Typhoid fever - Knowledge

1503:. All cases were concluded to be due to a single milk farm worker, who was shedding large amounts of the typhoid pathogen in his urine. Misidentification of the disease, due to inaccurate Widal test results, delayed identification of the carrier and proper treatment. Ultimately, it took four samplings of different secretions from all of the dairy workers in order to successfully identify the carrier. Upon discovery, the dairy worker was forcibly quarantined for seven weeks, and regular samples were taken, most of the time the stool samples yielding no typhoid and often the urine yielding the pathogen. The carrier was reported as being 72 years old and appearing in excellent health with no symptoms. Pharmaceutical treatment decreased the amount of bacteria secreted, however, the infection was never fully cleared from the urine, and the carrier was released "under orders never again to engage in the handling of foods for human consumption." At the time of release, the authors noted "for more than fifty years he has earned his living chiefly by milking cows and knows little of other forms of labor, it must be expected that the closest surveillance will be necessary to make certain that he does not again engage in this occupation." 526: 1492:

Since she had already left and begun employment elsewhere, he proceeded to track her down in order to obtain a stool sample. When he was able to finally meet Mallon in person he described her by saying "Mary had a good figure and might have been called athletic had she not been a little too heavy." In recounts of Soper's pursuit of Mallon, his only remorse appears to be that he was not given enough credit for his relentless pursuit and publication of her personal identifying information, stating that the media "rob me of whatever credit belongs to the discovery of the first typhoid fever carrier to be found in America." Ultimately, 51 cases and 3 deaths were suspected to be caused by Mallon.

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carriers and chronic carriers. The authors further estimate that there are four to five chronic female carriers to every one male carrier, although offered no data to explain this assertion of a gender difference in the rate of typhoid carriers. As far as treatment, the authors suggest: "When recognized, carriers must be instructed as to the disposal of excreta as well as to the importance of personal cleanliness. They should be forbidden to handle food or drink intended for others, and their movements and whereabouts must be reported to the public health officers".

77: 837:(WHO) endorsed the use of a vaccination program starting in 1999. Vaccination has proven effective at controlling outbreaks in high-incidence areas and is also very cost-effective: prices are normally less than US$ 1 per dose. Because the price is low, poverty-stricken communities are more willing to take advantage of the vaccinations. Although vaccination programs for typhoid have proven effective, they alone cannot eliminate typhoid fever. Combining vaccines with public-health efforts is the only proven way to control this disease. 818: 589: 1108: 1439: 1515: 1539:

completion of a personalized treatment plan designed with medical professionals. Fecal or gallbladder carrier release requirements: 6 consecutive negative feces and urine specimens submitted at 1-month or greater intervals beginning at least 7 days after completion of therapy. Urinary or kidney carrier release requirements: 6 consecutive negative urine specimens submitted at 1-month or greater intervals beginning at least 7 days after completion of therapy.

745: 1612: 1745:, Malaysia. Individuals who received a full course of treatment cleared the infection, whereas patients given a lower dose had a relapse. Asymptomatic carriers continued to shed bacilli despite chloramphenicol treatment – only ill patients were improved with chloramphenicol. Resistance to chloramphenicol became frequent in Southeast Asia by the 1950s, and today chloramphenicol is only used as a last resort due to the high prevalence of resistance. 1239:. This massive influx of humans into a concentrated space overwhelmed the water supply and waste infrastructure, likely leading to unsanitary conditions as fresh water became harder to obtain and waste became more difficult to collect and remove beyond the city walls. In 2006, examining the remains for a mass burial site from Athens from around the time of the plague (~430 B.C.) revealed that fragments of DNA similar to modern day 669: 1032: 310:. Recently, new advances in large-scale data collection and analysis have allowed researchers to develop better diagnostics, such as detecting changing abundances of small molecules in the blood that may specifically indicate typhoid fever. Diagnostic tools in regions where typhoid is most prevalent are quite limited in their accuracy and specificity, and the time required for a proper diagnosis, the increasing spread of 1053:

Southeast Asia have the highest rates of typhoid. Outbreaks are also often reported in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. In 2000, more than 90% of morbidity and mortality due to typhoid fever occurred in Asia. In the U.S., about 400 cases occur each year, 75% of which are acquired while traveling internationally.

1009:(NAL), that isolates sensitive to both CIP and NAL should be reported as "sensitive to ciprofloxacin", and that isolates sensitive to CIP but not to NAL should be reported as "reduced sensitivity to ciprofloxacin". But an analysis of 271 isolates found that around 18% of isolates with a reduced susceptibility to 923:

develop gastrointestinal and cerebral complications, which may prove fatal in 10%–20% of cases. The highest case fatality rates are reported in children under 4. Around 2%–5% of those who contract typhoid fever become chronic carriers, as bacteria persist in the biliary tract after symptoms have resolved.

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of the United Kingdom, died in 24 days after first record of "feeling horribly ill". Died 14 December 1861 after suffering loss of appetite, insomnia, fever, chills, profuse sweating, vomiting, rash spots, delusions, inability to recognize family members, worsening rash on abdomen, a change in tongue

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had two such cases around the turn of the 20th century. In 1899 there were 24 cases of typhoid traced to a single milkman, whose wife had died of typhoid fever a week before the outbreak. In 1908, J.J. Fallon, who was also a milkman, died of typhoid fever. Following his death and confirmation of the

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The Tubex test contains two types of particles: brown magnetic particles coated with antigen and blue indicator particles coated with O9 antibody. During the test, if antibodies are present in the serum, they will attach to the brown magnetic particles and settle at the base, while the blue indicator

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physician, adopted Wright's typhoid vaccine for use with the Army, and two years later, his vaccination program became the first in which an entire army was immunized. It eliminated typhoid as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. military. Typhoid vaccination for members of the

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published a short statement declaring the outbreak over, stating "t Jamaica Plain there is a slight increase, the total being 272 cases. Throughout the city there is a total of 348 cases." There was at least one death reported during this outbreak: Mrs. Sophia S. Engstrom, aged 46. Typhoid continued

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convinced any remaining skeptics that typhoid is a specific disease recognizable by lesions in the Peyer's patches by examining sixty-six autopsies from fever patients and concluding that the symptoms of headaches, diarrhea, rash spots, and abdominal pain were present only in patients who were found

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Since the 1990s, the WHO has recommended two typhoid fever vaccines. The ViPS vaccine is given by injection, and the Ty21a by capsules. Only people over age two are recommended to be vaccinated with the ViPS vaccine, and it requires a revaccination after 2–3 years, with a 55%–72% efficacy. The Ty21a

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described a bacillus that he suspected was the cause of typhoid. Eberth is given credit for discovering the bacterium definitively by successfully isolating the same bacterium from 18 of 40 typhoid victims and failing to discover the bacterium present in any "control" victims of other diseases. In

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In industrialized nations, water sanitation and food handling improvements have reduced the number of typhoid cases. Third world nations have the highest rates. These areas lack access to clean water, proper sanitation systems, and proper health-care facilities. In these areas, such access to basic

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in the 1940s as a result of improved sanitation and the use of antibiotics. Every year about 400 cases are reported in the U.S. and an estimated 6,000 people have typhoid. In 2015, it resulted in about 149,000 deaths worldwide – down from 181,000 in 1990. Without treatment, the risk of death may be

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publication, physicians' treatment of asymptomatic carriers is best summarized by the opening line "Carriers of typhoid bacilli are a menace". Within the same publication, the first official estimate of typhoid carriers is given: 2 to 5% of all typhoid patients, and distinguished between temporary

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Outbreaks in traveling military groups led to the creation of the Lyster bag in 1915; a bag with a faucet which can be hung from a tree or pole, filled with water, and comes with a chlorination tablet to drop into the water. The Lyster bag was essential for the survival of American soldiers in the

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Sanitation and hygiene are important to prevent typhoid. It can spread only in environments where human feces can come into contact with food or drinking water. Careful food preparation and washing of hands are crucial to prevent typhoid. Industrialization contributed greatly to the elimination of

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to conduct an investigation of the possible source of typhoid fever in the home. Soper described himself as an "epidemic fighter". His investigation ruled out many sources of food, and led him to question if the cook the family hired just prior to their household outbreak, Mallon, was the source.

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of an infectious disease, making typhoid fever the first known disease being transmissible through asymptomatic hosts. The cases and deaths caused by Mallon were mainly upper-class families in New York City. At the time of Mallon's tenure as a personal cook for upper-class families, New York City

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which correlated with distinct symptoms before death. British medics were skeptical of the differentiation between typhoid and typhus because both were endemic to Britain at that time. However, in France only typhoid was present circulating in the population. Pierre-Charlles-Alexandre Louis also

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Without treatment, some patients develop sustained fever, bradycardia, hepatosplenomegaly, abdominal symptoms, and occasionally pneumonia. In white-skinned patients, pink spots, which fade on pressure, appear on the skin of the trunk in up to 20% of cases. In the third week, untreated cases may

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In 2000, typhoid fever caused an estimated 21.7 million illnesses and 217,000 deaths. It occurs most often in children and young adults between 5 and 19 years old. In 2013, it resulted in about 161,000 deaths – down from 181,000 in 1990. Infants, children, and adolescents in south-central and

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with specific antigens. If the patient's serum contains antibodies against those antigens, they get attached to them, forming clumps. If clumping does not occur, the test is negative. The Widal test is time-consuming and prone to significant false positives. It may also be falsely negative in

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within one working day from identification. As of 2018, chronic typhoid carriers must sign a "Carrier Agreement" and are required to test for typhoid shedding twice yearly, ideally every 6 months. Carriers may be released from their agreements upon fulfilling "release" requirements, based on

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spreading typhoid fever throughout the communities they served. Although typhoid is not spread through milk itself, there were several examples of milk distributors in many locations watering their milk down with contaminated water, or cleaning the glass bottles the milk was placed in with

1482:, known as Typhoid Mary. Although other cases of human-to-human spread of typhoid were known at the time, the concept of an asymptomatic carrier, who was able to transmit disease, had only been hypothesized and not yet identified or proven. Mary Mallon became the first known example of an 1487:

reported 3,000 to 4,500 cases of typhoid fever annually. In the summer of 1906 two daughters of a wealthy family and maids working in their home became ill with typhoid fever. After investigating their home water sources and ruling out water contamination, the family hired civil engineer

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Due to the nature of asymptomatic cases, many questions remain about how individuals are able to tolerate infection for long periods of time, how to identify such cases, and efficient options for treatment. Researchers are currently working to understand asymptomatic infection with

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neighborhood in particular throughout 1908, and several more people were reported dead due to typhoid fever, although these cases were not explicitly linked to the outbreak. The Jamaica Plain neighborhood at that time was home to many working-class and poor immigrants, mostly from

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can prevent about 40% to 90% of cases during the first two years. The vaccine may have some effect for up to seven years. For those at high risk or people traveling to areas where it is common, vaccination is recommended. Other efforts to prevent it include providing clean

291:. Those who have not yet been exposed to it and ingest contaminated drinking water or food are most at risk for developing symptoms. Only humans can be infected; there are no known animal reservoirs. Salmonella Typhi which causes typhoid fever is different than the other 90:

Fever that starts low and increases daily, possibly reaching as high as 104.9 °F (40.5 °C) Headache, weakness and fatigue, muscle aches, sweating, dry cough, loss of appetite, weight loss, stomach pain, diarrhea or constipation, rash, swollen stomach (enlarged liver or

431:(rattling breathing sounds) are heard in the base of the lungs. The abdomen is distended and painful in the right lower quadrant, where a rumbling sound can be heard. Diarrhea can occur in this stage, but constipation is also common. The spleen and liver are enlarged ( 1203:, Democratic Republic of the Congo, in 2004: 43,000 cases and over 200 deaths. A prospective study of specimens collected in the same region between 2007 and 2011 revealed about one third of samples obtained from patient samples were resistant to multiple antibiotics. 5306:

Dr. H. Timbrell Bulstrode's report to the Local Government Board upon alleged oyster-borne enteric fever and other illness following the mayoral banquets at Winchester and Southampton, and upon enteric fever occurring simultaneously elsewhere and also ascribed to

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The sample pad of this kit contains colloidal gold-anti-human IgG or gold-anti-human IgM. If the sample contains IgG and IgM antibodies against those antigens, they will react and turn red. The typhidot test becomes positive within 2–3 days of infection.

