Royal Mint - Knowledge

1801: 630: 869: 956: 1123: 376: 1233: 1608: 1594:, which had been requisitioned for the war effort. Staff and machinery from Tower Hill were moved to the site, which started production in June 1941 and operated for the duration of the war. Over the course of the war, the Royal Mint was hit on several occasions, and at one point was put out of commission for three weeks. As technology changed with the introduction of electricity and demand continued to grow, the rebuilding process continued so that by the 1960s, little of the original mint remained, apart from Smirke's 1809 building and its gatehouses at the front. 2841: 2628: 1294: 5354: 2613: 1531: 2141: 1421: 857: 466: 2827: 1675: 2786: 5435: 2670: 2642: 1666:; however, no such protests materialised. The second phase of construction began in 1973 and included the addition of a means to mint coins from raw metals; thus completing the full minting process. Upon completion the final cost for the land, buildings and plant came to £8 million. Coin minting gradually shifted to the new site over the next seven years, and the last coin, a gold sovereign, was struck in London in November 1975. 2656: 1174:(0.05 oz); however, these standards meant losses were being made from overvalued metals. In one such case, Ansell delivered 7920.00 oz of gold to the mint, where it was weighed by an official at 7918.15 oz, a difference of 1.83 oz. Requesting a second weighing on a more accurate scale, the bullion was certified to weigh 7919.98 oz, far closer to the previous measurement, which was off by 960 224: 207: 190: 173: 36: 1225:. On a second occasion in 1868, it was again discovered that gold coins, this time totalling £500,000 worth, were being produced with inferior gold. Although the standard practice at the mint was for rejected coins (known as brockages) to be melted down, many entered general circulation, and the mint was forced to return thousands of ounces of gold to the 2080:. In 2015, it was estimated that 2.4 billion coins were minted for overseas countries, exceeding domestic coinage production and providing over 60% of the mint's revenue from circulating currencies. The Mint also regularly produces commemorative coins for the collector's market, with a range of varying quality and made of different precious metals. 1178:. To increase the accuracy of weights, more precise weighing equipment was ordered, and the tolerance was revised to 0.10 oz for silver and 0.01 oz for gold. Between 1856 and 1866, the old scales were gradually removed and replaced with scales made by Messrs. De Grave, Short, and Fanner; winners of an 1143:). This building was flanked on both sides by gatehouses behind which another building housed the mint's new machinery. Several other smaller buildings were erected, which housed mint officers and staff members. The entire site was protected by a boundary wall patrolled by the Royal Mint's military guard. 2751:

Coins to be tested are drawn from the regular production of the Royal Mint. The Deputy Master of the Mint must, throughout the year, randomly select several thousand sample coins and place them aside for the trial. These must be a certain fixed proportion to the number of coins produced. For example,

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coin production rather than the projected 20%. Despite this, the mint began diversifying its product range by offering items outside its usual coin-related merchandise. Around this time, the mint was selling different types of jewellery, commemorative plates and figurines, eventually creating its own

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the nation's currency, thereby requiring the withdrawal and re-minting of many millions of new coins. At its current site on Tower Hill, the mint had suffered from lack of space for many years, and it would be inadequate to meet the anticipated high demand a recoinage would entail. A possible move to

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Construction started in 1805 on the new purpose-built mint on Tower Hill, opposite the Tower of London, and it was completed by 1809. In 1812, the move became official: the keys of the old mint were ceremoniously delivered to the Constable of the Tower. Facing the front of the site, stood the Johnson

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and for them to be minted using the new milled method. Few of Cromwell's coins entered circulation; Cromwell died in 1658 and the Commonwealth collapsed two years later. Without Cromwell's backing of milled coinage, Blondeau returned to France, leaving England to continue minting hammer-struck coins.

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Argent on a cross between in chief two fleur-de-lys Azure and in base two towers embattled of four merlons Sable a bezant between in pale two stags heads erased Or langued Gules and in fess two bulls heads erased Argent armed Or and langued Gules, on a chief Gules between two crosses crosslet fitchy

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Before 1851, the making of medals at the mint was at the discretion of engravers who could undertake the work independently and receive an additional wage. A royal patent issued in 1669 granted the mint the sole right to produce medals of any metal that bore a monarch's portrait. Engravers would use

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The recommendation was met with outrage by unions and opposition parties in parliament, who called it the "selling off the family silver" and said it would result in job losses. In contrast, the chief executive of the mint, Andrew Stafford, welcomed the proposal, saying that it would lead to further

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in 1910, all three branches were used by the Commonwealth government to mint circulating coins for Australia. The Melbourne and Perth branches had capabilities superior to those in Sydney, and they took over production responsibilities for Australia when the Sydney branch closed after 72 years of

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Ansell also noticed a loss of gold during the manufacturing process. He found that 15 to 20 ounces could be recovered from the sweep, that is, the leftover burnt rubbish from the minting process, which was often left in open boxes for many months before being removed. Wanting to account for every

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to stop issuing banknotes of £10 and above. To meet these demands, the Mint doubled its output so that by 1943 it was minting around 700 million coins a year despite the constant threat of being bombed. The Deputy Master of the Mint, John Craig, recognised the dangers to the Mint and introduced

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on 1 April 1975, which required it to become self-financing. This measure proved successful, and the mint became more profitable through heavy exports. In April 1990, the mint became an Executive Agency; however, by 2001, the mint had reported its first annual loss: a result attributed to only

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In April 2014, the Mint announced plans for developing a visitor centre in Llantrisant where members of the public could go on a guided tour of the facility and learn about the mint's history. The development contract, estimated to be worth £7.7 million, was awarded to construction firm

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a more suitable site had been discussed as far back as 1870 when Deputy Master of the Mint Charles Fremantle had recommended it in his first annual report. At the time, it had been suggested that the valuable land at Tower Hill could be sold to finance the purchase of land nearby

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notes from 29 October 1855 indicate that the mint's Bullion Office had purchased 14,000 troy ounces (440 kg) of unrefined gold in the preceding week alone, and the mint's overall coin output averaged over £1,000,000 yearly in its first five years of operation. In 1868, gold

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After the high-level practice as deputy engraver in the Royal Mint, Charles Wiener went then to Lisbon in 1864 as chief engraver to the Mint of Portugal. In 1863 he made a commemorative medal for Prince Albert (1819-1861), consort of Queen Victoria. (Victoria and Albert Museum).

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coin with a face value of £100. A silver version valued at £2 was also released in 1997. Production of the previously discontinued uncirculated sovereigns and half sovereigns resumed in 2000. From 2014, a lunar coin series was minted annually in celebration of the

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Since 2018 The Royal Mint has been evolving its business to help offset declining cash use. It has expanded into precious metals investment, historic coins, and luxury collectibles, which saw it deliver an operating profit of £12.7 million in 2020–2021.

598:, were made by unauthorised minters across the country. By 1612, there were 3,000 such unlicensed mints producing these tokens, none of them paying anything to the government. The Royal Mint, not wanting to divert manpower from minting more profitable 2176:

in 1967. A year later, the Royal Mint relocated to Wales and ceased its bullion bar interests, but the brand was revived in 2015. Bullion bars produced by the mint are stamped with the original Royal Mint Refinery emblem and come in a range of sizes.

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instructed that gold coins be removed from circulation to help pay for the war effort. The government started to issue £1 and 10-shilling Treasury notes as replacements, paving the way for Britain to leave the gold standard in 1931. The

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costing £500 billion was announced to help stabilise Britain's banking system. This led to fears that the government would attempt to finance the cost by selling off state-owned organizations. In his 2009, pre-budget report the

787:. There, silver plates and foreign coins were melted down and, in some cases, just hammered into shape to produce coins quickly. Bushell was appointed the mint's warden and master-worker, and he laboured alongside notable engravers 2704:

for conformity to required standards. The trials have been held since the 12th century, normally once per calendar year, and continue to the present day. The form of the ceremony has been essentially the same since 1282. They are

3302: 1941:, opened to the public at a final cost of £9 million. The visitor centre includes an interactive museum, a view of the factory floor, an education centre, and a press where visitors can strike their own souvenir 522:, while the Warden was responsible for witnessing the delivery of dies. A specialist mint board was set up in 1472 to enact a 23 February indenture that vested the mint's responsibilities into three main roles: a 2289:

versions up to 1982 when production of uncirculated sovereigns was discontinued, though proof examples continued to be minted. In 1987, the mint started to produce a new type of bullion coin: the gold one-ounce

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had been responsible for overseeing the practice since the position's inception in the 14th century. However, the refinery process proved too costly and suffered from a lack of accountability from the master. A

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to resolve the mint's issues. In a letter to the Treasury dated 29 October 1856, Ansell was put forward as a candidate. He was appointed as a temporary clerk on 12 November 1856, with a salary of £120 per year.

