Western Xia - Knowledge

2357:. In 1056 the empress dowager died. In 1061 Yizong eliminated Mocang Epang and married Lady Liang, formerly the wife of Epang's son. Yizong appointed Lady Liang's brother, Liang Yimai, as palace minister. This would start two generations of Liang dominance in Xia. During Yizong's reign, he attempted to enact more Chinese forms of governance by replacing Tangut rites with Chinese court ritual and dress, which was opposed by the Liang faction that favored Tangut forms. At the same time, Song and Xia emissaries regularly exchanged insults. The emperor supported sinification through the import of Chinese books, revived the use of his Chinese surname Li and other Chinese protocols, and pursued accommodation with the Song dynasty in border disputes and opening of trade. However, these diplomatic overtures were squandered by arrogant Song representatives who insulted the Xia envoy. The Liang clan was reportedly of Han Chinese ancestry, albeit assimilated into Tangut culture, but their faction would later lead the opposition to the pro-Chinese policy. The Han Chinese empresses of the Liang clan, Paul Forage notes, were more aggressive in their stance against the Song dynasty than the emperors they were representing. 2907: 2291:) with over 100,000 troops. The prefect of Yanzhou, Fan Yong, gave contradictory orders to his military deputy, Liu Ping, making him move his forces (9,000) in random directions until they were defeated by Xia forces (50,000) at Sanchuan Pass. Liu Ping was taken captive. Despite the defenders' mediocre performance, Jingzong was forced to lift the siege and retreat to a ring of forts overlooking Yanzhou, when heavy winter snows set in. A Song army of 30,000 returned later that winter under the command of Ren Fu. They were ambushed at Haoshuichuan and annihilated. Despite such victories, Jingzong failed to make any headway against Song fortifications, garrisoned by 200,000 troops on rotation from the capital, and remained unable to seize any territory. In 1042, Jingzong advanced south and surrounded the fort of Dingchuan. The defending commander Ge Huaimin lost his nerve and decided to run, abandoning his troops to be slaughtered. Again, Jingzong failed to gain significant territory. Half his soldiers had died from attrition and after two years, Xia could no longer support his military endeavors. Tangut forces began suffering small defeats, being turned back by Song forces at 2581:

the death of half the invasion force. Wang bribed Tong to keep the number of casualties a secret from the emperor. The next year, Liu Fa and Liu Chongwu took a walled Tangut city called Rendequan. Another 100,000 troops were sent against Zangdihe and succeeded in taking the fortress. The Xia made a successful counterattack in the winter of 1116–1117. Despite piling casualties on the Song side, Tong was adamant about eradicating the Xia once and for all. He gave orders for Liu Fa to lead 200,000 into the heart of the Xia empire, aiming straight at the capital region. It quickly became apparent that this was a suicide mission. The Song army was met outside the city by an even larger Tangut army led by the Xia prince, Chage. The Tangut army surrounded the Song forces, killing half of them, with the remaining falling back during the night. The Tanguts pursued the Song and defeated them again the next day. Liu was beheaded. A ceasefire was called in 1119 and Huizong issued an apology to Xia.

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Chongzong's brother, Chage, was given command of the Tangut army, which he led to many victories against the Song. A state school was established with 300 students supported by government stipends. A "civilian" faction arose under the leadership of the imperial Prince Weiming Renzhong, who often denounced Chage for corruption and abuse of power. Chongzong shuffled appointments to play the two factions against each other. In 1105, Chongzong married a Liao princess, who along with her son, apparently died of heartbreak in 1125 when the Khitan emperor was captured by the Jurchens. In 1138, the penultimate year of his reign, Chongzong took the daughter of Ren Dejing as his empress.

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Zhenrong, and Yuan prefectures, (3) 50,000 opposite Fuyan circuit and Lin and Fu prefectures, (4) 30,000 to deal with the Xifan and Huige to the west, and (5) 50,000 in the eastern skirtlands of Helan Mountains, 50,000 at Ling, and 70,000 spread between Xing prefecture and Xingqing fu, or superior prefecture. Altogether Yuanhao had as many as 370,000 men under arms. These were mounted forces, which had been stretched thin by hard warfare and probably excessive use of non-warrior horsemen impressed to fill the army. He maintained a six-unit bodyguard of 5,000 and his elite cavalry force, Iron Cavalry (

2588: 4685: 3323: 3167: 2248:, of the Great Xia with his capital at Xingqing in modern Yinchuan. Jingzong expanded the bureaucratic apparatus mirroring Chinese institutional practices. A Secretariat (Zhongshu sheng), Bureau of Military Affairs (Shumi yuan), Finance Office (San si), Censorate (Yushi tai), and 16 bureaus (shiliu si) under the supervision of a chancellor (shangshu ling) were created. Jingzong enacted a head shaving decree that ordered all his countrymen to shave the top of their heads so that if within three days, someone had not followed his order, they were allowed to be killed. 2405: 1984:), however this did not resolve the Tangut problem. In 820 the Tanguts were subjected to the tyranny of a local governor, Tian Jin. They retaliated by joining the Tibetans in raids on Tang garrisons. Sporadic conflict with the Tanguts lasted until the 840s when they rose in open revolt against the Tang, but the rebellion was suppressed. Eventually the Tang court was able to mollify the Tanguts by admonishing their frontier generals and replacing them with more disciplined ones. The Tanguts also fought against the Uyghurs after the collapse of the 4588: 2058: 2332:

who planned to kill the emperor on the eve of the wedding. The plot leaked and Wangrong as well as four other Yeli conspirators were executed. The Yeli empress was demoted and Lady Moyi was installed in her place. Another concubine, Lady Mocang, bore the emperor a male child in 1047, named Liangzuo, who was raised by his uncle, Mocang Epang. The disinherited heir apparent stabbed Jingzong in the nose and fled to Mocang Epang's residence where he was arrested and executed. Jingzong died the next day on 19 January 1048 at the age of 44.

4528: 2549:. His mother, the new Empress Dowager Liang, the younger sister of Liang Qipu, ruled as regent. The Song dynasty continued to campaign against the Xia in 1091 and 1093. In 1094, Rende Baozhuang and Weiming Awu slew Liang Qipu and exterminated his clan. In 1096 the Song stopped paying tribute to the Xia and the next year, launched an "advance and fortify" campaign centered on guarding key locations along river valleys and mountains to erode the Xia position. From 1097 to 1099, the Song army constructed 40 fortifications across the 100: 3499: 3374: 2461:. Liu's vanguard attacked the town's gate before the defenders had a chance to close it, dealing several hundred casualties, and seizing more than 1,000 cattle before retreating. Liu wanted Gao Zunyu to help him take Lingzhou, but Gao refused. Then Liu suggested they take the Xia capital instead, to which Gao also refused, and instead took it as a slight that he could not take Lingzhou. Gao relayed his version of events to the Song court, then had Liu removed from command, merging the two forces. 4544: 2595: 3386: 2522: 2341: 4624: 1965:. After the Tang reasserted their authority, a descendant of Tuoba Chici, Tuoba Chaoguang, was put in charge of the loyal Tanguts. The Yeli, Bali, and Bozhou clans continued to side with the Tibetans, however the Tanguts also came under Tibetan predation, and frontier settlements continued switching between Tang and Tibetan control for many years. In 806, the Acting Minister of Works, Du You, admitted that they treated the Tanguts badly: 2393: 65: 4216: 78: 2915: 112: 517: 3150:

antagonistic policy towards the Jurchen Jin was unpopular at court, as was cooperating with the Mongols. A certain Asha Gambu emerged as an outspoken proponent of anti-Mongol policy. In the winter of 1217–1218, the Mongols called on Western Xia to provide them troops for campaigns further west, but they refused to comply. No immediate retaliation occurred since Genghis left for the west in 1219 and left

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discarding with Tangut ritual in favor of Chinese ceremonies. A year later a plot by Huizong and his concubine, Li Qing, to turn over the Xia's southern territory to the Song was uncovered. Li Qing was executed and Huizong was imprisoned. The emperor's loyalists immediately rallied their forces to oppose Liang rule while Yimai tried to in vain to summon them with the imperial silver

3115:, which held a well-fortified garrison of 150,000, and attempted to flood the city by diverting the Yellow River. The dike they built broke and flooded the Mongol camp, forcing them to withdraw. In 1210, Xiangzong agreed to submit to Mongol rule, and demonstrated his loyalty by giving a daughter, Chaka, in marriage to Genghis and paying a tribute of camels, falcons, and textiles. 2488:. The Xia sent out cavalry to prevent Song relief attempts. The defending commander, Xu Xi, deployed his troops outside the town gates but refused to attack the enemy troops while they forded the river. Then he refused to let his troops in when the Tangut Iron Hawk cavalry attacked, decimating the defending army. With the capture of Yongle, the Song lost 17,300 troops. 2573:. However, after the Advance and Fortify campaign of 1097–1099, Xia forces were no longer able to defeat Song positions. Failing to take major cities, the Tangut forces went on a rampage, killing tens of thousands of local civilians. The next year, Chongzong made peace with the Song, but was unable to clearly demarcate their borders, leading to another war in 1113. 2109:, with a Sogdian governor, An Congjin. An Congjin besieged Xiazhou with 50,000 soldiers, but the Tanguts mounted a successful defensive by rallying the tribes and stripping the countryside of any resources. The Later Tang army was forced to retreat after three months. Despite Later Tang aggression, Yichao made peace with them by sending 50 horses as an offering. 3194:, Genghis was injured in 1225 during a horse hunt when his horse bolted from under him. Genghis then tried to offer Western Xia the chance to willingly submit, but Asha Gambhu mocked the Mongols and challenged them to battle. Genghis pledged to avenge this insult. Genghis ordered his generals to systematically destroy cities and garrisons as they went. 2116:. Yixing discovered a plot by his brother, Yimin, to overthrow him in 943. Yimin fled to Chinese territory, but was returned to Xiazhou for execution. Over 200 clan members were implicated in the plot, resulting in a purge of the core ranks. Yimin's post was taken by a loyal official, Renyu. Not long afterward, Renyu was killed by the Yemu 2553:. In 1098, the Empress Regent Liang sent a 100,000 strong army to recapture Pingxia. The Tangut army was completely defeated in their attempt to dislodge the Song from their high ground position, and their generals Weiming Amai and Meiledubu were both captured. Empress Dowager Liang died in 1099, apparently poisoned by assassins from the 3424:, was printed in Hangchow and completed in 1302, and about a hundred copies were distributed to monasteries in the former Tangut region. Many fragments of books in Tangut and Chinese were discovered at the beginning of this century, including two editions of the Diamond sutra printed in 1016 and 1189, and two bilingual glossaries, the 2453:

defensive position, but he refused, and led a contingent of shield warriors with two ranks of crossbowmen and cavalry behind, with himself leading at the front with two shields. The battle lasted for several hours before the Xia forces retreated, suffering 2,700 casualties. Afterwards, Liu captured a large supply of

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in Western Xia led to the spread of some sexually related customs. Before they could marry men of their own ethnicity when they reached 30 years old, Uighur women in Shaanxi in the 12th century had children after having relations with multiple ethnic Han men, with her desirability as a wife enhancing

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In August 1227, Genghis died of uncertain causes, and, in order not to jeopardize the ongoing campaign, his death was kept a secret. In September 1227, Emperor Mo surrendered to the Mongols and was promptly executed. The Mongols then pillaged the capital, slaughtered the city's population, plundered

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was receptive of these gestures, but Jiqian returned to raiding Song territory the next year. In April 996, Taizong sent troops to suppress Jiqian, who raided Lingzhou in May and again in November 997. For a brief period after 998, Jiqian accepted Song suzerainty, until the fall of 1001 when he began

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at the Xia border. In the early summer of 1123, Dashi was captured by the Jin and forced to lead them to Tianzuo's camp, where the entire imperial family except for Tianzuo and one son were captured. Tianzuo sought refuge with Chongzong, who while initially receptive, changed his mind after warnings

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Toward the end of the war, Jingzong took the intended bride of his son, Lady Moyi, as his concubine. Jingzong's designated heir, Ninglingge, was the son of the Yeli empress, whose uncle Yeli Wangrong was concerned about the development. Ninglingge was thus arranged to marry the daughter of Wangrong,

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in 1172 and would not reopen them until 1197. They accused the Tanguts of trading worthless gems and jades for their silk. Tangut border raids increased during this period until the Jurchens reopened one market in 1181. In 1191 some Tangut herdsmen strayed into Jurchen territory and was chased away

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was completed during his reign. In 1189, the 50th anniversary of Renzong's accession, 100,000 copies of the "Sutra on the visualization of the Maitreya Bodhisattva's ascent and rebirth in Tushita Heaven" (Guan Mile pusa shang sheng Toushuai tian jing) was printed and distributed in both Chinese and

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Domestically the reign of Chongzong saw a formal consolidation of the relationship between the imperial court and the great clans, whose positions were assured in legal documents. After his mother's death in 1099, Chongzong stripped the Rende clan of its military power. Rende Baozhuang was demoted.

