1078:... where paramilitaries have a pronounced presence, the army fails to move against them and tolerates their activity, including egregious violations of international humanitarian law; provides some paramilitary groups with intelligence used to carry out operations; and in other cases actively promotes and coordinates with paramilitary units, including joint maneuvers in which atrocities are the frequent result. ... In areas where paramilitaries are present, some police officers have been directly implicated in joint army-paramilitary actions or have supplied information to paramilitaries for their death lists. Police have also stood by while paramilitaries selected and killed their victims. On many occasions, police have publicly described whole communities as guerrillas or sympathetic to them and have withdrawn police protection, a violation of their responsibility under Colombian law to protect civilians from harm. Instead of reinforcing the police after guerrilla attacks, police commanders have withdrawn officers, thus encouraging or allowing paramilitaries to move in unimpeded and kill civilians.
785:(United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia) or AUC was announced, formally inaugurating what has been termed by analysts as the "second generation" of paramilitarism. It is considered to be the result of Carlos Castaño's efforts to achieve a measure of unity between most of the other paramilitary forces in the country. Several paramilitary groups did not join, but the AUC itself claimed to represent about 90% of existing forces at the time. Castaño's ACCU formally became the core of the new umbrella organization, while the other heads of paramilitary groups kept their own leadership positions, becoming part of a federated High Command of the AUC. It has been considered by observers that the FARC's advances as part of a 1996 to 1998 offensive eased the process of this formal paramilitary unification. As a response, the AUC engaged in a renewed series of massacres and assassinations, often with the passive or active aid of elements of the Colombian government's security forces, according to human rights organizations.
197:("EJC-3 Order, Restricted, 1969") stated that the armed forces should organize "self-defense committees" which were defined as "military-type organizations made up of civilian personnel in the combat zone, which are trained and equipped to undertake operations against guerrilla groups that threaten an area or to operate in coordination with combat troops". These committees were to maintain contact with local military officers, keeping a high level awareness about any suspicious communist action in their communities, in particular those of suspected "guerrilla supporters". The manual also allowed military personnel to dress in civilian clothes when necessary to infiltrate areas of suspected guerrilla influence and for civilian helpers to travel alongside military units. Separately, in order to help gain the trust of local citizens, the military was advised to participate in the daily activities of the community where and when applicable.
1376:(a union representing food and beverage workers in Colombia), five individuals who had been tortured or unlawfully detained for union activities, and the estate of murdered union activist Isidro Gil. The plaintiffs alleged that Coca-Cola bottlers "contracted with or otherwise directed paramilitary security forces that utilized extreme violence and murdered, tortured, unlawfully detained, or otherwise silenced trade union leaders." Coca-Cola does not deny that the murders and attacks on unionists took place at their bottling facilities, nor did they deny that the paramilitaries responsible for the killings were being paid by the bottlers, but they claimed that they could not be held liable because they are not in direct control of the bottling plants. In March 2001, district judge
1184:
when the FARC attempted to take over a town, in neighboring Nariño, the military responded within three hours. Some of the villagers traveled to the
Colombian Army's Third Brigade an hour away. The Cauca People's Defender, Victor Javier Melendez, notified the military that a massacre was occurring on the morning of April 13. He received no response. The Colombian Public Advocate's office stated: "it is inexplicable how approximately 500 paramilitaries could carry out an operation of this type without being challenged in any way, especially since the area that these men entered is only twenty minutes from the village of Timba, where a base operated by the Colombian Army is located and has been staffed since March 30 of this year."
340:) was created to handle both the logistics and the public relations of the organization and to provide a legal front for various paramilitary groups. ACDEGAM worked to promote anti-labor policies and threatened anyone involved with organizing for labor or peasants' rights. The threats were backed by the MAS, which would come in and attack or assassinate anyone who was suspected of being a "subversive". ACDEGAM also built schools whose stated purpose was the creation of a "patriotic and anti-Communist" educational environment, built roads, bridges, and health clinics. Paramilitary recruiting, weapons storage, communications, propaganda, and medical services were all run out of ACDEGAM headquarters.