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coins struck for general circulation every year, with an estimated 28 billion pieces circulating altogether. Outside the UK, the mint provides services to over 60 countries, including New Zealand and many

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Upon taking office, Ansell discovered that the weighing of metals at the mint was extremely loose. At the mint, it had been the custom to weigh silver to the nearest 0.5 troy ounces (16 g) and gold to a

1229:. Although Ansell offered to re-melt the substandard coins, his offer was rejected, causing a row between him and senior mint chiefs, which ultimately led to him being removed from his position at the mint. 304:

and is under an exclusive contract to supply the nation's coinage. As well as minting circulating coins for the UK and international markets, The Royal Mint is a leading provider of precious metal products.

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marked the beginning of awarding military campaign medals. By 1874, the mint was responsible for making all bars and clasps for war medals in the country and was making campaign medals such as the

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in 1613. Private licenses to mint these coins were revoked in 1644, which led traders to resume minting their own supplementary tokens. In 1672, the Royal Mint finally took over the production of

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was informed that unless the mint could raise its standards and become more economical, it would be broken up and placed under management by contractors. Graham sought advice from German chemist

1768:. As its sole shareholder, the mint pays an annual dividend of £4 million to the Treasury, with the remaining profits being reinvested into the mint. In 2015, Chancellor of the Exchequer 2547:

On occasion, the mint produces medals for government departments and under private contracts for clients such as royal societies, colleges, and universities. Most notably, the mint has made

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on 21 December 1917 as part of a wartime effort. It struck sovereigns from 15 August 1918 until 22 April 1919 but closed in May 1919. A sixth and final overseas mint was established in the

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towards the attraction which aimed to attract 200,000 visitors a year to the area. By May 2016, two years after its announcement, the attraction, designed by Rio Architects and now named

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and pay for a new mint building. However, after many years of subsequent debate by parliament it had been decided that improvements could be made to the existing site at Tower Hill. With

1024:, was taken seriously by Newton, who went about trying to combat the country's growing problems with counterfeiting. By this time, forgeries accounted for 10% of the country's coinage, 849:

to the captured town. The exact location of the mint in Exeter is unknown; however, maps from the time show a street named Old Mint Lane near Friernhay, which was to be the site of a

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and private contractors. However, in 1922, a new medal unit created by the mint became the sole manufacturer of all Royal and State medals and decorations in metal, except the

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the facilities at the mint to make commemorative medals of their own design for sale. A key date in the mint's history of producing medals for the military is 1815, when the

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that would enter general circulation before the event. The Mint received over 30,000 entries, with a further 17,000 from a children's competition on the television programme

775:. However, this mint was short-lived, operating for no more than three months before Charles ordered Bushell to relocate the mint to his headquarters in the royal capital of 5931: 5917: 362:. The first of this sustainably sourced gold is already being used in a new jewellery division – 886 by The Royal Mint – named in celebration of its symbolic founding date. 3204: 3112: 1574:

several measures to ensure the Mint could continue to operate in the event of a disaster. Craig added emergency water supplies, reinforced the Mint's basement to act as an

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expanded, with colonies being established abroad, a greater need for currency led to the Royal Mint opening satellite branches overseas. This need first arose in the then-

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range of collectible goods. This part of the business proved popular in attracting new customers, but it suffered from poor product development. Its products included a

1281:. Rothschild secured a lease from the government in January 1852, purchasing equipment and premises adjacent to the Royal Mint on 19 Royal Mint Street under the name of 6565: 3037: 1892:. In all, a total of 29 designs featuring a sport were selected by the Mint; the youngest designer was just 9 years old. A £2 coin commemorating London's handover to 6510: 1942: 2721:. Given modern production methods, it is unlikely that coins would not conform, although this has been a problem in the past as it would have been tempting for the 3098: 3318: 838: 807:, where he continued minting coins until it fell to parliamentary control on 11 September 1645, effectively ending Bushell's involvement in the civil war mints. 1201:

In 1859, the Royal Mint rejected a batch of gold found to be too brittle for the minting of gold sovereigns. Analysis revealed the presence of small amounts of

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to an external agency, thereby removing the refining process from the mint's responsibilities. The opportunity to oversee the Mint's refinery was taken up by

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After relocating to its new home on Tower Hill, the Mint came under increased scrutiny of how it dealt with unrefined gold that had entered the country. The

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to issue silver and bronze coins. But this mint was short-lived, due to its coins being heavily debased, causing significant losses. The site was sold to

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In 2012 The Royal Mint had a network of hundreds of UK sellers of their products. This ensured competitive pricing and availability to the UK public.

2160:. Historically, the mint refined its own metal; but following the advice of an 1848 Royal Commission, the process was separated, with the independent 6550: 541:, but England was suffering from financial difficulties brought on by excessive government spending. By the 1540s, wars with France and Scotland led 4046: 4901: 4729: 4693: 4267: 1095:

continued to expand, so too did the need to supply its coinage. This, along with the need for new mint machinery and cramped conditions within the

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since 1763, British coins circulated alongside those of other nations until 1858, when London started producing coins for the newly established

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https://www.royalmint.com/globalassets/__rebrand/_structure/about-us/annual-reports/reports/2020_21-royal_mint_limited_annual_report-p1-web.pdf

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pence while an English mark was worth 6 shillings 8 pence (80 pence). To bridge the difference between the values, unofficial supplementary

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united England and Scotland into one country, leading London to take over production of Scotland's currency and thus replacing Scotland's

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to build one or more mints in Cornwall, where he was instructed to mint coins from whatever bullion could be obtained and deliver them to

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stated that the Treasury would "explore the potential benefits of alternative future models for the Royal Mint". A month later in his

1310: 6515: 6002: 5374: 4478: 3349: 1724:. In 2007, the Mint decided to resume its focus on coins, downsizing non-coin related business and discontinuing its Classics range. 1578:

and even accepted employment of women for the first time. For most of the war, the mint managed to escape most of the destruction of

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By 1856, the mint was beginning to prove inefficient: there were irregularities in minted coins' fineness and weight. Instructed by

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particle and knowing that it was physically impossible for gold just to disappear, he put down the lost weight to a combination of

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treatment plant and a plant for striking. This first phase of the mint was formally opened on 17 December 1968 in the presence of

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growth and secure the future of the business. On 31 December 2009, rather than being fully privatised, the mint ceased to be an

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in its lifetime. As South Africa began cutting ties with Britain, the mint closed on 30 June 1941 but was later reopened as the

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In 1279, the country's numerous mints were unified under a single system whereby control was centralised to the mint within the

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Over twenty sites were considered, including suggestions for Scotland and Northern Ireland; however, the small Welsh town of

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Individual roles at the mint were well established by 1464. The master worker was charged with hiring engravers and managing

6505: 6270: 5996: 5810: 5697: 5367: 2606:. Before 2010, all British military medals were made by the mint; however, they now must compete with other manufacturers. 1816:. 4,700 gold, silver and bronze medals were produced by the Mint; each medal was struck 15 times with 900 tonnes of force. 1455:

Although London's Royal Mint officially controlled just six mints, many more independent mints were set up in parts of the

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responsible sourcing programme. Investors can also convert RMAU into coins and gold bars. The Royal Mint partnered with

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as a central mint for Australian coinage, the Melbourne and Perth mints were divested by the Royal Mint on 1 July 1970.

6353: 6313: 6255: 5738: 5309: 5250: 5212: 5155: 3326: 2879: 1800: 1659: 833:, which had been under parliamentary control since the beginning of the war and was under constant threat of attack by 182: 3873: 3652: 6092: 6074: 6056: 6038: 6026: 5990: 5913: 5835: 5599: 5480: 5290: 5231: 3937: 3723: 2035: 1728: 4617: 3113:"The Royal Mint launch '886', a jewellery division using gold recovered from electronic waste | the Royal Mint" 1882:

In addition to securing the medal product contract, the Mint held a competition to design a series of commemorative

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to establish a permanent machine-made coinage. Despite the introduction of the newer, milled coins, like the old

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mint. Much less is known about the mint's employees, with only Richard Vyvyan and clerk Thomas Hawkes recorded.

