor of color was nominated. Around this time, minorities accounted for 12.9% of lead roles in 163 films surveyed in 2014, according to the 2016 Hollywood Diversity Report.
381:(1928–1960), in 1943. Regardless of whether a token character may be stereotypical or not, tokenism can initiate a whole biased perception that may conflict with how people see a specific race, culture, gender or ethnicity. From
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Tokenism, in a television setting, can be any act of putting a minority into the mix to create some sort of publicly viewed diversity. A racial divide in TV has been present since the first television show that hired minorities,
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states: “Tokenism is about inserting diverse characters because you feel you have to; true diversity means writing characters that aren't just defined by the color of their skin, and casting the right actor for the role".
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their workplace. The pressure to perform better can be influenced by the stereotype of women being less competent in mathematics and science. These non-inclusive measures contribute to the lack of women in STEM.
469:, was released in 2015, the conversation shifted. Where in the past two trilogies the main three characters were two white men and a white woman, in the new trilogy the main trio consists of a black man (
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In fiction, token characters represent groups which vary from the norm (usually defined as a white, heterosexual male) and are otherwise excluded from the story. The token character can be based on
1784:"Non-white directors infiltrate the poll: Two by Edward Yang, plus Spike Lee, Ousmane Sembène, Jordan Peele, Djibiril Diop Mambéty, and Julie Dash, adding tokenism more than originality
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within a workplace or educational context. The effort of including a token individual in work or school is usually intended to create the impression of social inclusiveness and
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as an example of tokenism. He wrote that the poll had become "a referendum on political correctness" which "prefers feminist, black, queer politics — not cinephilia.
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Hinton, James L.; Seggar, John F.; Northcott, Herbert C.; Fontes, Brian F. (1974). "Tokenism and improving imagery of blacks in TV drama and comedy: 1973".
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films and the later three prequels, there has been much discussion, on Twitter and Reddit especially, of this use of tokenism. The character of
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Link to external site, this link will open in a new window; Link to external site, this link will open in a new window (September 28, 2020).
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after the election — and thus little to no substantive progress toward greater inclusion of underrepresented groups has actually occurred.
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164:, tokenism emerged as a solution that though earnest in effort, only acknowledged an issue without actually solving it. In the book
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Just like television, tokenism in the media has changed over time to coincide with real-life events. During the years of 1946-87,
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Rada, James A. (December 1, 2000). "A New Piece to the Puzzle: Examining Effects of Television Portrayals of African Americans".
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Taylor, Charles R.; Stern, Barbara B. (1997). "Asian-Americans: Television Advertising and the "Model Minority" Stereotype".
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250:, asserted back in 1977 that a token employee is usually part of a "socially-skewed group" of employees who belong to a
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The Diversity Paradox: Political Parties, Legislatures, and the Organizational Foundations of Representation in America
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Turner, Caroline Sotello Viernes (2002). "Women of Color in Academe: Living with Multiple Marginality".
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The end result of such an approach is that the party's slate of candidates maintains the appearance of
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diversity, but are the most likely ethnic minority to be placed in the backgrounds of advertisements.
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Pletzer, Jan Luca; Nikolova, Romina; Kedzior, Karina Karolina; Voelpel, Sven Constantin (2015).
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Williamson, Andy; DeSouza, Ruth (June 2006). "Representing Ethnic Communities in the Media".
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992:"What Is Tokenism, and How Does It Affect a Person's Health? Here's What Experts Say"
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Linkov, Václav. "Tokenism In Psychology: Standing On The Shoulders Of Small Boys."
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1341:"America Ferrera Breaks Down The Difference Between Tokenism And 'True Diversity'"
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that constitutes less than 15% of the total employee population of the workplace.
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discussed the subject of tokenism, and how it constitutes a minimal acceptance of
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1747:"The 'gay best friend': has TV's laziest cliche finally fallen out of fashion"
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is the practice of making only a perfunctory or symbolic effort to be
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681:"Gender, Tokenism, and the Construction of Elite Clergy Careers"
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When the first film of the newest installment of the franchise,
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Editor, Carolina Moreno; Post, The Huffington (May 20, 2016).