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dispatched Tong Guan to evict the Tanguts. In 1115, 150,000 troops under the command of Liu Fa penetrated deep into Xia territory and slaughtered the Tangut garrison at Gugulong. Meanwhile, Wang Hou and Liu Chongwu attacked the newly built Tangut fortress of Zangdihe. The siege ended in failure and

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In the summer of 1081, the five Song armies invaded Western Xia. Chong E defeated a Xia army, killing 8,000. In October, Li Xian took Lanzhou. On 15 October, Liu Changzuo's 50,000-strong army met a Xia force of 30,000 led by the Empress Regent Liang's brother. Liu's commanders advised him to take a

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ruler, Dongzhan. These events occurred under the regency of the Empress Dowager Liang and her brother, Liang Yimai. Huizong was married to one of Yimai's daughters to ensure the continued control of the Liang over the imperial Weiming clan. In 1080 Huizong rebelled against his mother's dominance by

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In recent years, corrupt frontier generals have repeatedly harassed and mistreated . Some profited from their fine horses; some seized their sons and daughters. Some accepted their local products as bribes, and some imposed corvée on them. Having suffered so much hardship, the Tanguts rebelled and

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forces destroyed several fortified settlements. Song forces were surrounded for three days before cavalry reinforcements arrived. Yizong was wounded by a crossbow and forced to retreat. Tangut forces attempted another raid later on but failed, and a night attack by Song forces scattered the Tangut

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By 1043, there were several hundred thousand trained local archer and crossbow militiamen in Shaanxi, and their archery skills were now generally effective. Crucial to defense (or offense) was the use of local non-Chinese allies to screen Song from the monetary costs and social costs of full-scale

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territory and although the Tanguts refused to provide him with refuge, and he raided their territory, Temüjin used this as pretext to raid Western Xia. The resulting attack in 1205 caused one local Tangut noble to defect to the Mongols, the plundering of several fortified settlements, and loss of

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Kerui died in 978 and was succeeded by Jiyun. Jiyun ruled for only a year before dying in 980. His son was still an infant, so Jiyun's brother, Jipeng, assumed leadership. Jipeng did not go through the traditional channel of acquiring consent from the elders, which caused dissent among the Tangut

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Since ancient times we have fought using both infantry and cavalry. Although we have the Iron Hawks that can charge on the plains and the Trekker infantry that can fight in the hills, if we happen to encounter some new tactic our cavalry will have difficulty deploying. If we encounter , then our

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and in 1214, supported a rebellion against the Jurchens. In 1216, Western Xia provided auxiliary troops to the Mongols for an attack on Jin territory. The Tanguts also invited the Song dynasty to join them in attacking the Jin, but nothing came of this except an aborted joint action in 1220. The

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On 8 December, Gao Zunyu decided to attack Lingzhou, only to realize he had forgotten to bring any siege equipment, and there were not enough trees around for their construction. Gao took out his frustration on Liu Changzuo, who he tried to have executed. Liu's troops were on the verge of mutiny

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and slaughtered its inhabitants. At this point Wang became concerned that he would run out of supplies and quarreled with Chong E over provisions. He also forbade his troops from cooking their meals because he feared it would alert Xia raiders of their position. His troops became ill from their

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Beyond establishing a Chinese-style central government for the militarized kingdom (which included sixteen bureaus), he also designated eighteen military control commissions spread among five military zones: (1) 70,000 soldiers to deal with the Liao, (2) 50,000 assigned to deal with Huan, Qing,

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The government-sponsored state religion was a blend of Tibetan Tantric Buddhism and Chinese Mahayana Buddhism with a Sino-Nepalese artistic style. The scholar-official class engaged in the study of Confucian classics, Taoist texts, and Buddhist sermons, while the Emperor portrayed himself as a

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In March 1083, Xia forces attacked Lanzhou. The defending commander, Wang Wenyu, led a small contingent out at night and made a surprise attack on the Xia encampment, forcing them to retreat. The Tanguts made two more attempts to take Lanzhou in April and May but failed on both accounts. Their

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the next year. Along with Yinzhou, Jiqian captured large amounts of supply, allowing him to increase his following. In 986, Jiqian submitted to the Khitans and in 989, Jiqian married into Khitan nobility. Jiqian also made symbolic obeisance to the Song, but the Song remained unconvinced of his

1923:. In 584-5 Tuoba Ningzong led the first group of Tanguts to submit to the Sui. In 628-629 another group under the leadership of Xifeng Bulai surrendered to the Tang. After the Tuyuhun were defeated in 635, the Tanguts under Tuoba Chici also surrendered. The 340,000 Tanguts were divided into 32 3453:

In 1034 Li Yuanhao (Emperor Jingzong) introduced and decreed a new custom for Western Xia subjects to shave their heads, leaving a fringe covering the forehead and temples, ostensibly to distinguish them from neighbouring countries. Clothing was regulated for different classes of official and

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died in 1048, a council of elders selected his cousin as the new ruler. Mocang Epang objected on grounds of primogeniture and put forth his nephew, the son of Jingzong and Lady Mocang, as candidate. No dissent was forthcoming, so the two-year-old Liangzuo became emperor, posthumously known as

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to settle in the in-between areas were paying off. The fan generally and the Qiang specifically were siding with the Song much more than with the Xia at this point. By now, also, there were enough forts and walled cities to limit Yuanhao’s maneuverability and to improve mutual support against

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in early 1226, the Mongols began a steady advance southward. Asha, commander of the Western Xia troops, could not afford to meet the Mongols as it would involve an exhausting westward march from the capital through 500 kilometers of desert, so the Mongols steadily advanced from city to city.

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After the deaths of Renzhong and Chage in 1156, Ren Dejing rose through the ranks and became very powerful. In 1160 he obtained the noble title of Chu, the first Chinese to do so in the Tangut state. Ren tried to have the schools shut down and called them useless Chinese institutions wasting

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The war ended in 1085 with the death of Emperor Shenzong in April. In exchange for 100 Chinese prisoners, the Song returned four of the six captured towns. Hostilities between the Song and Xia would flare up again five years later, and conflict would continue sporadically until the Song lost

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invaded Western Xia with a force of 100,000 in 1044. Liao forces enjoyed an initial victory but failed to take the Xia capital and were brutally mauled by Jingzong's defenders. According to Song spies, there was a succession of carts bearing Liao dead across the desert. Having exhausted his

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In response, the Song dynasty offered to bestow ranks on the Tanguts, which Jingzong rejected. The Song then cut off border trade and put a bounty on his head. The Xia's chief military leader, Weiming Shanyu, also fled to seek asylum with the Song, however he was executed at

2152:, did not agree to this and refused to submit to Song administration. Jiqian led a group of bandit holdouts and resisted Song control. In 984, the Song attacked his camp and captured his mother and wife, but he narrowly escaped. He rebounded from this defeat by capturing 2481:

before Fan Chuncui, a Circuit judge, convinced Gao to reconcile with Liu. On 21 December, Xia forces breached the dikes along the Yellow River and flooded the camps of the two besieging Song armies, forcing them to retreat. Xia harassment turned the retreat into a rout.

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were instituted, although Tangut records do discuss using them for selection of officials. The Tangut law code only discusses inheritance of office and rank. In 1148 an Inner Academy was established and staffed with renowned scholars. Renzong also greatly patronized

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surname of Weiming (Tangut: Nweimi) for his clan. He levied all able bodied men between 15 and 60 years of age, providing him with a 150,000 strong army. By 1036, he had annexed both the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom and the Guiyi Circuit to his west. In the same year, the

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also failed. After multiple defeats, the Xia offered peace demands to the Song, which they refused. In January 1084, Xia forces made a last attempt to take Lanzhou. The siege lasted for 10 days before the Tangut army ran out of supplies and was forced to retreat.

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In 1103, the Song annexed Tsongkha and spent the following year weeding out native resistance. The expansion of Song territory threatened the Xia's southern border, resulting in Tangut incursions in 1104 and 1105. Eventually the Xia launched an all out attack on

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to the west and invaded Western Xia. After defeating an army led by Gao Lianghui outside Wulahai, Genghis captured the city and pushed up along the Yellow River, capturing several garrisons and defeating another imperial army. The Mongols besieged the capital,

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A system of writing its language, based on Chinese and Khitan, was created in 1036, and many Chinese books were translated and then printed in this script. Gifts and exchanges of books were arranged with the Sung court from time to time; Buddhist

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In 1140 a group of Khitan exiles led by Xiao Heda rebelled. The Xia forces under Ren Dejing crushed them. Renzong wanted to reward Ren with a palace appointment but his councilor, Weiming Renzhong, convinced him to keep him as a field commander.

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Tibetans, Uyghurs, Han, and Tanguts served as officials in Western Xia. It is unclear how distinct the different ethnic groups were in the Xia state as intermarriage was never prohibited. Tangut, Chinese and Tibetan were all official languages.

3276:, Western Xia is little known to anyone other than experts in the field due to Genghis Khan's policy calling for their complete eradication. He states that "There is a case to be made that this was the first ever recorded example of attempted 2512:

Huizong was returned to his throne in 1083. Liang Yimai died in 1085 and his son, Liang Qipu, succeeded his position as chief minister. The Empress Dowager Liang also died later that year. In 1086 Huizong passed away at the age of 26.

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Seeing the infighting breaking out in the Xia, the Song decided to go on the offensive. In 1081, the Song dynasty launched a five-pronged attack on the Xia. After initial victories, Song forces failed to take the capital of Xia,

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In 1144 Renzong decreed the establishment of schools throughout the country and a secondary school opened for imperial scions aged seven to fifteen. A Superior School of Chinese Learning was opened the following year and

2128:. The sources are not clear on the event. In 948 Yixing requested permission to cross the border and attack the Yemu Qiang but was refused. Instead Yixing attacked a neighboring circuit under encouragement from the rebel 3247:

Genghis reached the Western Xia capital in 1227, laid siege to the city, and launched several offensives against the Jin to prevent them from sending reinforcements to Western Xia, with one force reaching as a far as

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was attributable to their effective military organizations that integrated cavalry, chariots, archery, shields, artillery (cannons carried on the back of camels), and amphibious troops for combat on land and water.

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fled in two groups to the west. One group led by Xiao Gan fled to Xia where they set up a short lived Xi dynasty that lasted only five months before Gan died at the hands of his own troops. The other group, led by

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were donated no fewer than six times and some of them were translated and printed. After the Mongol conquest of Tangut and China, a Tangut edition of the Tripitaka in the Hsi-hsia script, in more than 3620

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After their defeat in 1210, Western Xia attacked the Jin dynasty in response to their refusal to aid them against the Mongols. The following year, the Mongols joined Western Xia and began a 23-year-long

7161: 1763:("White High Great Xia State"), was also used. Chinese and Japanese scholars commonly interpret the first two words as "upper reaches of the White River", which was possibly referring to the 1693:

in 1227. Most of its written records and architecture were destroyed, so the founders and history of the empire remained obscure until 20th-century research in China and the West. Today the

1724:. They made significant achievements in literature, art, music, and architecture, which was characterized as "shining and sparkling". Their extensive stance among the other empires of the 2989:, but they refused his overtures. Ren started construction of fortifications along the Jin border. In 1170 Ren pressured Renzong to grant him the eastern half of the realm as well as for 2981:

From 1165 to 1170, Ren Dejing tried to establish his own semi-autonomous realm, and in the process meddled in the affairs of the Zhuanglang tribes, who lived in the border region of the

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took advantage of the Song's dire predicaments by increasing annual tribute payments by 100,000 units of silk and silver (each). The Song appealed to the Liao for help, and as a result,

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prefectures under the control of Tangut chieftains appointed as prefects. Another wave of Tanguts entered Tang territory in 692, adding as many as 200,000 persons to the population in

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By the end of 1081, only Chong E remained in active command. In September 1082, the Xia counterattacked with a 300,000 strong army, laying siege to Yongle, a fortress town west of

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region, whose home originally was in the highlands of western Sichuan. According to Chinese records, which called them the Dangxiang, the Tanguts were descended from the Western

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elites. The Tangut prefect of Suizhou challenged Jipeng's succession. In 982 Jipeng fled to the Song court and surrendered control of Dingnan Jiedushi. His brother or cousin,

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The Western Xia had two elite military units, the Iron Hawks (tie yaozi), a 3,000 strong heavy cavalry unit, and Trekker infantry (bubazi), mountain infantry. The brother of

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History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting

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by a Jin patrol. They them ambushed and killed the pursuing patrol officer. Renzong refused to extradite the herdsmen and assured the Jurchens that they would be punished.

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resources, Jingzong made peace with the Song, who recognized him as the ruler of Xia lands and agreed to pay an annual tribute of 250,000 units of silk, silver, and tea.

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fled. They either sent envoys to contact the Uighurs or cooperated with the Tibetans to raid our borders. These are the consequences of deeds. We must discipline them.

