Scottish Gaelic - Knowledge

2905:. This institution is the only source for higher education which is conducted entirely in Scottish Gaelic. They offer courses for Gaelic learners from beginners into fluency. They also offer regular bachelors and graduate programs delivered entirely in Gaelic. Concerns have been raised around the fluency achieved by learners within these language programs because they are disconnected from vernacular speech communities. In regard to language revitalization planning efforts, many feel that the initiatives must come from within Gaelic speaking communities, be led by Gaelic speakers, and be designed to serve and increase fluency within the vernacular communities as the first and most viable resistance to total language shift from Gaelic to English. Currently, language policies are focused on creating new language speakers through education, instead of focused on how to strengthen intergenerational transmission within existing Gaelic speaking communities. 2926:. This negative affect towards speaking openly with non-native Gaelic speakers has led to a language ideology at odds with revitalization efforts on behalf of new speakers, state policies (such as the Gaelic Language Act), and family members reclaiming their lost mother tongue. New learners of Gaelic often have a positive affective stance to their language learning, and connect this learning journey towards Gaelic language revitalization. The mismatch of these language ideologies, and differences in affective stance, has led to fewer speaking opportunities for adult language learners and therefore a challenge to revitalization efforts which occur outside the home. Positive engagements between language learners and native speakers of Gaelic through mentorship has proven to be productive in socializing new learners into fluency. 3238: 2041:, to consider the reform and civilisation of the Highlands, which they sought to achieve by teaching English and the Protestant religion. Initially, their teaching was entirely in English, but soon the impracticality of educating Gaelic-speaking children in this way gave rise to a modest concession: In 1723, teachers were allowed to translate English words in the Bible into Gaelic to aid comprehension, but there was no further permitted use. Other less prominent schools worked in the Highlands at the same time, also teaching in English. This process of anglicisation paused when evangelical preachers arrived in the Highlands, convinced that people should be able to read religious texts in their own language. The first well known translation of the 2054:

founded in 1811. Their purpose was to teach Gaels to read the Bible in their own language. In the first quarter of the 19th century, the SSPCK (despite their anti-Gaelic attitude in prior years) and the British and Foreign Bible Society distributed 60,000 Gaelic Bibles and 80,000 New Testaments. It is estimated that this overall schooling and publishing effort gave some 300,000 people in the Highlands some basic literacy. Very few European languages have made the transition to a modern literary language without an early modern translation of the Bible; the lack of a well known translation may have contributed to the decline of Scottish Gaelic.

2767: 3214: 3043: 3925: 562: 2917:, accommodation ethics exist amongst native or local Gaelic speakers when engaging with new learners or non-locals. Accommodation ethics, or ethics of accommodation, is a social practice where local or native speakers of Gaelic shift to speaking English when in the presence of non-Gaelic speakers out of a sense of courtesy or politeness. This accommodation ethic persists even in situations where new learners attempt to speak Gaelic with native speakers. This creates a situation where new learners struggle to find opportunities to speak Gaelic with fluent speakers. 5373: 5294: 3226: 2954: 1732: 1361: 3544: 3136: 2058: 12649: 10279: 2707: 12925: 1260: 12949: 12937: 624: 43: 1938: 1929: 1688: 5234: 2118:. In 1863, an observer sympathetic to Gaelic stated that "knowledge of English is indispensable to any poor islander who wishes to learn a trade or to earn his bread beyond the limits of his native Isle". Generally, rather than Gaelic speakers, it was Celtic societies in the cities and professors of Celtic from universities who sought to preserve the language. 3338:. In the 2011 census, 300 people claimed to have Gaelic as their first language (a figure that may include Irish Gaelic). In the same 2011 census, 1,275 people claimed to speak Gaelic, a figure that not only included all Gaelic languages but also those people who are not first language speakers, of whom 300 claim to have Gaelic as their "mother tongue." 4492:(i.e. three contrasting "l" sounds, three contrasting "n" sounds and three contrasting "r" sounds). The historically voiced stops have lost their voicing, so the phonemic contrast today is between unaspirated and aspirated . In many dialects, these stops may however gain voicing through secondary articulation through a preceding nasal, for examples 2710: 8351: 6247: 3090:

not impact or address the lived experiences of the Gaelic speaker communities wherein the revitalization efforts may have a higher return of new Gaelic speakers. Efforts are being made to concentrate resources, language planning, and revitalization efforts towards vernacular communities in the Western Isles.

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in school. Even later, when these attitudes had changed, little provision was made for Gaelic medium education in Scottish schools. As late as 1958, even in Highland schools, only 20% of primary students were taught Gaelic as a subject, and only 5% were taught other subjects through the Gaelic language.

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This has been welcomed by many supporters of the language as a means of raising its profile as well as securing its future as a 'living language' (i.e. allowing people to use it to navigate from A to B in place of English) and creating a sense of place. However, in some places, such as Caithness, the

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The Brittonic languages Cumbric and Pictish were spoken in Scotland during the Early to High Middle Ages, and Scottish Gaelic has many Brittonic influences. Scottish Gaelic contains a number of apparently P-Celtic loanwords, but it is not always possible to disentangle P and Q Celtic words. However,

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The Education (Scotland) Act 1872, which completely ignored Gaelic and led to generations of Gaels being forbidden to speak their native language in the classroom is now recognised as having dealt a major blow to the language. People still living in 2001 could recall being beaten for speaking Gaelic

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Bilingual railway station signs are now more frequent than they used to be. Practically all the stations in the Highland area use both English and Gaelic, and the use of bilingual station signs has become more frequent in the Lowlands of Scotland, including areas where Gaelic has not been spoken for

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said; "this is a significant step forward for the recognition of Gaelic both at home and abroad and I look forward to addressing the council in Gaelic very soon. Seeing Gaelic spoken in such a forum raises the profile of the language as we drive forward our commitment to creating a new generation of

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While the goal of the Gaelic Language Act was to aid in revitalization efforts through government mandated official language status, the outcome of the act is distanced from the actual minority language communities. It helps to create visibility of the minority language in civil structures, but does

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is one of the primary ways that the Scottish Government is addressing Gaelic language shift. Along with the Bòrd na Gàidhlig policies, preschool and daycare environments are also being used to create more opportunities for intergenerational language transmission in the Outer Hebrides. However,

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provided universal education in Scotland, but completely ignored Gaelic in its plans. The mechanism for supporting Gaelic through the Education Codes issued by the Scottish Education Department were steadily used to overcome this omission, with many concessions in place by 1918. However, the members

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The widespread use of English in worship has often been suggested as one of the historic reasons for the decline of Gaelic. The Church of Scotland is supportive today, but has a shortage of Gaelic-speaking ministers. The Free Church also recently announced plans to abolish Gaelic-language communion

3347:), which is dedicated to the development of Scottish Gaelic language, culture and tourism in Nova Scotia, and which estimates about 2,000 total Gaelic speakers to be in the province. As in Scotland, areas of North-Eastern Nova Scotia and Cape Breton have bilingual street signs. Nova Scotia also has 2025:

in 1609, was one piece of legislation that addressed, among other things, the Gaelic language. It required the heirs of clan chiefs to be educated in lowland, Protestant, English-speaking schools. James VI took several such measures to impose his rule on the Highland and Island region. In 1616, the

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is now statutory (rather than advisory). In the committee stages in the Scottish Parliament, there was much debate over whether Gaelic should be given 'equal validity' with English. Due to executive concerns about resourcing implications if this wording was used, the Education Committee settled on

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The 1755–2001 figures are census data quoted by MacAulay. The 2011 Gaelic speakers figures come from table KS206SC of the 2011 Census. The 2011 total population figure comes from table KS101SC. The numbers of Gaelic speakers relate to the numbers aged 3 and over, and the percentages are calculated

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Bilingual road signs, street names, business and advertisement signage (in both Gaelic and English) are gradually being introduced throughout Gaelic-speaking regions in the Highlands and Islands, including Argyll. In many cases, this has simply meant re-adopting the traditional spelling of a name

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in respect of Gaelic. Gaelic, along with Irish and Welsh, is designated under Part III of the Charter, which requires the UK Government to take a range of concrete measures in the fields of education, justice, public administration, broadcasting and culture. It has not received the same degree of

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Dialects of Lowland Gaelic have been defunct since the 18th century. Gaelic in the Eastern and Southern Scottish Highlands, although alive until the mid-20th century, is now largely defunct. Although modern Scottish Gaelic is dominated by the dialects of the Outer Hebrides and Isle of Skye, there

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A steady shift away from Scottish Gaelic continued into and through the modern era. Some of this was driven by policy decisions by government or other organisations, while some originated from social changes. In the last quarter of the 20th century, efforts began to encourage use of the language.

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has grown, with 4,343 pupils (6.3 per 1000) being educated in a Gaelic-immersion environment in 2018, up from 3,583 pupils (5.3 per 1000) in 2014. Data collected in 2007–2008 indicated that even among pupils enrolled in Gaelic medium schools, 81% of primary students and 74% of secondary students

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produced a translation of the New Testament. In 1798, four tracts in Gaelic were published by the Society for Propagating the Gospel at Home, with 5,000 copies of each printed. Other publications followed, with a full Gaelic Bible in 1801. The influential and effective Gaelic Schools Society was

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After its creation, Bòrd na Gàidhlig required a Gaelic Language Plan from the Scottish Government. This plan was accepted in 2008, and some of its main commitments were: identity (signs, corporate identity); communications (reception, telephone, mailings, public meetings, complaint procedures);

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is the way people feel about something, or the emotional response to a particular situation or experience. For Gaelic speakers, there is a conditioned and socialized negative affect through a long history of negative Scottish media portrayal and public disrespect, state mandated restrictions on

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Across the whole of Scotland, the 2011 census showed that 25,000 people (0.49% of the population) used Gaelic at home. Of these, 63.3% said that they had a full range of language skills: speaking, understanding, reading and writing Gaelic. 40.2% of Scotland's Gaelic speakers said that they used

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offers a range of Gaelic language, history and culture courses at the National Certificate, Higher National Diploma, Bachelor of Arts (ordinary), Bachelor of Arts (Honours) and Master of Science levels. It offers opportunities for postgraduate research through the medium of Gaelic. Residential

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and in North East Ireland as late as the mid-20th century. Records of their speech show that Irish and Scottish Gaelic existed in a dialect chain with no clear language boundary. Some features of moribund dialects have been preserved in Nova Scotia, including the pronunciation of the broad or

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Counterintuitively, access to schooling in Gaelic increased knowledge of English. In 1829, the Gaelic Schools Society reported that parents were unconcerned about their children learning Gaelic, but were anxious to have them taught English. The SSPCK also found Highlanders to have significant

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showed a total of 57,375 Gaelic speakers in Scotland (1.1% of population over three years old), of whom only 32,400 could also read and write the language. Compared with the 2001 Census, there has been a diminution of about 1300 people. This is the smallest drop between censuses since the

5357:. The lenition of other letters was not generally indicated initially but eventually the two methods were used in parallel to represent the lenition of any consonant and competed with each other until the standard practice became to use the overdot in the Insular Script and the following 3113:

performs assessment of spoken Gaelic, resulting in the issue of a Bronze Card, Silver Card or Gold Card. Syllabus details are available on An Comunn's website. These are not widely recognised as qualifications, but are required for those taking part in certain competitions at the annual

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Scottish Gaelic contains a number of words, principally toponymic elements, that are sometimes more closely aligned in their usage and sense with their Brittonic cognates than with their Irish. This is indicative of the operation of a Brittonic substrate influence. Such items include:

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spoke no Gaelic, gave her children Anglo-Saxon rather than Gaelic names, and brought many English bishops, priests, and monastics to Scotland. When Malcolm and Margaret died in 1093, the Gaelic aristocracy rejected their anglicised sons and instead backed Malcolm's brother Domnall Bán

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on the Isle of Skye offer adults the chance to become fluent in Gaelic in one year. Many continue to complete degrees, or to follow up as distance learners. A number of other colleges offer a one-year certificate course, which is also available online (pending accreditation).

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In the 2022 census, 3,551 people claimed Gaelic as their 'main language.' Of these, 1,761 (49.6%) were in Na h-Eileanan Siar, 682 (19.2%) were in Highland, 369 were in Glasgow City and 120 were in City of Edinburgh; no other council area had as many as 80 such respondents.

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and Gaelic-speaking immigrant communities could be found throughout what is modern-day Canada. Gaelic poets in Canada produced a significant literary tradition. The number of Gaelic-speaking individuals and communities declined sharply, however, after the First World War.

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names and practices spread throughout Scotland south of the Forth–Clyde line and along the northeastern coastal plain as far north as Moray. Norman French completely displaced Gaelic at court. The establishment of royal burghs throughout the same area, particularly under

1445:, it was found that 2.5% of the Scottish population had some skills in Gaelic, or 130,161 persons. Of these, 69,701 people reported speaking the language, with a further 46,404 people reporting that they understood the language, but did not speak, read, or write in it. 8347: 6239: 3835:

In May 2004, the Nova Scotia government announced the funding of an initiative to support the language and its culture within the province. Several public schools in Northeastern Nova Scotia and Cape Breton offer Gaelic classes as part of the high-school curriculum.

1774:-speaking area with Ireland, connected rather than divided by the sea, since the Iron Age. These arguments have been opposed by some scholars defending the early dating of the traditional accounts and arguing for other interpretations of the archaeological evidence. 2162:

has said that there was no other period with such a high fall in the number of monolingual Gaelic speakers: "Gaelic speakers became increasingly the exception from that point forward with bilingualism replacing monolingualism as the norm for Gaelic speakers."

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Gaelic-medium playgroups for young children began to appear in Scotland during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Parent enthusiasm may have been a factor in the "establishment of the first Gaelic medium primary school units in Glasgow and Inverness in 1985".

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said the move was a strong sign of the UK government's support for Gaelic. He said; "Allowing Gaelic speakers to communicate with European institutions in their mother tongue is a progressive step forward and one which should be welcomed". Culture Minister

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The Act was passed by the Scottish Parliament unanimously, with support from all sectors of the Scottish political spectrum, on 21 April 2005. Under the provisions of the Act, it will ultimately fall to BnG to secure the status of the Gaelic language as an

1824:, Gaelic reached its social, cultural, political, and geographic zenith. Colloquial speech in Scotland had been developing independently of that in Ireland since the eighth century. For the first time, the entire region of modern-day Scotland was called 1749:

Based on medieval traditional accounts and the apparent evidence from linguistic geography, Gaelic has been commonly believed to have been brought to Scotland, in the 4th–5th centuries CE, by settlers from Ireland who founded the Gaelic kingdom of

4653:, i.e. non-past (future-habitual), conditional (future of the past), and past (preterite); several composed TAM forms, such as pluperfect, future perfect, present perfect, present continuous, past continuous, conditional perfect, etc. Two verbs, 3014:

Requiring public bodies in Scotland, both Scottish public bodies and cross-border public bodies insofar as they carry out devolved functions, to develop Gaelic language plans in relation to the services they offer, if requested to do so by

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Four moods: independent (used in affirmative main clause verbs), relative (used in verbs in affirmative relative clauses), dependent (used in subordinate clauses, anti-affirmative relative clauses, and anti-affirmative main clauses), and

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now offers both an introductory and an advanced course in Gaelic; both language and history are taught in these classes. This is the first recorded time that Gaelic has ever been taught as an official course on Prince Edward Island.

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has acted in recent years to correct many of the mistakes that appear on maps. They announced in 2004 that they intended to correct them and set up a committee to determine the correct forms of Gaelic place names for their maps.

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Gaelic continues to decline in its traditional heartland. Between 2001 and 2011, the absolute number of Gaelic speakers fell sharply in the Western Isles (−1,745), Argyll & Bute (−694), and Highland (−634). The drop in

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Following a consultation period, in which the government received many submissions, the majority of which asked that the bill be strengthened, a revised bill was published; the main alteration was that the guidance of the

3001:(BnG), on a statutory basis with a view to securing the status of the Gaelic language as an official language of Scotland commanding equal respect to the English language and to promote the use and understanding of Gaelic. 8896: 3882:(formerly known as the "University College of Cape Breton") offer Celtic Studies degrees and/or Gaelic language programs. The government's Office of Gaelic Affairs offers lunch-time lessons to public servants in Halifax. 1919:

in the Hebrides and western coastal mainland remained thoroughly Gaelic since the language's recovery there in the 12th century, providing a political foundation for cultural prestige down to the end of the 15th century.

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By 1850 Gaelic was the third most commonly spoken European language in British North America. It was spoken by as many as 200,000 British North Americans of both Scottish and Irish origin as either a first or a second

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offer two streams of Gaelic examination across all levels of the syllabus: Gaelic for learners (equivalent to the modern foreign languages syllabus) and Gaelic for native speakers (equivalent to the English syllabus).

3058:(2006) argue that the Gaelic Act falls so far short of the status accorded to Welsh that one would be foolish or naïve to believe that any substantial change will occur in the fortunes of the language as a result of 5008:, and examples can be found dating to the eighteenth century. However, as Gaelic medium education grows in popularity, a newer generation of literate Gaels has become more familiar with modern Gaelic vocabulary. 3826:

will be enrolled in GME (Gaelic-medium education) unless parents request differently. Children will be taught Scottish Gaelic from P1 to P4 and then English will be introduced to give them a bilingual education.