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favoured. The "token" candidates are frequently submitted as
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1776:"Sight & Sound Poll Results: The End of Popular Cinema"
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1018:"Women and Men in STEM Often at Odds Over Workplace Equity"
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937:"How Much Diversity at Work Is Needed to Avoid Tokenism?"
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1081:"Women on corporate boards: Key influencers or tokens?"
588:"tokenism: definition of tokenism in Oxford dictionary"
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of the United States in the late 1950s. In the face of
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Sex, Politics, and Religion in Star Wars: An Anthology
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In politics, allegations of tokenism may occur when a
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gender representation on corporate boards of directors
1247:"Ethnic minorities accuse TV programmers of tokenism"
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Black Space: Imagining Race in Science Fiction Film
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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873:Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science
152:The social concept and the employment practice of
1598:Neighbors, R. C.; Rankin, Sandy (July 27, 2011).
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202:in public schools unconstitutional through the
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1691:University of Glasgow: Media Education Journal
1655:Brode, Douglas; Deyneka, Leah (July 2, 2012).
1306:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
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279:Reform measures include legislation mandating
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1079:Elstad, Beate; Ladegard, Gro (January 2011).
648:Hogg, Michael A.; Vaughan, Graham M. (2008).
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1279:"Minorities accuse TV and radio of tokenism"
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1693:(65): 16–19 – via AMES GoogleScholar.
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325:Stereotype § Role in art and culture
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1445:"Gender, Race, and Media Representation"
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990:Gillespie, Claire (September 21, 2020).
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440:Since the release of the original three
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564:Race and ethnicity in the United States
512:Greatest Films of All Time poll in 2022
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1085:Journal of Management and Governance
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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1443:Brooks, Dwight E.; Hebert, Lisa P.
1277:Carter, Helen (November 13, 2002).
1091:(4): 1–21 – via ResearchGate.
484:Directed by Ryan Coogler, the film
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182:to the mainstream of U.S. society.
144:(racial, religious, sexual, etc.).
13:
1774:White, Armond (December 7, 2022).
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1258:from the original on June 21, 2022
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1048:American Psychological Association
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843:Breen, Daniel (January 30, 2020).
185:When asked about the gains of the
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1745:Staples, Louis (August 7, 2021).
1628:Nama, Adilifu (January 1, 2010).
1042:Settles, Isis H. (October 2014).
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781:Columbia: Speeches&Interviews
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1806:Men and Women of the Corporation
892:Men and Women of the Corporation
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1192:Duffy, Andrew (April 9, 2011).
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964:The Journal of Higher Education
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810:The Journal of Southern History
804:Anderson, Karen (August 2004).
775:X, Malcolm (January 23, 1963).
726:Wallis, Victor (May 12, 2014).
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34:needs additional citations for
1510:10.1080/00913367.1997.10673522
1166:Jamali, Lily (March 5, 2020).
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3117:Ethnic and racial stereotypes
1840:The dictionary definition of
1634:. University of Texas Press.
1318:10.1207/s15506878jobem4404_11
1244:Gray, Sadie (July 17, 2008).
569:
357:), sexual orientation (e.g.,
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1134:10.1371/journal.pone.0130005
889:Kanter, Rosabeth M. (1977).
748:King, Martin Luther (1964).
685:Review of Religious Research
7:
2893:
2760:Elderly martial arts master
2455:Hooker with a heart of gold
1223:. Oxford University Press.
1194:"More women, fewer chances"
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208:case. Malcolm X references
205:Brown v. Board of Education
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679:Nesbitt, Paula D. (1997).
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614:Oxford English Dictionary
156:became understood in the
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877:Academic Search Complete
728:"The Plague of Tokenism"
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1418:Journal of Broadcasting
361:), gender (typically a
244:Harvard Business School
2487:Manic Pixie Dream Girl
1911:By ethics and morality
1498:Journal of Advertising
875:48.2 (2014): 143-160.
477:), and a white woman (
176:Martin Luther King Jr.