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came to an end. For the next 200 years, no coins appear to have been minted in Britain until the emergence of

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The Royal Mint, in February 2020, listed its first financial product: the Royal Mint Physical Gold Commodity

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In 2022 The Royal Mint announced it was building a new plant in South Wales to recover precious metals from

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The Royal Mint was historically part of a series of mints that became centralised to produce coins for the

129: 2744:) in which coins were placed for presentation to the jury. There is also a Pyx Chapel (or Pyx Chamber) in 6495: 6229: 6157: 5853: 5771: 4338: 2869: 2556: 2548: 2471: 2063:, the mint produces all of the country's physical currency apart from banknotes which are printed by the 1764:. The owner of the new company became The Royal Mint trading fund, which itself continued to be owned by 1737: 1516: 1406: 629: 20: 4909: 4876: 4740: 4704: 6540: 6535: 6224: 6032: 5066: 2618: 1883: 1776:

drive to raise funds, with the Royal Mint being up for sale alongside other institutions including the

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Vince, Alan (2001). "London". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).

4144: 3411: 6500: 6410: 6182: 2884: 1705: 1386: 1306: 1271: 1132: 920: 842: 438: 4176: 4112: 3988: 1333:. The Royal Mint's Superintendent of Coining travelled to Australia to oversee its establishment on 6555: 6530: 4643: 4553: 3464: 2385: 2282: 2148:

Another important operation of the mint, which contributes half the mint's revenue, is the sale of

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During World War II, the Mint was important in ensuring people were paid for their services with

1366: 1162: 1154: 1037: 928: 924: 903:, to come to London in 1649 in the hope of modernising the country's minting process. In France, 880: 868: 850: 614: 147: 3492: 6415: 5892: 5885: 5831: 2763: 1472: 1033: 58: 1642:, was eventually chosen. Work on the new mint began in August 1967 with the construction of a 955: 457:

in the sixth and seventh centuries. By 650, as many as 30 mints are recorded across Britain.

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in all British colonies, and in February 1886 they were given equal status in the UK itself.

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In the same month, the mint took in 48 tonnes of silver recovered from the shipwreck of the

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After moving to Wales, the mint struggled to be profitable as the Western world fell into a

1479:. It produced a few gold and silver coins before being shut down in 1862 to aid the city of 19:

This article is about the official coin and bullion producer in the UK. For other uses, see

6545: 6490: 6175: 6086: 6044: 5628: 5409: 4774: 3567: 2965: 2904: 2633: 2580: 2567:, the mint won a contract to produce 4,700 gold, silver and bronze medals for competitors. 2564: 2560: 2514: 2023: 1922: 1893: 1809: 1410: 873: 861: 665: 633: 546: 2961: 8: 6128: 5559: 4371: 3903:"The fascinating story of how the institution that makes all our money ended up in Wales" 2710: 2039: 1624: 1414: 1342: 998: 994: 5584: 3589: 2669: 2641: 1686:

during the early 1970s. To combat a rising national debt, the mint was established as a

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was set up in 1848 to address these issues; it recommended that the refinery process be

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to facilitate the country's gold mines. The new mint was opened on 2 January 1908 by

1267: 1122: 772: 681: 641: 576:. Because Scotland had heavily debased its silver coins, a Scots mark was worth just 112: 2655: 2031: 6441: 6328: 6216: 6050: 5955: 5454: 5404: 5044: 3357: 2694: 2688: 2603: 2340: 2291: 1958: 1934: 1753: 1741: 1587: 1575: 1539: 1488: 1464: 1370: 1326: 1255: 1117: 979: 943: 904: 900: 884: 799:, the last of whom was appointed Graver of Seals, Stamps, and Medals in 1643. When 733: 430: 380: 359: 332: 321: 216: 4309: 3008: 335:, where it remained until the 1960s. As Britain followed the rest of the world in 5874: 5794: 5513: 5449: 5261: 4238: 3927: 2990: 2874: 2733: 2726: 2701: 2591: 2064: 1996: 1910: 1781: 1757: 1663: 1591: 1570: 1547: 1460: 1390: 1338: 1226: 1100: 1096: 935: 856: 709: 656:. Additional branch mints to aid the one in London were set up, including one at 653: 561: 478: 470: 410: 328: 297: 278: 61: 4821: 4796: 1658:. There had been fears that the Royal family would face protests because of the 6080: 5722: 5549: 4397: 3450: 2752:

for every 5,000 bimetallic coins issued, one must be set aside, but for silver

2737: 2647: 2599: 2584: 2296: 2068: 1769: 1748:, he recommended that the mint be made a company with a view to it being sold. 1619: 1492: 1456: 1358: 1318: 1183: 1147: 1092: 1088: 975: 967: 932: 908: 896: 804: 792: 788: 573: 565: 442: 384: 336: 317: 274: 125: 5166: 4013: 1674: 1631:

set for 1971, the government quickly decided where to establish the new mint.

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in the full judicial sense, presided over by a judge with an expert jury of

1933:. To fund the development, a grant of £2.3 million was provided by the 931:; however rival moneyers continued using the old hammering method. In 1656, 6390: 5966: 5944: 5937: 5923: 5777: 5752: 5745: 4483: 4343: 4287: 4207: 3660: 2864: 2753: 2661: 2157: 2140: 2056: 1988: 1974: 1950: 1918: 1687: 1647: 1562: 1484: 1357:

The success of the Sydney branch led to the opening of similar branches in

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containing the financial records of the London mint show an expenditure of

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its currency, the Mint moved from London to a new 38-acre (15 ha) plant in

141: 4595:"Royal Mint seeks exhibition designers as visitor centre plans take shape" 2748:, which was once used for secure storage of the Pyx and related articles. 6198: 5544: 5434: 5424: 4452: 3350:"Andrew Lamb, 'Poole, Elizabeth [married name Bacon](1820–1906)'" 2785: 2706: 2698: 2675: 2060: 2015:, the technology is to be created by technology companies AlphaPoint and 1983:

In 2015, after nearly 50 years, the mint began producing its own line of

1962: 1954: 1917:, as well as a handful of visitor attractions for sports clubs including 1765: 1635: 1628: 1612: 1393:. As Canada developed in 1890, calls were made for a mint to be built in 1330: 1302: 1259: 1171: 1084: 1049: 1028:

was commonplace and the value of the silver in coins had surpassed their

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can be traced back to the second century BC when they were introduced by

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nations, by producing national currencies or supplying ready-to-strike

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equipment. Satellite mints to aid in the recoinage were established in

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The trial today consists of an inquiry independent of the Royal Mint.

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Minting of bullion coins began in 1957 to meet a demand for authentic

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took control of Oxford that same year, Bushell was ordered to move to

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were dissolved, which effectively ended major coin production outside

5523: 3465:"Medal | Wiener, Charles | V&A Explore the Collections" 3062: 2173: 2073: 2012: 1945:. On display at the centre are more than 80,000 artefacts, including 1721: 1701: 1583: 1579: 1214: 1136: 1002: 1001:

was ousted from power, parliament took over control of the mint from

826: 717: 701: 422: 413:. The first record of coins being minted in Britain is attributed to 344: 4668: 6462: 5147: 4644:"CME Group, Royal Mint test blockchain-based gold trading platform" 4505: 4402: 4314: 3878: 2713:. The trials have since 1871 taken place at the livery hall of the 2254: 2153: 2077: 1926: 1812:, the Royal Mint put in a successful bid to manufacture the Games' 1717: 1643: 1441: 1313:

threatened to undermine the colony's economy. In 1851 the colony's

1202: 1021: 834: 756: 725: 537:

In the early 16th century, mainland Europe was in the middle of an

418: 6230:

Chancellor of the Exchequer / Second Lord of the Treasury

4932:"A badge of honour – our pride in making medals at The Royal Mint" 1546:. The Royal Mint produced these until Ireland established its own 1217:, he persuaded the Royal Mint to allow him to experiment with the 1131:

Smirke Building, named for its designer James Johnson and builder

5359: 4647: 4078: 4051: 3966: 2859: 2149: 1984: 1906: 1639: 1503:

in 1868, and the mint machinery was sold to the Japanese Mint in

1374:

operation at the end of 1926. Following the establishment of the

1206: 1065: 1057: 1053: 1040:

whereby all coins were removed from circulation, and enacted the

907:

had been banned from the Paris Mint since 1639 and replaced with

829:. In December 1642, the parliamentarians set up a mint in nearby 685: 649: 519: 441:

in AD 43, they set up mints across the land, which produced

426: 35: 3400: 1582:, but in December 1940 three members of staff were killed in an 883:

established its own set of coins, which for the first time used

16:

Government-owned mint that produces coins for the United Kingdom

4958:"London 2012 Olympics: Royal Mint wins contract to make medals" 4430: 4367:"London 2012 Olympics: Royal Mint wins contract to make medals" 3929:

Annual Report of the Deputy Master and Comptroller - Royal Mint

2199: 1429: 1394: 1382: 1322: 1061: 830: 776: 705: 697: 673: 618: 611: 603: 554: 512: 486: 482: 446: 296:

Operating under the legal name The Royal Mint Limited, it is a

6167: 1365:, on 2 June 1872 and 20 June 1899 respectively. Following the 1091:. As a result, the Edinburgh mint closed on 4 August 1710. As 331:

for several hundred years before moving to what is now called

5347: 4569:"Everything you need to know about The Royal Mint Experience" 2016: 1504: 1433: 1309:, as the black-market trade in gold during and following the 1218: 990:("An ornament and a safeguard") was added to some coin rims. 888: 846: 822: 779:. The new Oxford mint was established on 15 December 1642 in 729: 645: 406: 348: 290: 199: 5196:

The Mint: A History of the London Mint from A.D. 287 to 1948

755:, marking the beginning of the civil war, Charles called on 568:

led to a partial union of the two kingdoms' currencies, the

3451:"Commemorative Medal for the Exposition Universelle Anvers" 3440:, Oxford University Press, 2004. Accessed 10 February 2017. 3038:"The Royal Mint Limited Consolidated Annual Report 2021–22" 2220: 2008: 1692: 1210: 1195: 1069: 891:

and were more plainly designed than those issued under the

741: 599: 595: 414: 256: 71: 3491:. Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales. Archived from 2810:

Argent a lion passant guardant Or armed and langued Azure.

1678:

Royal Mint logo before becoming a government-owned company

1198:, and different types of foreign matter amongst the gold. 879:

Following Charles I's execution in 1649, the newly formed

5614: 4528:"The Royal Mint announces plans for first visitor centre" 4456: 4398:"London 2012: Olympic medals go into production in Wales" 4203:"Privatisation of Royal Mint at Llantrisant rolls closer" 3739: 3524:. State Archives and Records Authority of New South Wales 2172:

continued the refinery's management until it was sold to

1341:, where it opened in 1855. Production increased quickly: 1191: 391: 5205:

A History of Money From Ancient Times to the Present Day

3545:"EF10/20645: Mint Building and Hyde Park Barracks Group" 1586:. Around the same time, an auxiliary mint was set up at 837:

troops. In September 1643, the town was captured by the

5168:

The Royal Mint: its working, conduct, and operations...

3633: 2551:

medals as well as many military honours, including the

1569:

by flooding the country with forged notes, leading the

825:

and was its Master until 1646, when it was captured by

676:

and established at least 16 emergency mints across the

5178:

The Spellmount Guide to London in the Second World War

4283:"Budget 2009: Thousands of public sector jobs at risk" 3854: 3842: 3301:

Great Britain. Treasury. Information Division (1986).

5735:

Sir Bartholomew Reed and Robert Fenrother (1492–1498)

5243:

New Westminster Album: Glimpses of the City as It Was

3390: 3388: 6342:

Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt

3803: 3282: 3258: 2822: 1428:

A fifth branch of the Royal Mint was established in

4453:"London 2012 Olympic 50p coins go into circulation" 2152:to investors and the general public in the form of 1618:On 1 March 1966, the government announced plans to 6156:Office abolished in 1879 with duties given to the 4243: 3385: 1995:brand. Then in 2016, the mint announced plans for 1444:on 1 January 1923, producing £83,114,575 worth of 1221:, and was ultimately able to produce 167,539 gold 1072:, with returned coins being valued by weight, not 6566:Organisations based in Wales with royal patronage 5321:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England 4234:"Green Investment Bank bidders ready final offer" 4232:Pickard, Plimmer, Jim, Gill (11 September 2016). 1139:John Lidbury Poole (father of the famous singer, 449:reopened briefly in 383 until closing swiftly as 6511:Government-owned companies of the United Kingdom 6482: 4231: 3547:. Sydney: Department of Planning and Environment 2059:coins in the United Kingdom under contract from 2034:. RMAU is the first gold ETF backed 100% by the 5302:2017 Standard Catalog of World Coins, 1901-2000 5043:. The Goldsmiths' Company. 2004. Archived from 1491:requested the founding of an independent mint ( 5641:Henry de Bruselee and John Chichester (1351–?) 5638:Richard de Snowshill/Richard of Grimsby (1331) 4730:"The Royal Mint Limited Annual Report 2014-15" 4694:"The Royal Mint Limited Annual Report 2015-16" 4661: 3715:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth Century Photography 1099:, led to plans for the mint to move to nearby 982:they suffered heavily from counterfeiting and 970:into Britain had failed, the restored monarch 966:In 1662, after previous attempts to introduce 767:, to move his operations to the royalist-held 6183: 5600: 5375: 4767:"Gold bars now available from The Royal Mint" 4554:"The Royal Mint Experience by Rio Architects" 1401:, producing coins for circulation, including 640:In 1630, sometime before the outbreak of the 5224:The Royal Mint : An Illustrated History 5086: 4391: 4389: 4266:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3542: 3294: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 1899: 1369:in 1901 and the establishment of a separate 911:. Blondeau began his testing in May 1651 in 845:, leading Vyvyan to move his nearby mint in 810:In November 1642, the king ordered royalist 445:for some 40 years before closing. A mint in 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 2594:, military medals were manufactured by the 1471:led to a mint being established in 1862 by 6190: 6176: 5607: 5593: 5382: 5368: 5352: 5240: 5033: 4592: 3745: 2926:"The Royal Mint Accessorizes With Jewelry" 34: 5171:London: Effingham Wilson, Royal Exchange. 4980: 4978: 4386: 3023: 2697:is a traditional procedure to test newly 2055:As the sole body responsible for minting 1669: 1409:, the mint came under the control of the 895:. The government invited French engineer 763:, the owner of a mint and silver mine in 6551:Tourist attractions in Rhondda Cynon Taf 3900: 3764:Leisure and Cultural Services Department 3718:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 304–5. 3711: 3565: 3507: 2923: 2261: 2206: 2139: 1799: 1673: 1606: 1534:Engraving room at the Royal Mint in 1934 1529: 1419: 1292: 1231: 1121: 954: 867: 855: 664:seized control of the Tower mint. After 628: 485:were reduced, with only a few local and 464: 374: 6465:nominally associated with the Treasury 6240:Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury 5299: 5280: 5266:. Oxford University Press. p. 70. 5184: 5175: 4955: 4822:"British Gold Sovereigns - Information" 4423: 4364: 4336: 4044: 3959: 3860: 3848: 3683:"The History of the South African Mint" 3639: 3536: 3438:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3354:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3307:. Information Division of the Treasury. 3276: 2717:, having previously taken place at the 1795: 1542:(later the Republic of Ireland) issued 1329:providing for the establishment of the 648:that ensured a steady supply of silver 6483: 5259: 5164: 4975: 4877:"British Chinese Lunar Calendar Coins" 4764: 4641: 4593:Montgomery, Angus (17 November 2014). 4280: 4170:"The Royal Mint Annual Report 2007-08" 3809: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3434:"Ansell, George Frederick (1826–1880)" 3394: 3233: 3202: 2067:. On average, it produces two billion 1808:After London was selected to host the 1638:, ten miles (16 km) northwest of 1602: 1244: 1161:, who in turn recommended his student 942:to cut a series of dies featuring his 915:. He initially produced milled silver 421:who around 80–60 BC imitated those of 6521:9th-century establishments in England 6396:Infrastructure and Projects Authority 6171: 5588: 5363: 5318: 5202: 5193: 5141: 5094:"The History of the Trial of the Pyx" 4688: 4686: 4615: 4566: 4476: 4227: 4225: 4200: 4138:"Royal Mint Annual Report 1999 -2000" 4026:from the original on 18 November 2021 3874:"1966: Britain to go decimal in 1971" 3653:"The History of the Indian Sovereign" 3482: 3362:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.111769 3288: 3264: 1515:In 1914, as war broke out in Europe, 1288: 1135:. Construction was supervised by the 6561:Companies based in Rhondda Cynon Taf 6271:Commercial Secretary to the Treasury 5221: 4956:Ruddick, Graham (16 December 2010). 4847:"British Queen's Beasts Coin Series" 4395: 4365:Ruddick, Graham (16 December 2017). 3596:. Gold Corporation Western Australia 3347: 2987:"Overview of THE ROYAL MINT LIMITED" 2956: 2954: 1321:a petition seeking a local mint for 1020:in 1696. His role, intended to be a 1010:Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax 751:After raising the royal standard in 610:who, under license, started issuing 6296:Permanent Secretary to the Treasury 6277:Lords Commissioners of the Treasury 6265:Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury 6251:Financial Secretary to the Treasury 5285:. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. 4902:"Landmarks Of Britain Silver Coins" 4789: 3901:Mosalski, Ruth (30 November 2018). 3471: 3432:W. P. Courtney, rev. Robert Brown, 3426: 3236:"Cromwell Put is Portrait on Coins" 2890:List of British banknotes and coins 2682: 1804:2012 Olympic Medal made by the Mint 564:of England and Scotland under King 327:The Royal Mint operated within the 13: 6354:National Infrastructure Commission 6256:Economic Secretary to the Treasury 5389: 5245:. Dundurn Group Ltd. p. 148. 4869: 4839: 4814: 4683: 4222: 4106:"Royal Mint Annual Report 2001-02" 2880:Joseph Harris (British astronomer) 2299:; and in 2016, a series featuring 2265: 2238: 2050: 1913:, who had previously designed the 1822:2012 Olympic medal specifications 1597: 1325:, and in 1853 the Queen issued an 624: 14: 6577: 5685:Bartholomew Goldbeter (1421–1432) 5339: 5165:Ansell, George Frederick (1870). 4424:DeMarco, Anthony (26 July 2012). 4396:Hume, Colette (27 October 2011). 4339:"Royal Mint Makes a Mint … Again" 4310:"Royal Mint privatisation closer" 4086:from the original on 10 July 2009 3960:Pearson, Arthur (26 March 1970). 3203:Morgns, Geraint (December 1999). 2951: 2924:Davidson, Annabel (27 May 2022). 2332: 2036:London Bullion Market Association 2026:(ETF): RMAU. It is listed on the 1413:and was subsequently renamed the 1182:prize award for work relating to 771:, possibly within the grounds of 6516:Currencies of the United Kingdom 6375:Office for Budget Responsibility 6349:Government Internal Audit Agency 6319:National Savings and Investments 5694:Sir Richard Tonstall (1459–1461) 5433: 4671:. The Royal Mint. 25 August 2015 3932:. Royal Mint. 1871. p. 13. 3543:Heritage NSW (12 January 2007). 3234:Julian, R.W. (23 January 2017). 3125: 3007:. The Royal Mint. Archived from 2839: 2825: 2784: 2756:, the proportion is one in 150. 2715:Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths 2668: 2654: 2640: 2626: 2611: 2164:being purchased and operated by 1968: 1756:and its assets were vested in a 223: 222: 206: 205: 189: 188: 172: 171: 6314:Government Actuary's Department 6235:Chief Secretary to the Treasury 6197: 5187:A New History of the Royal Mint 5134: 5108: 5096:. The Royal Mint. 27 March 2012 5059: 5003: 4949: 4924: 4894: 4765:Oliver, Dan (21 January 2015). 4758: 4722: 4635: 4609: 4586: 4560: 4546: 4520: 4498: 4470: 4445: 4417: 4358: 4337:Kollewe, Julia (24 July 2015). 4330: 4302: 4274: 4194: 4162: 4130: 4098: 4079:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 4066: 4052:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 4045:Taverne, Dick (17 March 1970). 4038: 4006: 3981: 3967:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3953: 3920: 3894: 3866: 3815: 3778: 3751: 3705: 3675: 3645: 3608: 3582: 3559: 3457: 3443: 3341: 3311: 3270: 3227: 3196: 3171: 3141: 3119: 2855:Banknotes of the pound sterling 1510: 1331:Sydney Branch of the Royal Mint 1126:Johnson Smirke Building in 2007 1106: 950: 644:, England signed a treaty with 460: 351:, where it has remained since. 5732:Sir Giles Daubeney (1485–1490) 4642:Irrera, Anna (11 April 2017). 4616:Evans, Carrie (4 April 2014). 4281:Bawden, Anna (22 April 2009). 3616:"Ontario's Historical Plaques" 3105: 3091: 3080: 3055: 2997: 2979: 2917: 1731:was another financial blow: a 1424:Hong Kong silver dollar (1867) 1213:. With Ansell's background in 1: 5263:Hong Kong: A Cultural History 5207:. University of Wales Press. 5198:. Cambridge University Press. 5189:. Cambridge University Press. 4477:Barry, Sion (13 April 2015). 4201:Blake, Aled (17 March 2009). 3568:"Collections: Melbourne Mint" 3522:"AGY-1730: Royal Mint Sydney" 3485:"A Short History of the Mint" 3483:Starr, Fiona (21 June 2016). 2910: 2797: 2732:The term "pyx" refers to the 2577:New Zealand War Service Medal 2045: 1814:Olympic and Paralympic medals 1772:announced a £20 billion 1660:Investiture of Prince Charles 1557:rather than banknotes. Under 1180:1862 International Exhibition 1111: 489:mints continuing to operate. 285:. It is currently located in 82: 5650:Walter dei Bardi (1375–1391) 5644:Walter dei Bardi (1361–1361) 4797:"Gold Britannias Index Page" 4567:Doran, Lorna (17 May 2016). 4506:"Mather & Co - Our Work" 4175:. Royal Mint. Archived from 4143:. Royal Mint. Archived from 4111:. Royal Mint. Archived from 3179:"The Testoons of Henry VIII" 1729:2008 global financial crisis 1469:British Columbia gold rushes 1337:within the southern wing of 1301:As Britain's influence as a 130:British Overseas Territories 7: 6506:Mints of the United Kingdom 6306:Non-ministerial departments 6158:Chancellor of the Exchequer 5691:Robert Manfield (1446–1459) 5647:John Chichester (1365–1367) 4015:Queen Opens New Mint (1968) 3356:. Oxford University Press. 