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prejudice against Gaelic. T. M. Devine attributes this to an association between English and the prosperity of employment: the Highland economy relied greatly on seasonal migrant workers travelling outside the

1795:(Constantine II, 900–943), outsiders began to refer to the region as the kingdom of Alba rather than as the kingdom of the Picts. However, though the Pictish language did not disappear suddenly, a process of 2711: 5082:

recommendations for Scottish Gaelic, the Gaelic Orthographic Conventions, were adopted by most publishers and agencies, although they remain controversial among some academics, most notably Ronald Black.

2779:, the largest parish in the Western Isles by population, was especially acute, from 57.5% of the population in 1991 to 43.4% in 2011. The only parish outside the Western Isles over 40% Gaelic-speaking is 6187: 2005:(before 1488) was written in Scots, not Gaelic. By the end of the 15th century, English/Scots speakers referred to Gaelic instead as 'Yrisch' or 'Erse', i.e. Irish and their own language as 'Scottis'. 8373: 4570:

They are also normally classed as either masculine or feminine. A small number of words that used to belong to the neuter class show some degree of gender confusion. For example, in some dialects

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proclaimed that schools teaching in English should be established. Gaelic was seen, at this time, as one of the causes of the instability of the region. It was also associated with Catholicism.

1433:, 57,375 people (1.1% of the Scottish population aged over three years old) reported being able to speak Gaelic, 1,275 fewer than in 2001. The highest percentages of Gaelic speakers were in the 1949:

Note: Caithness Norn as shown in the orange was also spoken in the 1400s in the same region as the 1500s' picture, but its presence, exact timeline, and mixture with Scottish Gaelic is debated*

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Broun, "Dunkeld", Broun, "National Identity", Forsyth, "Scotland to 1100", pp. 28–32, Woolf, "Constantine II"; cf. Bannerman, "Scottish Takeover", passim, representing the "traditional" view.

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In 2018, the census of pupils in Scotland showed 520 students in publicly funded schools had Gaelic as the main language at home, an increase of 5% from 497 in 2014. During the same period,

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and his successors. By a certain point, probably during the 11th century, all the inhabitants of Alba had become fully Gaelicised Scots, and Pictish identity was forgotten. Bilingualism in

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really means "daughter of MacDonald" rather than "daughter of Donald"). The "of" part actually comes from the genitive form of the patronymic that follows the prefix; in the case of

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Gaelic at home. To put this in context, the most common language spoken at home in Scotland after English and Scots is Polish, with about 1.1% of the population, or 54,000 people.

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Rugadh na h-uile duine saor agus co-ionnan nan urram 's nan còirichean. Tha iad reusanta is cogaiseach, agus bu chòir dhaibh a ghiùlain ris a chèile ann an spiorad bràthaireil.

1770:). Campbell has also questioned the age and reliability of the medieval historical sources speaking of a conquest. Instead, he has inferred that Argyll formed part of a common 2838:, with 19.3%). Out of a total of 871 civil parishes in Scotland, the proportion of Gaelic speakers exceeds 50% in seven parishes, 25% in 14 parishes, and 10% in 35 parishes. 2034: 9322: 4138:, simply on the basis of a certain similarity in spelling. Many of these traditional Gaelic-only names are now regarded as old-fashioned, and hence are rarely or never used. 3182:

in the EU but gave it the right to be a means of formal communications in the EU's institutions. The Scottish government had to pay for the translation from Gaelic to other

3357:. In 2018, the Nova Scotia government launched a new Gaelic vehicle licence plate to raise awareness of the language and help fund Gaelic language and culture initiatives. 5515:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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Word order is strictly verb–subject–object, including questions, negative questions and negatives. Only a restricted set of preverb particles may occur before the verb.

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Clan chiefs in the northern and western parts of Scotland continued to support Gaelic bards who remained a central feature of court life there. The semi-independent

3053: 8664: 8438: 10177: 8983: 8583: 8223: 8011: 6179: 6127: 6022: 7682:"Reversing Language Shift: The Social Identity and Role of Scottish Gaelic Learners (Belfast Studies in Language, Culture and Politics) by Alasdair MacCaluim" 1946:

Linguistic divide in the middle ages. Left: divide in 1400 after Loch, 1932; Right: divide in 1500 after Nicholson, 1974 (both reproduced from Withers, 1984)

8809: 6759:Ó Baoill, Colm. "The Scots–Gaelic interface", in Charles Jones, ed., The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997 3989:

majority. All these churches have Gaelic-speaking congregations throughout the Western Isles. Notable city congregations with regular services in Gaelic are

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was used both in Ireland and Scotland but had largely disappeared in Scotland by the 16th century. It consisted of the same 18 letters still in modern use

2845:. Between the 2001 and 2011 censuses, the number of Gaelic speakers rose in nineteen of the country's 32 council areas. The largest absolute gains were in 1903:

and the Kingdom of Alba. However, during the reigns of Malcolm Canmore's sons, Edgar, Alexander I and David I (their successive reigns lasting 1097–1153),

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Scots English orthographic rules have also been used at various times in Gaelic writing. Notable examples of Gaelic verse composed in this manner are the

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and Scotland until well into the 17th century. Most of modern Scotland was once Gaelic-speaking, as evidenced especially by Gaelic-language place names.

7441: 4665:(a defective verb that has only two forms), used to show a notional permanent identity or quality, have non-composed present and non-past tense forms: ( 3486:– an organisation funded by the Scottish Government, which works to promote the Gaelic language in broadcasting. The ITV franchise in central Scotland, 9824: 1912:, attracted large numbers of foreigners speaking Old English. This was the beginning of Gaelic's status as a predominantly rural language in Scotland. 8260: 8079: 7560:. Gòrdan Camshron, Pàdruig Moireach, Brian Ó Curnáin, Iain Caimbeul, Brian MacDonald, Tamás Péterváry. Aberdeen, Scotland: Aberdeen University Press. 7504:"Ideology, affect, and socialization in language shift and revitalization: The experiences of adults learning Gaelic in the Western Isles of Scotland" 6980: 2126:

of Highland school boards tended to have anti-Gaelic attitudes and served as an obstacle to Gaelic education in the late 19th and early 20th century.

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From the sixth century to the present day, Scottish Gaelic has been used as a literary language. Two prominent writers of the twentieth century are

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A number of Scottish and some Irish universities offer full-time degrees including a Gaelic language element, usually graduating as Celtic Studies.

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origin. However, Gaelic contains substantially more words of non-Goidelic extraction than Irish. The main sources of loanwords into Gaelic are the

3505:, which broadcast for an hour every evening. Upon BBC Alba's launch on Freeview, it took the channel number that was previously assigned to TeleG. 9595: 8289: 7030: 2170:(1949–1997) surveyed both the dialect of the Scottish Gaelic language, and also mixed use of English and Gaelic across the Highlands and Islands. 1495:. The Scottish Parliament is considering a Scottish Languages Bill which proposes to give Gaelic and Scots languages official status in Scotland. 12045: 7761: 6055: 1058: 9386: 7658: 5056:

has also influenced Lowland Scots and English in Scotland, but it is not always easy to distinguish its influence from that of Scottish Gaelic.

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remain some speakers of the Inner Hebridean dialects of Tiree and Islay, and even a few native speakers from Western Highland areas including

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Gaelic nouns inflect for four cases (nominative/accusative, vocative, genitive and dative) and three numbers (singular, dual and plural).

11265: 8524: 2830:, with 64.1%). In addition, no civil parish on mainland Scotland has a proportion of Gaelic speakers greater than 20% (the highest is in 2239: 1766:, who has argued that the putative migration or takeover is not reflected in archaeological or placename data (as pointed out earlier by 8562: 8543: 7891: 3783:

in 2006 (61 partially Gaelic-medium primary schools and approximately a dozen Gaelic-medium secondary schools also exist). According to

11893: 11356: 10315: 8487: 8165: 4759:(600 AD-1200 AD) stages of the language and are often terms related to Christianity. Latin is also the source of the days of the week 10859: 9943: 9356: 9291: 9136: 7979: 4444: 1989:) emerged as the official language of government and law. Scotland's emergent nationalism in the era following the conclusion of the 12989: 12671: 11741: 9326: 4270:(pronounced ) come from the Gaelic for, respectively, James, and Mary, but derive from the form of the names as they appear in the 3875: 1182: 8112: 11236: 9992: 7866: 6387: 3893: 2251: 1624:("Scottish"). Beginning in the late 15th century, it became increasingly common for such speakers to refer to Scottish Gaelic as 9040: 3411:(The Gaelic Society of Vancouver), the Vancouver Gaelic Choir, the Victoria Gaelic Choir, as well as the annual Gaelic festival 3334:

At the start of the 21st century, it was estimated that no more than 500 people in Nova Scotia still spoke Scottish Gaelic as a

3273:, where a majority of the population can have a working knowledge of the language. These omit the English translation entirely. 2142:, combined with emigration, resulted in the 1910s seeing unprecedented damage to the use of Scottish Gaelic, with a 46% fall in 1430: 12095: 11366: 11117: 9817: 3990: 2980:, however, Scottish matters have begun to receive greater attention, and it achieved a degree of official recognition when the 1745:

meaning home, farmstead, town or city. These data give some indication of the extent of medieval Gaelic settlement in Scotland.

882: 6447: 6093: 107: 11280: 11090: 10963: 9202: 8770: 8204: 7565: 7375: 6827: 6780: 6528: 6503: 5496: 3195: 3068: 709: 9235: 8737: 5376:

Plaque commemorating the founders of the Comunn Gaidhealach in Oban in 1891 using the Insular Script for decorative purposes

79: 12974: 12599: 11920: 11655: 11187: 9966: 8839: 8718: 8699: 8680: 8642: 8623: 8239: 7503: 7226: 7083: 3974: 1005: 914: 8234:, edited by Wilson MacLeod, James E. Fraser & Anja Gunderloch (Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press, 2006), pp. 203–214, 7579: 4605:

There are 12 irregular verbs. Most other verbs follow a fully predictable paradigm, although polysyllabic verbs ending in

3237: 11831: 11635: 11531: 11207: 10953: 10224: 10078: 9506: 8661: 7052: 3970: 3929: 3789:, a total of 2,092 primary pupils were enrolled in Gaelic-medium primary education in 2008–09, as opposed to 24 in 1985. 3008: 2981: 2873: 1484: 1244: 699: 584: 9432: 6872:

Mackenzie, Donald W. (1990–92). "The Worthy Translator: How the Scottish Gaels got the Scriptures in their own Tongue".

4003:—a shorter Gaelic version of the English-language Book of Common Order—was published in 1996 by the Church of Scotland. 11491: 8460: 8430: 7949: 7918: 7127: 6741: 6689: 3166:

In October 2009, a new agreement allowed Scottish Gaelic to be formally used between Scottish Government ministers and

1441:, and the number of speakers of the language under age 20 did not decrease between the 2001 and 2011 censuses. In the 86: 9476: 8975: 12969: 11878: 11613: 11350: 11275: 11192: 10998: 10918: 10282: 9810: 9703: 9672: 9655: 9636: 9628: 9544: 9418: 9317: 9266: 9229: 9173: 8220: 8142: 7024: 6856: 6478: 5000:". This phenomenon was described over 170 years ago, by the minister who compiled the account covering the parish of 3099: 1573: 1532: 1336: 1283: 744: 664: 126: 8579: 6123: 10943: 10928: 10908: 10808: 10463: 7833: 5480: 3538: 3072: 2889: 689: 674: 654: 60: 11868: 9565: 8801: 5393: 2964:

Gaelic has long suffered from its lack of use in educational and administrative contexts and was long suppressed.

12694: 12017: 11937: 11295: 11085: 10968: 10088: 6217: 4507:

In some fixed phrases, these changes are shown permanently, as the link with the base words has been lost, as in

3433: 3187: 3179: 1993:

was organized using Scots as well. For example, the nation's great patriotic literature including John Barbour's

714: 574: 93: 8604: 2877:

report using English more often than Gaelic when speaking with their mothers at home. The effect on this of the

12864: 11705: 11376: 11112: 11102: 10308: 9069: 8788:

Lost in transition? Celtic language revitalization in Scotland and Wales: the primary to secondary school stage

7860:"UK Ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Working Paper 10 – R.Dunbar, 2003" 7610: 7338:

Lost in transition? Celtic language revitalization in Scotland and Wales: the primary to secondary school stage

5112:("slender to slender and broad to broad") requires that a word-medial consonant or consonant group followed by 4461:() which occur only in their short versions. Although some vowels are strongly nasal, instances of distinctive 2977: 64: 8505: 7557:

The Gaelic crisis in the vernacular community : a comprehensive sociolinguistic survey of Scottish Gaelic

7311: 12892: 12474: 11947: 11451: 11401: 11323: 10938: 10852: 10264: 10070: 7409: 6796:

Withers, Charles W. J. (1988). "The Geographical History of Gaelic in Scotland". In Colin H. Williams (ed.).

6606:. By Cormac McSparron and Brian Williams. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 141, 145–158 4007:

services, citing both a lack of ministers and a desire to have their congregations united at communion time.

3871: 3078:

However, given there are no longer any monolingual Gaelic speakers, following an appeal in the court case of

3004:

Requiring BnG to prepare a National Gaelic Language Plan every five years for approval by Scottish Ministers.

2200: 2167: 2122: 1990: 1666: 1651: 1384: 684: 475: 8001: 493: 75: 12984: 12070: 11695: 11598: 11545: 11496: 11456: 11253: 11231: 10898: 10351: 9999: 9849: 8253: 8068: 7155: 6971: 6362: 6310: 2235: 2203:) linking Scottish Gaelic with Irish are now extinct, though native speakers were still to be found on the 1276: 819: 644: 552: 534: 17: 9006: 7852: 4450: 2747:), where the overall proportion of speakers is 52.2%. Important pockets of the language also exist in the 2238:

lists Gaelic's status as "threatened", with "20,000 to 30,000 active users". UNESCO classifies Gaelic as "

2217: 12979: 11905: 11841: 11700: 11645: 11107: 11097: 11070: 10913: 10660: 10486: 9982: 9894: 9736: 9709: 8230:", Paper read at the 3rd biannual Rannsachadh na Gàidhlig, University of Edinburgh, 21–23 July 2004, in: 7681: 6925: 6124:"Gaelic History / Highland Council Gaelic Toolkit / The Highland Council / Welcome to Northern Potential" 5213: 5065: 4552: 1214: 659: 410: 8033: 7471: 7355: 12915: 12373: 12210: 12206: 11836: 11630: 11338: 11332: 11182: 11127: 11008: 9987: 9841: 9587: 9454: 8465: 7631:"Language revitalization discourses as metaculture: Gaelic in Scotland from the 18th to 20th centuries" 7006: 5091: 5079: 4590: 4016: 3994: 2819: 2155: 2151: 1881: 1790: 1655: 827: 754: 12545: 8286: 7630: 7180: 6063: 6036: 4576:"the sea" behaves as a masculine noun in the nominative case, but as a feminine noun in the genitive ( 1460:, 2,170 Canadian residents claimed knowledge of Scottish Gaelic, a decline from 3,980 speakers in the 12870: 12515: 11915: 11910: 11592: 11260: 11075: 10301: 9378: 8197:

Seanchaidh na Coille / Memory-Keeper of the Forest: Anthology of Scottish Gaelic Literature of Canada

5303: 5025: 3844: 3379: 3293:("Place names in Scotland") is the national advisory partnership for Gaelic place names in Scotland. 2766: 2027: 10151: 7837: 6418: 3445: 3290: 3208: 12275: 11846: 11826: 11761: 11675: 11608: 11566: 11526: 11481: 11346: 11248: 11214: 11045: 10845: 10697: 10640: 10425: 10384: 10116: 9961: 9859: 5277:

which bears the inscription VICULA MAQ CUGINI 'Viqula, son of Comginus', with Goidelic MAQ (modern

5164: 5142: 4548: 3394: 3083: 1355: 1219: 1209: 1142: 546: 266: 176: 12580: 12540: 10028: 9101: 8918: 7786: 7271: 7239: 6545: 6149: 3108: 2732:

Gaelic-language question was first asked in 1881. The Scottish government's language minister and

1503:

Aside from "Scottish Gaelic", the language may also be referred to simply as "Gaelic", pronounced

12172: 12105: 12090: 11821: 11436: 11219: 11132: 11122: 11003: 10948: 9953: 4919: 4541: 4535: 3886: 3307:

In the nineteenth century, Canadian Gaelic was the third-most widely spoken European language in

3213: 2835: 2748: 2038: 1877: 1152: 1018: 749: 694: 256: 238:

130,000 people in Scotland reported having some Gaelic language ability in 2022; 1,300 fluent in

53: 12747: 9663: 8403: 7207: 6643:

Green, D. (1983). "'Gaelic: syntax, similarities with British syntax'". In Thomson, D.S. (ed.).

3916:

campus offers an independent 1-year course in Gaelic and Traditional Music (FE, SQF level 5/6).