3097:Ethnicity in politics
1800:Kanter, Rosabeth Moss
554:Performative activism
210:Little Rock, Arkansas
187:Civil Rights Movement
879:. Web. 10 Mar. 2016.
754:. Harper & Row.
658:. pp. 368–369.
529:Ambivalent prejudice
524:Benevolent prejudice
248:Rosabeth Moss Kanter
214:President Eisenhower
43:improve this article
2701:Princess and dragon
2599:Princesse lointaine
2099:(servants, clowns:
2069:Gentleman detective
1661:. Scarecrow Press.
1125:2015PLoSO..1030005P
1022:Pew Research Center
559:Color-blind casting
549:Smurfette principle
473:), a Hispanic man (
384:The Huffington Post
3092:Affirmative action
2986:Identity formation
2776:American mappillai
2688:Damsel in distress
2470:Magical girlfriend
2375:(wealthy old men,
1723:10.3390/rel9100304
1372:has generic name (
832:– via JSTOR.
598:on April 24, 2013.
539:Affirmative action
452:Billy Dee Williams
398:broadcast networks
162:racial segregation
3107:Politics and race
3102:Identity politics
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
2956:Adolescent clique
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2709:
2708:
2445:Farmer's daughter
2414:By sex and gender
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2187:
2186:
2046:
2045:
1967:Mythological king
1821:978-0-465-04454-2
1668:978-0-8108-8514-1
1641:978-0-292-77876-4
1611:978-0-7864-5875-2
849:UALR Public Radio
751:Why We Can't Wait
665:978-0-13-206931-1
651:Social Psychology
467:The Force Awakens
460:Samuel L. Jackson
167:Why We Can't Wait
119:
118:
111:
93:
3129:
3122:1950s neologisms
3112:Stock characters
3002:Little green men
2991:Imaginary friend
2942:
2941:
2898:
2720:
2719:
2660:Mammy stereotype
2614:Yamato nadeshiko
2430:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2409:
2285:Bug-eyed monster
2249:Social Darwinist
2198:
2197:
2174:Good cop/bad cop
2057:
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1927:
1926:
1918:
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1907:
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1881:Stock characters
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625:
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594:. Archived from
584:
448:Lando Calrissian
298:paper candidates
238:In the workplace
225:In the field of
114:
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92:
51:
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19:
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2826:Prince Charming
2820:
2816:Superfluous man
2811:Nice Jewish boy
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2647:Lady-in-waiting
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2515:Fairy godmother
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2141:Gentleman thief
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2014:
1986:
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1780:National Review
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1402:10.1.1.515.6283
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1252:The Independent
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895:. Basic Books.
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510:Sight and Sound
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389:America Ferrera
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293:political party
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158:popular culture
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138:gender equality
130:minority groups
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3059:
3054:
3052:Tragic mulatto
3049:
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3039:
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3029:
3027:Shoulder angel
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2998:("The Lovers")
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2535:Hawksian woman
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1424:(4): 423–432.
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1312:(4): 704–715.
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671:
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3067:White savior
3041:
3037:Straight man
2971:Dragonslayer
2920:Black knight
2888:Seme and uke
2870:Mountain man
2860:Noble savage
2755:Wise old man
2576:Magical girl
2548:Femme fatale
2525:Loathly lady
2480:Monster girl
2325:Nazi zombies
2300:Monster girl
2267:Supervillain
2229:Double agent
2202:Antivillains
2156:Space pirate
2089:Tricky slave
2036:Space marine
2000:Byronic hero
1982:Youngest son
1930:Classic hero
1842:
1810:. New York:
1805:
1793:Bibliography
1783:
1779:
1756:November 21,
1754:. Retrieved
1751:The Guardian
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1283:The Guardian
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191:human rights
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172:civil rights
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3012:Mole people
2855:Feral child
2737:Scaramouche
2609:Valley girl
2571:Jungle girl
2543:Dragon Lady
2520:La Ruffiana
2465:Loosu ponnu
2387:Il Capitano
2010:Tragic hero
1962:Legacy hero
1937:Action hero
1812:Basic Books
1716:(10): 304.