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in 1224 and the peace agreement was finalized in the fall of 1225. The Tanguts continued to defy the Mongols by refusing to send a hostage prince to the Mongol court.

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uncooked food, started to starve, and came under attack by enemy cavalry anyway. Wang was ordered to withdraw while Chong E covered his retreat. Wang lost 20,000 men.

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in northern Shaanxi. In the 760s, the military commander, Ashina Sijian, harassed six Tangut tribes and took their camels and horses. The Tanguts fled west across the

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and provided commentary to it in the Tangut language. Upon his death, Renzong honored him by having his portrait displayed in all the Confucian temples and schools.

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and successfully repelled invading forces. In 962 Yixing offered horses as tribute to the Song dynasty. Yixing died in 967 and was succeeded by his son, Kerui.

7896: 1789:), which means the "State of Ten Thousand Secrets". "Western Xia" or "Xi Xia" is the state's Chinese name. "Western" refers to its location to the west of the 3502:

450 years after the destruction of the Tangut empire, the "Kingdom of Tenduc or Tangut" was still shown on some European maps as China's northwestern neighbor

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in 880, Sigong led a Chinese-Tangut army to assist Tang forces in driving out the rebels. For his service, he was granted in 881 control of Xiazhou, Youzhou,

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was disseminated for use in the Tangut government and translations of Chinese and Tibetan works began at once. The script's creation is attributed to

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Qin, Wenzhong , Zhou Haitao and Qin Ling (1998). "Xixia jun shi ti yu yu ke xue ji shu 西夏军事体育与科学技术." Ningxia Daxue Xuebao 《宁夏大学学报》 79 (2): 48-50.

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The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages

6447:, ed. (1995). The Cambridge History of China: Vol. VI: Alien Regimes & Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pg. 214. 2576:

In 1113, the Xia started building fortifications in disputed territory with the Song, and took the Qingtang region. Incensed at this provocation,

2085:, who was murdered by his officer Gao Zongyi in 909. Gao Zongyi was himself murdered by soldiers of Dingnan and was replaced by Yichang's uncle, 7153:

An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East

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infantry will be scattered. The problem is our troops can only fight according to convention and are unable to adapt to changes during battle.

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in 1221, Genghis prepared his armies to punish Western Xia. In 1225, Genghis attacked with a force of approximately 180,000. According to the

1905: 1904:, however they were betrayed by the Sui forces, who took the chance to loot the Tanguts. In 635, they were requested to serve as guides for 7861: 7750: 1771:(1994) proposed the translation "the Kingdom of the Great Xia of the White and Lofty", and suggested that the name refers to a peak in the 4599: 2042:. After the Huang Chao rebellion's defeat in 883, Sigong was granted the dynastic surname Li and enfeoffed as "Duke of Xia". In 878, the 4952:

Zhao, Yanlong (2005). "Qian tan xi xia gong wen wen feng yu gong wen zai ti 浅谈西夏公文文风与公文载体." Xibei min zu yan jiu 西北民族研究 45(2): 78-84.

4611: 2963:

resources on parasitic scholars. It is unknown how the emperor responded but the schools were not closed. In 1161 the emperor opened a

1557: 1497: 4543: 2993:

to grant him investiture. In the summer of that year, Renzong's men secretly rounded up Ren Dejing and his adherents, executing them.

3088: 2587: 2441:, and remained on the defensive for the next three years. Xia counterattacks also experienced initial success before failing to take 99: 7906: 6181:

A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

2860: 6742: 3201:

to take care of the westernmost cities, while the main force under Genghis moved east into the heart of the Western Xia and took

1187: 2213:

surrendered to the Tanguts. Yuanhao invaded the Qinghai region as well but was repelled by the newly risen Tibetan kingdom of

7901: 7492: 7296: 7189: 7024: 6980: 6947: 6897: 6870: 6843: 6752: 6663: 6636: 6609: 6570: 3298:, in some instances becoming local rulers. A small Western Xia state was established in Tibet along the upper reaches of the 1487: 2279: 7413:

Nie, Lina (January 2015), "A Grand Strategy or a Military Operation? A Reconsideration of the Liangzhou Campaign of 1081",

3365:. Dating to the early 13th century, it was a primitive yet large (weighing 108 kg) bronze cannon shooting iron balls. 1060: 1050: 546: 7584:, vol. 6: Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–153, 3209:, which was spared destruction upon its capture due to it being the hometown of Genghis's commander Chagaan. After taking 7503:

Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800 (Oxford Studies in Early Empires)

1529: 691: 534: 2157:

intentions. Jipeng was sent by the Song to destroy Jiqian, but he was defeated in battle on 6 May 994, and fled back to

7722: 7662: 7379: 6197: 5941: 4943:(2005). Xixia tong shi 西夏通史. Beijing and Yinchuan , Ren min chu ban she 人民出版社; Ningxia ren min chu ban she 宁夏人民出版社. 4587: 3120: 2360:

In 1064, Yizong raided the Song dynasty. In the fall of 1066, he mounted two more raids and in September, an attack on

681: 4931:

Bian, Ren (2005). Xixia: xiaoshi zai lishi jiyi zhong de guodu 《西夏: 消逝在历史记忆中的国度》. Beijing , Waiwen Chubanshe 外文出版社.

3154:

in charge of North China. In 1223, Muqali died. At the same time, Shenzong abdicated to his son, Dewang, posthumously

1646:

that existed from 1038 to 1227. At its peak, the dynasty ruled over modern-day northwestern China, including parts of

7698: 7625: 7563: 7474: 7404: 7341: 7210: 7109: 7088: 6816: 6725: 6413: 6366: 6268: 6068: 6001: 5884: 4831: 4263: 3471:

gained prominence as rulers invited Tibetan monks to hold the distinctive office of state preceptor. The practice of

2937:

In 1142-3 famine and earthquake caused unrest in Xiazhou. Renzong responded with tax remissions and relief measures.

1358: 4245: 3221:, the second-largest city in Western Xia, which surrendered without resistance. In autumn 1226, Genghis crossed the 7743: 7445: 4717: 4136: 3965: 3713: 3620: 3346:, Chage, mentioned that Trekker infantry had difficulty fighting Mighty-Arm bows, a type of Song dynasty crossbow: 3343: 3072: 2923: 2546: 1957:

and started working for the Tibetans as guides on raiding expeditions. In 764, the Tanguts joined the Tibetans and

3484:

The economy of the empire mainly consisted of agriculture, pastoralism, and trade (especially with Central Asia).

1840: 7715: 4178: 4161: 4119: 3850: 3775: 3744: 3682: 3527: 3174: 3155: 3135: 3124: 3044: 2706: 2473: 2349: 2245: 2081:, which awarded the Dingnan rulers with honorary titles. Sijian died in 908 and was succeeded by his adopted son 1112: 282: 213: 3229:, a mere 30 kilometers from the capital. At this point, Xianzong died, leaving his relative, Xian, posthumously 1832:

region until the 19th century. The Tanguts called themselves Minag, transcribed in Chinese as Mianyao or Miyao.

7886: 7881: 7876: 7791: 7776: 7644: 7637:

Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies)

7589: 7234: 7171: 6331: 5933: 4511: 4241: 4066: 3916: 3651: 3589: 3493: 3040: 3034: 2927: 2542: 2413: 2101:, perhaps to aid the Later Liang in fighting the Shatuo. In 924 Renfu was enfeoffed as "Prince of Shuofang" by 1550: 1502: 225: 4501: 3863: 3558: 3190: 2417: 2354: 1524: 1450: 1385: 17: 530: 37:"Xi Xia" and "Xixia" redirect here. For the Chinese general whose name may be transliterated as Xi Xia, see 4747: 4237: 3230: 2269:) of 3,000. It was a fearful concentration of military might overlaying a relatively shallow economic base. 2257: 2078: 1460: 2201:

and the Song dynasty. At the same time he expanded Tangut territory to the west. In 1028, he sent his son

1780: 1776: 1750: 7856: 7736: 6440: 2870: 1794: 1733: 1512: 1269: 650: 573: 7080: 6312:(1998). "The Uighurs, the Kyrgyz and the Tangut (Eighth to the Thirteenth Century)". In Asimov, M. S.; 2137: 2125: 2094: 2090: 1517: 2089:, who was a popular officer in the army. In 910 Dingnan came under a monthlong siege by the forces of 6185: 6056: 4191: 3813: 3241: 2117: 1886: 1543: 1480: 1445: 1018: 714: 624: 237: 3260:, rejected a peace offer from the Jin, and prepared to invade them near their border with the Song. 3103:, refused to cooperate and declared that it was to their advantage that enemies attack one another. 3025: 2161:. Jiqian sent tribute on 9 September as well as his younger brother on 1 October to the Song court. 1224: 7202:

Qing Governors and Their Provinces: The Evolution of Territorial Administration in China, 1644-1796

6313: 5043: 5037: 5034: 4420: 4226: 2446: 2421: 2378: 2374: 2324: 2019: 1214: 863: 6775: 3071:. In the same year, Huanzong was deposed in a coup by his cousin Anquan, who installed himself as 2178: 7871: 7866: 6539:"Fan and Han: The Origins and Uses of a Conceptual Dichotomy in Mid-Imperial China, ca. 500-1200" 4722: 4230: 3432:(+ 1190). Apparently many books in their native tongue were also printed under the Tangut rulers. 3399: 2887: 2757: 2577: 2162: 1849: 1440: 4922:

Wang, Tianshun (1993). Xixia Zhan Shi 《西夏战史》. Yinchuan , Ningxia ren min chu ban she 宁夏人民出版社.

3330: 2097:

but was able to repel the invasion with the aid of Later Liang. In 922 Renfu sent 500 horses to

7806: 7801: 7796: 7070: 4783: 4466: 3448: 2990: 2206: 1868: 1802: 1492: 1470: 1455: 941: 660: 252: 42: 6887: 6833: 6789: 6653: 6599: 6560: 3095:, before withdrawing in the spring of 1208. The Tanguts tried to form a united front with the 7333: 7016: 6860: 6354: 4848: 4821: 3244:

led a 300,000 strong army against the Mongols and was defeated. The Mongols sacked Lingzhou.

1465: 882: 176: 6939: 4849:"Bounded Empires: Ecological and Geographic Implications in Sino-Tangut Relations, 960-1127" 3467:

was the most widespread form of Buddhism practiced. However, around the mid-twelfth century

2304:

war. By mid-1042, the accumulated efforts of men like Fan Zhongyan and others to entice the

2260:

with the Song dynasty which resulted in several victories at great cost to the Xia economy.

2136:

rebelled, causing the Tanguts significant difficulty. Honorary titles were given out by the

7851: 7527: 4742: 2996:

Wo Daochong succeeded Ren Dejing as chief minister. A Confucian scholar, he translated the

2946: 1702: 1507: 720: 449: 31: 7602:, vol. 5: The Sung dynasty and its Predecessors, 907–1279, Cambridge University Press 3138:

was the first person in the imperial family to pass the palace examinations and receive a

2377:

to escalate the conflict. The next year, the Song commander Chong E attacked and captured

111: 8: 7786: 7620:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press. 6260: 3362: 3335: 3272:

The destruction of Western Xia during the second campaign was nearly total. According to

3264:

the imperial tombs to the west, and completed the annihilation of the Western Xia state.

3096: 2971: 2611: 2420:. Huizong's reign began with an inconclusive war with the Song dynasty in 1070–1071 over 2166:

raiding again. Jiqian died on 6 January 1004 from an arrow wound. His son and successor,

1946: 1937:. In 721–722, Tuoba Sitai, a descendant of Tuoba Chici, aided the Tang in putting down a 1809: 1678: 672: 372: 366: 7531: 7099: 6973:

The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History

6769: 6322:. Vol. 4: Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century. Paris: 4896: 3322: 7543: 7140: 6444: 4667: 4623: 2677: 2404: 1821: 1643: 1475: 655: 6655:

The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World

3398:

The kingdom developed a Tangut script to write its own Tangut language, a now extinct

3166: 2361: 2133: 1988:

because they both wanted to monopolize the horse trade which passed through Lingzhou.

1980:

In 814 the Tang appointed a Commissioner for Pacifying the Tanguts to Youzhou (modern

7771: 7694: 7658: 7640: 7621: 7585: 7559: 7488: 7470: 7441: 7433: 7400: 7375: 7367: 7337: 7323: 7292: 7230: 7206: 7185: 7167: 7105: 7084: 7074: 7020: 6995: 6976: 6943: 6893: 6866: 6839: 6812: 6748: 6721: 6698: 6659: 6632: 6605: 6566: 6409: 6362: 6327: 6264: 6193: 6175: 6064: 5997: 5937: 5880: 4827: 4795: 4409: 3273: 2975: 2666: 2506: 2132:, but retreated upon encountering an imperial force. In 952 the Yeji people north of 2057: 1997: 1403: 971: 951: 726: 3833:

in Chinese and Tangut, although not all the Tangut versions of era names are known.