3063:"About Us | The Royal Mint" 2962:"Records of the Royal Mint" 2870:Coins of the pound sterling 2818: 2779:Coat of arms of Royal Mint 2557:Conspicuous Gallantry Cross 2453:1 oz tr platinum 1896:was also released in 2012. 1738:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1517:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1350:minted in Sydney were made 1236:Gold Melting Process (1870) 606:coins, hired outside agent 21:Royal Mint (disambiguation) 10: 6582: 6225:First Lord of the Treasury 5688:John Paddesley (1435–1446) 5682:Sir Lewis John (1418–1420) 5679:Sir Lewis John (1413–1414) 5676:Richard Garner (1411–1414) 5241:Hainsworth, Gavin (2005). 5180:. Spellmount. p. 177. 3786:"Royal Mint: Branch Mints" 2686: 2135: 1787: 1746:2009 United Kingdom budget 1487:. On 26 February 1864, an 1297:Royal Mint, Sydney in 1888 1159:August Wilhelm von Hofmann 1115: 986:. To combat this the text 365: 293:, where it moved in 1968. 18: 6450: 6424: 6411:UK Government Investments 6383: 6362: 6327: 6304: 6286: 6215: 6205: 6154: 5954: 5873: 5852: 5793: 5721: 5660: 5653:John Wildeman (1391–1391) 5627: 5537: 5506: 5499: 5468: 5442: 5431: 5397: 5283:Coins and Coin Collecting 5144:The Encyclopedia of Money 4074:"HC Deb vol 170 cc390-1W" 3408:"1859 'Ansell' Sovereign" 2803:and granted 23 April 1982 2542: 2520:1 oz tr silver 2491: 2477:1 oz tr silver 2469: 2431: 2417:2 oz tr silver 2409: 2346:1 oz tr silver 2338: 2193: 1900:The Royal Mint Experience 1854: 1483:in becoming the region's 1311:1851 Australian gold rush 1307:Colony of New South Wales 1279:N M Rothschild & Sons 1153:, the Master of the Mint 370: 251: 241: 231: 214: 197: 180: 167: 155: 135: 119: 104: 99:(current legal structure) 78: 67: 54: 42: 33: 6457:are not currently in use 6003:5th Earl of Chesterfield 5300:Michael, Thomas (2016). 5281:Linecar, Howard (1985). 5260:Ingham, Michael (2007). 3712:Mattison, David (2013). 3304:Economic Progress Report 2762:The jury is composed of 2144:Royal Mint Refinery Seal 2086:Coins minted (billions) 1959:Janvier reducing machine 1915:Norwegian Olympic Museum 1565:planned to collapse the 672:, he was forced to flee 401:The history of coins in 300:that is wholly owned by 6117:William Ewart Gladstone 5420:Great Recoinage of 1816 5415:Great Recoinage of 1696 5304:. Krause Publications. 5176:Beardon, James (2013). 3566:Sharples, John (2010). 3128:"Britain's First Coins" 2773: 2496:1 oz tr gold 2436:1 oz tr gold 2365:1 oz tr gold 2007:to trade and invest in 1385:, which had been under 1367:Federation of Australia 1163:George Frederick Ansell 1038:Great Recoinage of 1696 1008:Under the patronage of 881:Commonwealth of England 409:tribes from across the 176:£1,403.5 million (2022) 6416:UK Infrastructure Bank 6337:Debt Management Office 6069:3rd Earl of Mornington 6009:2nd Marquess Townshend 5185:Challis, C.E. (1992). 5041:"The Trial of the Pyx" 4669:"About The Royal Mint" 3590:"The Perth Mint Story" 3149:"The Royal Mint Story" 2145: 1909:and design consultant 1805: 1712:clock combined with a 1679: 1670:Financial difficulties 1615: 1535: 1473:Francis George Claudet 1425: 1407:Statute of Westminster 1403:Ottawa Mint sovereigns 1298: 1266:, a descendant of the 1237: 1127: 963: 876: 865: 783:, the present site of 637: 515:bought for workshops. 474: 398: 302:His Majesty's Treasury 29:The Royal Mint Limited 6526:Currencies of England 6099:1st Baron Dunfermline 6063:2nd Earl of Clancarty 6021:2nd Earl of Liverpool 5997:3rd Earl of Effingham 5985:3rd Viscount Chetwynd 5979:Hon. Richard Arundell 5142:Allen, Larry (2009). 3790:The National Archives 3489:Sydney Living Museums 3348:Lamb, Andrew (2019). 2833:United Kingdom portal 2768:Company of Goldsmiths 2719:Palace of Westminster 2166:Anthony de Rothschild 2143: 2028:London Stock Exchange 2001:digital gold currency 1939:Royal Mint Experience 1803: 1677: 1610: 1533: 1525:Bombay Mint sovereign 1438:Union of South Africa 1423: 1405:. In 1931, under the 1376:Royal Australian Mint 1296: 1264:Anthony de Rothschild 1235: 1125: 1116:Further information: 958: 871: 859: 839:Cornish Royalist Army 632: 468: 451:Roman rule in Britain 389:ELFRED REXX [ 378: 320:, and nations across 6209:1, Horse Guards Road 6093:1st Earl of Auckland 6087:John Charles Herries 6045:Lord Charles Spencer 5629:House of Plantagenet 5410:The Great Debasement 5203:Davis, Glyn (2010). 5194:Craig, John (2011). 5021:on 24 September 2017 4990:The National Archive 4986:"Royal Mint: Medals" 4912:on 25 September 2019 4777:on 22 September 2017 3759:"Hong Kong Currency" 3687:southcapecoins.co.za 2966:The National Archive 2905:William John Hocking 2634:2012 Summer Olympics 2590:At the start of the 2581:Abyssinian War Medal 2565:2012 Summer Olympics 2561:British Armed Forces 2515:Landmarks of Britain 2024:Exchange-traded fund 1923:Manchester City F.C. 1810:2012 Summer Olympics 1796:2012 London Olympics 1411:Government of Canada 899:, who worked at the 668:tried to arrest the 636:Civil War half-crown 547:The Great Debasement 227:£72.4 million (2022) 210:£72.4 million (2022) 74:and medal production 6469:held by Government 6129:Richard Lalor Sheil 6105:1st Baron Ashburton 5811:Sir Edward Villiers 5560:Royal Canadian Mint 5222:Dyer, G.P. (1986). 5015:hancocks-london.com 4372:The Daily Telegraph 4248:on 10 December 2022 4047:"Royal Mint (Move)" 3823:"Women in the Mint" 3693:on 15 December 2019 3495:on 10 November 2022 3467:. 19 February 1863. 3414:on 15 February 2016 3159:on 8 September 2019 2780: 2602:, which is made by 2311: 2184: 2162:Royal Mint Refinery 2087: 1993:Royal Mint Refinery 1961:and a selection of 1823: 1698:Royal Mint Classics 1691:securing 5% of new 1625:Whitefriars, London 1603:Relocation to Wales 1550:in Dublin in 1978. 1415:Royal Canadian Mint 1315:Legislative Council 1283:Royal Mint Refinery 1245:Royal Mint Refinery 995:Glorious Revolution 660:in Wales. In 1642, 439:invasion of Britain 417:tribes such as the 397:("Alfred the King") 243:Number of employees 30: 6496:886 establishments 6329:Executive agencies 6147:Vacant (1869–1879) 5805:Sir Richard Martin 5784:Sir Richard Martin 5739:4th Baron Mountjoy 5712:Robert Brackenbury 5705:Robert Brackenbury 5519:King's Norton Mint 5491:Warden of the Mint 5486:Master of the Mint 5067:"Trial of the Pyx" 4906:Royal Mint Bullion 3989:"A New Royal Mint" 3663:on 27 October 2019 3620:ontarioplaques.com 3570:. Museums Victoria 3329:on 1 November 2019 3011:on 26 January 2019 2930:The New York Times 2847:Numismatics portal 2778: 2723:Master of the Mint 2573:Battle of Waterloo 2309: 2301:The Queen's Beasts 2182: 2146: 2085: 1991:under its revived 1821: 1806: 1680: 1648:Queen Elizabeth II 1616: 1559:Operation Bernhard 1536: 1520:David Lloyd George 1485:provincial capital 1450:South African Mint 1426: 1299: 1289:Colonial expansion 1275:investment banking 1251:Master of the Mint 1238: 1128: 1081:Acts of Union 1707 1048:to own or possess 1016:became the mint's 964: 905:hammer-stuck coins 877: 866: 785:St Peter's College 658:Aberystwyth Castle 638: 594:, often made from 539:economic expansion 475: 399: 310:Kingdom of England 193:£18 million (2022) 28: 6541:Economy of London 6536:History of London 6478: 6477: 6473: 6458: 6246:Paymaster General 6165: 6164: 6111:1st Baron Taunton 6075:1st Baron Wallace 6057:3rd Earl Bathurst 6039:3rd Earl Bathurst 5744:Ralph Rowlet/Sir 5707:(April–June 1483) 5700:(1461–April 1483) 5582: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5538:Historic branches 5529:Mints of Scotland 5460:Royal Mint Museum 5330:978-0-631-22492-1 5273:978-0-19-972447-5 5072:Royal Mint Museum 5047:on 21 August 2008 4881:taxfreegold.co.uk 4851:taxfreegold.co.uk 4826:taxfreegold.co.uk 4801:taxfreegold.co.uk 4508:. matherandco.com 3828:Royal Mint Museum 3371:978-0-19-861412-8 3279:, pp. 88–98. 3246:on 23 August 2017 3215:on 31 August 2012 3067:www.royalmint.com 3005:"Chief Executive" 2900:Mints of Scotland 2816: 2815: 2746:Westminster Abbey 2604:Hancocks & Co 2538: 2537: 2280: 2279: 2170:Rothschild family 2131: 2130: 2042:ETF firm HANetf. 1878: 1877: 1710:Edinburgh Crystal 1704:with an embedded 1527:was the £1 coin. 1497:British Hong Kong 1475:, under Governor 1268:Rothschild family 1087:with the English 938:ordered engraver 797:Nicholas Burghers 773:Shrewsbury Castle 642:English Civil War 267: 266: 113:Rhondda Cynon Taf 6573: 6501:Mints (currency) 6463:Sinecure offices 6460: 6452: 6442:Spring Statement 6365:non-departmental 6192: 6185: 6178: 6169: 6168: 6123:Sir George Clerk 6051:Charles Bathurst 6015:Sir George Yonge 5991:1st Earl Cadogan 5956:House of Hanover 5928:Charles Duncombe 5914:Charles Duncombe 5836:Thomas Aylesbury 5818:Randal Cranfield 5714:(June 1483–1485) 5698:William Hastings 5609: 5602: 5595: 5586: 5585: 5504: 5503: 5455:Royal Mint Court 5437: 5405:Trial of the Pyx 5384: 5377: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5350: 5348:Official website 5334: 5315: 5296: 5277: 5256: 5237: 5218: 5199: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5161: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5017:. Archived from 5011:"Victoria Cross" 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4982: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4908:. Archived from 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4853:. Archived from 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4773:. Archived from 4762: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4745: 4739:. Archived from 4734: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4709: 4703:. Archived from 4698: 4690: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4597:. Design Week 30 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4393: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4265: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4247: 4242:. Archived from 4229: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4182:on 30 March 2016 4181: 4174: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4150:on 31 March 2016 4149: 4142: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4117: 4110: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4082:. 2 April 1990. 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3689:. Archived from 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3659:. Archived from 3657:goldsovereign.in 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3518: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3480: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3447: 3441: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3410:. Archived from 3404: 3398: 3392: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3325:. Archived from 3315: 3309: 3308: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3242:. Archived from 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3211:. Archived from 3205:"Making a Mint?" 