1352:January 23,
923:Kanter 1993
475:Oscar Isaac
471:John Boyega
287:In politics
246:professor,
200:segregation
3086:Categories
3047:Town drunk
2996:Innamorati
2696:Final girl
2678:Gamer girl
2381:Il Dottore
2353:Folk devil
2295:Killer toy
2290:Evil clown
2210:False hero
2151:Air pirate
2113:Pulcinella
1732:2125033129
1559:2427371686
1537:Humanities
1469:(4): 482.
1254:. London.
654:. Harlow:
629:"Tokenism"
570:References
507:cited the
456:Mace Windu
400:including
319:See also:
315:In fiction
227:psychology
69:newspapers
58:"Tokenism"
3057:Truck-kun
2961:Barbarian
2895:Otokonoko
2848:Primitive
2724:Harlequin
2715:Masculine
2670:Geek girl
2655:Columbina
2591:Queen bee
2377:Pantalone
2348:Archenemy
2257:Dark lord
2239:Terrorist
2234:Evil twin
2105:Brighella
2101:Harlequin
2079:Trickster
2026:Cyberhero
2005:Man alone
1977:Superhero
1952:Folk hero
1897:Archetype
1710:Religions
1543:(3): 67.
1483:0033-362X
1397:CiteSeerX
1326:144441607
1289:March 27,
1262:March 27,
1119:(6): 20.
733:August 6,
705:0034-673X
443:Star Wars
331:ethnicity
305:diversity
231:ostracism
195:Malcolm X
193:activist
189:in 1963,
174:activist
142:diversity
126:inclusive
3042:Tokenism
3032:Sidekick
3022:Redshirt
3017:Pop icon
2834:BishĹŤnen
2806:Nice guy
2553:Tsundere
2505:Cat lady
2425:Feminine
2315:Vampires
2305:Skeleton
2277:Monsters
2193:Villains
1992:Antihero
1947:Everyman
1843:tokenism
1802:(1993).
1728:ProQuest
1555:ProQuest
1362:cite web
1346:HuffPost
1285:. London
1256:Archived
1200:July 16,
1153:26086454
1113:PLOS ONE
830:27648479
544:Quotaism
518:See also
347:religion
339:Hispanic
170:(1964),
154:tokenism
122:Tokenism
2915:Pachuco
2907:Bad boy
2865:Caveman
2732:Pierrot
2637:Laotong
2632:Class S
2475:Catgirl
2460:Ingénue
2440:BishĹŤjo
2373:Vecchio
2320:Zombies
2136:Bad boy
2117:Pierrot
2111:,
2109:Scapino
2107:,
2103:,
1972:Paladin
1518:4189033
1144:4473005
1121:Bibcode
977:1558448
713:3512083
148:History
83:scholar
2946:Others
2581:Virago
2343:Alazon
2146:Pirate
2128:Outlaw
2052:Rogues
1922:Heroes
1818:
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363:female
355:Muslim
351:Jewish
349:(e.g.
333:(e.g.
309:caucus
134:racial
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2976:Donor
2966:Clown
2781:Himbo
2769:Young
2510:Crone
2368:Miser
2336:Other
2167:Other
2097:Zanni
2019:Other
1514:JSTOR
1448:(PDF)
1322:S2CID
973:JSTOR
826:JSTOR
709:JSTOR
575:Notes
343:Asian
335:black
90:JSTOR
76:books
2981:Fool
2880:LGBT
2796:Jock
2791:Jack
2624:LGBT
2379:and
2358:Igor
2221:mole
2219:The
2179:Rake
2074:Jack
1892:List
1816:ISBN
1758:2021
1663:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1585:2018
1479:ISSN
1374:help
1354:2017
1291:2010
1264:2010
1225:ISBN
1202:2018
1179:2021
1149:PMID
1055:2021
1029:2021
1003:2021
948:2021
897:ISBN
856:2021
788:2021
756:ISBN
735:2017
701:ISSN
660:ISBN
404:and
323:and
268:STEM
62:news
2497:Hag
1718:doi
1545:doi
1506:doi
1471:doi
1426:doi
1314:doi
1172:NPR
1139:PMC
1129:doi
941:SHL
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693:doi
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