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Two colored bands indicate a positive test. A single control band indicates a negative test. A single first fixed line or no band at all indicates an invalid test. Typhidot's biggest limitation is that it is not quantitative, just positive or negative.

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subsp. enterica serovar Typhi is human-restricted, these chronic carriers become the crucial reservoir, which can persist for decades for further spread of the disease, further complicating its identification and treatment. Lately, the study of

1191:, Scotland, in summer 1964 – traced back to contaminated canned beef sourced from Argentina sold in markets. More than 500 patients were quarantined in the hospital for a minimum of four weeks, and the outbreak was contained without any deaths. 1753:

The disease has been referred to by various names, often associated with symptoms, such as gastric fever, enteric fever, abdominal typhus, infantile remittant fever, slow fever, nervous fever, pythogenic fever, drain fever, and low fever.

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Most developed countries had declining rates of typhoid fever throughout the first half of the 20th century due to vaccinations and advances in public sanitation and hygiene. In 1893 attempts were made to chlorinate the water supply in

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performed case studies and statistical analysis to demonstrate that typhoid was contagious – and that persons who already had the disease seemed to be protected. Afterward, several American doctors confirmed these findings, and then

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Typhi are ST1 and ST2, which are widespread globally. Global phylogeographical analysis showed dominance of a haplotype 58 (H58), which probably originated in India during the late 1980s and is now spreading through the world with

1375:(1850–1918) confirmed Eberth's findings. Gaffky isolated the same bacterium as Eberth from the spleen of a typhoid victim, and was able to grow the bacterium on solid media. The organism was given names such as Eberth's bacillus, 1654:

intact. The heat-killed bacteria was then injected into a patient. To show evidence of the vaccine's efficacy, Wright then collected serum samples from patients several weeks post-vaccination, and tested their serum's ability to

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American military became mandatory in 1911. Before the vaccine, the rate of typhoid fever in the military was 14,000 or greater per 100,000 soldiers. By World War I, the rate of typhoid in American soldiers was 37 per 100,000.

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learned of an epidemic of typhoid fever in Clifton, and identified that all 13 of 34 residents who had contracted the disease drew their drinking water from the same well. Notably, this observation was two years prior to

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is still used in countries where the newer preparations are not available, but this vaccine is no longer recommended for use because it has more side effects (mainly pain and inflammation at the site of the injection).

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Cao XT, Kneen R, Nguyen TA, Truong DL, White NJ, Parry CM (March 1999). "A comparative study of ofloxacin and cefixime for treatment of typhoid fever in children. The Dong Nai Pediatric Center Typhoid Study Group".

809:). Both are efficacious and recommended for travelers to areas where typhoid is endemic. Boosters are recommended every five years for the oral vaccine and every two years for the injectable form. An older, killed 163:

Likely to recover without complications if proper antibiotics administered and diagnosed early. If infecting strain is multi-drug resistant or extensively drug resistant then prognosis more difficult to determine.

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A separate problem exists with laboratory testing for reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin; current recommendations are that isolates should be tested simultaneously against ciprofloxacin (CIP) and against

1678:. The British Army was the only combatant at the outbreak of the war to have its troops fully immunized against the bacterium. For the first time, their casualties due to combat exceeded those from disease. 4469:

Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Veyi J, Kaswa M, Lunguya O, Verhaegen J, Boelaert M (January 2009). "An outbreak of peritonitis caused by multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhi in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo".

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described a short bacillus in the organs and feces of typhoid victims in 1874. Browicz was able to isolate and grow the bacilli but did not go as far as to insinuate or prove that they caused the disease.

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typhoid fever diagnosis, the city conducted an investigation of typhoid symptoms and cases along his route and found evidence of a significant outbreak. A month after the outbreak was first reported, the

6362: 3601: 2723:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1534:

tracks typhoid carriers and reports the number of carriers identified within the county yearly; between 2006 and 2016 0–4 new cases of typhoid carriers were identified per year. Cases of typhoid fever

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In the second week, the person is often too tired to get up, with high fever in plateau around 40 °C (104 °F) and bradycardia (sphygmothermic dissociation or Faget sign), classically with a

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is a different disease, caused by unrelated species of bacteria. Owing to their similar symptoms, they were not recognized as distinct diseases until the 1800s. "Typhoid" means "resembling typhus".

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Khan MI, Pach A, Khan GM, Bajracharya D, Sahastrabuddhe S, Bhutta W, et al. (June 2015). "Typhoid vaccine introduction: An evidence-based pilot implementation project in Nepal and Pakistan".

1146:, Kent outbreak in 1897–1898: 1,847 patients were recorded to have typhoid fever. This outbreak is notable because it was the first time a typhoid vaccine was deployed during a civilian outbreak. 2633:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 4498: 1001:

is better at treating resistant typhoid than both fluoroquinolone drugs and ceftriaxone. Azithromycin can be taken by mouth and is less expensive than ceftriaxone, which is given by injection.

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species by studying infections in laboratory animals, which will ultimately lead to improved prevention and treatment options for typhoid carriers. In 2002, John Gunn described the ability of

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vaccine is recommended for people five and older, lasting 5–7 years with 51%–67% efficacy. The two vaccines have proved safe and effective for epidemic disease control in multiple regions.

4670: 1835:, co-inventor of the airplane with his brother Orville, died from typhoid in 1912 at the age of 45. Orville had typhoid in 1896, during which time Wilbur would read aloud to him, books by 372:

Classically, the progression of untreated typhoid fever has three distinct stages, each lasting about a week. Over the course of these stages, the patient becomes exhausted and emaciated.

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in South Africa. At that time, typhoid often killed more soldiers at war than were lost due to enemy combat. Wright further developed his vaccine at a newly opened research department at

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If the serum does not have an antibody in it, the blue particles attach to the brown particles and settle at the bottom, producing a colorless solution, which means the test is negative.

6972: 1445:("Typhoid Mary") in a hospital bed (foreground): She was forcibly quarantined as a carrier of typhoid fever in 1907 for three years and then again from 1915 until her death in 1938. 1315:

to have intestinal lesions after death; these observations solidified the association of the disease with the intestinal tract and gave the first clue to the route of transmission.

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enabled development of the safer Vi Antigen vaccine – which is widely in use today. Arthur Felix and Margaret Pitt also isolated the strain Ty2, which became the parent strain of

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had either a liver abscess or typhoid fever, and survived by using ice baths and cold compresses as a means of treatment for his fever. There is a statue of the Greek physician,

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occurs. One study found a 30-day mortality rate of 9% (8/88), and surgical site infections at 67% (59/88), with the disease burden borne predominantly by low-resource countries.

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Overall, in the early 20th century the medical profession began to identify carriers of the disease, and evidence of transmission independent of water contamination. In a 1933

1150:'s vaccine was offered to 200 healthcare providers, and of the 84 individuals who received the vaccine, none developed typhoid whereas 4 who had not been vaccinated became ill. 1060:

of typhoid fever was 10%–20%. Today, with prompt treatment, it is less than 1%, but 3%–5% of people who are infected develop a chronic infection in the gall bladder. Since

6737: 6171:"Salmonella typhimurium persists within macrophages in the mesenteric lymph nodes of chronically infected Nramp1+/+ mice and can be reactivated by IFNgamma neutralization" 1713: 3827:

Soe GB, Overturf GD (1987). "Treatment of typhoid fever and other systemic salmonelloses with cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, and other newer cephalosporins".

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outer membrane protein is attached as fixed test lines. It separately identifies IgM and IgG antibodies. IgM shows recent infection; IgG signifies remote infection.

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is now common, these agents are no longer used as first–line treatment of typhoid fever. Typhoid resistant to these agents is known as multidrug-resistant typhoid.

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as the first line for treating suspected typhoid originating in South America, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Thailand, or Vietnam. Also, it has been suggested that

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Dutta P, Mitra U, Dutta S, De A, Chatterjee MK, Bhattacharya SK (June 2001). "Ceftriaxone therapy in ciprofloxacin treatment failure typhoid fever in children".

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typhoid fever, as it eliminated the public-health hazards associated with having horse manure in public streets, which led to a large number of flies, which are

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Levine MM, Black RE, Lanata C (December 1982). "Precise estimation of the numbers of chronic carriers of Salmonella typhi in Santiago, Chile, an endemic area".

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Fuller GW (1909). "Description of the Process and Plant of the Jersey City Water Supply Company for the Sterilization of the Water of the Boonton Reservoir.".

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Typhi bacteria; have close contact with someone who is infected or has recently been infected with typhoid fever; drink water polluted by sewage that contains

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subsp. enterica serovar Typhi associated with a large outbreak and a carrier at the genome level provides new insight into the pathogenesis of the pathogen.

4811:"Comparative genomics of closely related Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains reveals genome dynamics and the acquisition of novel pathogenic elements" 2978:"Global MLST of Salmonella Typhi Revisited in Post-genomic Era: Genetic Conservation, Population Structure, and Comparative Genomics of Rare Sequence Types" 7147: 6588: 585:

of the bacterium. An asymptomatic human carrier is someone who is still excreting typhoid bacteria in stool a year after the acute stage of the infection.

559:. A more detailed genotyping scheme was reported in 2016 and is now being used widely. This scheme reclassified the nomenclature of H58 to genotype 4.3.1. 353:

In 2015, 12.5 million new typhoid cases were reported. The disease is most common in India. Children are most commonly affected. Typhoid decreased in the

3029:"Phylogeographical analysis of the dominant multidrug-resistant H58 clade of Salmonella Typhi identifies inter- and intracontinental transmission events" 2631:

Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).

6275: 5419: 4238:"Extensively Drug-Resistant Typhoid Fever in Pakistan – Watch – Level 1, Practice Usual Precautions – Travel Health Notices | Travelers' Health | CDC" 4862:"Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Laboratory Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Management of Invasive Salmonella Infections" 166:

Among untreated acute cases, 10% will shed bacteria for three months after initial onset of symptoms, and 2–5% will become chronic typhoid carriers.

4762:"Genome sequence and comparative pathogenomics analysis of a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi strain associated with a typhoid carrier in Malaysia" 4403: 4043: 3779: 5540:

Yapijakis C (2009). "Hippocrates of Kos, the father of clinical medicine, and Asclepiades of Bithynia, the father of molecular medicine. Review".

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live typhoid bacteria. A "positive" result was represented by clumping of bacteria, indicating that the body was producing anti-serum (now called

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In Europe, a report based on data for 2017 retrieved from The European Surveillance System (TESSy) on the distribution of confirmed typhoid and

4507:"Genetic fine structure of a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain associated with the 2005 outbreak of typhoid fever in Kelantan, Malaysia" 2721:

Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

1531: 4556:"Insights from the genome sequence of a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain associated with a sporadic case of typhoid fever in Malaysia" 3963:

Bhutta ZA, Khan IA, Molla AM (November 1994). "Therapy of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever with oral cefixime vs. intravenous ceftriaxone".

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cases found that 22 EU/EEA countries reported a total of 1,098 cases, 90.9% of which were travel-related, mainly acquired during travel to

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can occur, where the patient is often calm, but sometimes becomes agitated. This delirium has given typhoid the nickname "nervous fever".