3855:, the Colonel Gray High School offer an introductory and an advanced course in Scottish Gaelic. 1777:

Regardless of how it came to be spoken in the region, Gaelic in Scotland was mostly confined to

1013: 12496: 12368: 12202: 12115: 12055: 11710: 11501: 11285: 11197: 11155: 10983: 10813: 9928: 9413:. L. A. Ó hAnluain, Christian Brothers (Eagrán nua ed.). Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. 1999. 6705:

Dunshea, Philip M. (1 October 2013). "Druim Alban, Dorsum Britanniae– 'the Spine of Britain'".

4585:

Nouns are marked for case in a number of ways, most commonly involving various combinations of

4309: 3948: 3879: 1886: 1813:

in Gaelic and syntactic influence which could be considered to constitute a Pictish substrate.

1085: 1023: 729: 354: 8521: 7117: 4689:

and all other expected verb forms, though the verb adjective ("past participle") is lacking; (

4048:

Gaelic has its own version of European-wide names which also have English forms, for example:

2893:

revitalization efforts are not unified within Scotland or Nova Scotia, Canada. One can attend

12897: 12887: 12854: 12525: 12245: 12183: 11883: 11798: 11770: 11746: 11586: 11511: 11446: 11226: 11177: 11030: 11018: 10790: 10339: 10035: 9854: 8559: 8540: 7895: 7769: 6422: 5441: 3774: 3553: 3308: 2854: 1490: 1028: 837: 777: 100: 12565: 12250: 11680: 10250: 6770: 3924: 3042: 3020:

publications (PR and media, websites); staffing (language learning, training, recruitment).

1609: 12797: 12769: 12629: 12550: 12361: 12356: 12110: 12085: 12050: 11927: 11873: 11860: 11461: 11305: 11300: 11164: 11146: 10958: 10903: 10391: 10240: 5484: 4038: 3852: 3390: 2861:(+208). The largest relative gains were in Aberdeenshire (+0.19%), East Ayrshire (+0.18%), 1461: 1457: 1442: 1122: 977: 897: 704: 649: 561: 12752: 10054: 9348: 9283: 9132: 8893:"Tens of thousands sign up in matter of hours as Duolingo releases Scottish Gaelic course" 7971: 3900: 2894: 2822:

in Scotland has a proportion of Gaelic speakers greater than 65% (the highest value is in

8: 12859: 12388: 12270: 12193: 12125: 12080: 12010: 11970: 11942: 11665: 11660: 11640: 11558: 11506: 11471: 11424: 11270: 11202: 11172: 11060: 11040: 10993: 10933: 10923: 10890: 10880: 10802: 10692: 10685: 10668: 10434: 10398: 10182: 5338: 4745: 4659:, used to attribute a notionally temporary state, action, or quality to the subject, and 4610: 3909: 3517: 3487: 3183: 3175: 3031:

the concept of 'equal respect'. It is not clear what the legal force of this wording is.

2985: 2923: 2918: 2159: 1909: 1821: 1472: 1196: 991: 922: 739: 679: 669: 634: 614: 12240: 5372: 3808:), is a body that seeks to promote links between speakers of Scottish Gaelic and Irish. 3149:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

12941: 12902: 12624: 12535: 12285: 11888: 11751: 11618: 11391: 11386: 11328: 11241: 11065: 10988: 10973: 10755: 10591: 10549: 10049: 9889: 9864: 9642:

Gillies, William. (1993). "Scottish Gaelic", in Ball, Martin J. and Fife, James (eds).

9448: 8169: 8104: 7697: 7531: 7433: 7410:"Neoliberalism and Minority-Language Planning in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland" 6567: 5293: 5217: 5021: 4733: 4646: 4628: 4621: 4556: 3960: 3793: 2957: 2001: 1697: 1682: 1345: 1132: 1090: 893: 734: 719: 271: 205: 7859: 6395: 3508:

There are also television programmes in the language on other BBC channels and on the

3225: 1868:. In south-eastern Scotland, there is no evidence that Gaelic was ever widely spoken. 1799:(which may have begun generations earlier) was clearly under way during the reigns of 1636:. Today, Scottish Gaelic is recognised as a separate language from Irish, so the word 526: 12595: 12235: 12198: 11979: 11932: 11727: 11690: 11685: 11670: 11650: 11476: 11381: 11371: 11080: 11055: 11050: 10407: 10375: 10361: 10108: 10042: 9699: 9668: 9651: 9632: 9624: 9540: 9424: 9414: 9262: 9225: 9198: 9190: 9169: 9036: 8766: 8235: 8200: 7650: 7606: 7571: 7561: 7535: 7523: 7437: 7425: 7371: 7123: 7020: 6852: 6823: 6776: 6737: 6685: 6628:

Jackson, Kenneth (1983). "'Loanwords, British and Pictish'". In Thomson, D.S. (ed.).

6571: 6524: 6499: 6474: 5476: 5403: 4642: 4606: 4545: 3840: 3375: 3360:

In September 2021, the first Gaelic-medium primary school outside of Scotland, named

3281:

Highland Council's intention to introduce bilingual signage has incited controversy.

3036: 2850: 2842: 2804: 1916: 1837: 1731: 1605: 1419: 1376: 1104: 1080: 1072: 1048: 1001: 605: 6845: 2763:

with 5,878 such persons, who make up over 10% of all of Scotland's Gaelic speakers.

580: 12827: 12720: 12706: 12575: 12520: 12315: 12075: 11783: 11778: 11715: 11581: 11441: 11342: 10673: 10648: 10616: 10597: 10558: 10534: 10476: 10452: 10324: 9933: 9918: 9913: 9750: 7693: 7642: 7515: 7421: 7417: 7363: 7012: 6714: 6557: 5465: 5369:. The use of Gaelic type and the overdot today is restricted to decorative usages. 5270: 4729: 4650: 4481: 3816: 3513: 3509: 3497:

Until BBC Alba was broadcast on Freeview, viewers were able to receive the channel

3402: 2196: 2062: 2018: 1880:) between 1058 and 1093 as the beginning of Gaelic's eclipse in Scotland. His wife 1806: 1723: 1547: 1541: 1506: 1438: 1416: 1380: 1309: 1204: 904: 800: 795: 376: 362: 261: 12663: 12140: 10761: 10232: 7939: 7908: 7646: 6332: 3269:

Some monolingual Gaelic road signs, particularly direction signs, are used on the

1890: 12953: 12929: 12838: 12802: 12735: 12610: 12570: 12378: 12294: 12214: 12166: 12161: 12065: 11984: 11808: 11406: 11290: 10716: 10570: 10471: 9938: 9869: 9772: 9219: 8744: 8725: 8706: 8687: 8668: 8649: 8630: 8611: 8566: 8547: 8528: 8509: 8293: 8227: 8038: 7276: 7244: 7214: 7113: 6603: 6456: 6180:"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion" 6023:"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion" 5469: 5254: 4741: 4635: 4489: 4462: 4420: 3986: 3956: 3424:'s Scottish Cultural Centre also holds seasonal Scottish Gaelic evening classes. 3354: 3302: 3285: 2953: 2752: 2204: 2046: 1707: 1670: 1468:, with historic communities in other parts of Canada having largely disappeared. 1449: 1408: 1264: 942: 767: 341: 336: 298: 248: 219: 12441: 10142: 8831: 5423: 3543: 3475: 1053: 539: 12781: 12764: 12725: 12652: 12530: 12412: 12321: 12260: 12225: 12178: 12130: 12120: 12040: 12003: 11793: 10828: 10784: 10737: 10708: 10564: 10501: 10414: 9591: 9499: 5996: 5536: 5311: 5250: 5195: 5135:

written vowel. For example, plurals in Gaelic are often formed with the suffix

5053: 5017: 4927: 4638:: traditionally called active and passive, but actually personal and impersonal 4410: 4400: 4384: 4114:(Thomas). Not all traditional Gaelic names have direct equivalents in English: 4026: 3823: 3335: 3270: 3167: 3117: 2973: 2914: 2866: 2788: 2728: 2066: 2022: 1982: 1963: 1787:

areas north of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde . During the reign of

1601: 1597: 1434: 1396: 1137: 1127: 1033: 790: 416: 396: 346: 187: 31: 12460: 12445: 7575: 7519: 7367: 7060: 6820:

Clanship to Crofters' War: The social transformation of the Scottish Highlands

6562: 4432:

MacGilleBhàin, MacGilleRuaidh, MacGilleDhuibh, MacGilleDhuinn, MacGilleBhuidhe

12963: 12833: 12820: 12730: 12634: 12614: 12491: 12400: 12326: 12188: 11812: 11576: 11516: 11485: 11361: 10767: 10605: 9923: 9884: 8762: 7654: 7527: 7429: 5184:

is purely a graphic vowel inserted to conform with the spelling rule because

5132: 5075: 4961: 4523: 4458: 4271: 3944: 3937: 3490:, has, in the past, produced a number of Scottish Gaelic programmes for both 3459: 2858: 2846: 2827: 2780: 1972: 1904: 1889:). Donald had spent 17 years in Gaelic Ireland and his power base was in the 1865: 1809:

and Gaelic, prior to the former's extinction, led to the presence of Pictish

1796: 1767: 1763: 1480: 1400: 1043: 867: 847: 805: 12428: 9428: 7941: 7910: 5974:

Note: Items in brackets denote archaic, dialectal or regional variant forms

4332:(Gaelic for "daughter"), so Catherine MacPhee is properly called in Gaelic, 3458:. Launched on 19 September 2008, BBC Alba is widely available in the UK (on 2086: 2037:(SSPCK) was founded in 1709. They met in 1716, immediately after the failed 12618: 12560: 12308: 12255: 11571: 11521: 11466: 11035: 10584: 10514: 10245: 9879: 9468: 8862:"Scottish Gaelic course on Duolingo app has 20,000 signups ahead of launch" 8318:"Rebirth of a 'sleeping' language: How N.S. is reviving its Gaelic culture" 7555: 6658:

Taylor, S. (2010). "Pictish Placenames Revisited'". In Driscoll, S. (ed.).

5519: 5457: 5433: 5330: 5262: 5099: 4756: 3471: 3439: 2902: 2831: 2784: 1861: 1857: 1845: 1678: 1412: 1234: 1147: 984: 932: 842: 406: 328: 308: 12468: 12437: 12404: 12060: 11734: 9221:

Pictish Progress: New Studies on Northern Britain in the Early Middle Ages

8374:"Nova Scotia unveils Gaelic licence plate, as it seeks to expand language" 8134: 7016: 6718: 6094:"Scotland's Language Myths: 4. Gaelic has nothing to do with the Lowlands" 4423:– yellow) although in Gaelic these occur as part of a fuller form such as 3170:

officials. The deal was signed by Britain's representative to the EU, Sir

2057: 1753: 510: 12418: 12408: 12348: 12220: 9742: 9408: 5541: 5429: 5071: 4022: 3933: 3867: 3328: 3171: 2841:

Decline in traditional areas has recently been balanced by growth in the

2180: 2143: 2134: 2130: 1986: 1465: 1239: 877: 451: 239: 209: 10198: 3478:. The channel is being operated in partnership between BBC Scotland and 2741:

The main stronghold of the language continues to be the Outer Hebrides (

12757: 12100: 10978: 9728: 9557: 6597:'... and they won land among the Picts by friendly treaty or the sword' 5325:

In addition to the base letters, vowels in the Insular script could be

5266: 4751:

Many direct Latin loanwords in Scottish Gaelic were adopted during the

4485: 4470: 3978: 3952: 3324: 3320: 3190: 2184: 2045:

into Scottish Gaelic was made in 1767, when James Stuart of Killin and

1849: 961: 937: 724: 9696:

Revitalising Gaelic in Scotland: Policy, Planning and Public Discourse

8569:

from scotland.gov.uk. Published 27 November 2009, Scottish Government.

8232:

Cànan & Cultar / Language & Culture: Rannsachadh na Gàidhlig 3

7972:"An Comunn Gàidhealach – Royal National Mod : Royal National Mod" 6209: 5954: 12741: 12555: 12464: 12396: 12301: 12135: 11315: 10796: 10749: 10577: 10507: 9874: 9647: 9314:

Computer-Assisted Learning for Gaelic: Towards a Common Teaching Core

9218:

Hall, Mark A; Driscoll, Stephen T; Geddess, Jane (11 November 2010).

8254:"Gaelic Nova Scotia – An Economic, Cultural, and Social Impact Study" 5419: 5326: 5258: 5001: 4923: 4752: 4466: 4142: 3913: 3421: 3218: 2776: 2756: 2213: 2147: 1810: 1674: 1404: 862: 519: 503: 485: 467: 303: 12230: 10837: 9754: 8502: 8135:"Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba – Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland – About Us" 7817:

Legislative Devolution and Language Regulation in the United Kingdom

6973:

Gaelic in Nova Scotia: An Economic, Cultural and Social Impact Study

6660:

Pictish Progress: New Studies on Northern Britain in the Middle Ages

5408:⟨a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u⟩ 5316:⟨a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u⟩ 5273:

but a number of Goidelic Ogham inscriptions also exist, such as the

5158:("shoes"). But because of the spelling rule, the suffix is spelled - 5032:, gob, as well as familiar elements of Scottish geography like ben ( 4449:

Most varieties of Gaelic show either eight or nine vowel qualities (

3082:(1982), involving the status of Gaelic in judicial proceedings, the 2694:

using those and the number of the total population aged 3 and over.

42: 12948: 12936: 11625: 11396: 10868: 10743: 10293: 10135: 9739:

by Thomas Owen Clancy, Sir John Rhys Memorial Lecture, 4 March 2009

8006: 5511:

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:

5415: 5399: 5342: 5269:

in Ireland. In Scotland, the majority of Ogham inscriptions are in

5029: 4586: 4454: 3812: 3491: 3453: 3341:

The Nova Scotia government maintains the Office of Gaelic Affairs (

2808: 2720: 2221: 2188: 1995: 1853: 1841: 1771: 1392: 1162: 927: 852: 623: 592: 233: 201: 12422: 12265: 9802: 5198:

vowels omitted in speech can be omitted in informal writing, e.g.

4306:

The most common class of Gaelic surnames are those beginning with

3086:

ruled against a general right to use Gaelic in court proceedings.

12814: 12808: 10680: 10653: 10495: 10368: 5475:

Certain 18th century sources used only an acute accent along the

5381: 5086:

The quality of consonants (broad or slender) is indicated by the

5028:. Loanwords include: whisky, slogan, brogue, jilt, clan, galore, 4477: 3848: 3780: 3481: 3463: 3383: 2760: 2208: 2050: 1937: 1928: 1817: 1423: 1224: 1117: 1038: 966: 956: 952: 857: 588: 30:

For the Germanic language that diverged from Middle English, see

10189: 10103: 9797: 6302: 3241:

Bilingual English/Gaelic sign at Queen Street Station in Glasgow

2908: 1687: 12451: 12433: 11722: 10721: 8550:

from scot.gov.uk. Published February 2009, Scottish Government.

8531:

from scot.gov.uk. Published February 2007, Scottish Government.

6896:"The decade when Scotland lost half its Gaelic speaking people" 5274: 4594: 3467: 2823: 2796: 2192: 1759: 1453: 1229: 1157: 947: 832: 446: 191: 4480:

and non-palatal counterparts, including a very rich system of

3067:

On 10 December 2008, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the

2897:, a national centre for Gaelic Language and Culture, based in 2035:

Society in Scotland for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge

1893:

of Scotland. He was the last Scottish monarch to be buried on

12605: 12456: 12156: 12026: 9792: 9644:

The Celtic Languages (Routledge Language Family Descriptions)

7463: 5448:

for ) or conditioned by certain consonant environments (e.g.

5247: 5233: 5087: 4931: 4737: 3982: 3500: 3230: 2898: 2862: 2812: 2792: 2738:

took this as evidence that Gaelic's long decline has slowed.

2042: 1784: 1604:-derived language which had come to be spoken in most of the 1388: 872: 422: 222: 9281: 8105:"Caithness councillors harden resolve against Gaelic signs" 5047: 3822:

Starting from summer 2020, children starting school in the

2800: 1894: 1556: 1395:. As a Goidelic language, Scottish Gaelic, as well as both 1112: 9762: 6297: 6295: 4736:

languages English, Scots and Norse. Other sources include

4246:

Some Scottish names are Anglicized forms of Gaelic names:

1981:

By the mid-14th century what eventually came to be called

1618:("English") by its own speakers, with Gaelic being called 591:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

6734:

The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels, and Vikings

6045:, 2011 NHS, Catalogue No. 99‑004‑XWE (Ottawa: 2013‑06‑26) 6017: 6015: 3524:) produces some non-news programming in Scottish Gaelic. 2879:

significant increase in pupils in Gaelic-medium education

2759:(4.9%). The locality with the largest absolute number is 2085: 25–75% Gaelic, and English; line indicates the 50% 1562: 1553: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1464:. There exists a particular concentration of speakers in 1324: 1318: 1315: 11995: 8580:"Scottish Government: Pupils Census, Supplementary Data" 8245: 8063: 8061: 7940:

Scottish Qualifications Authority, Resource Management.