3302:

while other Western Xia populations settled in what are now the modern provinces of

2469: 2158: 1934: 7535: 7422: 6932: 6862:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368

6835:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368

6601:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368

6562:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368

6358: 6309: 5993: 4863: 4727: 4388: 3830: 3472: 3468: 3464: 2942: 2837: 2140:

to appease local commanders, including Yixing. In 960 Dingnan came under attack by

2031: 1985: 1860: 1779:, and to the Tibetans as Minyak. Another name the Tanguts used for their state was 1579: 1082: 640: 632: 407: 145: 6858: 6831: 6767: 6597: 6558: 2537:"By imperial command, a pass to burn the horses" (i.e. to ride with great urgency) 2373:

and launched another attack on Qingzhou in December but withdrew after threats by

7829: 7820: 7464: 7327: 7220: 7200: 6914: 6806: 6715: 6680: 6626: 6399: 6348: 6317: 6254: 6179: 6048: 5983: 5870: 4446: 4399: 4324: 3514: 3295: 3222: 3202: 2027: 1772: 1757:, 'white', 'high', 'great', 'summer', 'kingdom'. The corresponding Chinese name, 1694: 524: 140: 7182:

The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium

3498: 3373: 1584: 7438:

Essays on T'ang Society: The Interplay of Social, Political and Economic Forces

7388: 5876: 4704: 4650: 4456: 4364: 4306: 3403: 2964: 2795: 2695: 2655: 2622: 2153: 2035: 2023: 1768: 1717: 1671: 1667: 1599: 984: 901: 3123:. In the same year Xiangzong's nephew Zunxu seized power in a coup and became 2424:. In 1072 Huizong's sister was married to Linbuzhi (Rinpoche), the son of the 7845: 7825: 7781: 6968: 4799: 4752: 4732: 4490: 3100: 3068: 3010: 2878: 2815: 2768: 2550: 2530: 2465: 2230: 2225: 2210: 2187: 2074: 1911:

By the 650s, the Tanguts had left their homeland to escape pressure from the

1864: 1709: 1698: 1690: 1639: 774: 741: 538: 490: 435: 295: 3385: 3286:." However, some members of the Western Xia royal clan emigrated to western 3051:

and his conflict with Western Xia is known about Huanzong's reign. In 1203,

2883: 4690: 4646: 4645:

from Western Xia around the mid-12th century. Found in Xinhua Xiang (新华乡);

4642: 4334: 3311: 3299: 3218: 3092: 3064: 2874: 2826: 2786: 2777: 2717: 2554: 2485: 2384:

Yizong died in January 1068, presumably from his wounds, at the age of 20.

2320: 2234: 2198: 2183: 2141: 2121: 1954: 1950: 1890: 1801:) is a historical name for the region that originated from the 5th-century 1790: 1775:

named the "White and Lofty Mother". The region was known to the Tanguts as

1764: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1349: 1325: 1312: 1299: 1243: 1202: 1140: 854: 844: 821: 606: 562: 554: 477: 463: 269: 171: 7426: 6808:

Kings, khans, and other rulers of early Central Asia: chronological tables

2521: 2120:, who departed for Chinese territory. In 944 Yixing may have attacked the 7691:

Bóyáng bǎn Tōngjiàn Jìshìběnmò 28 dìèrcìhuànguánshídài 柏楊版通鑑記事本末28第二次宦官時代

7226: 4757: 4737: 4712: 4574: 3509: 3454:

commoners. Dress seemed to be influenced by Tibetan and Uighur clothing.

3310:. In China, remnants of the Western Xia persisted into the middle of the 3210: 3178: 2804: 2594: 2253: 2221:, and soon after his father died, leaving him ruler of the Tangut state. 2129: 2047: 2011: 2007: 1981: 1962: 1925: 1897: 1798: 1686: 1127: 961: 929: 916: 750: 595: 7144: 7128: 7547: 7063:

Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History

6230: 4867: 3084: 2735: 2340: 2202: 2102: 2082: 2015: 1008: 797: 3048: 7728: 7120:

The Formation of Tangut Statehood as Seen by Chinese Historiographers

6774:. Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society. pp. 6543:

Political Strategies of Identity Building in Non-Han Empires in China

6405: 4940: 4782:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006).

4551: 3282: 2982: 2955: 2644: 2557:. At the same time, the Tanguts were also involved in a war with the 2292: 2288: 2218: 2194: 2167: 2149: 2113: 2106: 2070: 2066: 2003: 1753:, which word by word denotes 'white', 'high', 'kingdom', 'great', or 1713: 550: 421: 265: 7539: 7307:

The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty

6515: 6375: 4215: 3055:

was defeated by Temüjin. Toghrul's son, Nilqa Senggum, fled through

2392: 2170:, proved to be more amicable towards the Song than his predecessor. 1812:

dated to 735, which is transcribed in Chinese as Tangwu or Tangute (

1674:, measuring about 800,000 square kilometres (310,000 square miles). 6771:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland

6538: 6189: 6060: 4569: 4374: 4296: 3463:

Buddhist king and patron of Lamas. Early in the kingdom's history,

3277: 3185: 3146: 3112: 2998: 2986: 2951: 2914: 2570: 2438: 2425: 2370: 2214: 2086: 1949:

in the 750s, the Tanguts had become the primary local power in the

1942: 1938: 1912: 1797:(1115–1234) dynasties, as well as the Song. "Xia" (pointing to the 1682: 1663: 161: 126: 7098:

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006),

6516:"Tangut and Horpa languages: some shared morphosyntactic features" 6137: 6791:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

4354: 4344: 3287: 3249: 3206: 3198: 3107: 3083:

In 1207, Genghis led another raid into Western Xia, invading the

3056: 3052: 3006: 2633: 2602: 2566: 2502: 2442: 2365: 2098: 2051: 2039: 1958: 1920: 1901: 1878: 1874: 1745:

The full title of the Western Xia as named by their own state is

1659: 1655: 1647: 1151: 1002: 996: 2891:

from the Jurchens and declared himself a vassal of Jin in 1124.

2864:

The Western Xia and main contemporary Asian polities circa 1100.

2287:

In the winter of 1039–1040, Jingzong laid siege to Yanzhou (now

77: 64: 7556:

Cambridge History of China, Sui and T'ang China 589-906, Part I

6859:

Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (1994).

6832:

Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (1994).

6598:

Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (1994).

6559:

Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (1994).

6323: 5989: 4534: 4479: 3257: 3226: 3151: 3139: 2848: 2493: 2458: 2454: 2296: 2105:. When Renfu died in 933, Later Tang tried to replace his son, 2043: 1930: 1916: 1589: 362: 166: 38: 7609:

Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War

3106:

In the autumn of 1209, Genghis received the submission of the

1633: 4578: 3378: 3307: 3303: 3291: 2970:

In 1161-2 the Tanguts briefly occupied territory of both the

2959:

Tangut, and 50,000 copies of other sutras were also printed.

2746: 2726: 2526: 2430: 1882: 1829: 1651: 6397: 5808: 5784: 5772: 5729: 5717: 5705: 5693: 5681: 5498: 5157: 5145: 5073: 6768:

Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1883).

6030: 6028: 6015: 6013: 5911: 5909: 5837: 5835: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5671: 5669: 5522: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5234: 5232: 5017: 5015: 4823:

The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of China

3361:

A remarkable Xia weapon was discovered in 1980, namely the

2558: 2396:

Bronze Xia seals bearing the Tangut seal script characters

2283:

Painting of a warrior from a late Western Xia tomb in Gansu

1825: 1824:). Tangut was used a common name for certain tribes in the 558: 5847: 5476: 5474: 5063: 5061: 5000: 3067:, ruler of all Mongols, marking the official start of the 1808:

The name Tangut is derived from a form first found in the

7485:

Bóyángbǎn Zīzhìtōngjiàn 54 huánghòu shīzōng 柏楊版資治通鑑54皇后失蹤

7289:

The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb

6486: 6289: 4981: 4979: 2445:

multiple times. In 1085, the war ended with the death of

7352:

Frustrated Empires: The Song-Tangut Xia War of 1038-1044

6462: 6206: 6077: 6025: 6010: 5906: 5832: 5820: 5796: 5760: 5741: 5666: 5534: 5510: 5454: 5442: 5430: 5391: 5340: 5256: 5229: 5217: 5193: 5169: 5133: 5121: 5085: 5012: 2237:

and work on it likely began during the reign of Deming.

2217:. In 1032, Yuanhao annexed the Tibetan confederation of 2182:

Western Xia painting on silk depicting the Daoist deity

6422: 6089: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5471: 5420: 5418: 5109: 5058: 4909: 4907: 4905: 2898:

Chongzong died at the age of 56 in the summer of 1139.

6852: 6101: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5268: 5205: 4976: 4964: 4883:

Frustrated Empires: The Song-Tangut Xia War of 1038-44

6579: 6541:. In Fiaschetti, Francesca; Schneider, Julia (eds.). 6474: 6158: 6156: 2464:

By November, the Xia had abandoned the middle of the

1754: 1685:); another major Xia city and archaeological site is 104:

Location of Western Xia in 1111 (green in north west)

7101:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

6934:

Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500-1500

6825: 6450: 6350:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

5647: 5635: 5606: 5594: 5577: 5415: 4902: 4899:

4680: 2112:

Yichao died in 935 and was succeeded by his brother

2065:

Sigong died in 886 and was succeeded by his brother

1368: 1290: 1170: 1103: 1033: 907: 7657:, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 7271:

The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2

7245:

Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492

7097: 6307: 6301: 6277: 5546: 5403: 5364: 5352: 5328: 5316: 5304: 5292: 5280: 5244: 5181: 5097: 7469:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 6931: 6218: 6174: 6153: 6125: 6113: 5963: 5623: 5565: 5486: 2930:. His mother was the Chinese concubine, Lady Cao. 2541:The three-year-old Qianshun succeeded his father, 7673:HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRE-DYNASTIC KHITAN 6804: 6401:The Territories of the People's Republic of China 4856:The Undergraduate Historical Journal at UC Merced 3829:Each Western Xia emperor established one or more 2077:, which pushed the Tanguts into an alliance with 7843: 7526:(4), London and Stanford University Press: 501, 7313: 7262:Chingis Kan's Conquest of Tibet, Myth or Reality 7004:The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China 6912: 6604:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 181–182. 6565:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 154–155. 4781: 4581:, China, from the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty 2985:valley. He also tried to enlist the help of the 1915:and migrated eastward, to what are now parts of 7205:, Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 6865:. Cambridge University Press. pp. xxiii–. 5958:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World 5864: 5862: 3145:Shenzong appeased the Mongols by attacking the 6628:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 5985:Song Blue and White Porcelain on the Silk Road 3099:against the Mongols, but the usurper monarch, 3039:The 17-year-old Chunyou succeeded his father, 2922:The 16-year-old Renxiao succeeded his father, 7897:States and territories disestablished in 1227 7744: 7518:Stein, R. A. (1972), "Tibetan Civilization", 7432: 6838:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 818–. 6658:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–. 6545:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 24. 6398:Boland-Crewe, Tara; Lea, David, eds. (2002). 4897:Chinese History - Western Xia Empire Economy. 4784:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 3816: 3791: 3778: 3763: 3755: 3747: 3732: 3724: 3716: 3701: 3693: 3685: 3670: 3662: 3654: 3639: 3631: 3623: 3608: 3600: 3592: 3577: 3569: 3561: 3546: 3538: 3530: 2224:Upon his father's death, Yuanhao adopted the 2002:In 873, the senior Tangut leader at Xiazhou, 1784: 1758: 1708:The Western Xia occupied the area around the 1551: 82: 69: 57: 7693:, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, 7487:, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, 6938:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 6923: 6906: 6811:. In Kommission bei E.J. Brill. p. 68. 6761: 6672: 6651: 6040: 5859: 3476:if she had been with a large number of men. 30:For other dynasties with the same name, see 7675:, Institute for Asian and African Studies 7 7558:, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, 7329:Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection 6929: 6885: 6798: 6717:China: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary 4244:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4205: 3005:The Jurchens closed down border markets in 2457:at the town of Mingsha, and headed towards 2412:The seven-year-old Bingchang, posthumously 2240:In 1038, Yuanhao declared himself emperor ( 2050:attacked the Tanguts but was repelled by a 2034:, also known as Xiasui, centered on modern 331:1,000,000 km (390,000 sq mi) 7892:States and territories established in 1038 7751: 7737: 7618:Chinese History: A New Manual, 4th edition 7360:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang 7268: 7166:, Warfare and History, London: Routledge, 7076:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 6879: 6645: 3197:Genghis divided his army and sent general 3029:The Tangut Emperor and a boy, 13th century 1906:Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun 1558: 1544: 110: 98: 7615: 7597: 7579: 7553: 7218: 6513: 6381: 6295: 6246: 6240: 6212: 6147: 6083: 6034: 6019: 5915: 5901:Mongol hiigeed Eurasiin diplomat shashtir 5853: 5841: 5826: 5814: 5802: 5790: 5778: 5766: 5754: 5735: 5723: 5711: 5699: 5687: 5675: 5540: 5528: 5516: 5504: 5465: 5448: 5436: 5397: 5346: 5262: 5238: 5223: 5175: 5163: 5151: 5139: 5127: 5091: 5079: 5021: 4775: 4555:made of grey pottery, Western Xia dynasty 4264:Learn how and when to remove this message 3217:In August 1226, Mongol troops approached 3075:. Huanzong died much later in captivity. 3063:In 1206, Temüjin was formally proclaimed 1716:, the most important trade route between 7440:, Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 7357: 7117: 7033: 7001: 6319:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 4826:. Harvard University Press. p. 50. 3497: 3384: 3372: 3329: 3321: 3165: 3078: 3024: 2945:were built throughout the land. In 1147 2913: 2905: 2520: 2516: 2403: 2391: 2339: 2278: 2177: 2056: 1889:people, and occupied the steppes around 1839: 545: 307:• Destruction by the Mongol Empire 7655:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China 7387: 7349: 7277: 7259: 7251: 7242: 7010: 6967: 6889:Genghis Khan and the Mongol War Machine 6740: 6682:Tanguts and the Tangut State of Ta Hsia 6678: 6554: 6552: 6492: 5981: 5927: 5385: 5274: 5211: 5006: 4985: 4970: 3161: 3130: 3020: 3017:Renzong died in 1193 at the age of 70. 2967:to compile the Xia historical records. 2472:. On 20 November, Wang Zhongzheng took 2173: 1624: 1604: 535:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 7844: 7758: 7462: 7150: 7126: 7060: 7042: 6989: 6713: 6624: 6480: 6340: 6168: 6046: 5660: 5641: 5617: 5600: 5588: 5559: 5492: 4846: 3929:Tiāncì Lǐshèng Guóqìng 天賜禮盛國慶 (Tangut 2901: 2802: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2755: 2744: 2387: 2073:'s independent regime allied with the 27:Dynasty in northwest China (1038–1227) 7732: 7652: 7639:, U OF M CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES, 7634: 7580:Twitchett, Denis (1994), "The Liao", 7571: 7517: 7509: 7500: 7304: 7286: 7179: 7159: 7069: 7051: 6720:. London: Curzon Press. p. 351. 6585: 6346: 6252: 5872:The Mongol Conquests in World History 5424: 5373: 5358: 5334: 5322: 5310: 5298: 5286: 5250: 5199: 2954:learning. The majority of the Tangut 2846: 2824: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2704: 2693: 2684: 2653: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2335: 2244:or Blue Son of Heaven), posthumously 1873:The Tanguts originally came from the 1689:. Western Xia was annihilated by the 7688: 7606: 7482: 7453: 7366: 7222:Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World 7054:Footprint Tibet Handbook with Bhutan 6549: 6536: 6468: 6456: 6385: 6095: 5480: 5409: 5187: 5115: 5103: 5067: 4819: 4641:Printed text using pottery (argile) 4242:adding citations to reliable sources 4209: 3233:, to deal with the Mongol invasion. 2813: 2675: 2664: 2631: 2620: 2030:. Together the territory was called 7862:Former countries in Chinese history 7679: 7574:Science and Civilization in China 5 7412: 7393:Science & Civilisation in China 7322: 7198: 7045:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia 6919:. Mongolia Society. pp. 25–26. 6428: 6283: 6236: 6224: 6162: 6143: 6131: 6119: 6107: 5969: 5868: 5629: 5571: 4880: 4537:, Western Xia dynasty, 12th century 4167: 4150: 4125: 4108: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4055: 4043: 4031: 4019: 4007: 3995: 3983: 3971: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3889: 3885: 3280:. It was certainly very successful 2835: 2642: 2534: 2397: 2010:and declared himself prefect. When 1991: 1746: 1638:to the Tanguts and Tibetans, was a 24: 7670: 7269:Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964), 7252:Kepping, Ksenia Borisovna (1994), 7129:"The Sino-Tangut War of 1081-1085" 6652:Michal Biran (15 September 2005). 6625:Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004). 5930:Genghis Khan and the Mongol empire 2408:Impression of the "commander" seal 2197:sent tribute missions to both the 326: 25: 7918: 7708: 7163:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900 7013:The Woman Who Discovered Printing 5033: 4788:Journal of World-Systems Research 4605:Wooden figure of a Tangut soldier 3236: 2873:took the Southern Capital of the 7104:, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 7034:Beckwith, Christopher I (1987), 6892:. Pen and Sword. pp. 149–. 6782: 6747:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 195. 6734: 6707: 6690: 6618: 6591: 6530: 6507: 6498: 6434: 6391: 6347:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2012). 4820:Kuhn, Dieter (15 October 2011). 4718:Ethnic groups in Chinese history 4697: 4683: 4658: 4634: 4622: 4610: 4598: 4586: 4560: 4542: 4526: 4214: 3494:Western Xia emperors family tree 3344:Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia 3225:, and in November laid siege to 3127:. Xiangzong died a month later. 3073:Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia 2924:Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia 2593: 2586: 2547:Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia 1893:and the mountains to its south. 639: 515: 495: 470: 456: 442: 428: 414: 400: 76: 63: 7907:1220s disestablishments in Asia 7155:, OTTO HARRASSOWITZ · WIESBADEN 7061:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005), 6504:Leffman, et al. (2005), p. 988. 5975: 5950: 5921: 5893: 5027: 4991: 4955: 4946: 3430:Fan Han Ho Shih Chang Chung Chu 3175:Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia 3156:Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia 3136:Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia 3125:Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia 3045:Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia 2350:Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia 2246:Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia 1896:In 608, the Tanguts helped the 1701:are extinct, only fragments of 1677:The capital of Western Xia was 7792:Western Xia rulers family tree 7777:Mongol conquest of Western Xia 7600:The Cambridge History of China 7582:The Cambridge History of China 7512:A Crisis in the Literati State 7501:Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012), 7399:, Cambridge University Press, 7318:, Library of Arabic Literature 7314:Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (2014), 7291:, Cambridge University Press, 7011:Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008), 6975:, Princeton University Press, 6930:Luc Kwanten (1 January 1979). 6631:. Facts On File. p. 590. 5934:University of Washington Press 4934: 4925: 4916: 4889: 4874: 4840: 4813: 4593:Concubines of the Tangut ruler 4512:Xunhua Salar Autonomous County 3884:Fúshèng Chéngdào 福聖承道 (Tangut 3267: 3091:, the main garrison along the 3041:Emperor Renzong of Western Xia 3035:Mongol conquest of Western Xia 2928:Emperor Renzong of Western Xia 2543:Emperor Huizong of Western Xia 2414:Emperor Huizong of Western Xia 1618: 1594: 1498:Science and technology history 281:• Dynasty established by 83: 70: 13: 1: 7653:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), 7635:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000), 7456:Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang 7436:; L. Smith, Bardwell (1976), 7254:The Name of the Tangut Empire 6886:Chris Peers (31 March 2015). 6714:Dillon, Michael, ed. (1998). 6696: 6053:China at War: An Encyclopedia 4913:Stein (1972), pp. 70–71. 4763: 3191:Secret History of the Mongols 3047:. Little besides the rise of 2910:Western Xia coin c. 1149-1169 2418:Emperor Yizong of Western Xia 2355:Emperor Yizong of Western Xia 2344:Western Xia explosive caltrop 1961:in supporting the Tang rebel 868: 827: 803: 780: 756: 697: 7902:1030s establishments in Asia 7616:Wilkinson, Endymion (2015). 7611:, University of Hawaii Press 7415:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 7374:, Harvard University Press, 7350:McGrath, Michael C. (2008), 7309:, Cambridge University Press 7180:Graff, David Andrew (2016), 7038:, Princeton University Press 4768: 4748:One Hundred and Eight Stupas 4671:written in the Tangut script 4293:Xingzhou (Xingqing, Ducheng) 3982:Tiānyòu Mín'ān 天祐民安 (Tangut 3970:Tiānyí Zhìpíng 天儀治平 (Tangut 3953:Tiān'ān Lǐdìng 天安禮定 (Tangut 3855:Tiānshòu Lǐfǎ Yánzuò 天授禮法延祚 3231:Emperor Mozhu of Western Xia 2974:and Song dynasty during the 1751:/*phiow¹-bjij²-lhjij-lhjij²/ 605:) in the northwest; and the 7: 7572:Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin (1985), 7362:, Columbia University Press 7122:, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 6514:Beaudouin, Mathieu (2023). 4676: 4567:A painting of the Buddhist 3457: 3393: 3317: 3177:began peace talks with the 3043:, as emperor, posthumously 2926:, as emperor, posthumously 2545:, as emperor, posthumously 1634: 194: 10: 7923: 7721:宁夏新闻网 (Ningxia News Web): 7714:宁夏新闻网 (Ningxia News Web): 7510:Smith, Paul Jakov (2015), 7264:, Journal of Asian History 7081:Cambridge University Press 6960: 6805:Karl-Heinz Golzio (1984). 