8699: 5724: 1402:, England, was the first town to have its entire water supply chlorinated. In 1905, following an outbreak of typhoid fever, the City of 631: 5697: 6670: 770: 220:

may be severe, but is uncommon. Other people may carry it without being affected, but are still contagious. Typhoid fever is a type of

6220:"Host transmission of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is controlled by virulence factors and indigenous intestinal microbiota" 145:

Preventable by vaccine. Travelers to regions with higher typhoid prevalence are usually encouraged to get a vaccination before travel.

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Wright AE, Douglas SR (1904-01-31). "An experimental investigation of the rôle of the blood fluids in connection with phagocytosis".

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During the second world war, the United States army authorized the use of a trivalent vaccine – containing heat-inactivated Typhoid,

4603: 2535:"Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Infections Among Travelers to or from Pakistan – United States, 2016–2018" 3202:"Performance of Widal test and stool culture in the diagnosis of typhoid fever among suspected patients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania" 1666:

Citing the example of the Second Boer War, during which many soldiers died from easily preventable diseases, Wright convinced the

8704: 4695: 4103:"Management and Outcomes Following Surgery for Gastrointestinal Typhoid: An International, Prospective, Multicentre Cohort Study" 1406:, instituted permanent water chlorination. The first permanent disinfection of drinking water in the US was made in 1908 to the 392:) is seen in a quarter of cases, and abdominal pain is also possible. A decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells ( 70: 919:, and ciprofloxacin have been commonly used to treat it. Treatment with antibiotics reduces the case-fatality rate to about 1%. 439:

are elevated. The Widal test is strongly positive, with antiO and antiH antibodies. Blood cultures are sometimes still positive.

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Cirillo VJ (2006). ""Winged sponges": houseflies as carriers of typhoid fever in 19th- and early 20th-century military camps".

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Neuropsychiatric symptoms (described as "muttering delirium" or "coma vigil"), with picking at bedclothes or imaginary objects.

196:. Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high 5887: 4072: 1954:, English novelist, died in 1932 of typhoid, two months after drinking a glass of water in a Paris hotel to prove it was safe. 1305:. Both doctors performed autopsies on individuals who died in Paris due to fever – and indicated that many had lesions on the 334:. Until an infection is confirmed as cleared, the infected person should not prepare food for others. Typhoid is treated with 8709: 8320: 6886: 5759: 5262: 4712: 3276: 3184: 2868: 2149: 1335:

and ensured a clean water supply, and documented further evidence of typhoid as a water-borne illness throughout his career.

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ensues along with malnutrition, and the patient is delirious. A third of affected people develop a macular rash on the trunk.

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Feasey NA, Gordon MA (2014). "Salmonella Infections". In Farrar J, Hotez P, Junghanss T, Kang G, Lalloo D, White NJ (eds.).

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in broth, then heating the bacteria to 60 °C to "heat inactivate" the pathogen, killing it, while keeping the surface

2682:"Updated recommendations for the use of typhoid vaccine—Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015" 2296: 153:

Antibiotics, hydration, surgery in extreme cases. Quarantine to avoid exposing others (not commonly done in modern times).

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test is used to identify specific antibodies in the serum of people with typhoid by using antigen-antibody interactions.

239: 6914:"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017" 6034:"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017" 2773:

Abubakar II, Tillmann T, Banerjee A, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015).

7396: 4704: 1768: 1705: 3944:Коваленко АН, et al. (2011). "Особенности клиники, диагностики и лечения брюшного тифа у лиц молодого возраста". 7524: 7167: 6555: 6401: 5524: 7960: 2249: 1014: 7965: 7506: 1789: 1327:

first publishing an early version of his theory that contaminated water was the central conduit for transmitting

1311: 260: 5466:"Salmonella typhi in the democratic republic of the congo: fluoroquinolone decreased susceptibility on the rise" 4154:. Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children - Papers from the 10th annual IIC meeting, Oxford, UK, 2012. 525: 7538: 7132: 5046:"DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens" 1822: 1639: 1298: 798: 347: 8628: 4101:

Anyomih TK, Drake TM, Glasbey J, Fitzgerald JE, Ots R, et al. (GlobalSurg Collaborative) (October 2018).

1499:, experienced an outbreak of typhoid fever, consisting of 26 cases and 5 deaths, all deaths due to intestinal 1160:

In 1902 guests at mayoral banquets in Southampton and Winchester, England became ill and four died, including

7354: 6267: 5902: 1874: 1812: 1379:

Typhi, and Gaffky-Eberth bacillus. Today, the bacillus that causes typhoid fever goes by the scientific name

1026: 912: 5670: 129:

Living in or travel to areas where typhoid fever is established; work as a clinical microbiologist handling

8714: 8524: 7848: 7284: 5647: 5464:

Lunguya O, Lejon V, Phoba MF, Bertrand S, Vanhoof R, Verhaegen J, et al. (2012-11-15). Ryan ET (ed.).

4604:"WHO | A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: Disease burden and implications for controls" 4462: 1839:, a German pioneer in human flight. This started the two men on their own pursuit of creating an airplane. 1535: 1507: 1077: 4407: 4051: 216:. In severe cases, people may experience confusion. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. 107:

Usually 7–10 days after antibiotic treatment begins. Longer if there are complications or drug resistance.

8185: 8179: 7795: 5335: 1671: 1372: 753: 168:

Some carriers are diagnosed by positive tissue specimen. Chronic carriers are by definition asymptomatic.

4944: 4237: 8264: 1738: 1642:

Medical School in London from 1902, where he established a method for measuring protective substances (

1260: 4190:"Chronic and acute infection of the gall bladder by Salmonella Typhi: understanding the carrier state" 7985: 7820: 7789: 7719: 7500: 7242: 5558:

The Greek physician Antonius Musa notably cured the emperor Augustus of typhoid fever with cold baths

5290: 2388: 1829:, died 32 days into his term, in 1841. This is the shortest term served by a United States President. 1137: 946:

is indicated for patients with multiple perforations. If antibiotic treatment fails to eradicate the

834: 700:

Rapid diagnostic tests such as Tubex, Typhidot, and Test-It have shown moderate diagnostic accuracy.

452: 5822:

Leal JL (1909). "The Sterilization Plant of the Jersey City Water Supply Company at Boonton, N.J.".

3343:"One-step 2-minute test to detect typhoid-specific antibodies based on particle separation in tubes" 3078:"An extended genotyping framework for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the cause of human typhoid" 2533:

Chatham-Stephens K, Medalla F, Hughes M, Appiah GD, Aubert RD, Caidi H, et al. (January 2019).

1741:

during the 1940s. In 1948 American army doctors tested its efficacy in treating typhoid patients in

938:

For surgical treatment, most surgeons prefer simple closure of the perforation with drainage of the

688:

recently infected people. But unlike the Typhidot test, the Widal test quantifies the specimen with

376:

In the first week, the body temperature rises slowly, and fever fluctuations are seen with relative

8460: 8363: 8242: 7980: 7975: 7859: 7648: 7467: 7390: 7382: 7066: 4623:"Accelerating the discovery of antibacterial compounds using pathway-directed whole cell screening" 1884: 1646:) in human blood. Wright's version of the typhoid vaccine was produced by growing the bacterium at 1154: 975: 869: 654:

is generally undertaken while awaiting the results of the Widal test and blood and stool cultures.

556: 311: 6032:

Stanaway JD, Reiner RC, Blacker BF, Goldberg EM, Khalil IA, Troeger CE, et al. (April 2019).

3657:

Shakya M, Colin-Jones R, Theiss-Nyland K, Voysey M, Pant D, Smith N, et al. (December 2019).

2822:

Cunha BA (March 2004). "Osler on typhoid fever: differentiating typhoid from typhus and malaria".

550:

subsp. enterica serovar Typhi. Based on MLST subtyping scheme, the two main sequence types of the

76: 8664: 8544: 8504: 8446: 8165: 7932: 7368: 7326: 6648:"Hoogleraar heeft aanwijzingen voor abortus bij Wilhelmina: 'Monarchie hing aan zijden draadje' ( 1860: 1656: 1583:

of disease transmission, and that the intestinal microbiota likely plays a role in transmission.

1407: 5623: 5140: 1993: 573:, no animal carriers of typhoid are known. Humans are the only known carriers of the bacterium. 350:. Resistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment more difficult. 8694: 8480: 8398: 8357: 8353: 8234: 8228: 7995: 7705: 7640: 7434: 7340: 7312: 7246: 3870:

Wallace MR, Yousif AA, Mahroos GA, Mapes T, Threlfall EJ, Rowe B, et al. (December 1993).

3778:

Effa EE, Lassi ZS, Critchley JA, Garner P, Sinclair D, Olliaro PL, et al. (October 2011).

1818: 1780: 1592: 932: 7106: 7030: 5736: 3292:

Wijedoru L, Mallett S, Parry CM, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (May 2017).

2858: 2339:

Pitzer VE, Meiring J, Martineau FP, Watson CH, Kang G, Basnyat B, et al. (October 2019).

1851:, Mexican general and politician, died at the age of 33 of typhoid fever on September 8, 1862. 8497: 8486: 8284: 7914: 7740: 7711: 7518: 7278: 7232: 6897: 6860: 4992:

Appiah GD, Chung A, Bentsi-Enchill AD, Kim S, Crump JA, Mogasale V, et al. (June 2020).

3708: 1925: 1805: 1623: 1615: 1254: 762: 709: 582: 466:

is a very serious complication and often fatal. It may occur without alarming symptoms until

6790: 6678: 5709: 2457:

Reproducible diagnostic metabolites in plasma from typhoid fever patients in Asia and Africa

733:

particles remain in the solution, producing a blue color, which means the test is positive.

529:

A 1939 conceptual illustration showing various ways that typhoid bacteria can contaminate a

287:

of an infected person. Risk factors include limited access to clean drinking water and poor

8658: 8618: 8571: 8453: 8104: 8062: 8042: 7999: 7855: 7654: 7334: 6987: 5098: 3632: 3089: 2214: 1948:, captain of the 1886 Australian cricket team that toured England, died of typhoid in 1910. 1682: 1523: 1483: 1410:, water supply. Credit for the decision to build the chlorination system has been given to 1122: 5443: 5087:"Salmonella enterica genomes from victims of a major sixteenth-century epidemic in Mexico" 4607: 1845:, political opponent of Abraham Lincoln in 1858 and 1860, died of typhoid on June 3, 1861. 8: 8636: 8581: 8250: 8126: 8071: 8019: 7938: 7881: 7834: 7769: 7617: 7609: 7603: 7320: 7306: 7175: 7055: 6355:"Medical lessons from World War I underscore need to keep developing antimicrobial drugs" 3479: 1966:, Union cavalry officer during the Civil War, died of typhoid fever on December 16, 1863. 1912: 1904: 1381: 1270: 986: 183: 6624:"Nicholas II - At the Court of the Last Tsar - Chapter 1, Part 2, The Empress Alexandra" 5305: 5102: 5086: 3578: 3553: 3093: 1157:: government records estimate over 21,000 troops had typhoid, resulting in 2,200 deaths. 8624: 8535: 8036: 8025: 7946: 7890: 7678: 7376: 7362: 7292: 7269: 6938: 6913: 6521: 6469: 6314: 6244: 6219: 6195: 6170: 6058: 6033: 5967: 5942: 5492: 5465: 5391: 5366: 5122: 5018: 4993: 4886: 4861: 4837: 4810: 4786: 4761: 4647: 4622: 4580: 4555: 4531: 4506: 4446: 4429: 4377: 4352: 4328: 4303: 4214: 4189: 4150:

Waddington CS, Darton TC, Pollard AJ (January 2014). "The challenge of enteric fever".

4127: 4102: 3899: 3844: 3804: 3757: 3685: 3658: 3522: 3505: 3461: 3318: 3293: 3268: 3236: 3201: 3112: 3077: 3053: 3028: 3027:

Wong VK, Baker S, Pickard DJ, Parkhill J, Page AJ, Feasey NA, et al. (June 2015).