7909:

Scottish Qualifications Authority, Resource Management.

6388:"Definition of Gaelic in English by Oxford Dictionaries" 5520:

Common words and phrases with Irish and Manx equivalents

4728:

The majority of the vocabulary of Scottish Gaelic is of

4457:, which can be either long or short. There are also two 4128:(Etta) (formerly also as Henny or even as Harriet), or, 3771:

The first modern solely Gaelic-medium secondary school,

3075:

had the UDHR translated into Gaelic for the first time.

1876:

Many historians mark the reign of King Malcolm Canmore (

1612:. Prior to the 15th century, this language was known as 8949:"Gaelic core class increasingly popular in Nova Scotia" 8069:"Guide to the Gaelic Origins of Place Names in Britain" 6292: 4377:

Several colours give rise to common Scottish surnames:

1783:

until the eighth century, when it began expanding into

1762:. An alternative view has been voiced by archaeologist 9751:

Scottish Gaelic Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words

8951:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 January 2015. 8348:"National Household Survey Profile, Nova Scotia, 2011" 7356:"9. Sociolinguistic Ethnography of Gaelic Communities" 7084:"'Endangered' Gaelic on map of world's dead languages" 6889: 6887: 6012: 4522:

In medial and final position, the aspirated stops are

3928:

A sign indicating services in Gaelic and English at a

1897:, the traditional burial place of the Gaelic Kings of 12913: 10253: 10230: 10196: 10187: 10153: 10140: 10040: 10026: 9786: 9778: 9770: 9760: 9726: 9684: 9677: 9325:. SQA publication BB1532. August 2005. Archived from 9164: 9158: 9007:"Free Church plans to scrap Gaelic communion service" 8058: 7624: 7622: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7349: 7347: 5945: 5910: 5878: 5850: 5817: 5774: 5767: 5741: 5690: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5642: 5615: 5580: 5551: 5503: 5297: 5237:

The Giogha Stone bearing a Goidelic Ogham inscription

5218: 5205: 5199: 5175: 5169: 5153: 5147: 5136: 5107: 5045: 5039: 5033: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4955: 4949: 4939: 4811: 4799: 4793: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4577: 4571: 4514: 4508: 4499: 4493: 4430: 4424: 4414: 4404: 4394: 4388: 4378: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4307: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4129: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 3998: 3964: 3898: 3889:

offers Gaelic language, history and culture courses.

3803: 3797: 3784: 3779:("Glasgow Gaelic School"), was opened at Woodside in 3772: 3547: 3498: 3479: 3451: 3443: 3412: 3406: 3361: 3348: 3342: 3253: 3247: 3115: 3106: 3059: 3051: 3025: 2996: 2742: 2733: 2136: 2113: 1898: 1800: 1788: 1778: 1751: 1740: 1574: 1565: 1533: 1524: 1488: 1349: 1337: 1327: 163: 7892:"Official Status for Gaelic: Prospects and Problems" 7549: 7547: 7545: 7331: 7329: 5995:

The replies are for all Gaelic languages, including

5074:

is fairly regular; its standard was set by the 1767

2791:

with significant percentages of Gaelic speakers are

1691:

Linguistic division in early 12th century Scotland.

1559: 1518: 1321: 365: 357: 349: 331: 12693: 9737:"Gaelic in Medieval Scotland: Advent and Expansion" 9623:. Vancouver: Global Language Press (reprint 2006), 9316:. The orthographic conventions were revised by the 9217: 8633:

Spreadsheet published 11 December 2012 (Table 1.13)

6884: 5281:'son') rather than Brythonic MAB (cf. modern Welsh 4994:

telly" (I am watching the television), instead of "