7408:
7362:
7395:
574:", ACCU). The ACCU began working with regional military forces, such as the BombonĂĄ battalion, to crush the guerrillas, and murder or intimidate anyone suspected of supporting them. The ACCU helped military commanders by providing intelligence regarding local guerrilla activities. The ACCU began networking with other paramilitary groups such as the MAS, and began to take over large areas of northern Colombia, which was the principal transnational shipping point for illegal drugs.
706:("People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar", Los Pepes) with the purpose of tracking down and killing Pablo Escobar and his associates. The organization was led by Fidel Castaño. The Calà Cartel provided $ 50 million to pay for weapons, informants, and assassins, with the hopes that they could wipe out their primary rival in the cocaine business. Members of both Colombian and U.S. government agencies (including the DEA, CIA and State Department) provided intelligence to Los Pepes.
1180:
Cayetano Cruz, was cut in half with a chainsaw. The paramilitaries lined up the villagers in the middle of the town, and asked people if they knew any guerrillas. If they answered "no", they were hacked to death with machetes. Many of the bodies were dismembered, and strewn piecemeal around the area, making it difficult to gain an accurate body count and identify victims. Between 4,000 and 6,000 people were displaced as they fled the area during and following the violence.
756:âwho would later become President of Colombiaâwas one of the primary proponents of the CONVIVIR program. Statistics regarding the exact number of CONVIVIR groups differ and have been considered hard to obtain. Estimates indicate that, by the late 1990s, from 414 to over 500 of these groups had been created, with their membership ranging from 10,000 to 120,000. Uribe's department of Antioquia had some 65 CONVIVIR groups, one of the highest figures in the country.
170:
activity. Among other policy recommendations, the US team advised that "in order to shield the interests of both
Colombian and US authorities against 'interventionist' charges any special aid given for internal security was to be sterile and covert in nature." It was not until the early part of the 1980s that the Colombian government attempted to move away from the counterinsurgency strategy represented by Plan Lazo and Yarborough's 1962 recommendations.
7144:
7120:
7171:
515:
under the leadership of the
Colombian military and Fidel's group. Between 1988 and 1990, Colombian press sources reported almost 200 political murders and 400 suspected political assassinations in the region and official government figures suggested that a total of 1,200 of them took place in CĂłrdoba during the period. Left-wing politicians received anonymous death threats and were frequently interrogated in army bases by the 11th Brigade.
7181:
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7191:
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503:, where they were based. In 1983, under orders from Fidel, a group of men went through the villages near Segovia, where his father had been held, and killed every man, woman, and child living on the river nearby. They pulled babies out of their mothers arms and shot them, nailing one baby to a plank. They impaled a man on a bamboo pole, and hacked a woman to pieces with a machete. By the time they were done, 22 people were dead.
94:
858:
paramilitary combatants did in fact go through the demobilization process and abandoned their groups for good. However, there is substantial evidence that many others who participated in the demobilization process were stand-ins rather than paramilitaries, and that portions of the groups remained active. There is also evidence that members of the groups who supposedly demobilized continued engaging in illegal activities.
7161:
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1201:
hacked up with a machete. They then dumped the bodies into the river. An
Amnesty International reported on June 4, 2003, that the Colombian army's 18th Brigade's "Navos Pardo Battalion" fully supported the AUC in carrying out the massacre: "... in Betoyes in January 2003, witnesses said that the AUC armband of one attacker slipped to reveal the words 'Navos Pardo Battalion' printed on the uniform beneath."
1023:" mutilated bodies with chainsaws. They chained people to burning vehicles. They decapitated and rolled heads like soccer balls. They killed dozens at one time, including women and children. They buried people alive or hung them on meat hooks, carving them ... the victims ... were civilians accused of supporting the guerrillas by supplying them with food, medical supplies, or transportation."
902:
dependent on the ex-combatantsâ participation to reintegration activities. Of the 31,671 demobilized members of the AUC, 20,267 were actively participating in the reintegration program by the end of 2009. The others were either involved in the process of
Justice and Peace, imprisoned due to infractions after their demobilization, dead, or had left the program for unknown reasons.