3004: 2977: 2934: 2799: 2774: 2747: 2722: 2698: 2681: 2657: 2632: 2608: 2583: 2559: 2534: 2510: 2485: 2454:

Näsström E, Parry CM, Thieu NT, Maude RR, de Jong HK, Fukushima M, et al. (2017).

2431: 2406: 2365: 2340: 2110: 2077: 2058: 2033:

Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL (March 2015). "Typhoid fever".

1888: 1878: 1842: 1571:

described a mouse model of asymptomatic intestinal and systemic infection in 2004, and

1478:

The most notorious carrier of typhoid fever, but by no means the most destructive, was

1415: 1367: 1178:

in 1908 – linked to milk delivery. See history section, "carriers" for further details.

1057: 810: 774: 712:

OMP antigen. This test is carried out on a cellulose nitrate membrane where a specific

456: 432: 85: 6929: 6516: 6438: 6143: 6118: 6049: 5043: 4554:

Yap KP, Teh CS, Baddam R, Chai LC, Kumar N, Avasthi TS, et al. (September 2012).

3367: 3342: 2835: 2790: 2738: 2648: 2046: 1363:

in typhoid victims. The bacterium's role in disease was speculated but not confirmed.

962:, but is not always successful in eradicating the carrier state because of persisting 777:

of drinking water has led to dramatic decreases in the transmission of typhoid fever.

8609: 8575: 8439: 8371: 8134: 8112: 8081: 7532: 7298: 7077: 6943: 6882: 6843: 6835: 6708: 6623: 6561: 6551: 6393: 6306: 6249: 6200: 6148: 6119:"Biofilm formation and interaction with the surfaces of gallstones by Salmonella spp" 6063: 6014: 6010: 5972: 5859: 5765: 5755: 5628: 5614: 5583: 5549: 5520: 5497: 5396: 5378: 5268: 5258: 5114: 5067: 5023: 4926: 4891: 4842: 4791: 4742: 4708: 4652: 4585: 4536: 4487: 4451: 4382: 4333: 4284: 4219: 4167: 4132: 4016: 4012: 3980: 3976: 3926: 3891: 3852: 3809: 3749: 3690: 3583: 3527: 3453: 3372: 3323: 3272: 3241: 3223: 3180: 3117: 3076:

Wong VK, Baker S, Connor TR, Pickard D, Page AJ, Dave J, et al. (October 2016).

3058: 3009: 2926: 2864: 2839: 2804: 2752: 2703: 2662: 2613: 2564: 2515: 2461: 2436: 2370: 2311: 2145: 2115: 2097: 2050: 1892: 1868: 1698: 1694: 1530:

infection is likely to occur in South/Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan countries. The

1294: 1228: 1092: 852: 830: 708:

Typhidot is based on the presence of specific IgM and IgG antibodies to a specific 50

314:, and the cost of testing are also hardships for under-resourced healthcare systems. 225: 65: 8053: 8010: 7905: 7060: 6473: 6318: 6134: 5877: 4080: 3903: 3465: 3358: 2884: 817: 8600: 8515: 8306: 8153: 8140: 7955: 7572: 7554: 7461: 7420: 7348: 7218: 6933: 6925: 6593: 6461: 6434: 6298: 6239: 6231: 6190: 6182: 6138: 6130: 6053: 6045: 6006: 5962: 5954: 5855:

Local attachments : the making of an American urban neighborhood, 1850 to 1920

5618: 5610: 5487: 5477: 5386: 5126: 5106: 5057: 5044:

Papagrigorakis MJ, Yapijakis C, Synodinos PN, Baziotopoulou-Valavani E (May 2006).

5013: 5005: 4918: 4881: 4873: 4832: 4822: 4781: 4773: 4734: 4700: 4690: 4642: 4634: 4575: 4567: 4526: 4518: 4479: 4441: 4372: 4364: 4323: 4315: 4274: 4209: 4201: 4159: 4122: 4114: 4008: 3972: 3883: 3872:"Ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone in the treatment of multiresistant typhoid fever" 3836: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3761: 3741: 3680: 3670: 3573: 3565: 3517: 3445: 3362: 3354: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3264: 3231: 3213: 3155: 3107: 3097: 3048: 3040: 2999: 2989: 2938: 2918: 2831: 2794: 2786: 2742: 2734: 2693: 2652: 2644: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2554: 2546: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2426: 2418: 2360: 2352: 2105: 2089: 2062: 2042: 1957: 1848: 1647: 1580: 1496: 1460: 1419: 1403: 1360: 1306: 1224: 1116: 1010: 578: 511: 482: 343: 256: 7117: 6650:

Professor has indication for abortion Wilhelmina: Monarchy was hanging by a thread

6609: 4922: 3569: 3160: 3143: 2952: 2341:"The Invisible Burden: Diagnosing and Combatting Typhoid Fever in Asia and Africa" 2076:

Mathur R, Oh H, Zhang D, Park SG, Seo J, Koblansky A, et al. (October 2012).

1670:

that 10 million vaccine doses should be produced for the troops being sent to the

8550: 8471: 8425: 8330: 8270: 8205: 8147: 8116: 8108: 7811: 7781: 7775: 7658: 7487: 7411: 7238: 7071: 6814: 6701:"Willie Lincoln's death: A private agony for a president facing a nation of pain" 5482: 5420:"Short Wave: Typhoid Mary: Lessons From An Infamous Quarantine on Apple Podcasts" 4760:

Yap KP, Gan HM, Teh CS, Baddam R, Chai LC, Kumar N, et al. (November 2012).

4319: 4183: 4181: 1939: 1908: 1864: 1836: 1728: 1635: 1344: 1248: 955: 885: 806: 786: 651: 354: 318: 7162: 4483: 2584:"Treatment of enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) with cephalosporins" 2582:

Kuehn R, Stoesser N, Eyre D, Darton TC, Basnyat B, Parry CM (24 November 2022).

2319: 907:

Properly treated, typhoid fever is not fatal in most cases. Antibiotics such as

48: 8650: 8300: 8294: 8157: 7895: 7426: 7193: 7163: 7120: 7082: 6956: 6597: 5062: 5045: 4738: 4505:

Baddam R, Kumar N, Thong KL, Ngoi ST, Teh CS, Yap KP, et al. (July 2012).

4368: 4163: 2184: 2093: 2003:. 2016. p. 133 – via Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. 1951: 1931: 1854: 1799: 1784: 1576: 1568: 1147: 1085: 1035:

Typhoid fever incidence; most common in Asia, Africa, Central and South America

1006: 990: 802: 416: 323: 201: 7045: 6973:"Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Salmonella enterica spp" 6911: 6813:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Archived from 6738:"Maldiçãp, febre e alucinações: a melancólica morte de Leopoldina de Bragança" 6601: 6495: 5863: 5110: 4827: 4638: 4178: 4118: 3840: 3218: 2922: 2465: 1301:

are credited with describing typhoid fever as a specific disease, unique from

283:. Typhoid is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the 8688: 8646: 8562: 8389: 8344: 8085: 7920: 7687: 7598: 7452: 7258: 7224: 7199: 7184: 6839: 6830: 6712: 6579: 6392:. U.S. Army Medical Research & Material Command (2008). 2008. p. 5. 6310: 6018: 5769: 5632: 5382: 5272: 3780:"Fluoroquinolones for treating typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever)" 3227: 3144:"Salmonella:A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance" 2994: 2101: 1919: 1832: 1826: 1815:

may have had an abortion in 1902 because of a typhoid infection she survived.

1579:

are responsible for the majority of transmission to new hosts, following the

1564: 1467: 1450: 1356: 1282: 1171: 947: 889: 602: 496: 436: 401: 296: 6565: 6218:

Lawley TD, Bouley DM, Hoy YE, Gerke C, Relman DA, Monack DM (January 2008).

3480:"History of Drinking Water Treatment | Drinking Water | Healthy Water | CDC" 1634:. It was introduced in 1896 and used successfully by the British during the 588: 8642: 8416: 7623: 7563: 7510: 7495: 7440: 6947: 6847: 6465: 6302: 6253: 6204: 6152: 6067: 5976: 5958: 5587: 5571: 5553: 5501: 5400: 5118: 5071: 5027: 4930: 4895: 4846: 4795: 4656: 4589: 4540: 4491: 4455: 4386: 4337: 4288: 4223: 4171: 4136: 4020: 3930: 3813: 3753: 3694: 3587: 3531: 3457: 3327: 3245: 3121: 3062: 3013: 2930: 2843: 2808: 2756: 2707: 2666: 2617: 2568: 2550: 2519: 2440: 2374: 2315: 2119: 2054: 1935: 1777:

of Rome (suspected based on historical record but not confirmed), survived.

1742: 1733: 1709: 1667: 1626:

first developed an effective typhoid vaccine at the Army Medical School in

1527: 1488: 1411: 1319: 998: 979: 943: 613: 500: 487: 339: 205: 6895: 6763: 5252: 5009: 4746: 3984: 3895: 3856: 3675: 3449: 3376: 3142:

Eng SK, Pusparajah P, Ab Mutalib NS, Ser HL, Chan KG, Lee LH (June 2015).

1438: 8216: 8171: 8122: 7826: 7578: 7101: 6545: 6235: 6186: 6089:"Acute Communicable Disease Control Manual (B-73): Typhoid Fever Carrier" 5692: 4877: 3659:"Phase 3 Efficacy Analysis of a Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Trial in Nepal" 2356: 1963: 1898: 1857:, songwriter and composer died of typhoid at age 31 on November 19, 1828. 1675: 1479: 1442: 1427: 1352: 1182: 1164:, after consuming oysters. The infection was due to oysters sourced from 1133: 994: 951: 916: 893: 845: 749: 610: 606: 471: 467: 446: 442:

In the third week of typhoid fever, a number of complications can occur:

397: 377: 331: 276: 272: 124: 60:

serological variant Typhi (shown under a microscope with flagellar stain)

6807:

Scott BF (23 September 1910). "Scott, Henry James Herbert (1858–1910)".

4963:"Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: Annual Epidemiological Report for 2017" 4777: 4571: 4522: 4205: 3506:"Typhoid fever & vaccine development: a partially answered question" 3102: 1720:, the strain used as a live-attenuated vaccine for typhoid fever today. 1514: 1080:

resulted in more than 42,000 cases and 214 deaths. Since November 2016,

7590: 6397: 4994:"Typhoid Outbreaks, 1989–2018: Implications for Prevention and Control" 3887: 3848: 1795: 1611: 1551: 1545: 1518:

New Typhoid carrier cases reported in L.A. County between 2006 and 2016

1500: 1096: 939: 908: 897: 744: 663: 617: 569: 543: 530: 445:

The fever is still very high and oscillates very little over 24 hours.

424: 409: 393: 381: 335: 327: 307: 288: 230: 213: 5853: 4621:

Matano LM, Morris HG, Wood BM, Meredith TC, Walker S (December 2016).

4279: 4262: 3745: 2455: 1901:, "Typhoid Mary" – see history section, "carriers" for further details 1802:, while still Prince of Wales, had a near fatal case of typhoid fever. 1107: 8404: 8256: 7924: 7865: 7746: 7112: 6898:"Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever: Information for Health Professionals" 5141:"Disease & Death in Early America: Tully Area Historical Society" 2142:

CDC health information for international travel 2014: the yellow book

1945: 1686: 1631: 1563:

in mice, providing a model for studying carriage in the gallbladder.

1560: 1399: 1324: 1232: 1143: 985:

Ciprofloxacin resistance is an increasing problem, especially in the

959: 683:

In this test, the serum is mixed with a dead bacterial suspension of

647: 643: 478: 427:

appear on the lower chest and abdomen in around a third of patients.