4211:). These are conventionally rendered in English as 2969:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1642:in reference to Scottish Gaelic is no longer used. 1550: 1509: 1477:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1312: 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8790:(Thesis). The University of Edinburgh. p. 48. 8614:Spreadsheet published 3 February 2012 (Table 1.13) 7619: 7486: 7414:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 7396: 7344: 7240:"Census shows decline in Gaelic speakers 'slowed'" 6844: 6473:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 276. 6150:"Census shows decline in Gaelic speakers 'slowed'" 5380:Letters with an overdot have been available since 5367:⟨bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, ph, sh, th⟩ 4926:coined for modern concepts are typically based on 4822:; "bush") are transparently Brittonic in origin. 3147:. The reason given is: The UK has now left the EU. 3011:and Gaelic as a subject for education authorities. 2884: 9195:An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language 8976:"Gaelic language slowly gaining ground in Canada" 8919:"Gaelic to be 'default' in Western Isles schools" 8461:"Gaelic language slowly gaining ground in Canada" 8431:"Gaelic language slowly gaining ground in Canada" 8221:Gaelic in Canada: New Evidence from an Old Census 7542: 7326: 7272:"Census shows Gaelic declining in its heartlands" 5483:(1741–51) and the earliest editions (1768–90) of 5422:. The letters of the alphabet were traditionally 5011: 4641:Three non-composed combined TAM forms expressing 3093: 2960:speaking publicly in the Scottish Gaelic language 1735:Place names in Scotland that contain the element 12961: 8832:"Thousands sign up for new online Gaelic course" 7362:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 172–217. 7008:Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages 5131:This rule sometimes leads to the insertion of a 3186:. The deal was received positively in Scotland; 566:2011 distribution of Gaelic speakers in Scotland 12046:Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups 8974:International, Radio Canada (28 January 2015). 8572: 8498: 8496: 8429:International, Radio Canada (28 January 2015). 7781: 7779: 6951:Ó Baoill, Colm (2000). "The Gaelic Continuum". 6926:"The Gaelic Story at the University of Glasgow" 6874:Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness 6471:Brewer's dictionary of Irish phrase & fable 5094:) consonants are surrounded by slender vowels ( 4206: 4194: 4182: 4164: 4152: 3858: 2972:official recognition from the UK Government as 9783:'s links to pages in and about Scottish Gaelic 9197:(Digitized facsimile ed.). BiblioBazaar. 8380:. Bell Media. The Canadian Press. 1 May 2018. 7360:The Edinburgh Companion to the Gaelic Language 6822:(2013 ed.). Manchester University Press. 6813: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6519:Chadwick, Nora Kershaw; Dyllon, Myles (1972). 6518: 12679: 12011: 10853: 10664:? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European) 10309: 9818: 9185: 9183: 9181: 8973: 8428: 7628: 7501: 7407: 7353: 6865: 6755: 6753: 5526:Differences between Scottish Gaelic and Irish 5102:) consonants are surrounded by broad vowels ( 2909:Challenges to preservation and revitalization 1284: 9349:"Celtic languages – Irish | Britannica" 9312:The Board of Celtic Studies Scotland (1998) 9256: 8802:"Gael-force wind of change in the classroom" 8785: 8493: 7776: 7553: 7335: 7106: 6871: 6768: 6725: 6537: 6512: 4609:can deviate from this paradigm as they show 3851:, offers Scottish Gaelic lessons weekly. In 3811:In November 2019, the language-learning app 1852:. It was spoken to a lesser degree in north 6963: 6804: 6789: 6666: 6496:The Edinburgh history of the Scots language 6270:"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population" 5952: 5924: 5917: 5891: 5885: 5857: 5830: 5824: 5793: 5785: 5748: 5710: 5702: 5696: 5649: 5622: 5587: 5559: 5394:Scottish Gaelic orthography § Alphabet 4817: 4805: 3474:). It also broadcasts across Europe on the 2701: 1831: 1825: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1582: 12686: 12672: 12018: 12004: 10860: 10846: 10316: 10302: 9825: 9811: 9733:– Scottish Gaelic language, music and news 9178: 8188: 7156:"Scotland's Census at a glance: Languages" 6836: 6772:Edinburgh Companion to the Gaelic Language 6762: 6750: 6081:. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. 5961: 5931: 5898: 5865: 5838: 5805: 5755: 5725: 5718: 5656: 5630: 5602: 5595: 5568: 3233:(Roghadal) on Harris in the Outer Hebrides 2995:Establishing the Gaelic development body, 1588: 1291: 1277: 560: 9716:, vol. 3 pp. 97–113, 223–39, 319–32. 6775:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 8. 6684:. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd. 6561: 6487: 5426:, but this custom has fallen out of use. 5363:⟨ḃ, ċ, ḋ, ḟ, ġ, ṁ, ṗ, ṡ, ṫ⟩ 4934:, although often coming through English; 4445:Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography 3442:operates a Gaelic-language radio station 3386:, offers Scottish Gaelic lessons weekly. 1844:, adjoining areas to the north and west, 1487:established a language-development body, 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 9789:– The Digital Archive of Scottish Gaelic 8890: 8404:"Gaelic Medium Education in Nova Scotia" 8305:99-004-XWE (Ottawa: September 11, 2013). 8259:. Nova Scotia Museum. pp. 114–115. 8163: 7502:McEWAN-FUJITA, Emily (15 January 2010). 7227:Scotland's Census Results Online (SCROL) 7112: 6950: 6731: 6543: 6449:Transactions of the Philological Society 6091: 6076: 5371: 5292: 5232: 5016:Scottish Gaelic has also influenced the 3923: 3876:Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts 3542: 3319: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3046:Police Scotland vehicle logo (Bilingual) 3041: 2952: 2765: 2705: 2056: 1758:on Scotland's west coast in present-day 1730: 1686: 1630:("Irish") and the Lowland vernacular as 1448:Outside of Scotland, a dialect known as 9588:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 9290:. Archaeology Archive Moidart History. 9189: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9004: 8756: 8396: 8299:National Household Survey (NHS) Profile 8251: 7629:McEwan-Fujita, Emily (1 January 2011). 7600: 7408:Mcewan-Fujita, Emily (1 January 2005). 7004: 6969: 6893: 6795: 6704: 6679: 6627: 6623: 6621: 6468: 6043:National Household Survey (NHS) Profile 4867:land between a house and its enclosure 3995:Greyfriars Tolbooth & Highland Kirk 3894:University of the Highlands and Islands 3217:Bilingual Gaelic–English road sign, at 2719:A Scottish Gaelic speaker, recorded in 2252:List of Scottish Gaelic-speaking people 585:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 12962: 12096:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 9747:– founded by Comhairle nan Eilean Siar 9410:Graiméar Gaeilge na mBráithre Críostai 9323:"Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005" 9112:from the original on 10 September 2016 8406:. Bòrd na Gàidhlig. 8 September 2021. 8340: 8315: 8194: 8168:. Multicultural Canada. Archived from 7872:from the original on 26 September 2007 7679: 7340:(Thesis). The University of Edinburgh. 6842: 6817: 6657: 6307:Province of Nova Scotia Gaelic Affairs 6280:from the original on 26 September 2023 6276:. Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. 6246:. Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. 5592:(South) (North/West) (older North) 5320:⟨j, k, q, v, w, x, y, z⟩ 5109:caol ri caol agus leathann ri leathann 4368:("of Donald") is the genitive form of 4350:, meaning "daughter of the son", thus 4344:is a contraction of the Gaelic phrase 4141:Some names have come into Gaelic from 3369: 3229:Monolingual Gaelic direction sign, at 2948: 12667: 11999: 10867: 10841: 10297: 9806: 9698:. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press, 9435:from the original on 17 November 2023 9250: 9037:"Alba air Taghadh – beò à Inbhir Nis" 8955:from the original on 15 November 2015 8899:from the original on 29 November 2019 8872:from the original on 29 November 2019 8842:from the original on 30 November 2019 8738:Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2018 8719:Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2017 8700:Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2016 8681:Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2015 8662:Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2014 8643:Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2013 8624:Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2012 8605:Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2011 8586:from the original on 21 November 2011 8481: 8410:from the original on 8 September 2021 8366: 8157: 8046:from the original on 17 November 2023 7797:from the original on 15 November 2022 7762:"Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005" 7704:from the original on 19 December 2022 7605:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. 7582:from the original on 17 November 2023 7474:from the original on 19 December 2022 7444:from the original on 19 December 2022 7384:from the original on 19 December 2022 7354:McEwan-Fujita, Emily (2 March 2022). 7217:, Table QS211SC. Viewed 23 June 2014. 7136:from the original on 17 November 2023 6932:from the original on 24 November 2021 6906:from the original on 20 December 2022 6642: 6578:from the original on 10 November 2012 6493: 6416: 5497:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5163: 5141: 4997:Tha mi a' coimhead air an telebhisean 3069:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3007:Requiring BnG to produce guidance on 2245: 1710:zone, use of either or both languages 1354: 175: 12347: 11188:Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland 10323: 9967:Dependent and independent verb forms 9798:Nova Scotia Office of Gaelic Affairs 9294:from the original on 11 October 2017 9257:Watson, W.J.; Taylor, Simon (2011). 9082:from the original on 16 January 2017 9055: 9043:from the original on 3 November 2018 9017:from the original on 11 January 2009 8929:from the original on 24 January 2020 8891:Dingwall, Blair (28 November 2019). 8812:from the original on 30 October 2008 8316:Patten, Melanie (29 February 2016). 8266:from the original on 11 October 2017 7754: 7094:from the original on 25 October 2017 7081: 7033:from the original on 26 January 2020 6894:Campsie, Alison (20 December 2022). 6847:The Making of the Crofting Community 6618: 5982: 3975:Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland 3516:franchise in the north of Scotland, 3512:, usually subtitled in English. The 3178:. This did not give Scottish Gaelic 3129: 1411:sometime in the 13th century in the 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 27:Goidelic Celtic language of Scotland 12387: 10746:(Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh) 10079:Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 9832: 9767:– Dwelly's Gaelic dictionary online 9238:from the original on 5 October 2023 9211: 8384:from the original on 16 August 2021 7680:Dorian, Nancy C. (5 January 2011). 6429:from the original on 26 August 2020 6343:from the original on 4 January 2018 5938:(Scotland, Man) I saw, I was seeing 5472:replaced it with the grave accent. 5168:) after a slender consonant, as in 5006:New Statistical Account of Scotland 3943:In the Western Isles, the isles of 2991:The key provisions of the Act are: 2967:The UK government has ratified the 2874:Gaelic medium education in Scotland 2173: 1581:also refers to the Irish language ( 1485:Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 1245:Scottish inventions and discoveries 24: 9708:Robertson, Charles M. (1906–07). " 9691:. Lulu Enterprises, North Carolina 9613: 9598:from the original on 16 March 2021 9512:from the original on 10 April 2018 9479:from the original on 26 March 2023 9359:from the original on 26 March 2023 9282:Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair. 9259:The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland 9139:from the original on 25 April 2017 9130: 9075:. Bòrd na Gàidhlig. October 2009. 8145:from the original on 25 April 2017 7952:from the original on 25 April 2017 7921:from the original on 25 April 2017 7749:Gaelic: A Past and Future Prospect 7698:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00407_2.x 7229:, Table UV12. Viewed 23 June 2014. 6313:from the original on 23 April 2020 6104:from the original on 20 April 2021 6056:"Background on the Irish Language" 4600: 4562: 25: 13006: 11614:Scottish Qualifications Authority 11351:Office of the Accountant of Court 11276:Member of the Scottish Parliament 9720: 9318:Scottish Qualifications Authority 9261:(reprint ed.). Birlinn LTD. 9070:"Gaelic Orthographic Conventions" 9005:MacLeod, Murdo (6 January 2008). 8986:from the original on 23 June 2017 8582:. Scotland.gov.uk. 14 June 2011. 8350:. Statistics Canada. 8 May 2013. 8328:from the original on 13 July 2018 8115:from the original on 20 June 2012 8085:from the original on 30 July 2021 8034:"EU green light for Scots Gaelic" 8014:from the original on 23 June 2024 8002:"EU green light for Scots Gaelic" 7982:from the original on 27 June 2017 7836:. 12 October 2008. Archived from 7751:. Edinburgh: The Saltire Society. 7661:from the original on 8 March 2013 7310:. 7 December 2011. Archived from 7304:"Pupil Census Supplementary Data" 6986:from the original on 4 March 2016 6220:from the original on 22 June 2024 6190:from the original on 22 June 2024 6130:from the original on 19 June 2021 5288: 4043: 3932:congregation in the community of 3450:as well as a television channel, 3258:rather than the anglicised forms 3125: 3100:Scottish Qualifications Authority 2260:speakers in Scotland (1755–2022) 1596:Scottish Gaelic is distinct from 1471:Scottish Gaelic is classed as an 12947: 12935: 12923: 12648: 12647: 10809:Scottish Gaelic-medium education 10278: 10277: 9580: 9568:from the original on 3 July 2022 9550: 9529: 9491: 9461: 9401: 9389:from the original on 27 May 2023 9371: 9341: 9306: 9275: 9151: 9124: 9094: 9029: 8998: 8967: 8941: 8911: 8884: 8854: 8824: 8794: 8779: 8750: 8731: 8712: 8441:from the original on 9 June 2020 8354:from the original on 13 May 2014 8199:. Cape Breton University Press. 7834:Scottish Human Rights Commission 7284:from the original on 5 July 2014 7252:from the original on 5 July 2014 6645:The Companion to Gaelic Scotland 6630:The Companion to Gaelic Scotland 6250:from the original on 15 May 2021 6160:from the original on 25 May 2017 6092:Kavanagh, Paul (12 March 2011). 5481:Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair 5318:. and generally did not contain 4120:, which is normally rendered as 3539:Scottish Gaelic medium education 3366:, opened in Mabou, Nova Scotia. 3134: 3073:Scottish Human Rights Commission 2770:Cumbernauld Gaelic Choir in 2021 2195:. Dialects on both sides of the 2075: 75–80% Gaelic, and English 1936: 1927: 1546: 1505: 1422:was shared by the Gaels of both 1308: 1258: 622: 41: 12990:Languages of the United Kingdom 12695:Languages of the United Kingdom 9537:Irish Dialects Past and Present 9383:Celtic Inscribed Stones Project 8693: 8674: 8655: 8636: 8617: 8598: 8553: 8534: 8515: 8453: 8422: 8309: 8278: 8213: 8127: 8097: 8026: 7994: 7964: 7933: 7902: 7884: 7822: 7809: 7787:"CHAPTER II – CORE COMMITMENTS" 7741: 7716: 7673: 7594: 7456: 7296: 7264: 7232: 7220: 7201: 7173: 7148: 7082:Ross, John (19 February 2009). 7075: 7045: 6998: 6944: 6918: 6698: 6680:Withers, Charles W. J. (1984). 6651: 6636: 6609: 6590: 6462: 6441: 6410: 6380: 6355: 6325: 6262: 6232: 5989: 5490: 5387: 5299:A' maidin neochiontas na h-óige 5261:until it was supplanted by the 4465:are rare. There are about nine 4264:, and the recently established 3510:independent commercial channels 3434:Gaelic broadcasting in Scotland 3188:Secretary of State for Scotland 2885:Preservation and revitalization 2094: 5–25% Gaelic, and English 1816:In 1018, after the conquest of 1456:since the 18th century. In the 52:needs additional citations for 10758:(Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic) 9694:McLeod, Wilson (ed.). (2006). 8757:Pagoeta, Mikel Morris (2001). 7554:Ó Giollagáin, Conchúr (2020). 7464:"Dachaigh – Sabhal Mòr Ostaig" 7422:10.1515/ijsl.2005.2005.171.155 7181:"2011: Gaelic report (part 1)" 7122:. Cambridge University Press. 6798:Language in Geographic Context 6498:. Edinburgh University Press. 6202: 6172: 6142: 6116: 6085: 6070: 6048: 6029: 5120:and similarly, if followed by 5106:). The spelling rule known as 5059: 5012:Loanwords into other languages 4553:verb–subject–object word order 4453:) in their inventory of vowel 4429:'son of the servant of', i.e. 4326:(MacLean). The female form is 3315: 3199:Gaelic speakers in Scotland." 3094:Qualifications in the language 2982:Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2878: 2158:Censuses. Michelle MacLeod of 2100: 0–5% Gaelic, and English 1726:may have survived in this zone 13: 1: 12995:Verb–subject–object languages 12714:Recognised regional languages 10829:extinct or ancestor languages 10071:Education (Scotland) Act 1872 9658:(paperback), pp. 145–227 9619:Gillies, H. Cameron. (1896). 7747:See Kenneth MacKinnon (1991) 7647:10.1016/j.langcom.2010.12.001 7005:Moseley, Christopher (2008). 6769:Moray Watson (30 June 2010). 6682:Gaelic in Scotland, 1698–1981 6523:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 6240:"Census Profile, 2016 Census" 5977: 5479:, such as in the writings of 5452:preceding a non-intervocalic 5438:⟨à, è, ì, ò, ù⟩ 5335:⟨á, é, í, ó, ú⟩ 5253:was used in Ireland to write 4913: 4715: 4010: 3872:St. Francis Xavier University 3532: 2274:Gaelic and English bilinguals 2168:Linguistic Survey of Scotland 2123:Education (Scotland) Act 1872 2008: 1991:Wars of Scottish Independence 1830:in Latin, and Gaelic was the 1667:History of the Irish language 1652:History of the Irish language 1385:Indo-European language family 232:70,000 L1 and L2 speakers in 10964:Colonisation of the Americas 9526:. Retrieved 13 October 2007. 7635:Language & Communication 7057:Endangered Languages Project 6006: 4786: 4438: 4314:(Gaelic for "son"), such as 3991:St Columba's Church, Glasgow 3859:Higher and further education 3527: 3408:Comunn Gàidhlig Bhancoubhair 2881:since that time is unknown. 2277:Total Gaelic language group 2236:Endangered Languages Project 2133:and the 1919 sinking of the 710:Colonisation of the Americas 7: 12975:Endangered Celtic languages 9500:"Latin Extended Additional" 9284:"Smeòrach Chlann Raghnaill" 7686:Journal of Sociolinguistics 6979:. Province of Nova Scotia. 5414:is mostly used to indicate 5398:The modern Scottish Gaelic 5228: 5214:Book of the Dean of Lismore 5098:), while broad (neutral or 5090:surrounding them. Slender ( 5066:Scottish Gaelic orthography 4526:rather than postaspirated. 4301: 3830: 3050:Some commentators, such as 2939: 2934: 2787:at 46%. The islands in the 2271:Monolingual Gaelic speakers 2146:speakers and a 19% fall in 1716: English-speaking zone 1437:. Nevertheless, there is a 10: 13011: 11636:Inventions and discoveries 11339:Supreme Courts of Scotland 9763:Faclair Dwelly air Loidhne 9621:Elements of Gaelic Grammar 9558:"UDHR in Celtic languages" 9102:"Catrìona Anna Nic a' Phì" 9039:. BBC Radio nan Gàidheal. 8466:Radio Canada International 7728:www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk 6736:. Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd. 6707:Scottish Historical Review 5862:(North) (West) (South) 5523: 5391: 5355:⟨ch, ph, th⟩ 5162:(but pronounced the same, 5080:Scottish Examination Board 5063: 4792:some common words such as 4723: 4533: 4529: 4476:Most consonants have both 4442: 4258:→ (Donald), for instance. 4134:, which is "matched" with 4036: 4017:Scottish Gaelic literature 4014: 3839:Maxville Public School in 3536: 3494:and its own main channel. 3431: 3374:Maxville Public School in 3300: 3206: 3202: 2855:Aberdeen City council area 2249: 1871: 1664: 1660: 1656:History of Scottish Gaelic 1649: 1645: 29: 12880: 12847: 12790: 12713: 12701: 12643: 12588: 12507: 12340: 12284: 12149: 12033: 12025: 11964: 11911:Scottish Episcopal Church 11859: 11807: 11769: 11760: 11593:Curriculum for Excellence 11557: 11553: 11544: 11432: 11423: 11314: 11163: 11154: 11145: 11026: 11017: 10889: 10876: 10822: 10777: 10730: 10707: 10644:? (possibly hypothetical) 10632: 10548: 10526: 10485: 10462: 10444: 10433: 10424: 10349: 10331: 10273: 10217: 10165: 10128: 10096: 10087: 10063: 10017: 10008: 9975: 9952: 9906: 9840: 9667:. Munich: Lincom Europa, 9166:Roinn nan Cànan Ceilteach 8252:Kennedy, Michael (2002). 7520:10.1017/S0047404509990649 7368:10.1515/9780748637102-013 6970:Kennedy, Michael (2002). 6563:10.1017/S0003598X00060920 6363:"Scottish Languages Bill" 6077:MacAulay, Donald (1992). 5790:(North) (West) (South) 5026:Scottish Standard English 3919: 3363:Taigh Sgoile na Drochaide 3296: 3221:in the Scottish Highlands 3143:This section needs to be 2276: 2273: 2270: 2227: 2069:) and Gaelic in Scotland 1999:(1375) and Blind Harry's 1739:from the Scottish Gaelic 1587:) and the Manx language ( 571: 559: 545: 533: 517: 501: 483: 465: 460: 437: 432: 393: 319: 291: 245: 228: 215: 197: 183: 171: 162: 148: 143: 12970:Scottish Gaelic language 12276:Gaelic Christian mission 11347:High Court of Justiciary 10117:West Highland Free Press 9744:Gaelic Resource Database 9710:Scottish Gaelic Dialects 9539:. Brown and Nolan 1932, 8786:O'Hanlon, Fiona (2012). 