794:
paramilitaries who had committed serious crimes. The legislation gave AUC combatants broad concessions, such as allowing paramilitaries to keep profits made from criminal activities during their time in the AUC, limiting sentences to a maximum of 8 years which could be served on private farms instead of in prisons, and not obliging them to dismantle their power structures.
182:, which defined the defense of the nation as requiring "the organization and tasking of all of the residents of the country and its natural resources...to guarantee National Independence and institutional stability." This decree temporarily allowed the formation of private security forces used to protect large landowners, cattle ranchers, and government officials.
550:, the Communist FARC-EP expanded its activities in CĂłrdoba and clashes between them, a dissident EPL faction, and the demobilized guerrillasâsome of which formed armed "popular commands"âled to almost 200 murders of former fighters and continued violence. Carlos Castaño claimed that this was the reason he decided to reactivate his family's private army.
320:("Death to Kidnappers", MAS). They formed this organization to defend their economic interests, to fight against the guerrillas, and to provide protection for local elites from kidnappings and extortion. By 1983, Colombian internal affairs had registered 240 political killings by MAS death squadsâmostly community leaders, elected officials, and farmers.
1014:
During some years of the conflict, the paramilitaries and state agents were responsible for approximately 73 to 85% of all political murders in
Colombia. Many of these killings occur in massacres in rural areas, with the paramilitaries claiming they are eliminating alleged supporters of the guerrilla movements. Paramilitaries also engage in the use of
1210:
591:
was supposed to plan ways to cut down on paramilitary violence and oversee the execution of these plans. However, most of the people in the commission had either openly voiced support for the paramilitaries or headed agencies with very strong ties to paramilitary groups, and the commission rarely met over the following decade.
1253:" operations against homeless people, drug addicts, orphaned children, and other people they deem socially "undesirable". In 1993 alone, at least 2,190 street children were murdered, many of whom were killed by agents of the state. An estimated 5 people per day fell victim to social cleansing operations in 1995.
652:
civilian members of paramilitary groups, by incorporating them into several of the local intelligence networks and by cooperating with their activities. In effect, HRW believed that this further consolidated a "secret network that relied on paramilitaries not only for intelligence, but to carry out murder".
1146:
Civilians were taken to the town center where they were tortured by paramilitaries before being killed. After torturing their victims, the paramilitaries decapitated people with chainsaws, hung people from meat hooks, hacked people with machetes, cut people's throats and carved their bodies, and then
1013:
The right-wing paramilitaries have been blamed for many of the human rights violations during the
Colombian conflict, particularly killings of civilians. In 2022, the Truth Commission for Colombia concluded that paramilitaries were responsible for 45% of all killings and 52% of forced disappearances.
879:
remained partial, as some stayed outside the process or went on to rearm, strongly contributing to the emergence of successor groups known as New
Illegal Armed Groups (NAIGs). Their number has fallen from 32 in 2006 to three, but they still muster some 3,000 members often concentrated in regions with
675:
where: "In partnership with MAS, the navy intelligence network set up in
Barrancabermeja adopted as its goal not only the elimination of anyone perceived as supporting the guerrillas, but also members of the political opposition, journalists, trade unionists, and human rights workers, particularly if
1650:
Visit to
Colombia, South America, by a Team from Special Warfare Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, Headquarters, U.S. Army Special Warfare School, 26 Feb. 1962, Kennedy Library, Box 319, National Security Files, Special Group; Fort Bragg Team; Visit to Colombia; 3/62, "Secret Supplement, Colombian
1351:
Since it started operating in the early 1990s, Drummond's 215-mile railway has been repeatedly attacked by the FARC-EP. There is evidence that right-wing paramilitaries were hired by Drummond to guard the rail lines. In 2001, union activists working at Drummond's Colombian operations began receiving
1200:
in early May 2003. Several people belonging to the indigenous Guahibo community were killed and over 300 people fled. Three girls, aged 11, 12, and 15, were raped. Another 16-year-old pregnant mother, Omaira FernĂĄndez was raped, and then had her womb cut open and the fetus ripped out which they then
1179:
The first victim was a 17-year-old girl named Gladys Ipia whose head and hands were cut off with a chain saw. Next, six people were shot while eating at a local restaurant. Another man was chopped into pieces and burned. A woman had her abdomen ripped open with a chainsaw. An indigenous leader named
928:
Until 2011 Colombia remained the world's largest cocaine producer, and since 2003, Human Rights Watch stated that according to their Colombian intelligence sources, "40 percent of the country's total cocaine exports" were controlled by these paramilitaries. In 2011 an independent investigation, made
844:
Media reports suggest that over 30,000 paramilitaries have demobilized. However, paramilitaries in supposedly demobilized areas continue to operate, often under new names, and to commit violations. There is also strong evidence of continued links between paramilitaries and the security forces. There
824:
reviewed Law 975 of 2005, modifying and striking down several of its original articles and correcting some of the problems critics had identified. The revision requires full confessions, turning over illegally acquired assets, provides that reduced sentences may be revoked for lying and removes time
797:
Under the Colombian government's interpretation of Law 782 of 2002 and Decree 128 of 2003, the majority of the paramilitaries who submitted to the process were pardoned through the cessation of judicial procedures for charges related to their membership in the group. Only 3,700 of the paramilitaries
748:
groups. The CONVIVIR groups were intended to maintain control over high risk areas where guerrillas did not have a strong presence after having been expelled and where there was no need for a large military force or illegal paramilitary presence anymore. Many illegal paramilitary groups transitioned
663:
HRW stated that while "not all paramilitaries are intimate partners with the military", the existing partnership between paramilitaries and the Colombian military was "a sophisticated mechanism--in part supported by years of advice, training, weaponry, and official silence by the United States--that
594:
The second decree, Decree 814, established a 1,000 member anti-paramilitary police force that was made up of active-duty officers from the National Police. The police force was mostly assigned to raiding drug laboratories and the offices of drug trafficking organizations, rather than confronting the
1315:
learned of Chiquita's relationship with the AUC in 2003. They told Chiquita executives that the payments were illegal and ordered them to stop. After receiving the order, Chiquita made at least 19 more payments. Chiquita representatives said that they were only financing terrorist organizations "in
1073:
Paramilitary forces in Colombia have additionally been charged with the illegal recruitment of children into the armed ranks. Though this is an offense punishable by national law, the prosecution rate for these crimes is less than 2% as of 2008. Many of these abuses have occurred with the knowledge
990:
BACRIMs continue to be involved in the drug trade, commit widespread human rights abuses, engage in forced displacement, and undermine democratic legitimacy in other waysâboth in collusion with and opposition to FARC-EP guerrillas. Their targets have included human rights defenders, labor unionists
736:
meant to hold these talks. The FARC-EP leadership expressed initial interest in the administration's plan, but ultimately refused to accept any preconditions. The Samper administration was also seriously undermined it in the eyes of the guerillas after the scandal concerning the receipt of over $ 6
598:
The third decree, Decree 815, suspended the Armed Forces's privilege to distribute weapons to armed civilian groups (a power which had been granted under Law 48 in 1968), and required any new armed civilian groups to be approved by the President and Ministers of Defense and Government. However, the
514:
and other Communist guerrillas under the threat of kidnapping or having their ranches burned and their animals killed. Widespread local mobilizations against the central government's peace initiatives, the guerrillas, and political movements thought to have their consent or approval, were organized
1236:
Paramilitary groups have been held responsible for the largest portion of displacement. In the years 2000 and 2001, paramilitaries were blamed for 48 percent and 53 percent of forced displacement, respectively. The displacement is not only a side-effect of the civil conflict, but also a deliberate
1183:
Despite repeated warnings over the preceding two weeks that such an attack was about to occur, the Colombian military refused to provide protection for the villagers. And although the massacre went on for more than three days, the nearby Third Brigade did not show up until after it was over. Yet,
1143:, an estimated 30 people were killed between July 14 to 20 1997. At least 100 heavily armed AUC members arrived in the town searching for people who were suspected leftist guerrilla supporters. They went from house to house referring to a list of names that had been prepared by informants earlier.