4519: 3491: 3479: 3446: 3426:Hsi-Hsia Tzu Shu Yun Thung 3368: 3032: 2369:army. Yizong regrouped at 1995: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1835: 294:• Subjugation by the 36: 29: 7815: 7767: 7598:Twitchett, Denis (2009), 7505:, Oxford University Press 7151:Golden, Peter B. (1992), 7002:Barfield, Thomas (1989), 6913:Mongolia Society (2002). 6679:Dunnell, Ruth W. (1983). 6308:Sinor, D.; Shimin, Geng; 6186:Santa Barbara, California 6057:Santa Barbara, California 6051:. In Li, Xiaobing (ed.). 6047:Emmons, James B. (2012). 5982:Kessler, Adam T. (2012). 5928:Rossabi, William (2009). 4472: 4380: 4289: 4135: 4065: 3964: 3915: 3862: 3817: 3792: 3779: 3764: 3756: 3748: 3733: 3725: 3717: 3702: 3694: 3686: 3671: 3663: 3655: 3640: 3632: 3624: 3609: 3601: 3593: 3578: 3570: 3562: 3547: 3539: 3531: 3487: 3242:Emperor Mo of Western Xia 1785: 1759: 1644:imperial dynasty of China 1613: 1583: 1372: 1294: 1174: 1107: 1037: 911: 379: 358: 354: 344: 340: 335: 324: 319: 315: 305: 292: 279: 262: 258: 248: 244: 231: 219: 207: 203: 193: 185: 154: 133: 121: 109: 97: 92: 58: 52: 7520:The Geographical Journal 7372:Imperial China: 900–1800 7358:Millward, James (2009), 7287:Lorge, Peter A. (2008), 7280:The Rough Guide to China 7160:Graff, David A. (2002), 7133:Journal of Asian History 7127:Forage, Paul C. (1991), 6741:Rossabi, Morris (2014). 6520:Language and Linguistics 4885:. In Wyatt. p. 153. 4206:Administrative divisions 3442: 3402:probably related to the 2447:Emperor Shenzong of Song 2416:, succeeded his father, 2375:Emperor Yingzong of Song 2325:Emperor Xingzong of Liao 2061:Xixia stone inscriptions 594:) and the Western Liao ( 585:Western Xia in turquoise 583:) in the northeast; the 7723:文化频道 (Cultural Channel) 7680:Xue, Zongzheng (1992), 7671:Xu, Elina-Qian (2005), 7607:Wang, Zhenping (2013), 7466:The ʿAbbāsid Revolution 7454:Rong, Xinjiang (2013), 7316:Two Arabic Travel Books 7278:Leffman, David (2005), 7219:de Hartog, Leo (2004), 7118:Ferenczy, Mary (1984), 7071:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 6685:. Princeton University. 6537:Yang, Shao-yun (2014). 4723:History of Central Asia 3876:Tiānyòu Chuíshèng 天祐垂聖 3170:Western Xia mail armour 2888:Emperor Tianzuo of Liao 2578:Emperor Huizong of Song 2492:simultaneous attack on 2163:Emperor Taizong of Song 1850:Timeline of the Tanguts 1747:L1572 L1890 L2937 L4456 1740: 7802:Fashion in Western Xia 7797:Western Xia mausoleums 7554:Twitchett, D. (1979), 7463:Shaban, M. A. (1979), 7243:Haywood, John (1998), 7079:, Cambridge, England: 7052:Dorje, Gyurme (1999), 6990:Asimov, M. S. (1998), 6794:. 1883. pp. 463–. 6253:Lange, Brenda (2003). 4847:Bowman, Rocco (2014). 3503: 3449:Fashion in Western Xia 3440: 3400:Tibeto-Burman language 3390: 3382: 3359: 3339: 3327: 3171: 3030: 2991:Emperor Shizong of Jin 2919: 2911: 2538: 2409: 2401: 2345: 2317: 2284: 2277: 2209:. Two years later the 2207:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 2191: 2062: 1978: 1869:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 1845: 617: 523:This article contains 253:Post-classical history 43:Xixia (disambiguation) 7887:13th century in China 7882:12th century in China 7877:11th century in China 7716:西夏研究 (Xixia Research) 7427:10.1353/sys.2015.0010 7305:Lorge, Peter (2015), 7260:Kwanten, Luc (1974), 7199:Guy, R. Kent (2010), 7056:, Footprint Handbooks 7043:Bregel, Yuri (2003), 7017:Yale University Press 6355:Stamford, Connecticut 5869:May, Timothy (2012). 4997:Dorje (1999), p. 444. 4331:Liangzhou (Xiliangfu) 4166:Guāngdìng 光定 (Tangut 4149:Huángjiàn 皇建 (Tangut 4095:Tiānshèng 天盛 (Tangut 3501: 3492:Further information: 3412: 3389:Tangut printing block 3388: 3376: 3348: 3333: 3325: 3169: 3079:Xiangzong (1206–1211) 3028: 2947:imperial examinations 2917: 2909: 2524: 2517:Chongzong (1086–1139) 2407: 2400:(ɣu sjwi) "commander" 2395: 2343: 2301: 2282: 2262: 2181: 2060: 1967: 1945:. By the time of the 1859:Further information: 1843: 1628:), also known as the 1363:(mainland, 1912–1949) 563:Southern Song dynasty 549: 177:Chinese folk religion 134:Common languages 41:. For locations, see 7483:Sima, Guang (2015), 7247:, Barnes & Noble 4881:McGrath, Michael C. 4743:List of Tangut books 4238:improve this section 4124:Tiānqìng 天慶 (Tangut 4018:Yōngníng 雍寧 (Tangut 4006:Zhēnguān 貞觀 (Tangut 3338:, early 13th century 3294:, and even possibly 3162:Xianzong (1223–1226) 3131:Shenzong (1211–1223) 3121:campaign against Jin 3021:Huanzong (1193–1206) 2877:, and the remaining 2861:class=notpageimage| 2256:. What ensued was a 2186:, discovered in the 2174:Jingzong (1038–1048) 450:Gansu Uyghur Kingdom 264:• Rebellion by 32:Xia (disambiguation) 7787:Western Xia coinage 7532:1972GeogJ.138..501W 6471:, pp. 256–257. 6406:Europa Publications 6261:Infobase Publishing 6110:, pp. 212–213. 6098:, pp. 255–256. 5483:, pp. 187–188. 5009:, pp. 359–361. 4533:A clay head of the 4341:Ganzhou (Xuanhuafu) 4107:Qiányòu 乾祐 (Tangut 4083:Rénqìng 人慶 (Tangut 4042:Zhèngdé 正德 (Tangut 3994:Yǒng'ān 永安 (Tangut 3868:Yánsì Níngguó 延嗣寧國 3363:Wuwei Bronze Cannon 3336:Wuwei Bronze Cannon 3097:Jurchen Jin dynasty 2972:Jurchen Jin dynasty 2902:Renzong (1139–1193) 2871:Jürchen Jin dynasty 2388:Huizong (1068–1086) 1947:An Lushan Rebellion 1810:Orkhon inscriptions 1712:, a stretch of the 1670:, and southernmost 616:) in the southwest. 373:Western Xia coinage 116:Western Xia in 1150 7857:Dynasties of China 7689:Yuan, Shu (2001), 7397:The Gunpowder Epic 7334:St. Martin's Press 6744:A History of China 6431:, p. 116–117. 6176:Tucker, Spencer C. 5817:, p. 201-202. 5793:, p. 200-201. 5781:, p. 204-205. 5738:, p. 197-198. 5726:, p. 149-151. 5714:, p. 620-621. 5702:, p. 619-620. 5690:, p. 548-551. 5507:, p. 343-344. 5202:, p. 243-244. 5166:, p. 165-167. 5154:, p. 164-165. 5118:, p. 227-228. 5082:, p. 157-159. 5070:, p. 226-227. 4895:Chinaknowledge.de 4868:10.5070/H321025689 4668:Golden Light Sutra 4430:North of Jingbian 4071:Daqing 大慶 (Tangut 4030:Yuándé 元德 (Tangut 3504: 3428:(+ 1132), and the 3391: 3383: 3381:with Tangut script 3340: 3328: 3172: 3031: 2920: 2918:Praying Tangut man 2912: 2539: 2410: 2402: 2364:was launched. The 2346: 2336:Yizong (1048–1068) 2314:Michael C. McGrath 2285: 2274:Michael C. McGrath 2192: 2063: 1846: 1608:), officially the 1378: 1188:Five Dynasties and 1180: 1115:Southern dynasties 1043: 942:Chu–Han Contention 618: 7839: 7838: 7494:978-957-32-0876-1 7298:978-0-521-60954-8 7191:978-0-415-46034-7 7026:978-0-300-12728-7 7015:, Great Britain: 7006:, Basil Blackwell 6996:UNESCO Publishing 6982:978-0-691-13597-7 6949:978-0-8122-7750-0 6916:Occasional papers 6899:978-1-4738-5382-9 6872:978-0-521-24331-5 6845:978-0-521-24331-5 6754:978-1-57718-113-2 6665:978-0-521-84226-6 6638:978-0-8160-4671-3 6611:978-0-521-24331-5 6572:978-0-521-24331-5 6495:, pp. 53–54. 6259:. New York City: 5956:Jack Weatherford 5531:, p. 46-470. 4517: 4516: 4410:Otog Front Banner 4316:East of Yinchuan 4274: 4273: 4266: 4203: 4202: 3941:Dà'ān 大安 (Tangut 3827: 3826: 3692:Emperor Zhāojiǎn 3630:Emperor Shèngwén 3599:Emperor Kāngjìng 3568:Emperor Zhāoyīng 3437:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin 3326:Mace, Western Xia 2943:Confucian temples 2531:Tangut characters 2507:Jingkang incident 2124:on behalf of the 2026:, and later also 1781:/khjɨ-dwuu-lhjij/ 1749:reconstructed as 1703:Tangut literature 1568: 1567: 1525:Transport history 1451:Education history 1423: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1404:Republic of China 1386:People's Republic 1359:Republic of China 1338: 1337: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1167: 1166: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1031: 1030: 934:(206 BC – 220 AD) 864:Spring and Autumn 727:Liao civilization 598:) in lime green ( 539:Tangut characters 531:rendering support 511: 510: 507: 506: 503: 502: 483: 482: 233:• 1226–1227 221:• 1139–1193 209:• 1038–1048 125:Xingqing (modern 16:(Redirected from 7914: 7753: 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6203: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6151: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6023: 6017: 6008: 6007: 5994:Brill Publishers 5979: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5904: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5879:. p. 1211. 5866: 5857: 5856:, p. 205-7. 5851: 5845: 5839: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5664: 5658: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5469: 5463: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5035:Waugh, Daniel C. 5031: 5025: 5019: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4900: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4853: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4779: 4728:History of China 4707: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4662: 4638: 4626: 4614: 4602: 4590: 4564: 4546: 4530: 4285:Modern location 4276: 4275: 4269: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4218: 4210: 4169: 4152: 4127: 4110: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4057: 4054:Dàdé 大德 (Tangut 4045: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3891: 3887: 3836: 3835: 3820: 3819: 3795: 3794: 3782: 3781: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3758: 3754:Emperor Yīngwén 3751: 3750: 3736: 3735: 3728: 3727: 3720: 3719: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3688: 3674: 3673: 3666: 3665: 3661:Emperor Shèngdé 3658: 3657: 3643: 3642: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3626: 3612: 3611: 3604: 3603: 3596: 3595: 3581: 3580: 3573: 3572: 3565: 3564: 3550: 3549: 3542: 3541: 3534: 3533: 3506: 3505: 3473:Tantric Buddhism 3469:Tibetan Buddhism 3465:Chinese Buddhism 3438: 3357: 3254:Liupan mountains 3184:After defeating 2855: 2853: 2844: 2842: 2833: 2831: 2822: 2820: 2811: 2809: 2800: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2782: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2764: 2762: 2753: 2751: 2742: 2740: 2731: 2729: 2722: 2720: 2713: 2711: 2702: 2700: 2691: 2689: 2682: 2680: 2673: 2671: 2662: 2660: 2651: 2649: 2640: 2638: 2629: 2627: 2618: 2616: 2607: 2605: 2598: 2597: 2590: 2561:to their north. 2536: 2399: 2315: 2275: 2032:Dingnan Jiedushi 1992:Dingnan Jiedushi 1986:Uyghur Khaganate 1976: 1861:Dingnan Jiedushi 1844:Tangut officials 1788: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1666:, and southwest 1637: 1626: 1620: 1615: 1606: 1596: 1587: 1560: 1553: 1546: 1488:Military history 1446:Economic history 1434:Related articles 1411: 1393: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1331: 1318: 1305: 1292: 1291: 1275: 1262: 1249: 1230: 1220: 1208: 1195: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1156: 1146: 1133: 1120: 1105: 1104: 1088: 1083:Sixteen Kingdoms 1066: 1056: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1024: 990: 977: 967: 957: 947: 935: 922: 909: 908: 887: 879: 877: 873: 870: 860: 850: 838: 836: 832: 829: 814: 812: 808: 805: 791: 789: 785: 782: 767: 765: 761: 758: 708: 706: 702: 699: 643: 633:History of China 620: 619: 615: 613: 604: 602: 593: 591: 582: 580: 571: 569: 537: instead of 519: 518: 499: 498: 487: 486: 474: 473: 460: 459: 446: 445: 432: 431: 418: 417: 408:Dingnan Jiedushi 404: 403: 397: 396: 381: 380: 328: 283:Emperor Jingzong 214:Emperor Jingzong 114: 102: 86: 85: 80: 73: 72: 67: 61: 60: 50: 49: 21: 7922: 7921: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7830:Tangut numerals 7821:Tangut language 7811: 7763: 7757: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7665: 7647: 7628: 7592: 7566: 7540:10.2307/1795516 7495: 7477: 7448: 7407: 7395:, vol. 7: 7389:Needham, Joseph 7382: 7344: 7299: 7237: 7213: 7192: 7174: 7112: 7091: 7027: 6983: 6963: 6958: 6957: 6950: 6928: 6924: 6911: 6907: 6900: 6884: 6880: 6873: 6857: 6853: 6846: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6803: 6799: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6712: 6708: 6695: 6691: 6677: 6673: 6666: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6623: 6619: 6612: 6596: 6592: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6557: 6550: 6535: 6531: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6467: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6441:Franke, Herbert 6439: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6416: 6408:. p. 215. 6396: 6392: 6384:, p. 137; 6380: 6376: 6369: 6361:. p. 199. 6345: 6341: 6334: 6326:. p. 214. 6314:Bosworth, C. E. 6310:Kychanov, Y. I. 6306: 6302: 6294: 6290: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6251: 6247: 6235: 6231: 6223: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6192:. p. 276. 6173: 6169: 6161: 6154: 6146:, p. 214; 6142: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6118: 6114: 6106: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6063:. p. 139. 