8747:Spreadsheet (Table 1.13) 8728:Spreadsheet (Table 1.13) 8709:Spreadsheet (Table 1.13) 8705:14 February 2017 at the 8690:Spreadsheet (Table 1.13) 8671:Spreadsheet (Table 1.13) 8667:27 February 2015 at the 8652:Spreadsheet (Table 1.13) 8648:27 February 2015 at the 8629:27 February 2015 at the 8610:27 February 2015 at the 8560:Pupils in Scotland, 2009 8541:Pupils in Scotland, 2008 8522:Pupils in Scotland, 2006 8226:21 November 2017 at the 8195:Newton, Michael (2015). 7724:"SuperWEB2(tm) - Log in" 7336:O'Hanlon, Fiona (2012). 6303:"Nova Scotia/Alba Nuadh" 5968:health; cheers! (toast) 5926:bhí mé/bhíos ag feiscint 5802:(North/West) (South) ) 5695:(North) (West) (South) 5456:is ). Traditionally the 5337:to indicate length. The 5241: 4938:, for instance, becomes 4855:palace (in place-names) 4032: 3775:Sgoil Ghàidhlig Ghlaschu 3549:Sgoil Ghàidhlig Ghlaschu 3427: 3395:Colonel Gray High School 2929: 2702:Distribution in Scotland 411:Scottish Gaelic alphabet 12546:Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh 12106:Jacobite rising of 1745 11921:Free Church of Scotland 11208:International relations 10652:? (possibly related to 10225:Gaelic-medium education 9661:Lamb, William. (2001). 8527:1 December 2008 at the 7603:The Highland Clearances 7308:The Scottish Government 7208:2011 Census of Scotland 6546:"Were the Scots Irish?" 6544:Campbell, Ewan (2001). 6494:Jones, Charles (1997). 6419:"1350–1450 Early Scots" 6337:The Scottish Government 5940:(Ireland) I was seeing 5627:(North/West) (South) 5462:⟨á, é, ó⟩ 5126:⟨a, o, u⟩ 5122:⟨a, o, u⟩ 5104:⟨a, o, u⟩ 4920:Indo-European languages 4557:two grammatical genders 4536:Scottish Gaelic grammar 4207: 4195: 4183: 4165: 4153: 3971:Free Church of Scotland 3930:Free Church of Scotland 3887:Moscow State University 3009:Gaelic medium education 2890:Gaelic Medium Education 2039:Jacobite rising of 1715 1848:, and parts of western 1840:, Gaelic was strong in 1638: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1498: 1443:2022 census of Scotland 1431:2011 census of Scotland 1407:. It became a distinct 1019:Scottish highland dance 11502:Royal Bank of Scotland 11198:Great Seal of Scotland 10814:Welsh-medium education 10464:Southwestern Brittonic 10254: 10231: 10197: 10188: 10154: 10141: 10041: 10027: 9929:East Sutherland Gaelic 9779: 9771: 9761: 9727: 9685: 9678: 9453:: CS1 maint: others ( 9165: 9159: 9108:(in Scottish Gaelic). 8508:17 August 2011 at the 8301:, 2011 NHS, Catalogue 8164:Bumstead, J.M (2006). 7894:. 1997. Archived from 7766:www.legislation.gov.uk 7601:Prebble, John (1969). 7470:(in Scottish Gaelic). 6843:Hunter, James (1976). 6818:Devine, T. M. (1994). 6732:Clarkson, Tim (2011). 6469:McMahon, Sean (2012). 5962: 5953: 5946: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5899: 5892: 5886: 5879: 5866: 5858: 5851: 5839: 5831: 5825: 5818: 5806: 5794: 5786: 5775: 5768: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5726: 5719: 5711: 5707:(South/West) (North) 5703: 5697: 5691: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5631: 5623: 5616: 5603: 5596: 5588: 5581: 5569: 5560: 5552: 5504: 5377: 5349:, while the following 5307: 5298: 5238: 5219: 5206: 5200: 5176: 5170: 5154: 5148: 5137: 5108: 5046: 5040: 5034: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4956: 4950: 4940: 4895:thicket, knoll, mound 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4578: 4572: 4542:Indo-European language 4540:Scottish Gaelic is an 4515: 4509: 4500: 4494: 4431: 4425: 4415: 4405: 4395: 4389: 4379: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4308: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4201: 4189: 4177: 4171: 4159: 4147: 4130: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 3999: 3965: 3940: 3899: 3880:Cape Breton University 3804: 3798: 3785: 3773: 3557: 3548: 3499: 3480: 3452: 3444: 3413: 3407: 3362: 3349: 3344:Iomairtean na Gàidhlig 3343: 3331: 3291:Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba 3254: 3248: 3242: 3234: 3222: 3209:Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba 3116: 3107: 3060: 3052: 3047: 3026: 2997: 2961: 2771: 2743: 2734: 2724: 2137: 2114: 2108: 1899: 1891:thoroughly Gaelic west 1832: 1826: 1801: 1789: 1779: 1752: 1746: 1741: 1728: 1589: 1583: 1489: 1483:has ratified, and the 1350: 1024:Scottish country dance 573:This article contains 164: 12581:An Coimisinéir Teanga 12541:An Comunn Gàidhealach 12246:Oireachtas na Gaeilge 11799:British Sign Language 11266:Members of Parliament 11193:Deputy First Minister 11031:Anglo-Scottish border 10999:Industrial Revolution 10791:Skol Veythrin Karenza 10731:Celtic-speaking areas 10656:or pre-Indo-European) 10029:An Comunn Gàidhealach 9755:Swadesh-list appendix 9224:. Brill. p. 93. 8292:23 April 2020 at the 8287:Nova Scotia (Code 12) 8109:The Press and Journal 7248:. 26 September 2013. 7017:10.4324/9780203645659 6719:10.3366/shr.2013.0178 6455:16 April 2023 at the 6423:Scots Language Centre 6156:. 26 September 2013. 6038:Nova Scotia (Code 12) 5524:Further information: 5499:in Scottish Gaelic: 5440:), indicated through 5392:Further information: 5375: 5341:was used to indicate 5304:Uilleam MacDhunléibhe 5296: 5236: 4918:In common with other 4707:past and conditional. 4631:: singular and plural 4000:Leabhar Sheirbheisean 3927: 3554:Glasgow Gaelic School 3546: 3350:Comhairle na Gàidhlig 3323: 3309:British North America 3240: 3228: 3216: 3109:An Comunn Gàidhealach 3045: 2976:. With the advent of 2956: 2769: 2718: 2240:definitely endangered 2150:speakers between the 2061:1891 distribution of 2060: 1985:(at that time termed 1956: Scottish Gaelic 1917:Lordship of the Isles 1734: 1690: 1665:Further information: 1029:Scottish sword dances 838:Burning of the Clavie 745:Industrial Revolution 12630:Kingdom of the Isles 12551:Seachtain na Gaeilge 12516:Údarás na Gaeltachta 12271:Insular Christianity 12086:Plantation of Ulster 12051:High King of Ireland 11742:World Heritage Sites 10939:Wars of Independence 9773:Gàidhlig air an Lìon 9689:– A Gaelic Thesaurus 8868:. 28 November 2019. 8838:. 28 November 2019. 8743:4 April 2019 at the 8686:1 March 2016 at the 8488:BBC Reception advice 8219:Jonathan Dembling, " 8139:www.ainmean-aite.org 7830:"Latest News – SHRC" 7819:, Cardiff University 7815:Williams, Colin H., 7280:. 15 November 2013. 7119:The Celtic Languages 6602:14 July 2020 at the 6079:The Celtic Languages 6066:on 24 December 2019. 6060:Údarás na Gaeltachta 5845:sleep (verbal noun) 5485:Duncan Ban MacIntyre 5361:in Roman type, i.e. 5347:⟨ḟ, ṡ⟩ 5118:⟨i, e⟩ 5114:⟨i, e⟩ 5096:⟨e, i⟩ 4519:"this time/period". 4504:"the door" as or . 4039:Scottish Gaelic name 3853:Prince Edward Island 3391:Prince Edward Island 2129:Loss of life due to 2106: Purely English 1606:Lowlands of Scotland 1544:. However, "Gaelic" 1183:World Heritage Sites 883:Units of measurement 685:Wars of Independence 61:improve this article 12985:Languages of Canada 12881:Languages by region 12126:Highland Clearances 12081:Flight of the Earls 11532:International trade 11086:Mountains and hills 10994:Highland Clearances 10969:Glorious Revolution 10934:Davidian Revolution 10881:Outline of Scotland 10803:Bunscoill Ghaelgagh 10778:Immersive education 9850:Proto-Indo-European 9793:An Comunn's website 9753:(from Wiktionary's 9469:"Irish Orthography" 9135:. Library Ireland. 8925:. 23 January 2020. 8808:. 29 October 2008. 8724:17 May 2018 at the 8565:7 June 2011 at the 8546:7 June 2011 at the 8284:Statistics Canada, 8172:on 26 December 2012 8111:. 24 October 2008. 7942:"Gaelic (learners)" 7508:Language in Society 7213:4 June 2014 at the 6647:. pp. 107–108. 6632:. pp. 151–152. 6417:Horsbroch, Dauvit. 6392:Oxford Dictionaries 6367:Scottish Parliament 6035:Statistics Canada, 5565:(West/North) muid 5265:in the 5th century 5160:⟨ean⟩ 4335:Catrìona Nic a' Phì 4215:(or, historically, 3910:Lews Castle College 3805:Iomairt Cholm Cille 3522:Grampian Television 3370:Outside Nova Scotia 3176:Scottish government 2986:Scottish Parliament 2984:was enacted by the 2949:Scottish Parliament 2924:highland clearances 2268:Scottish population 2261: 2160:Aberdeen University 1822:Kingdom of Scotland 1791:Caustantín mac Áeda 1473:indigenous language 1452:has been spoken in 1415:period, although a 1403:, developed out of 1265:Scotland portal 740:Highland Clearances 715:Glorious Revolution 680:Davidian Revolution 615:Culture of Scotland 439:Recognised minority 12980:Fusional languages 12625:Kingdom of Munster 12566:Comunn na Gàidhlig 12536:Conradh na Gaeilge 12173:Lebor Gabála Érenn 11889:Church of Scotland 11681:Royal National Mòd 11619:Education Scotland 11392:Scots property law 11387:College of Justice 11296:Secretary of State 11118:Biosphere reserves 10989:Lowland Clearances 10974:1707 Acts of Union 10756:Cape Breton Island 10592:Early Modern Irish 10352:Continental Celtic 10050:The Gaelic College 10019:Gaelic development 9993:Bible translations 9890:Early Modern Irish 9473:www.nualeargais.ie 9353:www.britannica.com 9288:www.moidart.org.uk 9191:Macbain, Alexander 8042:. 7 October 2009. 8010:. 7 October 2009. 7976:www.ancomunn.co.uk 7063:on 11 October 2017 6662:. pp. 67–119. 5919:bhí mé ag feiceáil 5905:you did not drink 5870:(South) (north) 5829:(South) (North) ( 5464:to represent long 5454:⟨nn⟩ 5446:⟨ao⟩ 5432:are marked with a 5378: 5365:are equivalent to 5308: 5239: 5180:("peoples") where 4898:tom/tomen (Welsh) 4810:; "mountain") and 4624:: 1st, 2nd and 3rd 4196:Þórkell, Þórketill 3961:Church of Scotland 3959:majority (largely 3941: 3819:course in Gaelic. 3794:Columba Initiative 3558: 3476:Astra 2 satellites 3446:Radio nan Gàidheal 3332: 3243: 3235: 3223: 3184:European languages 3048: 2988:on 21 April 2005. 2962: 2958:Anne Lorne Gillies 2922:Gaelic usage, and 2772: 2744:Na h-Eileanan Siar 2725: 2256: 2246:Number of speakers 2109: 1882:Margaret of Wessex 1747: 1729: 1683:Early Modern Irish 1356:[ˈkaːlɪkʲ] 735:Lowland Clearances 720:1707 Acts of Union 206:Cape Breton Island 177:[ˈkaːlɪkʲ] 12911: 12910: 12702:Official language 12661: 12660: 12596:Haplogroup R-M269 12487: 12486: 12483: 12482: 12236:Gaelic folk music 12199:Gaelic literature 11993: 11992: 11960: 11959: 11956: 11955: 11948:Ethnic minorities 11906:Roman Catholicism 11855: 11854: 11540: 11539: 11419: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11402:Prison population 11382:Sheriff principal 11377:Solicitor General 11372:Procurator fiscal 11281:Political parties 11141: 11140: 10919:Early Middle Ages 10835: 10834: 10628: 10627: 10544: 10543: 10487:Western Brittonic 10376:Cisalpine Gaulish 10291: 10290: 10213: 10212: 10209: 10208: 10148: 10121: 10113: 10109:Stornoway Gazette 10075: 10055:Sabhal Mòr Ostaig 9944:Dialect phonology 9899: 9780:Sabhal Mòr Ostaig 9714:The Celtic Review 9679:MacAoidh, Garbhan 9204:978-1-116-77321-7 9133:"Gaelic Surnames" 9131:Woulfe, Patrick. 8772:978-1-86450-224-4 8759:Europe Phrasebook 8512:, from BBC Online 8469:. 28 January 2015 8378:Atlantic CTV News 8206:978-1-77206-016-4 8078:. November 2005. 7567:978-1-85752-080-4 7468:www.smo.uhi.ac.uk 7377:978-0-7486-3710-2 7188:Scotland's Census 7160:Scotland's Census 7053:"Scottish Gaelic" 6829:978-0-7190-9076-9 6782:978-0-7486-3710-2 6530:978-0-7607-4284-6 6521:The Celtic Realms 6505:978-0-7486-0754-9 6398:on 18 August 2018 6214:Scotland's Census 6184:Scotland's Census 5983:Explanatory notes 5972: 5971: 5912:bha mi a' faicinn 5495:Article 1 of the 5450:⟨u⟩ 5424:named after trees 5412:⟨h⟩ 5359:⟨h⟩ 5351:⟨h⟩ 5207:Tha mi 'n dòchas. 5204:("I hope.") > 5201:Tha mi an dòchas. 5190:⟨r⟩ 5186:⟨i⟩ 5182:⟨e⟩ 4911: 4910: 4777:("Saturday") and 4280:(James) (nom.) → 3966:Eaglais na h-Alba 3901:Sabhal Mòr Ostaig 3761: 3760: 3164: 3163: 3080:Taylor v Haughney 3037:official language 2895:Sabhal Mòr Ostaig 2851:North Lanarkshire 2843:Scottish Lowlands 2716: 2691: 2690: 2220:) as , as in the 1838:southern Scotland 1420:literary language 1377:Goidelic language 1367:), also known as 1301: 1300: 665:Early Middle Ages 599: 598: 581:rendering support 577:phonetic symbols. 137: 136: 129: 111: 76:"Scottish Gaelic" 16:(Redirected from 13002: 12952: 12951: 12940: 12939: 12928: 12927: 12926: 12919: 12893:Northern Ireland 12688: 12681: 12674: 12665: 12664: 12651: 12650: 12589:Related subjects 12576:Clans of Ireland 12526:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 12521:Foras na Gaeilge 12385: 12384: 12369:Medical families 12345: 12344: 12316:Classical Gaelic 12241:Sean-nós singing 12184:Gaelic astrology 12167:Gaelic mythology 12076:Statutes of Iona 12020: 12013: 12006: 11997: 11996: 11973: 11894:General Assembly 11784:Scottish English 11779:Highland English 11767: 11766: 11656:Oldest buildings 11555: 11554: 11551: 11550: 11497:Renewable energy 11442:Bank of Scotland 11430: 11429: 11343:Court of Session 11324:Advocate General 11254:Military history 11232:Local government 11161: 11160: 11152: 11151: 11024: 11023: 10944:Late Middle Ages 10929:High Middle Ages 10862: 10855: 10848: 10839: 10838: 10617:Galwegian Gaelic 10598:Classical Gaelic 10559:Classical Gaelic 10453:Common Brittonic 10442: 10441: 10431: 10430: 10325:Celtic languages 10318: 10311: 10304: 10295: 10294: 10281: 10280: 10257: 10236: 10202: 10193: 10157: 10146: 10138: 10119: 10111: 10094: 10093: 10073: 10046: 10036:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 10032: 10015: 10014: 9934:Galwegian Gaelic 9919:Hebridean Gaelic 9914:Mid-Minch Gaelic 9897: 9827: 9820: 9813: 9804: 9803: 9782: 9776: 9766: 9732: 9688: 9681: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9584: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9554: 9548: 9535:O'Rahilly, T F, 9533: 9527: 9525: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9511: 9504: 9495: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9452: 9444: 9442: 9440: 9405: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9254: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9215: 9209: 9208: 9187: 9176: 9168: 9162: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9128: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9087: 9081: 9074: 9066: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9033: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9002: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8971: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8915: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8888: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8866:www.scotsman.com 8858: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8828: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8783: 8777: 8776: 8754: 8748: 8735: 8729: 8716: 8710: 8697: 8691: 8678: 8672: 8659: 8653: 8640: 8634: 8621: 8615: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8576: 8570: 8557: 8551: 8538: 8532: 8519: 8513: 8500: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8457: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8313: 8307: 8304: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8265: 8258: 8249: 8243: 8240:978-1903765-60-9 8217: 8211: 8210: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8179: 8177: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8084: 8076:North-harris.org 8073: 8065: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8030: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8019: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7898:on 1 March 2012. 7888: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7871: 7864: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7826: 7820: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7783: 7774: 7773: 7768:. Archived from 7758: 7752: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7626: 7617: 7616: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7551: 7540: 7539: 7499: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7416:(171): 155–171. 7405: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7351: 7342: 7341: 7333: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7185: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7114:MacAulay, Donald 7110: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7059:. Archived from 7049: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6985: 6978: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6891: 6882: 6881: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6850: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6815: 6802: 6801: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6748: 6747: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6677: 6664: 6663: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6625: 6616: 6613: 6607: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6565: 6556:(288): 285–292. 6541: 6535: 6534: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6466: 6460: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6394:. Archived from 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6299: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6126:. HighlandLife. 6120: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6062:. Archived from 6052: 6046: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6019: 6000: 5993: 5965: 5958: 5949: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5882: 5880:cha do dh'òl thu 5869: 5861: 5854: 5842: 5834: 5828: 5821: 5809: 5797: 5789: 5778: 5771: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5634: 5626: 5619: 5606: 5599: 5591: 5584: 5572: 5563: 5555: 5533:Scottish Gaelic 5530: 5529: 5507: 5470:spelling reforms 5466:close-mid vowels 5463: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5439: 5413: 5409: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5336: 5321: 5317: 5301: 5222: 5209: 5203: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5140: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5097: 5070:Scottish Gaelic 5051: 5043: 5037: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4959: 4953: 4943: 4864:les (Old Irish) 4829: 4828: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4581: 4575: 4518: 4512: 4503: 4497: 4452: 4434: 4428: 4418: 4408: 4398: 4392: 4382: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4297: 4292:(Mary) (nom.) → 4291: 4285: 4279: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4133: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4002: 3977:). The isles of 3968: 3904: 3807: 3801: 3796:, also known as 3788: 3786:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 3778: 3560: 3559: 3551: 3504: 3485: 3457: 3449: 3416: 3410: 3403:British Columbia 3401:The province of 3365: 3352: 3346: 3257: 3251: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3138: 3137: 3130: 3121: 3112: 3063: 3061:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 3057: 3029: 3000: 2998:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 2746: 2737: 2735:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 2717: 2262: 2255: 2219: 2197:Straits of Moyle 2174:Defunct dialects 2140: 2117: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2084: 2083: 2074: 2019:Statutes of Iona 1970: 1961: 1955: 1940: 1931: 1902: 1835: 1829: 1804: 1794: 1782: 1757: 1744: 1721: 1715: 1705: 1695: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1592: 1586: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1494: 1491:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 1439:language revival 1387:) native to the 1366: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1353: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1293: 1286: 1279: 1263: 1262: 1261: 923:St. Andrew's Day 796:Scottish English 690:Late Middle Ages 675:High Middle Ages 626: 617: 601: 600: 564: 555: 529: 513: 506: 497: 496: 488: 479: 478: 470: 441:language in 399: 367: 359: 351: 333: 251: 179: 167: 141: 140: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 13010: 13009: 13005: 13004: 13003: 13001: 13000: 12999: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12946: 12934: 12924: 12922: 12914: 12912: 12907: 12876: 12843: 12803:Beurla Reagaird 12791:Other languages 12786: 12777:Scottish Gaelic 12709: 12697: 12692: 12662: 12657: 12639: 12584: 12571:Columba Project 12509: 12503: 12479: 12383: 12336: 12332:Scottish Gaelic 12295:Primitive Irish 12280: 12211:Scottish Gaelic 12145: 12071:Nine Years' War 12034:General history 12029: 12024: 11994: 11989: 11976: 11969: 11952: 11851: 11803: 11789:Scottish Gaelic 11756: 11661:Performing arts 11536: 11411: 11407:Police Scotland 11310: 11291:Scotland Office 11137: 11098:Protected areas 11013: 10885: 10872: 10866: 10836: 10831: 10818: 10773: 10726: 10717:Beurla Reagaird 10703: 10641:Ancient Belgian 10624: 10611:Scottish Gaelic 10571:Primitive Irish 10540: 10522: 10481: 10458: 10437: 10420: 10345: 10327: 10322: 10292: 10287: 10269: 10205: 10161: 10124: 10083: 10059: 10010: 10004: 9971: 9948: 9939:Canadian Gaelic 9902: 9870:Primitive Irish 9836: 9834:Scottish Gaelic 9831: 9723: 9664:Scottish Gaelic 9616: 9614:Further reading 9611: 9601: 9599: 9586: 9585: 9581: 9571: 9569: 9556: 9555: 9551: 9534: 9530: 9523: 9515: 9513: 9509: 9502: 9498: 9496: 9492: 9482: 9480: 9467: 9466: 9462: 9446: 9445: 9438: 9436: 9421: 9407: 9406: 9402: 9392: 9390: 9377: 9376: 9372: 9362: 9360: 9347: 9346: 9342: 9332: 9330: 9321: 9320:(SQA) in 2005: 9311: 9307: 9297: 9295: 9280: 9276: 9269: 9255: 9251: 9241: 9239: 9232: 9216: 9212: 9205: 9188: 9179: 9160:Brìgh nam Facal 9156: 9152: 9142: 9140: 9129: 9125: 9115: 9113: 9100: 9099: 9095: 9085: 9083: 9079: 9072: 9068: 9067: 9056: 9046: 9044: 9035: 9034: 9030: 9020: 9018: 9003: 8999: 8989: 8987: 8972: 8968: 8958: 8956: 8947: 8946: 8942: 8932: 8930: 8917: 8916: 8912: 8902: 8900: 8889: 8885: 8875: 8873: 8860: 8859: 8855: 8845: 8843: 8830: 8829: 8825: 8815: 8813: 8800: 8799: 8795: 8784: 8780: 8773: 8765:. p. 416. 