389: 252: 158: 7013: 5943:"A Milk Borne Epidemic of Typhoid Fever Traced to a Urinary Carrier" 5673:[New investigations into the bacilli of abdominal typhoid]. 5572:"History and current status of Polish gastroenterological pathology" 3871: 3656: 3294:"Rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fever" 3044: 1788:

color, then finally a state of extreme fatigue. Attending physician

872:

in the 1960s provided a simple way to prevent many of the deaths of

7840: 5650:[Organisms in the organs in cases of Typhus abdominalis]. 3876:

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases

2532: 2422: 1774: 1660: 1278: 1200: 1194: 1188: 1165: 1081: 978:

to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and

901: 873: 789:

are licensed for use for the prevention of typhoid: the live, oral

668: 628: 621: 504: 420: 217: 209: 187: 4968:. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. October 2020 4860:

Crump JA, Sjölund-Karlsson M, Gordon MA, Parry CM (October 2015).

1031: 8431: 8377: 7731: 7696: 6592:(online ed.). Oxford University Press (published May 2006). 5289:. Emsworth Business Association. 10 February 2019. Archived from 3732:

Parry CM, Beeching NJ (June 2009). "Treatment of enteric fever".

1651: 1643: 1556: 1472: 1395: 1332: 1328: 1206: 963: 794: 639: 428: 385: 248: 221: 5601:"Typhoid Fever Considered as a Problem of Scientific Medicine". 4859: 4421: 2001:

Acute Communicable Disease Control: 2016 Annual Morbidity Report

1231:, was most likely an outbreak of typhoid fever. During the war, 855:(TCV) in December 2019 reported 81% fewer cases among children. 7209: 7040: 7025: 2483: 1627: 1596: 1455: 1302: 1265: 1236: 1175: 361: 308:

detecting an immune response to the pathogen from blood samples

264: 22: 6970: 6810:

Australian Dictionary of Biography – Henry James Herbert Scott

6425:

Felix A, Pitt RM (July 1934). "A New Antigen of B. Typhosus".

4468: 1197:, Tajikistan, in 1996–1997: 10,677 cases reported, 108 deaths. 1168:, where the oyster beds had been contaminated with raw sewage. 235:

Typhi is believed to infect and replicate only within humans.

6912:

GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators (April 2019).

6896:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (March 30, 2021).

6031: 4187: 4100: 3503: 1717: 1600: 790: 689: 677: 463: 284: 280: 268: 200:

over several days. This is commonly accompanied by weakness,

197: 4991: 2338: 1960:, Japanese medical scientist, died of typhoid fever in 1934. 1017:

0.125–1.0 mg/L), would not be detected by this method.

638:). In epidemics and less wealthy countries, after excluding 6386:

USAMRMC: 50 Years of Dedication to the Warfighter 1958–2008

5671:"Neue Untersuchungen über den Bacillus des Abdominaltyphus" 4809:

Yap KP, Gan HM, Teh CS, Chai LC, Thong KL (November 2014).

2032: 1351:

In April 1880, three months prior to Eberth's publication,

884:

Where resistance is uncommon, the treatment of choice is a

459:

occurs; this can be very serious, but is usually not fatal.

6881:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company Inc. 6517:"TYPHOID OR DRAIN FEVER, AND HOW TO PREVENT ITS SPREADING" 4188:

Gonzalez-Escobedo G, Marshall JM, Gunn JS (January 2011).

3551: 3141: 2484:

Milligan R, Paul M, Richardson M, Neuberger A (May 2018).

1288: 1235:

retreated into a walled-in city to escape attack from the

212:, and mild vomiting. Some people develop a skin rash with 5882: 5463: 3869: 1140:

estimates the death toll was over 6,000 during this time.

358:

as high as 20%. With treatment, it is between 1% and 4%.

5700:[On the investigation of pathogenic organisms]. 4620: 3777: 3026: 2860:

Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control

2772: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1792:, an expert on typhoid fever at the time, diagnosed him. 1073:

public-health needs is not expected in the near future.

6954: 6492:

Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases

4908: 4149: 3552:

Date KA, Bentsi-Enchill A, Marks F, Fox K (June 2015).

3341:

Lim PL, Tam FC, Cheong YM, Jegathesan M (August 1998).

2581: 2453: 1526:

exist all over the world, but the highest incidence of

5648:"Die Organismen in den Organen bei Typhus abdominalis" 5257:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. 4945:"Extensively Drug-Resistant Typhoid Fever in Pakistan" 3504:

Marathe SA, Lahiri A, Negi VD, Chakravortty D (2012).

3340: 3075: 2720: 1132:. Between 1607 and 1624, 85% of the population at the 892:. Otherwise, a third-generation cephalosporin such as 6116: 5754:(1st ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. 5603:

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

4998:

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

1977: 958:

is sometimes successful, especially in patients with

7003: 6454:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

6217: 5749: 4504: 3997: 3291: 3263:(23rd ed.). Saunders Ltd. pp. 337–348.e2. 302:

Diagnosis is performed by culturing and identifying

6452:Craigie J (1957-11-01). "Arthur Felix, 1887–1956". 4301: 2630: 1674:, thereby saving up to half a million lives during 1433: 6789: 6550:. Nicola Smith. New Haven: Yale University Press. 6168: 4350: 2334: 2332: 993:. Many centres are shifting from ciprofloxacin to 821:Vivotif – oral typhoid vaccine of live-attenuated 5903:"10 Things You May Not Know About 'Typhoid Mary'" 5729:Mitteillungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamt 5702:Mitteilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte 5675:Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie 5652:Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie 4724: 4718: 4304:"Typhoid and paratyphoid fever: a call to action" 3916: 2976:Yap KP, Ho WS, Gan HM, Chai LC, Thong KL (2016). 2953:"Typhoid fever: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 2679: 2389:"Typhoid Fever: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment" 2075: 1915:, died of typhoid fever in 1884 at the age of 15. 8686: 8608: 5940: 4753: 4553: 4353:"Fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella Typhi" 4302:Gibani MM, Britto C, Pollard AJ (October 2018). 3199: 2909:Kumar P, Kumar R (March 2017). "Enteric Fever". 2407:"Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever" 1575:went on to demonstrate that a sub-population of 1274:were not detected in any of the remains tested. 1181:Outbreak in upperclass New Yorkers who employed 6169:Monack DM, Bouley DM, Falkow S (January 2004). 6117:Prouty AM, Schwesinger WH, Gunn JS (May 2002). 5727:[On the etiology of abdominal typhus]. 5569: 4759: 3962: 3773: 3771: 2329: 577:subsp. enterica serovar Typhi is spread by the 16:Disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi 5941:Sears HJ, Garhart RW, Mack DW (October 1924). 4802: 4547: 4427: 4351:Cooke FJ, Wain J, Threlfall EJ (August 2006). 2969: 1928:, English poet, died of typhoid fever in 1889. 1618:developed the first effective typhoid vaccine. 1532:Los Angeles County department of public health 7148: 6671:"Egg Foetus Baby, A New History of Pregnancy" 6288: 4808: 4263:"Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever: a review" 3731: 2856: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2078:"A Mouse Model of Salmonella Typhi Infection" 1723: 5839:Proceedings American Water Works Association 5824:Proceedings American Water Works Association 5698:"Zur Untersuchung von pathogenen Organismen" 5514: 5371:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 5050:International Journal of Infectious Diseases 4267:Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 3943: 3768: 3633:"Typhoid vaccine 'works fantastically well'" 3258: 2975: 2902: 2400: 2398: 2131: 2129: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1587:'s mouse model allows long-term carriage of 5999:Journal of the American Medical Association 5878:"Nova: The Most Dangerous Woman in America" 5851: 5078: 4406:. World Health Organization. Archived from 4260: 4094: 3826: 3784:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3298:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3200:Mawazo A, Bwire GM, Matee MI (2019-06-05). 2824:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 2686:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2680:Jackson BR, Iqbal S, Mahon B (March 2015). 2539:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2490:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2460:. Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen. 1907:, son of American tycoon and politician A. 863: 829:To help decrease rates of typhoid fever in 769:spp. According to statistics from the U.S. 7155: 7141: 6494:. University of Washington. Archived from 6291:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 5517:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 4949:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 2908: 2624: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2404: 2231: 1185:– 51 cases and 3 deaths from 1907 to 1915. 771:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 75: 47: 6955:National Health Service (June 18, 2018). 6937: 6424: 6243: 6194: 6142: 6057: 5966: 5750:Wertheim HF, Horby P, Woodall JP (2012). 5622: 5539: 5491: 5481: 5390: 5303: 5250: 5061: 5017: 4885: 4836: 4826: 4785: 4646: 4579: 4530: 4445: 4434:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 4376: 4327: 4278: 4213: 4126: 3803: 3684: 3674: 3630: 3577: 3521: 3366: 3317: 3235: 3217: 3159: 3111: 3101: 3052: 3003: 2993: 2798: 2768: 2766: 2746: 2714: 2697: 2656: 2607: 2558: 2509: 2430: 2395: 2364: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2138:"3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel" 2126: 2109: 2007: 844:A version of the vaccine combined with a 695: 6377: 5997:"Typhoid Carriers and Their Treatment". 4428:Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED (May 2004). 4001:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 3965:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1808:, survived, illness was circa 1900–1901. 1610: 1513: 1437: 1388: 1209:, Uganda in 2015: 10,230 cases reported. 1111:Map of Typhoid Fever Outbreaks 1989–2018 1106: 1030: 816: 743: 667: 587: 524: 6971:Public Health Agency of Canada (2010). 6876: 6787: 6668: 6589:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6578: 6451: 6096:Los Angeles Department of Public Health 5570:Stachura J, Gałazka K (December 2003). 5279: 4696:Control of Communicable Diseases Manual 3725: 3435: 3419:"The Great Horse Manure Crisis of 1894" 3174: 3168: 3128: 2588:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2486:"Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever" 2472: 1922:'s five children died of typhoid fever. 1289:Definition and evidence of transmission 546:bacterium that causes typhoid fever is 8687: 6698: 6164: 6162: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5836: 5722: 5668: 5645: 5576:Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 5533: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5084: 5039: 5037: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4472:Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 4398: 4396: 4308:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 3919:The Indian Journal of Medical Research 3554:"Typhoid fever vaccination strategies" 3510:The Indian Journal of Medical Research 2763: 2297:"Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper" 2272: 2162: 2135: 1757: 1606: 1331:. Budd later became health officer of 1277:It is possible that the Roman emperor 851:Results of a phase 3 trial of typhoid 581:from people who are infected and from 388:, headache, and cough. A bloody nose ( 8321:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans 7136: 6834:. Vol. 203. F.C. Westley. 1959. 6806: 6543: 5870: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5364: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3261:Manson's Tropical Infectious Diseases 2821: 1218: 462:Intestinal perforation in the distal 367: 7706:Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus 6365:from the original on 30 January 2016 6175:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 5821: 5725:"Zur aetiologie des abdominaltyphus" 5695: 5508: 5367:"The Curious Career of Typhoid Mary" 4627:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 4430:"The global burden of typhoid fever" 3438:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1934:, South African child inmate of the 6159: 6074: 5983: 5919: 5691:Eberth's findings were verified by 5034: 4980: 4393: 3663:The New England Journal of Medicine 2405:Crump JA, Mintz ED (January 2010). 2304:Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire 1084:has had an outbreak of extensively 797:Switzerland AG) and the injectable 408:subsp. enterica serovar Typhi. The 299:, a common type of food poisoning. 238:Typhoid is caused by the bacterium 13: 8700:Conditions diagnosed by stool test 7168:Gram-negative bacterial infections 6869: 5858:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 5752:Atlas of Human Infectious Diseases 5407: 5353: 5313: 5309:(Report). London: HMSO. p. 1. 5157: 4727:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 4705:American Public Health Association 3538: 3269:10.1016/B978-0-7020-5101-2.00026-1 1994:"TYPHOID FEVER, ACUTE AND CARRIER" 1769:Category:Deaths from typhoid fever 1449:There were several occurrences of 1136:died from a typhoid epidemic. The 404:; blood cultures are positive for 14: 8726: 7525:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis 5947:American Journal of Public Health 5900: 5785:Journal of the Sanitary Institute 5783:"Typhoid Epidemic at Maidstone". 5444:"Typhoid left city 'under siege'" 2260:from the original on 2 April 2015 1913:Leland Stanford Junior University 1871:Lincoln, died of typhoid in 1862. 1762: 7741:Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus 7716:Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome 6854: 6821: 6800: 6781: 6756: 6730: 6692: 6662: 6640: 6616: 6572: 6537: 6509: 6480: 6445: 6418: 6347: 6325: 6282: 6278:from the original on 2013-11-11. 6260: 6211: 6110: 6025: 6011:10.1001/jama.1933.02740230044012 5894: 5890:from the original on 2010-04-26. 5845: 5830: 5815: 5795: 5615:10.1001/jama.1918.02600360063023 5470:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 4013:10.1097/00006454-199903000-00007 3977:10.1097/00006454-199411000-00010 3602:"Vivaxim Solution for injection" 3425:from the original on 2015-05-25. 3398:Reszon Diagnostics International 3391:"TYPHIDOT Rapid IgG/IgM (Combo)" 3347:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2195:from the original on 6 June 2016 2158:from the original on 2015-07-02. 1942:, died of typhoid fever in 1901. 1895:, died of typhoid fever in 1884. 1434:Direct transmission and carriers 1076:In 2004–2005 an outbreak in the 931:Surgery is usually indicated if 904:is a suitable oral alternative. 650:, a therapeutic trial time with 7507:Human granulocytic anaplasmosis 6675:Dutch foundation for literature 6333:"Library and Archive Catalogue" 6135:10.1128/iai.70.5.2640-2649.2002 6038:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 5776: 5743: 5716: 5685: 5662: 5639: 5594: 5563: 5457: 5436: 5297: 5133: 4955: 4937: 4902: 4853: 4684: 4663: 4614: 4596: 4344: 4295: 4261:Zaki SA, Karande S (May 2011). 4254: 4230: 4143: 4065: 4050:. February 2009. Archived from 4036: 4027: 3991: 3956: 3937: 3910: 3863: 3820: 3701: 3650: 3631:Gallagher J (4 December 2019). 3624: 3594: 3497: 3472: 3429: 3411: 3383: 3359:10.1128/JCM.36.8.2271-2278.1998 3334: 3285: 3252: 3193: 3069: 3020: 2945: 2891:from the original on 2013-07-02 2877: 2850: 2815: 2673: 2575: 2526: 2447: 2381: 1128:"Burning Fever" outbreak among 1056:Before the antibiotic era, the 1020: 1013:, the class which CIP belongs ( 748:Doctor administering a typhoid 562: 348:third-generation cephalosporins 8705:Intestinal infectious diseases 7539:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection 6918:The Lancet Infectious Diseases 6742:aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br 6547:The cult of the Prince Consort 6522:The Warwick Examiner and Times 5803:"A miracle for public health?" 5624:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t9d516735 5254:Typhoid fever : a history 5091:Nature Ecology & Evolution 5085:Vågene Å, et al. (2018). 3829:Reviews of Infectious Diseases 3796:10.1002/14651858.CD004530.pub4 3310:10.1002/14651858.CD008892.pub2 3175:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). 2887:. Merriam Webster Dictionary. 2857:Evans AS, Brachman PS (2013). 2600:10.1002/14651858.CD010452.pub2 2502:10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4 2207: 2069: 1938:concentration camp during the 1748: 1299:Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis 1047: Moderately endemic areas 879: 799:typhoid polysaccharide vaccine 780: 115:Gastrointestinal infection of 1: 7355:Flinders Island spotted fever 6930:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30685-6 6792:Gerard Manley Hopkins: A Life 6439:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)44360-6 6050:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30685-6 4923:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.087 4866:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 3570:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.028 3179:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. 3161:10.1080/21553769.2015.1051243 2836:10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00094-1 2791:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 2739:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 2649:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 2047:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7 1970: 1875:Princess Leopoldina of Brazil 1813:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 1027:Epidemiology of typhoid fever 969: 913:trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 765:of many pathogens, including 739: 727: 657: 592:Pathogenesis of typhoid fever 477:Respiratory diseases such as 455:due to bleeding in congested 8710:Vaccine-preventable diseases 8525:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 7849:Burkholderia cepacia complex 7285:Rocky Mountain spotted fever 6610:UK public library membership 5515:Platner SB, Ashby T (2002). 5483:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001921 4678:Florida Department of Health 4320:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000479 4194:Nature Reviews. Microbiology 3177:Sherris Medical Microbiology 2911:Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2411:Clinical Infectious Diseases 2345:Clinical Infectious Diseases 1891:and paternal grandmother of 1508:American Medical Association 1102: 1078:Democratic Republic of Congo 1041: Strongly endemic areas 858: 793:vaccine (sold as Vivotif by 596: 295:bacteria that usually cause 190:Typhi bacteria, also called 7: 8186:Far East scarlet-like fever 8180:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 7796:Chromobacteriosis infection 6268:"Sir Almroth Edward Wright" 5519:. Oxford University Press. 4484:10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.12.006 2310:(6): 49–59. February 2008. 1373:Georg Theodor August Gaffky 1246:DNA were detected, whereas 848:vaccine is also available. 754:San Augustine County, Texas 703: 537: 10: 8731: 6861:Hakaru Hashimoto#Biography 5145:tullyhistoricalsociety.org 5063:10.1016/j.ijid.2005.09.001 4369:10.1136/bmj.333.7563.353-b 4164:10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.013 3946:Voen.-meditsinskii Zhurnal 2094:10.1016/j.cell.2012.08.042 1881:, died of typhoid in 1871. 1863:, the son of US president 1806:Tsar Nicholas II of Russia 1766: 1724:Antibiotics and resistance 1704:In 1934, discovery of the 1261:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1213: 1024: 926: 661: 20: 8599: 8561: 8534: 8514: 8470: 8415: 8388: 8343: 8317: 8281: 8213: 8204: 8096: 8061: 8052: 8009: 7986:Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 7904: 7889: 7880: 7821:Burkholderia pseudomallei 7810: 7790:Chromobacterium violaceum 7757: 7730: 7720:Meningococcal septicaemia 7695: 7686: 7677: 7589: 7562: 7553: 7501:Anaplasma phagocytophilum 7486: 7451: 7410: 7268: 7257: 7208: 7192: 7183: 7174: 7092: 7007: 6957:"Typhoid Fever: Overview" 5735:: 372–420. Archived from 5365:Soper GA (October 1939). 5111:10.1038/s41559-017-0446-6 4828:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1007 4639:10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.003 4119:10.1007/s00268-018-4624-8 4048:World Health Organization 3219:10.1186/s13104-019-4340-y 3148:Frontiers in Life Science 2982:Frontiers in Microbiology 2923:10.1007/s12098-016-2246-4 2863:. Springer. p. 839. 1418:facility was designed by 1285:, who treated his fever. 1138:World Health Organization 835:World Health Organization 601:Diagnosis is made by any 520: 181:, is a disease caused by 157: 149: 141: 123: 111: 103: 99:1–2 weeks after ingestion 95: 84: 64: 55: 46: 42:Enteric fever, slow fever 38: 33: 8461:Plesiomonas shigelloides 8243:Brazilian purpuric fever 7860:Bordetella parapertussis 7649:Bartonella bacilliformis 7468:Flea-borne spotted fever 7398:Rickettsia aeschlimannii 7391:Rickettsia aeschlimannii 7383:American tick bite fever 6879:Typhoid Fever: a history 6584:"Edward VII (1841–1910)" 6005:(23): 1866. 