590:
The first of the decrees, Decree 813, called for the creation of a commission to oversee the government's anti-paramilitary efforts. The commission was to include the Ministers of Government, Justice, and National Defense, along with the chiefs of the Army, National Police, and DAS. The commission
1306:
in 2007. The indictment alleges that the payments "were reviewed and approved by senior executives of the corporation" and that by no later than September 2000, they were aware "that the AUC was a violent, paramilitary organization". Separate charges were also filed alleging that in 2001, using a
828:
In 2007 and 2008, paramilitary commanders provided useful information to prosecutors about their activities and associates. However, of some 1,800 individuals who began confessing their crimes to prosecutors in 2005, just 5 had completed their hearings by 2009. A limited number of assets worth an
759:
Amnesty International claims that the CONVIVIR groups committed numerous human rights abuses against civilians, working in coordination with the Colombian government and paramilitaries. In 1998, Human Rights Watch stated that "we have received credible information that indicated that the CONVIVIR
1150:
The local judge of Mapiripan, Leonardo Ivan Cortes, called the police and the army eight times during the 5-day massacre, but they did not arrive until the AUC paramilitaries had left. In March 1999, Colombian prosecutors accused Colonel Lino Sånchez of planning the massacre with Carlos Castaño.
901:
Since 2006, the Office of the High Counselor for Reintegration (ACR) has been in charge of the reintegration policy for demobilized AUC members. The ACR assists ex-combatants with education, vocational training, grants for micro-businesses, psychosocial support, healthcare and a monthly stipend
857:
The successor groups, though different in important respects from the paramilitary United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia ... have taken on many of the same roles, often with some of the same personnel, in some cases with the same counterinsurgency objectives of the AUC ... It is clear that many
763:
In November 1997, due to mounting concerns over human rights violations committed by CONVIVIR groups and the relations between illegal paramilitaries and CONVIVIR, the Constitutional Court of Colombia stated that the issue of military weaponry to civilians and specifically to CONVIVIR groups was
631:
in order to give advice on the reshaping of several of the Colombian military's local intelligence networks, ostensibly to aid the Colombian military in counter-narcotics efforts. Advice was also solicited from the British and Israeli military intelligence, but the U.S. proposals were ultimately
986:
These successor groups are often made up of mid-level paramilitary commanders and criminal structures that either did not demobilize in the first place or were re-activated after the demobilizations had concluded. Many demobilized paramilitaries received recruitment offers, were threatened into
713:
Los Pepes have their torture chambers in Fidel Castaño's house , located ... near the country club ... There they torture trade unionists and lawyers. No one has searched their house or confiscated their assets ... The government offers rewards for the leaders of the MedellĂn Cartel and for the
659:
links or responsibility for paramilitary human rights abuses. HRW stated that the military intelligence networks created by the U.S. reorganization appeared to have dramatically increased violence, stating that the "recommendations were given despite the fact that some of the U.S. officials who
651:
Human Rights Watch (HRW) concluded that these intelligence networks subsequently laid the groundwork for continuing an illegal, covert partnership between the military and paramilitaries. HRW argued that the restructuring process solidified linkages between members of the Colombian military and
376:
through drug-funded private sales. The organization had computers and ran a communications center that worked in coordination with the state telecommunications office. They had thirty pilots and an assortment of helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. U.S., Israeli, British and Australian military
169:
in violent areas. Following Yarborough's recommendations, the Colombian military recruited civilians into paramilitary "civil defense" groups which worked alongside the military in its counter-insurgency campaign, as well as in civilian intelligence networks to gather information on guerrilla
866:
The vast majority of paramilitaries responsible for human rights violations were demobilized without investigation, and many were effectively granted amnesties. Today, the failure in accountability is clear from the dramatic rise in killings by illegal armed groups composed largely of former
144:
A concerted country team effort should be made now to select civilian and military personnel for clandestine training in resistance operations in case they are needed later. This should be done with a view toward development of a civil and military structure for exploitation in the event the
691:
1090:
At times the security forces collaborated with paramilitary groups that committed abuses; in some instances, individual members of the security forces actively collaborated with members of paramilitary groups by passing them through roadblocks, sharing intelligence, and providing them with
832:
Serious flaws during the demobilization phase, such as the Colombian government's failure to interrogate and verify the identities of those involved in the process, allowed many paramilitaries to remain active, form new successor groups, and continue to engage in human rights violations.