6045: 6041: 6033: 6026: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5980: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5955: 5951: 5944: 5936:. p. 156. 5926: 5922: 5914: 5907: 5903:, vol.II, p.204 5898: 5894: 5887: 5867: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5753: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5674: 5667: 5659: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5628: 5624: 5616: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5558: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5479: 5472: 5464: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5237: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4903: 4894: 4890: 4879: 4875: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4703: 4698: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4639: 4630: 4627: 4618: 4615: 4606: 4603: 4594: 4591: 4582: 4565: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4531: 4522: 4447:Dingbian County 4325:Yongning County 4270: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4235: 4219: 4208: 3723:Emperor Jìngmù 3515:Posthumous Name 3496: 3490: 3482: 3460: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3396: 3371: 3358: 3355: 3320: 3296:Northeast India 3270: 3239: 3223:Helan Mountains 3164: 3133: 3081: 3037: 3023: 2904: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2592: 2519: 2390: 2338: 2316: 2313: 2276: 2273: 2205:to conquer the 2176: 2000: 1994: 1977: 1974: 1941:-led revolt in 1871: 1857: 1852: 1838: 1793:(916–1125) and 1773:Helan Mountains 1743: 1695:Tangut language 1662:, northeastern 1632:, and known as 1564: 1535: 1534: 1530:Women's history 1436: 1435: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1367: 1362: 1353: 1352: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1321: 1316: 1308: 1303: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1265: 1260: 1252: 1247: 1239: 1233: 1228: 1218: 1206: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1154: 1144: 1136: 1131: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1064: 1054: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1014: 988: 980: 975: 965: 956:(202 BC – 9 AD) 955: 945: 933: 925: 920: 905: 904: 893: 892: 885: 875: 871: 866: 858: 848: 834: 830: 825: 817: 810: 806: 801: 787: 783: 778: 770: 763: 759: 754: 745: 744: 733: 732: 704: 700: 695: 687: 676: 675: 611: 610: 609:in dark green ( 600: 599: 589: 588: 578: 577: 567: 566: 544: 543: 542: 529:Without proper 520: 516: 496: 471: 457: 443: 429: 415: 401: 369: 347: 308: 298: 285: 272: 234: 226:Emperor Renzong 222: 210: 181: 150: 117: 105: 88: 75: 62: 55: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7920: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7872:Tangut history 7869: 7867:Former empires 7864: 7859: 7854: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7823: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7756: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7719: 7710: 7709:External links 7707: 7705: 7704: 7699: 7686: 7682:Turkic peoples 7677: 7668: 7664:978-0810860537 7663: 7650: 7645: 7632: 7626: 7613: 7604: 7595: 7590: 7577: 7569: 7564: 7551: 7515: 7507: 7498: 7493: 7480: 7475: 7460: 7451: 7446: 7434:Perry, John C. 7430: 7421:(1): 371–385, 7410: 7405: 7385: 7381:978-0674012127 7380: 7364: 7355: 7347: 7342: 7320: 7311: 7302: 7297: 7284: 7282:, Rough Guides 7275: 7266: 7257: 7249: 7240: 7235: 7216: 7211: 7196: 7190: 7177: 7172: 7157: 7148: 7124: 7115: 7110: 7095: 7089: 7067: 7058: 7049: 7040: 7031: 7025: 7008: 6999: 6987: 6981: 6969:Andrade, Tonio 6964: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6948: 6922: 6905: 6898: 6878: 6871: 6851: 6844: 6824: 6817: 6797: 6781: 6760: 6753: 6733: 6726: 6706: 6689: 6671: 6664: 6644: 6637: 6617: 6610: 6590: 6588:, p. 169. 6578: 6571: 6548: 6529: 6506: 6497: 6485: 6473: 6461: 6459:, p. 256. 6449: 6433: 6421: 6414: 6390: 6388:, p. 256. 6382:de Hartog 2004 6374: 6367: 6339: 6332: 6300: 6298:, p. 137. 6296:de Hartog 2004 6288: 6286:, p. 238. 6276: 6269: 6263:. p. 71. 6245: 6243:, p. 137. 6241:de Hartog 2004 6229: 6227:, p. 219. 6217: 6215:, p. 135. 6213:de Hartog 2004 6205: 6199:978-1851096725 6198: 6178:, ed. (2010). 6167: 6165:, p. 214. 6152: 6150:, p. 134. 6148:de Hartog 2004 6136: 6134:, p. 213. 6124: 6122:, p. 212. 6112: 6100: 6088: 6086:, p. 211. 6084:Twitchett 1994 6076: 6069: 6049:"Genghis Khan" 6039: 6037:, p. 210. 6035:Twitchett 1994 6024: 6022:, p. 208. 6020:Twitchett 1994 6009: 6002: 5996:. p. 91. 5974: 5972:, p. 133. 5962: 5949: 5943:978-9622178359 5942: 5920: 5918:, p. 207. 5916:Twitchett 1994 5905: 5892: 5885: 5877:Reaktion Books 5858: 5854:Twitchett 1994 5846: 5844:, p. 205. 5842:Twitchett 1994 5831: 5829:, p. 204. 5827:Twitchett 1994 5819: 5815:Twitchett 1994 5807: 5805:, p. 201. 5803:Twitchett 1994 5795: 5791:Twitchett 1994 5783: 5779:Twitchett 1994 5771: 5769:, p. 200. 5767:Twitchett 1994 5759: 5757:, p. 199. 5755:Twitchett 1994 5740: 5736:Twitchett 1994 5728: 5724:Twitchett 1994 5716: 5712:Twitchett 2009 5704: 5700:Twitchett 2009 5692: 5688:Twitchett 2009 5680: 5678:, p. 194. 5676:Twitchett 1994 5665: 5646: 5634: 5632:, p. 376. 5622: 5605: 5593: 5576: 5574:, p. 374. 5564: 5545: 5543:, p. 193. 5541:Twitchett 1994 5533: 5529:Twitchett 2009 5521: 5519:, p. 469. 5517:Twitchett 2009 5509: 5505:Twitchett 2009 5497: 5485: 5470: 5468:, p. 192. 5466:Twitchett 1994 5453: 5451:, p. 191. 5449:Twitchett 1994 5441: 5439:, p. 190. 5437:Twitchett 1994 5429: 5427:, p. 126. 5414: 5412:, p. 185. 5402: 5400:, p. 122. 5398:Twitchett 1994 5390: 5388:, p. 168. 5378: 5363: 5351: 5349:, p. 314. 5347:Twitchett 2009 5339: 5327: 5315: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5277:, p. 156. 5267: 5265:, p. 181. 5263:Twitchett 1994 5255: 5243: 5241:, p. 186. 5239:Twitchett 1994 5228: 5226:, p. 182. 5224:Twitchett 1994 5216: 5214:, p. 154. 5204: 5192: 5190:, p. 173. 5180: 5178:, p. 170. 5176:Twitchett 1994 5168: 5164:Twitchett 1994 5156: 5152:Twitchett 1994 5144: 5142:, p. 163. 5140:Twitchett 1994 5132: 5130:, p. 162. 5128:Twitchett 1994 5120: 5108: 5106:, p. 277. 5096: 5094:, p. 161. 5092:Twitchett 1994 5084: 5080:Twitchett 1994 5072: 5057: 5044:washington.edu 5026: 5024:, p. 156. 5022:Twitchett 1994 5011: 4999: 4990: 4988:, p. 373. 4975: 4973:, p. 364. 4963: 4954: 4945: 4933: 4924: 4915: 4901: 4888: 4873: 4839: 4832: 4812: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4705:History portal 4694: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4664: 4657: 4655: 4651:Gansu province 4640: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4585: 4583: 4566: 4559: 4557: 4548: 4541: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4457:Tongxin County 4454: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4417: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4365:Guazhou County 4362: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4307:Pingluo County 4304: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4272: 4271: 4222: 4220: 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3441: 3434: 3395: 3392: 3377:Fragment of a 3370: 3367: 3353: 3319: 3316: 3269: 3266: 3238: 3237:Mo (1226–1227) 3235: 3163: 3160: 3132: 3129: 3080: 3077: 3033:Main article: 3022: 3019: 2965:Hanlin Academy 2903: 2900: 2859: 2858: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2518: 2515: 2389: 2386: 2337: 2334: 2311: 2271: 2184:Emperor Xuanwu 2175: 2172: 2054:intervention. 1993: 1990: 1972: 1856: 1853: 1837: 1834: 1803:Hu Xia dynasty 1742: 1739: 1718:northern China 1672:Outer Mongolia 1668:Inner Mongolia 1566: 1565: 1563: 1562: 1555: 1548: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1461:Jewish history 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1394: 1392:(1949–present) 1381: 1379: 1373: 1366: 1365: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1320: 1319: 1307: 1306: 1295: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1277: 1276: 1266: 1263: 1253: 1250: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1221: 1210: 1209: 1197: 1196: 1183: 1181: 1175: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1135: 1134: 1122: 1121: 1108: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1057: 1046: 1044: 1038: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1013: 1012: 992: 991: 985:Three Kingdoms 979: 978: 968: 958: 948: 937: 936: 924: 923: 912: 906: 900: 899: 898: 895: 894: 891: 890: 889: 888: 883:Warring States 880: 851: 840: 839: 816: 815: 793: 792: 788: 1046 BC 769: 768: 764: 1600 BC 746: 740: 739: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 710: 709: 705: 2000 BC 686: 685: 677: 671: 670: 669: 666: 665: 664: 663: 661:Historiography 658: 653: 645: 644: 636: 635: 629: 628: 533:, you may see 521: 514: 513: 512: 509: 508: 505: 504: 501: 500: 493: 484: 481: 480: 475: 467: 466: 461: 453: 452: 447: 439: 438: 433: 425: 424: 419: 411: 410: 405: 393: 392: 387: 377: 376: 360: 356: 355: 352: 351: 348: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 333: 332: 329: 322: 321: 317: 316: 313: 312: 309: 306: 303: 302: 299: 293: 290: 289: 286: 280: 277: 276: 273: 263: 260: 259: 256: 255: 250: 249:Historical era 246: 245: 242: 241: 235: 232: 229: 228: 223: 220: 217: 216: 211: 208: 205: 204: 201: 200: 197: 191: 190: 187: 183: 182: 180: 179: 174: 169: 164: 158: 156: 152: 151: 149: 148: 143: 137: 135: 131: 130: 123: 119: 118: 115: 107: 106: 103: 95: 94: 90: 89: 56: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7919: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7831: 7827: 7826:Tangut Script 7824: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7782:Tangut people 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7772:Song–Xia wars 7770: 7769: 7766: 7761: 7754: 7749: 7747: 7742: 7740: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7712: 7702: 7700:957-32-4273-7 7696: 7692: 7687: 7683: 7678: 7674: 7669: 7666: 7660: 7656: 7651: 7648: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7629: 7627:9780674088467 7623: 7619: 7614: 7610: 7605: 7601: 7596: 7593: 7587: 7583: 7578: 7575: 7570: 7567: 7565:0-521-21446-7 7561: 7557: 7552: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7516: 7513: 7508: 7504: 7499: 7496: 7490: 7486: 7481: 7478: 7476:0-521-29534-3 7472: 7468: 7467: 7461: 7457: 7452: 7449: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7411: 7408: 7406:0-521-30358-3 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7353: 7348: 7345: 7343:9780312366247 7339: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7300: 7294: 7290: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7258: 7255: 7250: 7246: 7241: 7238: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7217: 7214: 7212:9780295990187 7208: 7204: 7203: 7197: 7193: 7187: 7184:, Routledge, 7183: 7178: 7175: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7113: 7111:0-618-13384-4 7107: 7103: 7102: 7096: 7092: 7090:0-521-66991-X 7086: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7055: 7050: 7046: 7041: 7037: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7009: 7005: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6984: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6951: 6945: 6941: 6936: 6935: 6926: 6918: 6917: 6909: 6901: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6882: 6874: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6855: 6847: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6828: 6820: 6818:9783923956111 6814: 6810: 6809: 6801: 6793: 6792: 6785: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6764: 6756: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6737: 6729: 6727:0-7007-0439-6 6723: 6719: 6718: 6710: 6702: 6701: 6693: 6684: 6683: 6675: 6667: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6648: 6640: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6621: 6613: 6607: 6603: 6602: 6594: 6587: 6582: 6574: 6568: 6564: 6563: 6555: 6553: 6544: 6540: 6533: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6510: 6501: 6494: 6489: 6483:, p. 11. 6482: 6477: 6470: 6465: 6458: 6453: 6446: 6442: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6417: 6415:9780203403112 6411: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6394: 6387: 6383: 6378: 6370: 6368:9781133606475 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6343: 6335: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6292: 6285: 6280: 6272: 6270:9780791072226 6266: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6249: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6226: 6221: 6214: 6209: 6201: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6164: 6159: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6133: 6128: 6121: 6116: 6109: 6104: 6097: 6092: 6085: 6080: 6072: 6070:9781598844153 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6031: 6029: 6021: 6016: 6014: 6005: 6003:9789004218598 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5978: 5971: 5966: 5959: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5910: 5902: 5896: 5888: 5886:9781861899712 5882: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5865: 5863: 5855: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5836: 5828: 5823: 5816: 5811: 5804: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5768: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5737: 5732: 5725: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5677: 5672: 5670: 5663:, p. 18. 