1933-06-10. 5542:In Vivo (Athens, Greece) 5251:Adler R, Mara E (2016). 4739:10.1093/infdis/146.6.724 4152:The Journal of Infection 4107:World Journal of Surgery 2995:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00270 1885:Martha Bulloch Roosevelt 1827:United States of America 1714:Miss S. R. Margaret Pitt 1663:) against the pathogen. 1338: 1295:Pierre-Fidele Bretonneau 870:oral rehydration therapy 864:Oral rehydration therapy 567:Unlike other strains of 435:) and tender, and liver 306:from patient samples or 21:Not to be confused with 8629:Guillain–Barré syndrome 8545:Cardiobacterium hominis 8505:Acinetobacter baumannii 8447:Vibrio parahaemolyticus 8166:Yersinia enterocolitica 7933:Klebsiella granulomatis 7369:African tick bite fever 7327:North Asian tick typhus 6764:"A History of Stanford" 6699:Dennis B (2011-09-29). 6658:(in Dutch). 2023-04-19. 6628:www.alexanderpalace.org 6272:Encyclopædia Britannica 5609:(10): 847. 1918-09-07. 5340:Remember Jamaica Plain? 4766:Journal of Bacteriology 4560:Journal of Bacteriology 4511:Journal of Bacteriology 3841:10.1093/clinids/9.4.719 1861:William Wallace Lincoln 1622:British bacteriologist 1408:Jersey City, New Jersey 177:, also known simply as 8481:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8399:Francisella tularensis 8358:Legionella longbeachae 8354:Legionella pneumophila 7996:Enterobacter aerogenes 7641:Bacillary angiomatosis 7435:Orientia tsutsugamushi 7341:Queensland tick typhus 7313:Japanese spotted fever 7247:Flying squirrel typhus 6598:10.1093/ref:odnb/32975 6466:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0005 6303:10.1098/rspl.1903.0062 6224:Infection and Immunity 6123:Infection and Immunity 5959:10.2105/ajph.14.10.848 5852:Von Hoffman A (1996). 5708:: 1–49. Archived from 2551:10.15585/mmwr.mm6801a3 2351:(Suppl 5): S395–S401. 1887:, mother of president 1819:William Henry Harrison 1781:Albert, Prince Consort 1619: 1593:mesenteric lymph nodes 1519: 1446: 1398:, Germany and in 1897 1162:the Dean of Winchester 1112: 1049: 933:intestinal perforation 826: 801:(sold as Typhim Vi by 757: 696:Rapid diagnostic tests 673: 593: 534: 495:Metastatic abscesses, 453:Intestinal haemorrhage 261:mesenteric lymph nodes 8498:Moraxella catarrhalis 8364:Legionnaires' disease 8285:Pasteurella multocida 7915:Klebsiella pneumoniae 7712:Meningococcal disease 7519:Ehrlichia chaffeensis 7279:Rickettsia rickettsii 7243:Brill–Zinsser disease 7233:Rickettsia prowazekii 6988:"Typhoid: Fact Sheet" 6828:"Straw for Silence". 5304:Bulstrode HT (1903). 5010:10.4269/ajtmh.19-0624 4073:"WHO | Typhoid fever" 4044:"Diarrhoeal Diseases" 3676:10.1056/NEJMoa1905047 3450:10.1353/pbm.2006.0005 3082:Nature Communications 1926:Gerard Manley Hopkins 1624:Almroth Edward Wright 1616:Almroth Edward Wright 1614: 1517: 1441: 1389:Chlorination of water 1255:Rickettsia prowazekii 1153:American army in the 1110: 1088:(XDR) typhoid fever. 1034: 900:is the first choice. 876:diseases in general. 820: 747: 671: 591: 583:asymptomatic carriers 557:multi-drug resistance 528: 312:antibiotic resistance 251:Typhi growing in the 8659:Helicobacter cinaedi 8619:Campylobacter jejuni 8572:Aeromonas hydrophila 8454:Vibrio alginolyticus 8105:Shigella dysenteriae 8043:Citrobacter freundii 8000:Enterobacter cloacae 7856:Bordetella pertussis 7335:Rickettsia australis 6297:(477–486): 357–370. 6236:10.1128/iai.01189-07 6187:10.1084/jem.20031319 5791:: 388. October 1897. 4951:. 30 September 2019. 4878:10.1128/CMR.00002-15 4680:. December 23, 2013. 2733:(10053): 1459–1544. 2643:(10053): 1545–1602. 1683:Frederick F. Russell 1495:In 1924 the city of 1484:asymptomatic carrier 1454:contaminated water. 1355:described short and 1155:Spanish-American war 1148:Almoth Edward Wright 1130:indigenous Americans 1123:Cocoliztli epidemics 954:should be resected. 514:) is sometimes seen. 510:Low platelet count ( 412:is usually negative. 8715:Waterborne diseases 8637:Helicobacter pylori 8127:Bacillary dysentery 8072:Salmonella enterica 8020:Serratia marcescens 7939:Granuloma inguinale 7835:Burkholderia mallei 7770:Eikenella corrodens 7618:Bartonella quintana 7610:Cat-scratch disease 7604:Bartonella henselae 7321:Rickettsia sibirica 7307:Rickettsia japonica 6877:Adler R ME (2016). 6768:Stanford University 6705:The Washington Post 5582:(Suppl 3): 183–92. 5293:on 3 February 2016. 5103:2018NatEE...2..520V 4778:10.1128/jb.01416-12 4572:10.1128/jb.01062-12 4523:10.1128/jb.00581-12 4206:10.1038/nrmicro2490 4158:(Suppl 1): S38-50. 4054:on November 2, 2011 3564:(Suppl 3): C55-61. 3103:10.1038/ncomms12827 3094:2016NatCo...712827W 1905:Leland Stanford Jr. 1758:Society and culture 1607:Vaccine development 1382:Salmonella enterica 1293:The French doctors 1271:Bartonella henselae 987:Indian subcontinent 911:, chloramphenicol, 868:The rediscovery of 548:Salmonella enterica 241:Salmonella enterica 184:Salmonella enterica 117:Salmonella enterica 71:Infectious diseases 58:Salmonella enterica 8625:Campylobacteriosis 8536:Cardiobacteriaceae 8037:Citrobacter koseri 7947:Klebsiella oxytoca 7377:Rickettsia parkeri 7363:Rickettsia africae 7293:Rickettsia conorii 7093:External resources 6990:. January 31, 2018 6788:Ruggles E (1944). 6582:(September 2004). 5841:. pp. 110–34. 5669:Eberth CJ (1881). 5646:Eberth CJ (1880). 5287:"Emsworth Oysters" 4917:(Suppl 3): C62-7. 3888:10.1007/BF01992163 3206:BMC Research Notes 2357:10.1093/cid/ciz611 2136:Newton AE (2014). 1946:Dr HJH 'Tup' Scott 1889:Theodore Roosevelt 1843:Stephen A. Douglas 1798:of the UK, son of 1731:was isolated from 1640:St Mary's Hospital 1620: 1520: 1447: 1371:1884, pathologist 1368:Karl Joseph Eberth 1312:Sir William Jenner 1219:Early descriptions 1113: 1058:case fatality rate 1050: 831:developing nations 827: 825:Typhi strain Ty21a 811:whole-cell vaccine 758: 674: 620:(demonstration of 594: 535: 433:hepatosplenomegaly 368:Signs and symptoms 224:fever, along with 214:rose colored spots 8682: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8610:Campylobacterales 8595: 8594: 8576:Aeromonas veronii 8440:Vibrio vulnificus 8372:Coxiella burnetii 8339: 8338: 8265:H. parainfluenzae 8200: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8135:Proteus mirabilis 8082:Paratyphoid fever 7971:Enterohemorrhagic 7891:Enterobacteriales 7876: 7875: 7806: 7805: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7655:Carrion's disease 7549: 7548: 7533:Ehrlichia ewingii 7482: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7299:Boutonneuse fever 7130: 7129: 6888:978-0-7864-9781-2 6608:(Subscription or 6433:(5787): 186–191. 5826:. pp. 100–9. 5761:978-1-4443-5467-6 5723:Gaffky G (1884). 5336:"Typhoid Milkman" 5264:978-0-7864-9781-2 4713:978-0-87553-189-2 4691:Heymann, David L. 4633:(24): 6307–6314. 4610:on July 14, 2008. 4280:10.3855/jidc.1405 4113:(10): 3179–3188. 3746:10.1136/bmj.b1159 3669:(23): 2209–2218. 3612:on 1 October 2015 3278:978-0-7020-5101-2 3186:978-0-8385-8529-0 2870:978-1-4615-5327-4 2325:on April 2, 2015. 2151:978-0-19-994849-9 2041:(9973): 1136–45. 1893:Eleanor Roosevelt 1451:milk delivery men 1343:Polish scientist 1229:Peloponnesian War 1093:paratyphoid fever 853:conjugate vaccine 304:S. enterica typhi 226:paratyphoid fever 172: 171: 56:Causative agent: 28:Medical condition 8722: 8606: 8605: 8516:Xanthomonadaceae 8324: 8307:Actinobacillosis 8288: 8221: 8211: 8210: 8141:Proteus vulgaris 8059: 8058: 7956:Escherichia coli 7902: 7901: 7887: 7886: 7762: 7693: 7692: 7684: 7683: 7573:Brucella abortus 7560: 7559: 7555:Hyphomicrobiales 7462:Rickettsia felis 7421:Rickettsia akari 7349:Rickettsia honei 7266: 7265: 7219:Rickettsia typhi 7206: 7205: 7190: 7189: 7181: 7180: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7134: 7133: 7005: 7004: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6951: 6941: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6892: 6863: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6715:. Archived from 6696: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6677:. Archived from 6666: 6660: 6659: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6605: 6600:. Archived from 6576: 6570: 6569: 6544:Darby E (1983). 6541: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6406: 6400:. Archived from 6391: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6247: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6198: 6166: 6157: 6156: 6146: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6093: 6085: 6072: 6071: 6061: 6029: 6023: 6022: 5994: 5981: 5980: 5970: 5938: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5626: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5495: 5485: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5416: 5405: 5404: 5394: 5362: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5332: 5311: 5310: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5248: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5065: 5041: 5032: 5031: 5021: 5004:(6): 1296–1305. 4989: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4967: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4889: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4840: 4830: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4789: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4722: 4716: 4701:Washington, D.C. 4688: 4682: 4681: 4675: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4650: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4606:. Archived from 4600: 4594: 4593: 4583: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4534: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4449: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4400: 4391: 4390: 4380: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4331: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4282: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4217: 4185: 4176: 4175: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4130: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4079:. Archived from 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4025: 4024: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3807: 3790:(10): CD004530. 3775: 3766: 3765: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3713:www.uptodate.com 3705: 3699: 3698: 3688: 3678: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3608:. Archived from 3606:NPS MedicineWise 3598: 3592: 3591: 3581: 3549: 3536: 3535: 3525: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3395: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3370: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3321: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3239: 3221: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3139: 3126: 3125: 3115: 3105: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3056: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3007: 2997: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2963: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2802: 2785:(9963): 117–71. 2770: 2761: 2760: 2750: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2701: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2660: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2611: 2594:(11): CD010452. 2579: 2573: 2572: 2562: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2513: 2481: 2470: 2469: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2434: 2402: 2393: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2368: 2336: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2318:. Archived from 2301: 2293: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2256:. May 14, 2013. 2246: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2191:. May 14, 2013. 2181: 2160: 2159: 2133: 2124: 2123: 2113: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2030: 2005: 2004: 1998: 1990: 1958:Hakaru Hashimoto 1879:Emperor Pedro II 1849:Ignacio Zaragoza 1775:Emperor Augustus 1648:body temperature 1536:must be reported 1497:Portland, Oregon 1420:George W. Fuller 1404:Lincoln, England 1225:plague of Athens 1117:Plague of Athens 1046: 1040: 1011:fluoroquinolones 805:and Typherix by 787:typhoid vaccines 579:fecal-oral route 512:thrombocytopenia 483:acute bronchitis 344:fluoroquinolones 193:Salmonella typhi 80: 79: 51: 31: 30: 8730: 8729: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8674: 8591: 8557: 8530: 8510: 8472:Pseudomonadales 8466: 8426:Vibrio cholerae 8411: 8384: 8335: 8318: 8313: 8282: 8277: 8214: 8192: 8148:Yersinia pestis 8092: 8048: 8005: 7961:Enterotoxigenic 7893: 7872: 7812:Burkholderiales 7802: 7776:Kingella kingae 7758: 7753: 7726: 7665: 7659:Verruga peruana 7585: 7545: 7488:Anaplasmataceae 7474: 7447: 7406: 7260: 7253: 7239:Epidemic typhus 7197: 7170: 7161: 7131: 7126: 7125: 7088: 7087: 7016: 7002: 6993: 6991: 6986: 6977: 6975: 6961: 6959: 6902: 6900: 6889: 6872: 6870:Further reading 6867: 6866: 6859: 6855: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6805: 6801: 6786: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6747: 6745: 6736: 6735: 6731: 6722: 6720: 6697: 6693: 6684: 6682: 6667: 6663: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6632: 6630: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6607: 6577: 6573: 6558: 6542: 6538: 6528: 6526: 6515: 6514: 6510: 6501: 6499: 6488:"Typhoid Fever" 6486: 6485: 6481: 6450: 6446: 6423: 6419: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6368: 6366: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6338: 6336: 6335:. Royal Society 6331: 6330: 6326: 6287: 6283: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6216: 6212: 6167: 6160: 6115: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6075: 6030: 6026: 5996: 5995: 5984: 5939: 5920: 5911: 5909: 5899: 5895: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5850: 5846: 5835: 5831: 5820: 5816: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5762: 5748: 5744: 5721: 5717: 5696:Koch R (1881). 5690: 5686: 5667: 5663: 5644: 5640: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5568: 5564: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5513: 5509: 5462: 5458: 5449: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5428: 5426: 5418: 5417: 5408: 5377:(10): 698–712. 5363: 5354: 5345: 5343: 5334: 5333: 5314: 5302: 5298: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5265: 5249: 5158: 5149: 5147: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5083: 5079: 5042: 5035: 4990: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4907: 4903: 4858: 4854: 4807: 4803: 4758: 4754: 4723: 4719: 4689: 4685: 4673: 4671:"Typhoid Fever" 4669: 4668: 4664: 4619: 4615: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4552: 4548: 4503: 4499: 4467: 4463: 4426: 4422: 4413: 4411: 4404:"Typhoid Fever" 4402: 4401: 4394: 4363:(7563): 353–4. 4349: 4345: 4300: 4296: 4259: 4255: 4246: 4244: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4186: 4179: 4148: 4144: 4099: 4095: 4086: 4084: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4057: 4055: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4028: 3996: 3992: 3961: 3957: 3942: 3938: 3915: 3911: 3868: 3864: 3825: 3821: 3776: 3769: 3730: 3726: 3717: 3715: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3550: 3539: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3487: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3434: 3430: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3339: 3335: 3304:(5): CD008892. 3290: 3286: 3279: 3257: 3253: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3173: 3169: 3140: 3129: 3074: 3070: 3045:10.1038/ng.3281 3033:Nature Genetics 3025: 3021: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2959: 2957:medlineplus.gov 2951: 2950: 2946: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2892: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2855: 2851: 2820: 2816: 2771: 2764: 2719: 2715: 2678: 2674: 2629: 2625: 2580: 2576: 2531: 2527: 2496:(5): CD001261. 