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3155:. Archived from 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3095: 3089: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3042: 3034: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2921: 2849: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2802: 2799: 2788: 2781: 2777: 2695:Trial of the Pyx 2689:Trial of the Pyx 2683:Trial of the Pyx 2672: 2658: 2644: 2630: 2615: 2596:Woolwich Arsenal 2334: 2312: 2308: 2267: 2240: 2185: 2181: 2088: 2084: 1935:Welsh Government 1911:Mather & Co. 1824: 1820: 1754:executive agency 1742:Alistair Darling 1720:plate featuring 1714:millennium Crown 1588:Pinewood Studios 1576:air-raid shelter 1540:Irish Free State 1501:Jardine Matheson 1489:Order in Council 1465:British Columbia 1371:Australian pound 1335:Macquarie Street 1327:Order in Council 1270:and heir to the 1256:Royal Commission 1118:Royal Mint Court 1093:Britain's empire 1034:King William III 988:Decus et tutamen 827:parliamentarians 759:mining engineer 589: 588: 584: 581: 510: 508: 507: 503: 500: 481:. Mints outside 455:English kingdoms 381:Alfred the Great 360:electronic waste 333:Royal Mint Court 322:the Commonwealth 263: 260: 258: 226: 225: 219: 209: 208: 202: 192: 191: 183:Operating income 175: 174: 151: 100: 95: 94:(unified system) 90: 87: 84: 38: 31: 27: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6556:Bullion dealers 6531:Tower of London 6481: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6459: 6446: 6420: 6379: 6366: 6358: 6323: 6300: 6282: 6211: 6201: 6196: 6166: 6161: 6150: 6027:2nd Baron Arden 5958: 5950: 5877: 5875:House of Stuart 5869: 5856: 5848: 5797: 5795:House of Stuart 5789: 5725: 5717: 5669: 5656: 5631: 5623: 5613: 5583: 5574: 5533: 5514:Birmingham Mint 5495: 5481:Chief Medallist 5464: 5450:Tower of London 5438: 5429: 5398:Historic topics 5393: 5388: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5337: 5331: 5312: 5293: 5274: 5253: 5234: 5215: 5158: 5137: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4984: 4983: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4936:Royal Mint Blog 4930: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4747: 4746:on 13 June 2017 4743: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4710:on 13 June 2017 4707: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4565: 4561: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4534:. 24 April 2014 4526: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4509: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4475: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4394: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4335: 4331: 4321: 4319: 4318:. 21 April 2009 4308: 4307: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4279: 4275: 4259: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4239:Financial Times 4230: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4118:on 13 June 2017 4115: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3958: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3746:Hainsworth 2005 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3642:, p. 1130. 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3240:numismaster.com 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2991:Companies House 2985: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2960: 2959: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2875:Inflation hedge 2845: 2840: 2838: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2800: 2776: 2727:precious metals 2691: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2664: 2659: 2650: 2645: 2636: 2631: 2622: 2616: 2592:First World War 2545: 2283:sovereign coins 2138: 2104:United Kingdom 2065:Bank of England 2053: 2051:Coin production 2048: 1997:Royal Mint Gold 1971: 1902: 1873: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1798: 1790: 1782:Companies House 1758:limited company 1672: 1664:Prince of Wales 1605: 1600: 1598:1966 to present 1592:Buckinghamshire 1571:Bank of England 1567:British economy 1548:Currency Centre 1538:From 1928, the 1513: 1461:New Westminster 1391:Canadian dollar 1339:Sydney Hospital 1291: 1247: 1227:Bank of England 1151:Lord Palmerston 1141:Elizabeth Poole 1120: 1114: 1109: 1101:East Smithfield 1097:Tower of London 953: 936:Oliver Cromwell 627: 625:Civil War mints 586: 582: 579: 577: 562:Union of Crowns 511:and records of 505: 501: 498: 496: 494: 479:Tower of London 471:Tower of London 463: 411:English Channel 373: 368: 329:Tower of London 298:limited company 255: 244: 215: 198: 185: 162: 160: 148:Chief Executive 145: 144: 138: 122: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 85: 62:limited company 47: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6579: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6476: 6475: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6371: 6369: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6333: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6310: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6274: 6267: 6262: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6221: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6207:Headquarters: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6195: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6163: 6162: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6139: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6081:George Tierney 6078: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5962: 5960: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5941: 5935: 5921: 5910:John Buckworth 5906: 5903:Henry Slingsby 5900: 5897:Henry Slingsby 5889: 5881: 5879: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5860: 5858: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5839: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5808: 5801: 5799: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5772:Thomas Stanley 5768: 5765:Thomas Egerton 5762: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5723:House of Tudor 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5671: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5633: 5625: 5624: 5612: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5589: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5550:Melbourne Mint 5547: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5510: 5508: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5476:Chief Engraver 5472: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5391:The Royal Mint 5387: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5341: 5340:External links 5338: 5336: 5335: 5329: 5316: 5311:978-1440246548 5310: 5297: 5291: 5278: 5272: 5257: 5252:978-1550025484 5251: 5238: 5232: 5226:. Royal Mint. 5219: 5214:978-0708317174 5213: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5173: 5162: 5157:978-1598842517 5156: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5107: 5085: 5058: 5032: 5002: 4974: 4948: 4923: 4893: 4868: 4857:on 2 July 2017 4838: 4813: 4788: 4771:The Royal Mint 4757: 4737:The Royal Mint 4721: 4701:The Royal Mint 4682: 4660: 4634: 4608: 4585: 4559: 4545: 4532:The Royal Mint 4519: 4497: 4469: 4444: 4416: 4385: 4357: 4329: 4301: 4273: 4221: 4193: 4161: 4129: 4097: 4065: 4037: 4005: 3993:The Royal Mint 3980: 3952: 3938: 3919: 3893: 3865: 3863:, p. 579. 3853: 3851:, p. 177. 3841: 3814: 3802: 3777: 3750: 3748:, p. 148. 3738: 3724: 3704: 3674: 3644: 3632: 3607: 3594:The Perth Mint 3581: 3558: 3535: 3506: 3470: 3456: 3442: 3425: 3399: 3384: 3370: 3340: 3310: 3293: 3291:, p. 888. 3281: 3277:Linecar (1985) 3269: 3267:, p. 282. 3257: 3226: 3195: 3170: 3140: 3118: 3104: 3090: 3079: 3054: 3022: 2996: 2978: 2950: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2836: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2801: 1561–62 2794: 2789: 2775: 2772: 2687:Main article: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2660: 2653: 2651: 2648:Military Cross 2646: 2639: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2623: 2619:Waterloo Medal 2617: 2610: 2600:Victoria Cross 2585:Ashantee Medal 2544: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2526:38.61 mm 2524: 2521: 2518: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2502:32.69 mm 2500: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2483:38.61 mm 2481: 2478: 2475: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2459:32.69 mm 2457: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2442:32.69 mm 2440: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2423:38.61 mm 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412:Queen's Beasts 2407: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2397:22.05 mm 2395: 2392: 2389: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2371:32.69 mm 2369: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2352:38.61 mm 2350: 2347: 2344: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2310:Bullion coins 2305: 2304: 2297:Lunar New Year 2278: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2118:International 2115: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2069:pound sterling 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2032:Deutsche Börse 2011:. Operated by 1970: 1967: 1947:Olympic medals 1901: 1898: 1894:Rio de Janeiro 1880: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1868: 1863: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1786: 1770:George Osborne 1762:Royal Mint Ltd 1733:rescue package 1684:deep recession 1671: 1668: 1656:Prince Charles 1611:Royal Mint in 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1512: 1509: 1493:Hong Kong Mint 1457:British Empire 1319:Queen Victoria 1290: 1287: 1246: 1243: 1148:Prime Minister 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1089:Pound sterling 1050:counterfeiting 1036:initiated the 997:of 1688, when 980:hammered coins 976:Peter Blondeau 968:milled coinage 952: 949: 933:Lord Protector 917:pattern pieces 909:milled coinage 897:Peter Blondeau 872:1658 Cromwell 851:1696 Recoinage 843:Prince Maurice 815:Richard Vyvyan 805:Bristol Castle 793:Thomas Rawlins 789:Nicholas Briot 761:Thomas Bushell 626: 623: 608:Lord Harington 574:pound sterling 462: 459: 385:Medieval Latin 372: 369: 367: 364: 318:United Kingdom 275:United Kingdom 265: 264: 253: 249: 248: 245: 242: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 220: 212: 211: 203: 195: 194: 186: 181: 178: 177: 169: 165: 164: 157: 153: 152: 139: 136: 133: 132: 126:United Kingdom 123: 120: 117: 116: 106: 102: 101: 80: 76: 75: 69: 65: 64: 56: 52: 51: 50:The Royal Mint 48: 43: 40: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6578: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6456: 6449: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6432:Autumn Budget 6430: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6367:public bodies 6361: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6288:Civil Service 6285: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6260:City Minister 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6188: 6186: 6181: 6179: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6159: 6153: 6146: 6143: 6142:Thomas Graham 6140: 6137: 6136:John Herschel 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5973:John Conduitt 5971: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5893:Ralph Freeman 5890: 5887: 5886:Ralph Freeman 5883: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5865: 5864:Aaron Guerdon 5862: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5843:Robert Harley 5840: 5837: 5833: 5832:Ralph Freeman 5829: 5826: 5825:Robert Harley 5822: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5759:Sir John York 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5605: 5603: 5598: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5571: 5570:Pretoria Mint 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5500:Related mints 5498: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5380: 5378: 5373: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5355: 5349: 5344: 5343: 5332: 5326: 5323:. Blackwell. 