8755: 8751: 8745:Wayback Machine 8736: 8732: 8726:Wayback Machine 8717: 8713: 8707:Wayback Machine 8698: 8694: 8688:Wayback Machine 8679: 8675: 8669:Wayback Machine 8660: 8656: 8650:Wayback Machine 8641: 8637: 8631:Wayback Machine 8622: 8618: 8612:Wayback Machine 8603: 8599: 8589: 8587: 8578: 8577: 8573: 8567:Wayback Machine 8558: 8554: 8548:Wayback Machine 8539: 8535: 8529:Wayback Machine 8520: 8516: 8510:Wayback Machine 8501: 8494: 8486: 8482: 8472: 8470: 8459: 8458: 8454: 8444: 8442: 8427: 8423: 8413: 8411: 8402: 8401: 8397: 8387: 8385: 8372: 8371: 8367: 8357: 8355: 8346: 8345: 8341: 8331: 8329: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8294:Wayback Machine 8283: 8279: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8256: 8250: 8246: 8228:Wayback Machine 8218: 8214: 8207: 8193: 8189: 8175: 8173: 8162: 8158: 8148: 8146: 8133: 8132: 8128: 8118: 8116: 8103: 8102: 8098: 8088: 8086: 8082: 8071: 8067: 8066: 8059: 8049: 8047: 8039:BBC News Online 8032: 8031: 8027: 8017: 8015: 8000: 7999: 7995: 7985: 7983: 7970: 7969: 7965: 7955: 7953: 7938: 7934: 7924: 7922: 7907: 7903: 7890: 7889: 7885: 7875: 7873: 7869: 7862: 7858: 7857: 7853: 7843: 7841: 7840:on 8 April 2011 7828: 7827: 7823: 7814: 7810: 7800: 7798: 7785: 7784: 7777: 7772:on 5 July 2007. 7760: 7759: 7755: 7746: 7742: 7732: 7730: 7722: 7721: 7717: 7707: 7705: 7678: 7674: 7664: 7662: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7599: 7595: 7585: 7583: 7568: 7552: 7543: 7500: 7487: 7477: 7475: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7447: 7445: 7406: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7378: 7352: 7345: 7334: 7327: 7317: 7315: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7287: 7285: 7277:BBC News Online 7270: 7269: 7265: 7255: 7253: 7245:BBC News Online 7238: 7237: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7215:Wayback Machine 7206: 7202: 7192: 7190: 7183: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7164: 7162: 7154: 7153: 7149: 7139: 7137: 7130: 7111: 7107: 7097: 7095: 7080: 7076: 7066: 7064: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7036: 7034: 7027: 7003: 6999: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6949: 6945: 6935: 6933: 6924: 6923: 6919: 6909: 6907: 6892: 6885: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6841: 6837: 6830: 6816: 6805: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6730: 6726: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6678: 6667: 6656: 6652: 6641: 6637: 6626: 6619: 6614: 6610: 6604:Wayback Machine 6595: 6591: 6581: 6579: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6467: 6463: 6459:, 1872, page 50 6457:Wayback Machine 6446: 6442: 6432: 6430: 6415: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6346: 6344: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6316: 6314: 6301: 6300: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6253: 6251: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6223: 6221: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6163: 6161: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6131: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6107: 6105: 6090: 6086: 6075: 6071: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6034: 6030: 6021: 6020: 6013: 6009: 6004: 6003: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5939: 5922: 5791: 5772: 5723: 5708: 5701: 5681: 5673: 5600: 5564: 5528: 5522: 5493: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5411: 5407: 5396: 5390: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5334: 5319: 5315: 5306:, 19th century) 5291: 5255:Primitive Irish 5244: 5231: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5159: 5146:, for example, 5125: 5124:is preceded by 5121: 5117: 5116:is preceded by 5113: 5103: 5095: 5068: 5062: 5024:, particularly 5014: 4982:(Lewis, "watch 4916: 4878:ystrad (Welsh) 4789: 4726: 4718: 4603: 4601:Verb inflection 4565: 4563:Noun inflection 4538: 4532: 4447: 4441: 4320: / 4304: 4145:; for example, 4046: 4041: 4035: 4019: 4013: 3922: 3861: 3833: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3541: 3535: 3530: 3436: 3430: 3405:is host to the 3372: 3355:Maritime Canada 3318: 3305: 3303:Canadian Gaelic 3299: 3286:Ordnance Survey 3266:respectively). 3211: 3205: 3180:official status 3160: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3139: 3135: 3128: 3096: 3054:Éamonn Ó Gribín 2951: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2911: 2887: 2753:Argyll and Bute 2706: 2704: 2254: 2248: 2230: 2205:Mull of Kintyre 2176: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2047:Dugald Buchanan 2011: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1968: 1966: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1933: 1932: 1874: 1727: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1703: 1701: 1693: 1685: 1671:Primitive Irish 1663: 1658: 1650:Main articles: 1648: 1575: 1549: 1545: 1534: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1450:Canadian Gaelic 1409:spoken language 1360: 1359: 1338: 1311: 1307: 1304:Scottish Gaelic 1297: 1259: 1257: 1250: 1249: 1215:National anthem 1200: 1199: 1188: 1187: 1178: 1177: 1168: 1167: 1108: 1107: 1096: 1095: 1076: 1075: 1064: 1063: 1009: 1008: 1006:performing arts 972: 971: 918: 917: 888: 887: 823: 822: 811: 810: 786:Scottish Gaelic 781: 780: 762: 761: 760: 759: 638: 637: 613: 579:Without proper 567: 551: 540:Scottish Gaelic 525: 509: 502: 492: 491: 484: 474: 473: 466: 456: 442: 440: 433:Official status 428: 400: 395: 384:West Sutherland 355:East Sutherland 337:Beurla Reagaird 315: 299:Primitive Irish 294: 287: 277:Scottish Gaelic 252: 249:Language family 247: 237: 158: 144:Scottish Gaelic 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13008: 12998: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12957: 12956: 12944: 12932: 12909: 12908: 12906: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12884: 12882: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12874: 12867: 12865:Northern Irish 12862: 12857: 12851: 12849: 12848:Sign languages 12845: 12844: 12842: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12824: 12817: 12812: 12805: 12800: 12794: 12792: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12773: 12772: 12762: 12761: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12717: 12715: 12711: 12710: 12705: 12703: 12699: 12698: 12691: 12690: 12683: 12676: 12668: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12655: 12644: 12641: 12640: 12638: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12608: 12603: 12600:human genetics 12592: 12590: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12531:Culture Vannin 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12511: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12501: 12500: 12499: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12481: 12480: 12478: 12477: 12472: 12454: 12449: 12431: 12426: 12416: 12393: 12391: 12382: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12365: 12364: 12357:Royal families 12353: 12351: 12342: 12338: 12337: 12335: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12312: 12305: 12298: 12290: 12288: 12282: 12281: 12279: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12261:Highland games 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12226:Insular script 12223: 12218: 12196: 12191: 12189:Gaelic kinship 12186: 12181: 12179:Gaelic warfare 12176: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12153: 12151: 12150:Gaelic culture 12147: 12146: 12144: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12131:Gaelic Revival 12128: 12123: 12121:Irish diaspora 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12091:1641 Rebellion 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12056:Irish kingdoms 12053: 12048: 12043: 12041:Gaelic Ireland 12037: 12035: 12031: 12030: 12023: 12022: 12015: 12008: 12000: 11991: 11990: 11988: 11987: 11982: 11975: 11974: 11966: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11958: 11957: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11924: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11896: 11886: 11876: 11871: 11865: 11863: 11857: 11856: 11853: 11852: 11850: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11818: 11816: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11775: 11773: 11764: 11758: 11757: 11755: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11738: 11737: 11732: 11731: 11730: 11720: 11719: 11718: 11708: 11703: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11622: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11563: 11561: 11548: 11542: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11535: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11492:Power stations 11489: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11433: 11427: 11421: 11420: 11417: 11416: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11367:Lord President 11364: 11359: 11354: 11336: 11326: 11320: 11318: 11312: 11311: 11309: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11246: 11245: 11244: 11239: 11229: 11224: 11223: 11222: 11212: 11211: 11210: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11183:First Minister 11180: 11175: 11169: 11167: 11158: 11149: 11143: 11142: 11139: 11138: 11136: 11135: 11130: 11128:Municipalities 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11094: 11093: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11027: 11021: 11015: 11014: 11012: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10895: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10883: 10877: 10874: 10873: 10871: articles 10865: 10864: 10857: 10850: 10842: 10833: 10832: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10800: 10794: 10788: 10781: 10779: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10771: 10765: 10759: 10753: 10747: 10741: 10738:Lower Brittany 10734: 10732: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10724: 10719: 10713: 10711: 10705: 10704: 10702: 10701: 10698:Paleo-Hispanic 10689: 10677: 10665: 10657: 10645: 10636: 10634: 10630: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10620: 10608: 10603: 10602: 10601: 10588: 10581: 10574: 10562: 10554: 10552: 10546: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10538: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10511: 10499: 10491: 10489: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10479: 10474: 10468: 10466: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10448: 10446: 10439: 10428: 10426:Insular Celtic 10422: 10421: 10419: 10418: 10411: 10404: 10403: 10402: 10395: 10385:Hispano-Celtic 10381: 10380: 10379: 10365: 10357: 10355: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10343: 10335: 10333: 10329: 10328: 10321: 10320: 10313: 10306: 10298: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10285: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10267: 10262: 10261: 10260: 10243: 10238: 10227: 10221: 10219: 10215: 10214: 10211: 10210: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10203: 10194: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10169: 10167: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10159: 10149: 10132: 10130: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10122: 10114: 10106: 10100: 10098: 10091: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10067: 10065: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10038: 10033: 10023: 10021: 10012: 10006: 10005: 10003: 10002: 9997: 9996: 9995: 9985: 9979: 9977: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9969: 9964: 9958: 9956: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9910: 9908: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9900: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9860:Insular Celtic 9857: 9852: 9846: 9844: 9838: 9837: 9830: 9829: 9822: 9815: 9807: 9801: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9784: 9768: 9758: 9748: 9740: 9734: 9722: 9721:External links 9719: 9718: 9717: 9706: 9692: 9675: 9659: 9640: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9609: 9592:United Nations 9579: 9549: 9528: 9490: 9460: 9419: 9400: 9370: 9340: 9305: 9274: 9267: 9249: 9230: 9210: 9203: 9177: 9150: 9123: 9093: 9054: 9028: 8997: 8966: 8940: 8910: 8883: 8853: 8823: 8793: 8778: 8771: 8749: 8730: 8711: 8692: 8673: 8654: 8635: 8616: 8597: 8571: 8552: 8533: 8514: 8503:About BBC Alba 8492: 8480: 8452: 8421: 8395: 8365: 8339: 8308: 8277: 8244: 8212: 8205: 8187: 8156: 8126: 8096: 8057: 8025: 7993: 7963: 7946:www.sqa.org.uk 7932: 7915:www.sqa.org.uk 7901: 7883: 7851: 7821: 7808: 7775: 7753: 7740: 7715: 7692:(2): 266–269. 7672: 7618: 7611: 7593: 7566: 7541: 7485: 7455: 7395: 7376: 7343: 7325: 7314:on 9 July 2019 7295: 7263: 7231: 7219: 7200: 7172: 7147: 7129:978-0521231275 7128: 7105: 7074: 7044: 7025: 6997: 6962: 6943: 6917: 6883: 6864: 6857: 6835: 6828: 6803: 6788: 6781: 6761: 6749: 6743:978-1906566296 6742: 6724: 6713:(2): 275–289. 6697: 6691:978-0859760973 6690: 6665: 6650: 6635: 6617: 6608: 6589: 6536: 6529: 6511: 6504: 6486: 6479: 6461: 6440: 6409: 6379: 6354: 6324: 6291: 6261: 6231: 6201: 6171: 6141: 6115: 6084: 6069: 6047: 6028: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5959: 5950: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5929: 5915: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5896: 5883: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5863: 5855: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5836: 5822: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5803: 5783: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5716: 5688: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5628: 5620: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5593: 5585: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5566: 5556: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5508: 5492: 5489: 5477:lines of Irish 5389: 5386: 5312:Insular script 5290: 5289:Insular script 5287: 5251:writing system 5243: 5240: 5230: 5227: 5174:(" people") / 5064:Main article: 5061: 5058: 5018:Scots language 5013: 5010: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4861:palace, court 4859: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4788: 4785: 4725: 4722: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4602: 4599: 4591:palatalisation 4564: 4561: 4534:Main article: 4531: 4528: 4459:reduced vowels 4443:Main article: 4440: 4437: 4317:MacGillEathain 4303: 4300: 4108:(Patrick) and 4045: 4044:Personal names 4042: 4037:Main article: 4034: 4031: 4027:Sorley MacLean 4015:Main article: 4012: 4009: 3921: 3918: 3885:In Russia the 3860: 3857: 3832: 3829: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3537:Main article: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3432:Main article: 3429: 3426: 3420:. The city of 3371: 3368: 3336:first language 3317: 3314: 3301:Main article: 3298: 3295: 3271:Outer Hebrides 3204: 3201: 3168:European Union 3162: 3161: 3142: 3140: 3133: 3127: 3126:European Union 3124: 3095: 3092: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3005: 3002: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2915:Outer Hebrides 2910: 2907: 2886: 2883: 2865:(+0.16%), and 2789:Inner Hebrides 2751:(5.4%) and in 2729:2011 UK Census 2703: 2700: 2689: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2247: 2244: 2229: 2226: 2175: 2172: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2077: 2071: 2010: 2007: 1967: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1944: 1935: 1934: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1873: 1870: 1833:lingua Scotica 1718: 1712: 1702: 1692: 1662: 1659: 1647: 1644: 1602:Middle English 1500: 1497: 1435:Outer Hebrides 1383:branch of the 1299: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1281: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1138:Highland games 1135: 1130: 1128:Haggis hurling 1125: 1120: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1010: 1000: 999: 998: 995: 994: 988: 987: 981: 980: 974: 973: 970: 969: 964: 959: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 919: 913: 912: 911: 908: 907: 901: 900: 890: 889: 886: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 824: 818: 817: 816: 813: 812: 809: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 782: 776: 775: 774: 771: 770: 764: 763: 758: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 641: 640: 639: 633: 632: 631: 628: 627: 619: 618: 610: 609: 597: 596: 583:, you may see 569: 568: 565: 557: 556: 549: 543: 542: 537: 531: 530: 523: 515: 514: 507: 499: 498: 489: 481: 480: 471: 463: 462: 461:Language codes 458: 457: 455: 454: 445: 443: 438: 435: 434: 430: 429: 427: 426: 425:(historically) 420: 419:(historically) 417:Insular script 414: 403: 401: 397:Writing system 394: 391: 390: 389: 388: 385: 382: 379: 374: 371: 368: 360: 352: 344: 339: 334: 326: 321: 317: 316: 314: 313: 312: 311: 297: 295: 292: 289: 288: 286: 285: 284: 283: 282: 281: 280: 279: 267:Insular Celtic 255: 253: 246: 243: 242: 230: 226: 225: 217: 213: 212: 199: 195: 194: 188:United Kingdom 185: 184:Native to 181: 180: 173: 169: 168: 160: 159: 157: 156: 153: 149: 146: 145: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 32:Scots language 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13007: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12931: 12921: 12920: 12917: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12885: 12883: 12879: 12873: 12872: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12852: 12850: 12846: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12834:Scottish Cant 12832: 12830: 12829: 12825: 12823: 12822: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12810: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12793: 12789: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12771: 12768: 12767: 12766: 12763: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12743: 12739: 12738: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12718: 12716: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12700: 12696: 12689: 12684: 12682: 12677: 12675: 12670: 12669: 12666: 12654: 12646: 12645: 12642: 12636: 12635:Gaelicisation 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12620: 12616: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12601: 12597: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12587: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12510:organisations 12506: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12493: 12490: 12489: 12476: 12473: 12470: 12466: 12462: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12424: 12420: 12417: 12414: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12395: 12394: 12392: 12390: 12386: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12363: 12360: 12359: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12350: 12346: 12343: 12339: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12317: 12313: 12311: 12310: 12306: 12304: 12303: 12299: 12297: 12296: 12292: 12291: 12289: 12287: 12283: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12194:Bardic poetry 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12174: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12148: 12142: 12141:Gàidhealtachd 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12021: 12016: 12014: 12009: 12007: 12002: 12001: 11998: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11977: 11972: 11968: 11967: 11963: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11916:Baptist Union 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11891: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11881: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11866: 11864: 11862: 11858: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11810: 11806: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11759: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11736: 11733: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11724: 11721: 11717: 11716:national flag 11714: 11713: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11698: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11594: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11564: 11562: 11560: 11556: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11543: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11487: 11486:North Sea oil 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11434: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11422: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11362:Lord Advocate 11360: 11358: 11355: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11334: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11313: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11286:Republicanism 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11250: 11247: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11234: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11221: 11218: 11217: 11216: 11213: 11209: 11206: 11205: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11166: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11144: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11092: 11089: 11088: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11016: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10984:Enlightenment 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10888: 10882: 10879: 10878: 10875: 10870: 10863: 10858: 10856: 10851: 10849: 10844: 10843: 10840: 10830: 10826: 10821: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10804: 10801: 10798: 10795: 10792: 10789: 10786: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10776: 10769: 10768:Y Fro Gymraeg 10766: 10763: 10762:Gàidhealtachd 10760: 10757: 10754: 10751: 10748: 10745: 10742: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10729: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10710: 10706: 10699: 10695: 10694: 10690: 