2482: 2473: 2452: 2448: 2403: 2396: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2250:"Typhoid Fever" 2248: 2247: 2232: 2223: 2221: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2198: 2196: 2185:"Typhoid Fever" 2183: 2182: 2163: 2152: 2134: 2127: 2074: 2070: 2031: 2008: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1978: 1973: 1940:Second Boer War 1909:Leland Stanford 1837:Otto Lilienthal 1771: 1765: 1760: 1751: 1729:Chloramphenicol 1726: 1636:Second Boer War 1609: 1522:Today, typhoid 1436: 1391: 1385:serovar Typhi. 1361:Peyer's patches 1359:bacilli in the 1345:Tadeusz Browicz 1341: 1307:Peyer's patches 1291: 1279:Augustus Caesar 1249:Yersinia pestis 1221: 1216: 1105: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1029: 1023: 972: 956:Cholecystectomy 929: 886:fluoroquinolone 882: 866: 861: 807:GlaxoSmithKline 783: 752:at a school in 742: 730: 706: 698: 672:Widal test card 666: 660: 652:chloramphenicol 599: 565: 540: 523: 457:Peyer's patches 370: 355:developed world 319:typhoid vaccine 257:Peyer's patches 74: 29: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8728: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8680: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8651:Gastric cancer 8633: 8632: 8631: 8614: 8612: 8603: 8597: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8567: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8555: 8554: 8553: 8540: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8528: 8520: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8508: 8501: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8476: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8421: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8407: 8394: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8349: 8347: 8341: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8327: 8325: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8301:Actinobacillus 8297: 8295:Pasteurellosis 8291: 8289: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8240: 8224: 8222: 8208: 8206:Pasteurellales 8202: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8158:Bubonic plague 8144: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8067: 8065: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8046: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8015: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7991: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7966:Enteroinvasive 7963: 7951: 7950: 7943: 7942: 7941: 7929: 7928: 7927: 7910: 7908: 7899: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7852: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7816: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7765: 7763: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7749: 7736: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7701: 7699: 7690: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7661: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7614: 7613: 7612: 7595: 7593: 7591:Bartonellaceae 7587: 7586: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7568: 7566: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7529: 7528: 7527: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7492: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7457: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7427:Rickettsialpox 7416: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7274: 7272: 7263: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7214: 7212: 7203: 7194:Rickettsiaceae 7187: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7164:Pseudomonadota 7160: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7137: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7109: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7074: 7063: 7048: 7033: 7017: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008:Classification 7001: 7000: 6984: 6968: 6952: 6924:(4): 369–381. 6909: 6893: 6887: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6853: 6820: 6817:on 2011-02-21. 6799: 6780: 6755: 6744:. June 7, 2020 6729: 6691: 6661: 6639: 6615: 6604:on 2016-03-02. 6571: 6556: 6536: 6525:. 6 April 1878 6508: 6479: 6444: 6417: 6376: 6361:. 2014-11-11. 6346: 6324: 6281: 6259: 6210: 6158: 6109: 6073: 6044:(4): 369–381. 6024: 5982: 5953:(10): 848–54. 5918: 5893: 5869: 5844: 5829: 5814: 5794: 5775: 5760: 5742: 5739:on 2017-04-23. 5715: 5712:on 2017-04-23. 5684: 5661: 5638: 5593: 5562: 5548:(4): 507–514. 5532: 5525: 5507: 5456: 5435: 5424:Apple Podcasts 5406: 5352: 5312: 5296: 5278: 5263: 5156: 5132: 5097:(3): 520–528. 5077: 5033: 4979: 4954: 4936: 4901: 4852: 4801: 4772:(21): 5970–1. 4752: 4717: 4693:, ed. (2008), 4683: 4662: 4613: 4595: 4566:(18): 5124–5. 4546: 4517:(13): 3565–6. 4497: 4461: 4420: 4392: 4343: 4314:(5): 440–448. 4294: 4273:(05): 324–37. 4253: 4229: 4177: 4142: 4093: 4064: 4035: 4033:Baron S et al. 4026: 3990: 3955: 3936: 3909: 3882:(12): 907–10. 3862: 3819: 3767: 3724: 3700: 3649: 3623: 3593: 3537: 3496: 3471: 3428: 3410: 3382: 3333: 3284: 3277: 3251: 3192: 3185: 3167: 3154:(3): 284–293. 3127: 3068: 3019: 2968: 2944: 2917:(3): 227–230. 2901: 2876: 2869: 2849: 2814: 2762: 2713: 2672: 2623: 2574: 2525: 2471: 2446: 2423:10.1086/649541 2394: 2380: 2328: 2271: 2230: 2206: 2161: 2150: 2125: 2088:(3): 590–602. 2068: 2006: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1952:Arnold Bennett 1949: 1943: 1932:Lizzie van Zyl 1929: 1923: 1916: 1911:and eponym of 1902: 1896: 1882: 1877:, daughter of 1872: 1858: 1855:Franz Schubert 1852: 1846: 1840: 1830: 1816: 1809: 1803: 1800:Queen Victoria 1793: 1790:William Jenner 1785:Queen Victoria 1778: 1764: 1763:Notable people 1761: 1759: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1725: 1722: 1608: 1605: 1577:superspreaders 1569:Stanley Falkow 1466:to ravage the 1435: 1432: 1390: 1387: 1340: 1337: 1290: 1287: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1179: 1174:neighborhood, 1169: 1158: 1151: 1141: 1126: 1120: 1104: 1101: 1086:drug-resistant 1043: 1037: 1025:Main article: 1022: 1019: 1007:nalidixic acid 991:Southeast Asia 971: 968: 950:carriage, the 942:. Small-bowel 928: 925: 881: 878: 865: 862: 860: 857: 803:Sanofi Pasteur 782: 779: 741: 738: 729: 726: 705: 702: 697: 694: 662:Main article: 659: 656: 598: 595: 564: 561: 539: 536: 522: 519: 518: 517: 516: 515: 508: 493: 490: 485: 475: 460: 450: 440: 417:dicrotic pulse 413: 396:) occurs with 369: 366: 324:drinking water 202:abdominal pain 170: 169: 161: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 127: 121: 120: 119:serotype Typhi 113: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100: 97: 93: 92: 88: 82: 81: 68: 62: 61: 53: 52: 44: 43: 40: 36: 35: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8727: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8695:Typhoid fever 8693: 8692: 8690: 8669: 8667: 8663: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8647:MALT lymphoma 8644: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8598: 8586: 8584: 8580: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8563:Aeromonadales 8560: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8547: 8546: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8533: 8527: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8502: 8500: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8489: 8485: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8458: 8456: 8455: 8451: 8449: 8448: 8444: 8442: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8414: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8390:Thiotrichales 8387: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8346: 8345:Legionellales 8342: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8316: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8280: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8233: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8229:H. influenzae 8226: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8203: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8149: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8095: 8087: 8086:Salmonellosis 8083: 8079: 8078:Typhoid fever 8076: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8039: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7921:Rhinoscleroma 7919: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7892: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7851: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7771: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7756: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7660: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7599:Bartonellosis 7597: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7588: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7450: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7225:Murine typhus 7223: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7200:Rickettsioses 7195: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7185:Rickettsiales 7182: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7151: 7146: 7144: 7139: 7138: 7135: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7114: 7110: 7108: 7104: 7103: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7084: 7080: 7079: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7010: 7006: 6989: 6985: 6974: 6969: 6958: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6899: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6874: 6862: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6831:The Spectator 6824: 6816: 6812: 6811: 6803: 6794: 6793: 6784: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6719:on 2017-04-01 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6681:on 2024-03-17 6680: 6676: 6672: 6669:Trudy Dehue. 6665: 6657: 6653: 6651: 6643: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6611: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6557:0-300-03015-0 6553: 6549: 6548: 6540: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6512: 6498:on 2019-12-08 6497: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6407:on 2013-02-14 6403: 6399: 6395: 6388: 6387: 6380: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6350: 6334: 6328: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6230:(1): 403–16. 6229: 6225: 6221: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6181:(2): 231–41. 6180: 6176: 6172: 6165: 6163: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6129:(5): 2640–9. 6128: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6097: 6090: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5848: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5818: 5804: 5798: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5731:(in German). 5730: 5726: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5704:(in German). 5703: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5680: 5677:(in German). 5676: 5672: 5665: 5657: 5654:(in German). 5653: 5649: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5528: 5526:9780199256495 5522: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5476:(11): e1921. 5475: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5445: 5439: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5308: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5056:(3): 206–14. 5055: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5038: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4964: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4872:(4): 901–37. 4871: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4679: 4672: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4440:(5): 346–53. 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4410:on 2011-11-02 4409: 4405: 4399: 4397: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4243: 4242:wwwnc.cdc.gov 4239: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4182: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4083:on 2017-07-27 4082: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3971:(11): 990–4. 3970: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3835:(4): 719–36. 3834: 3830: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3772: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3399: 3392: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3353:(8): 2271–8. 3352: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2872: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2830:(1): 111–25. 2829: 2825: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2767: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2692:(11): 305–8. 2691: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2399: 2390: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2333: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2002: 1995: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1920:Louis Pasteur 1917: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1833:Wilbur Wright 1831: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1786: 1783:, husband of 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1755: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1739:David Gotlieb 1736: 1735: 1730: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1701:B pathogens. 1700: 1696: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1672:Western Front 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1617: 1613: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565:Denise Monack 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1469: 1468:Jamaica Plain 1464: 1463: 1457: 1452: 1444: 1440: 1431: 1429: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1386: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1346: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1286: 1284: 1283:Antonius Musa 1280: 1275: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1227:, during the 1226: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1172:Jamaica Plain 1170: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1033: 1028: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 983: 981: 977: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 948:hepatobiliary 945: 941: 936: 934: 924: 920: 918: 914: 910: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 890:ciprofloxacin 887: 877: 875: 871: 856: 854: 849: 847: 842: 838: 836: 832: 824: 819: 815: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 755: 751: 746: 737: 734: 725: 721: 717: 715: 711: 701: 693: 691: 686: 681: 679: 670: 665: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 630: 627: 623: 619: 616:and with the 615: 612: 608: 604: 590: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 571: 560: 558: 553: 549: 545: 544:Gram-negative 532: 527: 513: 509: 506: 502: 498: 497:cholecystitis 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 480: 476: 473: 469: 465: 461: 458: 454: 451: 448: 444: 443: 441: 438: 437:transaminases 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 411: 407: 403: 402:lymphocytosis 400:and relative 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 374: 373: 365: 363: 359: 356: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 315: 313: 309: 305: 300: 298: 297:salmonellosis 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 247: 246: 242: 236: 234: 232: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 194: 189: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175:Typhoid fever 167: 162: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 89: 87: 83: 78: 72: 69: 67: 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 41: 37: 34:Typhoid fever 32: 24: 19: 8666:Helicobacter 8665: 8657: 8643:Peptic ulcer 8635: 8617: 8582: 8570: 8543: 8523: 8503: 8496: 8487: 8479: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8438: 8424: 8417:Vibrionaceae 8397: 8370: 8352: 8319: 8299: 8283: 8263: 8249: 8235: 8227: 8215: 8178: 8164: 8146: 8139: 8133: 8103: 8077: 8070: 8041: 8035: 8026: 8018: 7994: 7954: 7945: 7931: 7913: 7854: 7847: 7833: 7819: 7788: 7774: 7768: 7759: 7739: 7704: 7688:Neisseriales 7647: 7635: 7631: 7624:Trench fever 7616: 7602: 7571: 7564:Brucellaceae 7531: 7517: 7511:Anaplasmosis 7499: 7496:Ehrlichiosis 7460: 7441:Scrub typhus 7433: 7419: 7397: 7389: 7375: 7361: 7347: 7333: 7319: 7305: 7291: 7277: 7231: 7217: 7166:-associated 7111: 7100: 7076: 7065: 7050: 7035: 7020: 6992:. 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