5662: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5644:, p. 17. 5643: 5638: 5631: 5626: 5620:, p. 16. 5619: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5603:, p. 15. 5602: 5597: 5591:, p. 10. 5590: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5573: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5542: 5537: 5530: 5525: 5518: 5513: 5506: 5501: 5494: 5489: 5482: 5477: 5475: 5467: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5450: 5445: 5438: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5419: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5376:, p. 91. 5375: 5370: 5368: 5361:, p. 80. 5360: 5355: 5348: 5343: 5337:, p. 79. 5336: 5331: 5325:, p. 86. 5324: 5319: 5313:, p. 78. 5312: 5307: 5301:, p. 77. 5300: 5295: 5289:, p. 76. 5288: 5283: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5253:, p. 73. 5252: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5225: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5189: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5160: 5153: 5148: 5141: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5105: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5064: 5062: 5046: 5045: 5039: 5038:"The Tanguts" 5036: 5030: 5023: 5018: 5016: 5008: 5003: 4994: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4972: 4967: 4958: 4949: 4942: 4937: 4928: 4919: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4898: 4892: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4835: 4833:9780674062023 4829: 4825: 4824: 4816: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4774: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4753:Tangut people 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4733:Hongfo Pagoda 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4695: 4692: 4681: 4670: 4669: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4524: 4523: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4500:Southwest of 4499: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4398:Southwest of 4397: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4387:Northwest of 4386: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4268: 4265: 4257: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4223:This section 4221: 4217: 4212: 4211: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3822: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3753: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3722: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3691: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3660: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3629: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3607:Lǐ Bǐngcháng 3606: 3598: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3567: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3536: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3519:Personal Name 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3485: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3455: 3450: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3387: 3380: 3375: 3366: 3364: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3337: 3332: 3324: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3243: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3101:Wanyan Yongji 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3069:Mongol Empire 3066: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3027: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2976:Jin–Song Wars 2973: 2968: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2916: 2908: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2869:In 1122, the 2862: 2854: 2843: 2832: 2821: 2810: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2752: 2741: 2730: 2721: 2719:KHITAN EMPIRE 2712: 2710: 2701: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2661: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2639: 2637: 2628: 2617: 2606: 2596: 2589: 2582: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2551:Ordos plateau 2548: 2544: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466:Ordos plateau 2462: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2394: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2351: 2342: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2310: 2307: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2281: 2270: 2268: 2261: 2259: 2258:prolonged war 2255: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2231:Tangut script 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2211:Guiyi Circuit 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2188:Hongfo Pagoda 2185: 2180: 2171: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1998:Song–Xia wars 1989: 1987: 1983: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1866: 1865:Guiyi Circuit 1862: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710:Hexi Corridor 1706: 1704: 1700: 1699:unique script 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1630:Tangut Empire 1627: 1621: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1493:Naval history 1491: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1476:Music history 1474: 1472: 1471:Media history 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1456:Legal history 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1430: 1429: 1410:1949–present) 1406: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1390: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1227: 1226: 1225:Southern Song 1222: 1217: 1216: 1215:Northern Song 1212: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1117: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1071: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1004: 999: 998: 994: 993: 987: 986: 982: 981: 974: 973: 969: 964: 963: 959: 954: 953: 949: 944: 943: 939: 938: 932: 931: 927: 926: 919: 918: 914: 913: 910: 903: 897: 896: 884: 881: 876: 476 BC 865: 862: 861: 857: 856: 852: 849:(1046–771 BC) 847: 846: 842: 841: 835: 256 BC 824: 823: 819: 818: 800: 799: 795: 794: 777: 776: 772: 771: 753: 752: 748: 747: 743: 737: 736: 729: 728: 723: 722: 717: 716: 712: 711: 694: 693: 689: 688: 684: 683: 679: 678: 674: 668: 667: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 648: 647: 646: 642: 638: 637: 634: 631: 630: 626: 622: 621: 608: 597: 586: 575: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 540: 536: 532: 528: 526: 494: 492: 491:Mongol Empire 489: 488: 485: 479: 476: 469: 468: 465: 462: 455: 454: 451: 448: 441: 440: 437: 436:Guiyi Circuit 434: 427: 426: 423: 420: 413: 412: 409: 406: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 378: 375: 374: 368: 364: 361: 357: 353: 349: 343: 339: 334: 330: 323: 318: 314: 310: 304: 300: 297: 296:Mongol Empire 291: 287: 284: 278: 274: 271: 267: 261: 257: 254: 251: 247: 243: 239: 236: 230: 227: 224: 218: 215: 212: 206: 202: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 157: 153: 147: 144: 142: 139: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 113: 108: 101: 96: 91: 79: 66: 51: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 18:Tangut Empire 7759: 7690: 7681: 7672: 7654: 7636: 7617: 7608: 7599: 7581: 7573: 7555: 7523: 7519: 7511: 7502: 7484: 7465: 7455: 7447:90-04-047611 7437: 7418: 7414: 7396: 7392: 7371: 7359: 7351: 7328: 7315: 7306: 7288: 7279: 7270: 7261: 7253: 7244: 7221: 7201: 7181: 7162: 7152: 7136: 7132: 7119: 7100: 7094:(paperback). 7075: 7062: 7053: 7044: 7035: 7030:(alk. paper) 7012: 7003: 6991: 6972: 6933: 6925: 6915: 6908: 6888: 6881: 6861: 6854: 6834: 6827: 6807: 6800: 6790: 6784: 6770: 6763: 6743: 6736: 6716: 6709: 6699: 6692: 6681: 6674: 6654: 6647: 6627: 6620: 6600: 6593: 6581: 6561: 6542: 6532: 6523: 6519: 6509: 6500: 6493:Andrade 2016 6488: 6476: 6464: 6452: 6436: 6424: 6400: 6393: 6377: 6349: 6342: 6318: 6303: 6291: 6279: 6256:Genghis Khan 6255: 6248: 6232: 6220: 6208: 6180: 6170: 6139: 6127: 6115: 6103: 6091: 6079: 6052: 6042: 5984: 5977: 5965: 5957: 5952: 5929: 5923: 5900: 5895: 5871: 5849: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5774: 5762: 5731: 5719: 5707: 5695: 5683: 5637: 5625: 5596: 5567: 5562:, p. 9. 5536: 5524: 5512: 5500: 5488: 5444: 5432: 5405: 5393: 5386:McGrath 2008 5381: 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Bor 4520:Gallery 4502:Hualong 4497:Kuozhou 4463:Huizhou 4443:Yanzhou 4435:Shizhou 4427:Xiazhou 4416:Yinzhou 4406:Youzhou 4389:Wuzhong 4371:Shazhou 4361:Guazhou 4355:Jiuquan 4345:Zhangye 4246:removed 4231:sources 4192:Lǐ Xiàn 4067:Rénzōng 3917:Huìzōng 3839:Emperor 3814:Lǐ Xiàn 3652:Rénzōng 3590:Huìzōng 3480:Economy 3369:Culture 3288:Sichuan 3250:Kaifeng 3207:Ganzhou 3199:Subutai 3108:Uyghurs 3089:Wulahai 3053:Toghrul 3049:Temüjin 3007:Lanzhou 2879:Khitans 2830:DYNASTY 2759:WESTERN 2698:Jurchen 2679:GEORGIA 2668:FATIMID 2658:Kyrgyzs 2615:KHANATE 2567:Lanzhou 2505:in the 2503:Kaifeng 2494:Linzhou 2474:Youzhou 2470:Xiazhou 2443:Lanzhou 2422:Suizhou 2379:Suizhou 2297:Linzhou 2293:Weizhou 2254:Youzhou 2203:Yuanhao 2190:in 1990 2159:Xiazhou 2154:Yinzhou 2099:Luoyang 2083:Yichang 2075:Khitans 2052:Tuyuhun 2040:Shaanxi 2024:Yinzhou 2020:Suizhou 2008:Youzhou 1959:Uyghurs 1939:Sogdian 1935:Xiazhou 1921:Shaanxi 1902:Tuyuhun 1879:Sichuan 1875:Qinghai 1855:Origins 1836:History 1818:Tangɣud 1769:Kepping 1691:Mongols 1660:Shaanxi 1656:Qinghai 1648:Ningxia 1635:Mi-nyak 1625:Ta Hsia 1580:Chinese 1574:or the 1152:Wu Zhou 742:Ancient 721:Yangtze 572:); the 240:(final) 238:Li Xian 195:Emperor 146:Chinese 122:Capital 7762:topics 7697: 7661: 7643: 7624: 7588: 7562: 7546: 7491: 7473: 7444: 7403: 7378: 7340: 7295: 7233: 7209: 7188: 7170: 7143: 7108: 7087: 7023: 6979: 6946: 6896: 6869: 6842: 6815: 6751: 6724: 6697:洪, 皓. 6662: 6635: 6608: 6569: 6412: 6365: 6330: 6324:UNESCO 6267: 6196: 6067: 6000: 5990:Leiden 5960:, p.85 5940: 5883: 5042:depts. 4862:: 11. 4830: 4798: 4535:Buddha 4486:Lezhou 4480:Xining 4473:Other 4381:Henan 4351:Suzhou 4279:Region 3864:Yìzōng 3845:Dates 3559:Yìzōng 3488:Rulers 3417:sutras 3258:Guyuan 3227:Lingwu 3203:Suzhou 3152:Muqali 3140:jinshi 3057:Tangut 2841:OF RUM 2819:EMPIRE 2817:SELJUK 2808:EMPIRE 2797:MALAYU 2750:EMPIRE 2739:EMPIRE 2709:Kimeks 2688:XI XIA 2636:Cumans 2624:KIEVAN 2455:millet 2366:Tangut 2348:After 2289:Yan'an 2226:Tangut 2195:Deming 2168:Deming 2150:Jiqian 2114:Yixing 2107:Yichao 2067:Sijian 2044:Shatuo 1975:Du You 1917:Shanxi 1867:, and 1732:, and 1640:Tangut 1619:Dà Xià 1602:: 1595:Xī Xià 1592:: 1590:pinyin 1582:: 1576:Xi Xia 1350:Modern 1006:, and 724:, and 715:Yellow 627:on the 614: 612: 603: 601: 592: 590: 581: 579: 570: 568: 561:: the 557:in AD 525:Tangut 363:Barter 199: 167:Taoism 141:Tangut 39:Xi Qia 7544:JSTOR 7141:JSTOR 4852:(PDF) 4579:Gansu 4335:Wuwei 4290:Hexi 3960:1086 3871:1049 3443:Dress 3422:chüan 3379:stele 3356:Chage 3308:Hebei 3304:Henan 3292:Tibet 3256:near 3011:Baoan 2788:KHMER 2770:PAGAN 2748:CHOLA 2728:QOCHO 2527:paiza 2486:Mizhi 2431:paiza 2267:tieqi 2242:wu zu 2118:Qiang 2087:Renfu 2036:Yulin 1887:Qiang 1883:Tibet 1830:Gansu 1820:) in 1760:白高大夏國 1652:Gansu 1642:-led 775:Shang 527:text. 325:1100 71:白高大夏國 7695:ISBN 7659:ISBN 7641:ISBN 7622:ISBN 7586:ISBN 7560:ISBN 7489:ISBN 7471:ISBN 7442:ISBN 7401:ISBN 7376:ISBN 7338:ISBN 7293:ISBN 7231:ISBN 7207:ISBN 7186:ISBN 7168:ISBN 7106:ISBN 7085:ISBN 7021:ISBN 6977:ISBN 6944:ISBN 6894:ISBN 6867:ISBN 6840:ISBN 6813:ISBN 6749:ISBN 6722:ISBN 6700:松漠紀聞 6660:ISBN 6633:ISBN 6606:ISBN 6567:ISBN 6526:(4). 6443:and 6410:ISBN 6363:ISBN 6328:ISBN 6265:ISBN 6194:ISBN 6065:ISBN 5998:ISBN 5938:ISBN 5881:ISBN 5052:2023 4828:ISBN 4807:2016 4796:ISSN 4665:The 4491:Ledu 4229:any 4227:cite 4168:𗪚𗏴 4151:𘓺𘚪 4126:𘓺𘅝 4109:𘀗𘑨 4097:𘓺𘃸 4085:𗸦𘅝 4073:𘜶𘅝 4056:𘜶𗣼 4044:𗣼𘇚 4032:𗣼𗪟 4020:𗖠𗪚 4008:𗣼𘝯 3996:𗦷𗪚 3943:𘜶𗵐 3890:𗣼𗧯 3886:𗼃𗼕 3809:None 3804:None 3786:None 3757:英文皇帝 3726:敬慕皇帝 3695:昭簡皇帝 3664:聖德皇帝 3633:聖文皇帝 3602:康靖皇帝 3571:昭英皇帝 3540:武烈皇帝 3334:The 3306:and 3205:and 3009:and 2852:RYEO 2828:SONG 2806:PALA 2779:DALI 2626:RUS' 2604:1100 2569:and 2559:Zubu 2398:𗥦𗖅 2319:The 2309:him. 2295:and 2093:and 1933:and 1926:jimi 1919:and 1826:Amdo 1791:Liao 1741:Name 1730:Song 1726:Liao 1720:and 1570:The 1326:Qing 1313:Ming 1300:Yuan 1244:Liao 1203:Song 1141:Tang 822:Zhou 559:1142 553:and 371:See 327:est. 320:Area 311:1227 301:1210 288:1038 84:大白高國 7536:doi 7524:138 7423:doi 6940:123 6776:463 4864:doi 4577:of 4240:by 3888:or 3793:李德旺 3765:李遵頊 3734:李安全 3703:李純佑 3672:李仁孝 3641:李乾順 3610:李秉常 3579:李諒祚 3548:李元昊 2850:GO- 2306:fan 2095:Jin 1795:Jin 1786:萬祕國 1734:Jin 1270:Jin 1128:Sui 1019:Jin 1003:Shu 997:Wei 962:Xin 930:Han 917:Qin 813:BC) 751:Xia 275:984 7848:: 7542:, 7534:, 7522:, 7419:45 7417:, 7336:, 7229:, 7137:25 7135:, 7131:, 7083:, 7019:, 6994:, 6942:. 6778:–. 6551:^ 6524:24 6522:. 6518:. 6357:: 6239:; 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