5322: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5292:9780600500872 5288: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5233:9781869917012 5229: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5139: 5117: 5111: 5095: 5089: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5062: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5006: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4963: 4962:The Telegraph 4959: 4952: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4725: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4689: 4687: 4670: 4664: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4596: 4589: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4549: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4507: 4501: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4473: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4420: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4392: 4390: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4361: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4305: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4277: 4269: 4263: 4246: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4228: 4226: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4197: 4178: 4171: 4165: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4114: 4107: 4101: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4069: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4009: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3941: 3939:9781340858254 3935: 3931: 3930: 3923: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3812:, p. 70. 3811: 3806: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3747: 3742: 3727: 3725:9781135873271 3721: 3717: 3716: 3708: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3641: 3636: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3569: 3562: 3546: 3539: 3523: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3466: 3460: 3452: 3446: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3306: 3305: 3297: 3290: 3285: 3278: 3273: 3266: 3261: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3214: 3210: 3209:Country Quest 3206: 3199: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3129: 3126:Rudd, Chris. 3122: 3114: 3108: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3083: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3039: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2895:List of mints 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2837: 2834: 2823: 2808: 2805: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2782: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2677: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553:Defence Medal 2550: 2534: 2531: 2529:31.21 g 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2505:31.21 g 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2488: 2486:31.21 g 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2462:31.21 g 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2445:31.21 g 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2428: 2426:62.42 g 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2400:7.988 g 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2374:31.21 g 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2355:31.21 g 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2183:Bullion bars 2180: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2168:in 1852. The 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2142: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1969:Recent events 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1943:50 pence coin 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1869: 1864: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1802: 1793: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774:privatisation 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1676: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652:Prince Philip 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1614: 1609: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555:hard currency 1551: 1549: 1545: 1544:its own coins 1541: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477:James Douglas 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1295: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1272:multinational 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1242: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155:Thomas Graham 1152: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133:Robert Smirke 1124: 1119: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042:Coin Act 1696 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 961: 957: 948: 945: 941: 937: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 875: 870: 863: 860:Commonwealth 858: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 813: 808: 806: 802: 801:Prince Rupert 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 678:British Isles 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 635: 631: 622: 620: 616: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 575: 571: 567: 563: 560:In 1603, the 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 516: 514: 492: 488: 484: 480: 472: 467: 458: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 403:Great Britain 396: 393: 390: 387:inscription: 386: 382: 377: 363: 361: 356: 352: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 323: 319: 315: 314:Great Britain 311: 306: 303: 299: 294: 292: 288: 284: 283:British coins 280: 276: 272: 262: 254: 250: 246: 240: 237: 234: 230: 221: 218: 213: 204: 201: 196: 187: 184: 179: 170: 166: 158: 154: 149: 143: 140: 134: 131: 127: 124: 118: 114: 110: 107: 103: 97:16 July 2009 81: 77: 73: 70: 66: 63: 60: 57: 53: 49: 46: 41: 37: 32: 26: 22: 6466: 6454: 6405: 6401:Reclaim Fund 6391:Crown Estate 6384:Other bodies 6269: 5967:Isaac Newton 5945:Isaac Newton 5938:Thomas Neale 5924:Thomas Neale 5778:John Lonyson 5753:Martin Bowes 5746:Martin Bowes 5619: 5390: 5320: 5301: 5282: 5262: 5242: 5223: 5204: 5195: 5186: 5177: 5167: 5143: 5135:Bibliography 5122:18 September 5120:. Retrieved 5118:. Royal Mint 5116:"Royal Mint" 5110: 5098:. Retrieved 5088: 5076:. Retrieved 5070: 5061: 5049:. Retrieved 5045:the original 5035: 5023:. Retrieved 5019:the original 5014: 5005: 4995:24 September 4993:. Retrieved 4965:. Retrieved 4961: 4951: 4939:. Retrieved 4935: 4926: 4916:21 September 4914:. Retrieved 4910:the original 4905: 4896: 4884:. Retrieved 4880: 4871: 4859:. Retrieved 4855:the original 4850: 4841: 4829:. Retrieved 4825: 4816: 4804:. Retrieved 4800: 4791: 4779:. Retrieved 4775:the original 4770: 4760: 4748:. Retrieved 4741:the original 4736: 4724: 4712:. Retrieved 4705:the original 4700: 4673:. Retrieved 4663: 4651:. Retrieved 4637: 4625:. Retrieved 4622:Wales Online 4621: 4611: 4599:. Retrieved 4588: 4576:. Retrieved 4573:Wales Online 4572: 4562: 4548: 4536:. Retrieved 4531: 4522: 4510:. Retrieved 4500: 4488:. Retrieved 4484:Wales Online 4482: 4472: 4460:. Retrieved 4447: 4435:. Retrieved 4429: 4419: 4407:. Retrieved 4401: 4376:. Retrieved 4370: 4360: 4348:. Retrieved 4344:The Guardian 4342: 4332: 4320:. Retrieved 4313: 4304: 4292:. Retrieved 4288:The Guardian 4286: 4276: 4250:. Retrieved 4245:the original 4237: 4212:. Retrieved 4208:Wales Online 4206: 4196: 4184:. Retrieved 4177:the original 4164: 4152:. Retrieved 4145:the original 4132: 4120:. Retrieved 4113:the original 4100: 4088:. Retrieved 4077: 4068: 4056:. Retrieved 4050: 4040: 4028:. Retrieved 4014: 4008: 3996:. Retrieved 3992: 3983: 3971:. Retrieved 3965: 3962:"Royal Mint" 3955: 3943:. Retrieved 3928: 3922: 3910:. Retrieved 3906: 3896: 3884:. Retrieved 3882:. March 1966 3877: 3868: 3861:Challis 1992 3856: 3849:Beardon 2013 3844: 3832:. Retrieved 3826: 3817: 3805: 3793:. Retrieved 3780: 3768:. Retrieved 3762: 3753: 3741: 3729:. Retrieved 3714: 3707: 3695:. Retrieved 3691:the original 3686: 3677: 3665:. Retrieved 3661:the original 3656: 3647: 3640:Michael 2016 3635: 3623:. Retrieved 3619: 3610: 3598:. Retrieved 3593: 3584: 3572:. Retrieved 3561: 3549:. Retrieved 3538: 3526:. 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Retrieved 2929: 2919: 2885:Kevin Clancy 2865:Bullion coin 2761: 2758: 2754:Maundy money 2750: 2741: 2731: 2692: 2662:George Cross 2589: 2569: 2546: 2513: 2472:Lunar Series 2470: 2410: 2384: 2339: 2161: 2147: 2057:legal tender 2054: 2021: 1992: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1963:trial plates 1951:pattern coin 1938: 1919:Chelsea F.C. 1903: 1887: 1881: 1855:Composition 1807: 1791: 1761: 1750: 1726: 1697: 1688:trading fund 1681: 1633: 1617: 1552: 1537: 1514: 1511:1914 to 1966 1454: 1427: 1387:British rule 1380: 1356: 1352:legal tender 1300: 1282: 1248: 1239: 1200: 1188: 1168: 1145: 1129: 1107:1805 to 1914 1078: 1046:high treason 1044:, making it 1014:Isaac Newton 1007: 992: 987: 965: 960:Isaac Newton 951:1660 to 1805 940:Thomas Simon 887:rather than 878: 819:Ralph Hopton 809: 781:New Inn Hall 750: 670:Five Members 639: 559: 536: 517: 476: 461:1279 to 1672 437:began their 433:. 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