10687: 10683: 10682: 10678: 10675: 10671: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10658: 10655: 10651: 10650: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10631: 10619: 10618: 10614: 10613: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10600: 10599: 10594: 10593: 10589: 10587: 10586: 10582: 10580: 10579: 10575: 10573: 10572: 10568: 10567: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10560: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10551: 10547: 10537: 10536: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10525: 10517: 10516: 10512: 10510: 10509: 10505: 10504: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10497: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10484: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10461: 10455: 10454: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10445:Reconstructed 10443: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10423: 10417: 10416: 10412: 10410: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10400: 10396: 10394: 10393: 10389: 10388: 10387: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10377: 10373: 10372: 10371: 10370: 10366: 10364: 10363: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10354: 10353: 10348: 10342: 10341: 10337: 10336: 10334: 10332:Reconstructed 10330: 10326: 10319: 10314: 10312: 10307: 10305: 10300: 10299: 10296: 10284: 10276: 10275: 10272: 10266: 10263: 10259: 10258: 10256: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10234: 10233:Gàidhealtachd 10228: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10216: 10201: 10200: 10195: 10192: 10191: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10164: 10158: 10156: 10150: 10145: 10144: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10127: 10118: 10115: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10086: 10080: 10077: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10016: 10013: 10007: 10001: 9998: 9994: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9974: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9951: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9924:Argyll Gaelic 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9905: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9885:Gaelicisation 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9828: 9823: 9821: 9816: 9814: 9809: 9808: 9805: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9788: 9785: 9781: 9775: 9774: 9769: 9765: 9764: 9759: 9756: 9752: 9749: 9746: 9745: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9731: 9730: 9725: 9724: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9705: 9704:1-903765-59-5 9701: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9687: 9680: 9676: 9674: 9673:3-89586-408-0 9670: 9666: 9665: 9660: 9657: 9656:0-415-28080-X 9653: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9638: 9637:1-897367-00-7 9634: 9631:(hardcover), 9630: 9629:1-897367-02-3 9626: 9622: 9618: 9617: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9583: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9553: 9546: 9545:0-901282-55-3 9542: 9538: 9532: 9524:(163 KB) 9508: 9501: 9497:Unicode 5.0, 9494: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9464: 9456: 9450: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9420:1-85791-327-2 9416: 9412: 9411: 9404: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9374: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9344: 9329:on 7 May 2007 9328: 9324: 9319: 9315: 9309: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9278: 9270: 9268:9781906566357 9264: 9260: 9253: 9237: 9233: 9231:9789004188013 9227: 9223: 9222: 9214: 9206: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9175: 9174:0-903204-21-5 9171: 9167: 9161: 9157:Cox, Richard 9154: 9138: 9134: 9127: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9097: 9078: 9071: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9042: 9038: 9032: 9016: 9013:. Edinburgh. 9012: 9008: 9001: 8985: 8981: 8980:RCI | English 8977: 8970: 8954: 8950: 8944: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8914: 8898: 8894: 8887: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8857: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8827: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8797: 8789: 8782: 8774: 8768: 8764: 8763:Lonely Planet 8760: 8753: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8734: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8715: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8696: 8689: 8685: 8682: 8677: 8670: 8666: 8663: 8658: 8651: 8647: 8644: 8639: 8632: 8628: 8625: 8620: 8613: 8609: 8606: 8601: 8585: 8581: 8575: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8556: 8549: 8545: 8542: 8537: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8518: 8511: 8507: 8504: 8499: 8497: 8489: 8484: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8456: 8440: 8436: 8435:RCI | English 8432: 8425: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8369: 8353: 8349: 8343: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8312: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8288: 8281: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8222: 8216: 8208: 8202: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8171: 8167: 8160: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8130: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8100: 8081: 8077: 8070: 8064: 8062: 8045: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8029: 8013: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7997: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7967: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7936: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7868: 7861: 7855: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7818: 7812: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7782: 7780: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7757: 7750: 7744: 7729: 7725: 7719: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7623: 7614: 7608: 7604: 7597: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7348: 7339: 7332: 7330: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7267: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7235: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7204: 7189: 7182: 7176: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7135: 7131: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7109: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7078: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7048: 7032: 7028: 7026:9781135796419 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7001: 6982: 6975: 6974: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6890: 6888: 6879: 6875: 6868: 6860: 6858:9780859760140 6854: 6849: 6848: 6839: 6831: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6765: 6756: 6754: 6745: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6661: 6654: 6646: 6639: 6631: 6624: 6622: 6612: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6593: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6540: 6532: 6526: 6522: 6515: 6507: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6482: 6480:9781849725927 6476: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6444: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6413: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6296: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6080: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6032: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6011: 5998: 5992: 5988: 5975: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5835:"to sleep" ) 5833: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5459: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5374: 5370: 5353:was used for 5344: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5313: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5235: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5188:precedes the 5178: 5172: 5166: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5110: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5076:New Testament 5073: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5050: 5049: 5042: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4881:river-valley 4880: 4877: 4875:river-valley 4874: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4784: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4543: 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3846: 3842: 3837: 3828: 3825: 3824:Western Isles 3820: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3769: 3765: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3574: 3570:Gaelic medium 3565: 3562: 3561: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3448: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3364: 3358: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3337: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3277:a long time. 3274: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3255:Loch Ailleart 3250: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3200: 3197: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3158: 3155:December 2020 3146: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3111: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3091: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3044: 3040: 3039:of Scotland. 3038: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2927: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2882: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2859:East Ayrshire 2856: 2852: 2848: 2847:Aberdeenshire 2844: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2811:(20.2%), and 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2730: 2722: 2699: 2695: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2576: 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2020: 2015: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1974: 1965: 1948: 1947: 1939: 1930: 1921: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1866:Dumfriesshire 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1797:Gaelicisation 1793: 1792: 1786: 1781: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1768:Leslie Alcock 1765: 1764:Ewan Campbell 1761: 1756: 1755: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1725: 1709: 1699: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1657: 1653: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1611: 1608:by the early 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1570: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1529: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1486: 1482: 1481:UK Government 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1363: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1332: 1305: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1246: 1243: 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766: 765: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 730:Enlightenment 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 642: 636: 630: 629: 625: 621: 620: 616: 612: 611: 607: 603: 602: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 576: 570: 563: 558: 554: 550: 548: 544: 541: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 522: 521: 516: 512: 508: 505: 500: 495: 490: 487: 482: 477: 472: 469: 464: 459: 453: 450: 449: 448: 444: 436: 431: 424: 421: 418: 415: 412: 408: 405: 404: 402: 398: 392: 386: 383: 380: 378: 375: 372: 369: 364: 361: 356: 353: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 330: 327: 324: 323: 322: 318: 310: 307: 306: 305: 302: 301: 300: 296: 290: 278: 275: 274: 273: 270: 269: 268: 265: 264: 263: 260: 259: 258: 257:Indo-European 254: 250: 244: 241: 235: 231: 227: 224: 221: 218: 214: 211: 207: 203: 200: 196: 193: 189: 186: 182: 178: 174: 172:Pronunciation 170: 166: 161: 154: 151: 150: 147: 142: 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(possibly 10691: 10684:? (possibly 10679: 10672:? (possibly 10667: 10659: 10647: 10639: 10615: 10610: 10596: 10590: 10585:Middle Irish 10583: 10576: 10569: 10557: 10533: 10515:Middle Welsh 10513: 10506: 10494: 10451: 10413: 10406: 10397: 10390: 10383: 10374: 10367: 10360: 10350: 10340:Proto-Celtic 10338: 10252: 10229: 10155:nan Gàidheal 10143:BBC Gàidhlig 10129:Broadcasting 10043:Clì Gàidhlig 10000:Dictionaries 9880:Middle Irish 9855:Proto-Celtic 9833: 9743: 9713: 9695: 9683: 9662: 9643: 9620: 9600:. Retrieved 9582: 9570:. Retrieved 9562:omniglot.com 9561: 9552: 9536: 9531: 9514:. Retrieved 9493: 9481:. Retrieved 9472: 9463: 9437:. Retrieved 9409: 9403: 9391:. Retrieved 9382: 9373: 9361:. Retrieved 9352: 9343: 9331:. Retrieved 9327:the original 9313: 9308: 9296:. Retrieved 9287: 9277: 9258: 9252: 9240:. Retrieved 9220: 9213: 9194: 9153: 9141:. Retrieved 9126: 9114:. Retrieved 9105: 9096: 9084:. Retrieved 9045:. Retrieved 9031: 9019:. Retrieved 9011:The Scotsman 9010: 9000: 8988:. 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Retrieved 6098:Newsnet.scot 6097: 6087: 6078: 6072: 6064:the original 6059: 6050: 6042: 6037: 6031: 5991: 5973: 5933:va mee fakin 5799: 5779: 5730: 5510: 5494: 5491:Example text 5474: 5460:was used on 5458:acute accent 5434:grave accent 5428: 5397: 5388:Latin script 5379: 5331:acute accent 5324: 5309: 5282: 5278: 5275:Giogha Stone 5263:Latin script 5245: 5211: 5194: 5165:[ən] 5143:[ən] 5130: 5085: 5069: 5015: 5005: 4945: 4935: 4917: 4901:dung, mound 4824: 4798:("legacy"), 4790: 4783:("Sunday"). 4765:("Monday"), 4757:Middle Irish 4750: 4727: 4719: 4711:subjunctive. 4615: 4604: 4584: 4569: 4566: 4539: 4524:preaspirated 4521: 4513:"now", from 4506: 4475: 4448: 4376: 4374:("Donald"). 4347:nighean mhic 4305: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4140: 4135: 4125: 4121: 4047: 4020: 4005: 3957:Presbyterian 3942: 3908: 3891: 3884: 3865: 3862: 3838: 3834: 3821: 3810: 3791: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3581:in Scotland 3568:students in 3521: 3507: 3496: 3472:Virgin Media 3437: 3417: 3400: 3388: 3373: 3359: 3340: 3333: 3306: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3244: 3196:Mike Russell 3165: 3152: 3144: 3105: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3077: 3066: 3064:'s efforts. 3049: 3033: 3022: 3018: 2990: 2966: 2963: 2943: 2912: 2903:Isle of Skye 2888: 2871: 2857:(+216), and 2853:(+305), the 2840: 2832:Ardnamurchan 2820:civil parish 2817: 2783:in Northern 2773: 2740: 2726: 2696: 2692: 2257: 2233: 2231: 2183:, northwest 2177: 2165: 2128: 2120: 2110: 2080: 2032: 2016: 2012: 2000: 1994: 1980: 1914: 1905:Anglo-Norman 1875: 1864:and eastern 1862:Clyde Valley 1858:Renfrewshire 1846:West Lothian 1815: 1776: 1748: 1736: 1708:Norse-Gaelic 1679:Middle Irish 1595: 1502: 1479:, which the 1470: 1447: 1428: 1413:Middle Irish 1372: 1369:Scots Gaelic 1368: 1303: 1302: 1235:Celtic cross 1220:Lion Rampant 1210:Coat of arms 1148:Rugby sevens 1143:Horse racing 1054:Puirt à beul 933:Burns supper 843:Burns supper 785: 700:Early modern 572: 547:Linguasphere 518: 309:Middle Irish 276: 236: (2022) 152:Scots Gaelic 138: 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 18:Scots Gaelic 12942:Linguistics 12871:Old Kentish 12798:Angloromani 12748:Guernésiais 12611:Norse–Gaels 12461:Dál nAraidi 12446:Dál Fiatach 12419:Dalcassians 12409:Clan Donald 12221:Gaelic type 12203:Early Irish 11437:Agriculture 11301:Nationalism 11220:LGBT rights 11123:Environment 11004:Romanticism 10959:Reformation 10949:Renaissance 10914:Middle Ages 10909:Roman times 10904:Prehistoric 10438:(Brythonic) 10392:Celtiberian 10064:Legislation 9983:Orthography 9895:Renaissance 9639:(paperback) 8903:30 November 8876:30 November 8846:30 November 8473:23 December 8414:8 September 8119:22 December 7844:13 November 7801:19 December 7708:19 December 7665:19 December 7586:19 December 7478:19 December 7448:19 December 7388:19 December 6910:20 December 6274:2021 Census 6244:2016 Census 5542:Manx Gaelic 5430:Long vowels 5382:Unicode 5.0 5177:muinntirean 5152:("shoe") / 5092:palatalised 5078:. The 1981 5072:orthography 5060:Orthography 4941:telebhisean 4780:Didòmhnaich 4774:Disathairne 4771:(Tuesday), 4748:languages. 4616:There are: 4611:syncopation 4595:suffixation 4516:an tràth-sa 4498:"door" but 4471:triphthongs 4451:/ieɛaɔouɤɯ/ 4338:(strictly, 4286:(voc.) and 4252:→ (Angus), 4124:(Effie) or 4081:Cairistìona 4066:(William), 4023:Anne Frater 3969:in Gaelic, 3897:courses at 3868:Nova Scotia 3488:STV Central 3329:Nova Scotia 3316:Nova Scotia 3172:Kim Darroch 2755:(4.0%) and 2181:Wester Ross 2144:monolingual 2131:World War I 2065:(including 2002:The Wallace 1878:Malcolm III 1466:Nova Scotia 1462:2016 census 1458:2021 census 1240:Celtic knot 1153:Rugby union 943:Lanimer Day 878:Up Helly Aa 791:Broad Scots 750:Romanticism 705:Reformation 695:Renaissance 660:Middle Ages 655:Roman times 650:Prehistoric 587:instead of 452:Nova Scotia 293:Early forms 240:Nova Scotia 210:Nova Scotia 12964:Categories 12758:Sercquiais 12429:Eóganachta 12405:Clan Colla 12162:Brehon law 12111:Penal Laws 12101:Jacobitism 11899:Moderators 11842:Scientists 11728:regimental 11671:Placenames 11666:Philosophy 11641:Literature 11271:Parliament 11203:Government 11173:Devolution 11156:Government 11113:Ecoregions 11103:Waterfalls 10979:Jacobitism 10764:(Scotland) 10740:(Brittany) 10693:Tartessian 10669:Lusitanian 10399:Gallaecian 10265:Road signs 10166:Publishers 10152:BBC Radio 10120:(sporadic) 10112:(sporadic) 10097:Newspapers 9988:Literature 9682:. 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12469:Cíarraige 12465:Conmaicne 12438:Dál Riata 12413:Uí Mháine 12397:Connachta 12379:Genealogy 12302:Old Irish 12136:Gaeltacht 12061:Dál Riata 11884:Christmas 11837:Musicians 11832:Inventors 11771:Languages 11747:Festivals 11587:Education 11512:Transport 11452:Companies 11447:Charities 11178:Elections 11066:Highlands 11019:Geography 10827:indicate 10797:Gaelscoil 10793:(Cornish) 10752:(Ireland) 10750:Gaeltacht 10686:Tyrsenian 10578:Old Irish 10508:Old Welsh 10435:Brittonic 10178:Akerbeltz 10009:Official 9898:(present) 9875:Old Irish 9648:Routledge 9449:cite book 9379:"GIGHA/1" 8358:15 August 8297:(table), 8183:language. 8176:30 August 8050:7 October 7655:0271-5309 7536:145694600 7528:0047-4045 7438:144370832 7430:1613-3668 6990:5 January 6936:11 August 6572:159844564 6550:Antiquity 6041:(table), 6007:Citations 5715:"hound") 5420:consonant 5259:Old Irish 5100:velarised 5038:), glen ( 5002:Stornoway 4973:Tha mi a' 4960:, or, in 4787:Brittonic 4746:Brittonic 4510:an-dràsta 4439:Phonology 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12930:Scotland 12898:Scotland 12888:Cornwall 12753:Jèrriais 12653:Category 12615:Uí Ímair 12492:Scottish 12401:Uí Néill 12374:Nobility 12286:Language 11980:Category 11928:Hinduism 11874:Buddhism 11861:Religion 11691:Surnames 11631:Identity 11626:Hogmanay 11604:Colleges 11462:Forestry 11397:Udal law 11306:Unionism 11261:Monarchs 11165:Politics 11147:Politics 11081:Lowlands 10899:Timeline 10869:Scotland 10787:(Breton) 10744:Y Wladfa 10661:Ligurian 10550:Goidelic 10408:Lepontic 10362:Galatian 10283:Category 10199:Ùr-sgeul 10136:BBC Alba 9962:Alphabet 9907:Dialects 9865:Goidelic 9729:BBC Alba 9686:Tasgaidh 9596:Archived 9566:Archived 9516:24 March 9507:Archived 9477:Archived 9439:25 April 9433:Archived 9429:46449130 9393:25 April 9387:Archived 9363:25 April 9357:Archived 9333:24 March 9298:24 April 9292:Archived 9236:Archived 9193:(1896). 9143:24 April 9137:Archived 9110:Archived 9077:Archived 9041:Archived 9015:Archived 8984:Archived 8953:Archived 8927:Archived 8923:BBC News 8897:Archived 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6248:Archived 6218:Archived 6188:Archived 6164:17 April 6158:Archived 6154:BBC News 6134:20 April 6128:Archived 6108:20 April 6102:Archived 5890:(North) 5558:(South) 5546:English 5442:digraphs 5416:lenition 5400:alphabet 5343:lenition 5329:with an 5327:accented 5285:'son'). 5229:Alphabet 5216:and the 5171:muinntir 5030:trousers 4948:becomes 4946:computer 4847:Meaning 4841:Meaning 4835:Meaning 4744:and the 4734:Germanic 4607:laterals 4587:lenition 4544:with an 4501:an doras 4463:nasality 4455:phonemes 4426:MacGille 4371:Dòmhnall 4302:Surnames 4298:(voc.). 4283:Sheumais 4255:Dòmhnall 4217:Somerled 4172:Raghnall 4131:Diorbhal 4122:Euphemia 4096:(Mary), 4075:Raibeart 4069:Catrìona 4057:Alasdair 4054:(John), 3987:Catholic 3841:Maxville 3813:Duolingo 3579:students 3533:Scotland 3492:BBC Alba 3460:Freeview 3454:BBC Alba 3376:Maxville 2940:Scotland 2935:Official 2849:(+526), 2836:Highland 2809:Colonsay 2721:Scotland 2545:<0.1% 2519:<0.1% 2222:Lochaber 2189:Lochaber 2087:isogloss 2023:James VI 1996:The Brus 1854:Ayrshire 1842:Galloway 1772:Q-Celtic 1700:speaking 1393:Scotland 1379:(in the 1351:Gàidhlig 1163:Shot put 1123:Football 978:Religion 967:Samhainn 962:Lùnastal 928:Hogmanay 898:folklore 853:Crofting 828:Clothing 645:Timeline 606:a series 604:Part of 593:Help:IPA 527:scot1245 342:Canadian 320:Dialects 272:Goidelic 234:Scotland 229:Speakers 220:Scottish 202:Scotland 165:Gàidhlig 12916:Portals 12855:British 12828:Pictish 12815:Llanito 12809:Cumbric 12721:Cornish 12707:English 12613:(incl. 12508:Related 12459:(incl. 12436:(incl. 12421:(incl. 12399:(incl. 11971:Outline 11943:Sikhism 11938:Judaism 11847:Writers 11827:Artists 11735:unicorn 11696:Symbols 11646:Museums 11599:Schools 11582:Cuisine 11559:Culture 11546:Society 11507:Tourism 11472:Housing 11457:Fishing 11425:Economy 11237:History 11091:Highest 11071:Islands 11061:Geology 11041:Climate 10924:Kingdom 10891:History 10825:Italics 10799:(Irish) 10770:(Wales) 10681:Rhaetic 10654:Rhaetic 10649:Camunic 10633:Unknown 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