793:
In July 2003, the Uribe administration began formal negotiations with the AUC with the stated aim of seeking its demobilization. Law 975 of 2005, also known as the "Justice and Peace" law, was approved by the Colombian Congress and constituted the main legal framework applicable to those
280:
trade took off and became a major source of profit. By 1982, cocaine surpassed coffee as a national export, making up 30% of all Colombian exports. Many members of the new class of wealthy drug barons began purchasing enormous quantities of land for a number of reasons: in order to
829:
estimated US$ 5 million had been surrendered to the official reparations fund, but procedures for the return of stolen land to its original owners remained stagnant and paramilitary leaders extradited to the United States mostly ceased collaborations with authorities.
1155:
soldiers on BarrancĂłn Island on the Guaviare River. The training was finished very close to the time of the massacre. The evidence showed that the paramilitaries landed unhampered at the San Jose del Guaviare airport, which was heavily guarded by military personnel.
602:
In 1989, the administration issued Decree 1194 which outlawed "the armed groups, misnamed paramilitary groups, that have been formed into death squads, bands of hired assassins, self-defense groups, or groups that carry out their own justice" after the
185:
Decree 3398 was later succeeded by Law 48 of 1968, a piece of permanent legislation that gave the Colombian executive the power to establish civil patrols by decree and allowed the Defense Ministry to supply their members with military-grade weaponry.
404:
By the end of the 1980s, the MAS had a significant presence in 8 of Colombia's 32 departmentsâAntioquia, BoyacĂĄ, CaquetĂĄ, CĂłrdoba, Cundinamarca, Meta, Putumayo, and Santander. During this period, a stated goal of the groups was to kill members of the
723:
During the 1990s, the FARC-EP and other guerrilla groups experienced significant growth and achieved a series of military successes against government forces, increasing the amount of territory under their control. The administration of President
760:
groups of the Middle Magdalena and of the southern Cesar regions were directed by known paramilitaries and had threatened to assassinate Colombians that were considered as guerrilla sympathizers or which rejected joining the cooperative groups".
75:
to combat leftist political activists and armed guerrilla groups. The development of more modern paramilitary groups has also involved elite landowners, drug traffickers, members of the security forces, politicians, civilians, and multinational
2084:
1099:
The security forces have tried to improve their human rights image by letting their paramilitary allies commit human rights violations and then denying that the paramilitaries are operating with their acquiescence, support or sometimes direct
1037:
Paramilitary violence is overwhelmingly targeted towards peasants, unionists, teachers, human rights workers, journalists and liberal or left-wing political activists. Paramilitary abuses in Colombia are often classified as
4779:
3539:
3245:
1316:
good faith", for the protection of their employees. To date, none of the Chiquita executives have been indicted for terrorism, however the company did receive a fine of $ 25 million. The plea deal was negotiated by
1352:
frequent death threats. In February of that year, AUC paramilitaries broke into the home of union organizer CĂĄndido MĂ©ndez and killed him in front of his family. This was followed by a series of killings in March.
145:
Colombian internal security system deteriorates further. This structure should be used to pressure toward reforms known to be needed, perform counter-agent and counter-propaganda functions and as necessary execute
355:
began funneling large amounts of cash into the organization to pay for weaponry, equipment and training. Funding for social projects was cut and put towards strengthening the MAS. Modern battle rifles such as the
1114:"Each night they kill groups of five to six defenseless people, who are cruelly and monstrously massacred after being tortured. The screams of humble people are audible, begging for mercy and asking for help."
582:
In 1987, government statistics revealed that paramilitaries had been responsible for more civilian deaths than guerrillas deaths. Two years later, in 1989, the Colombian government under the administration of
285:
their drug money and to gain social status among the traditional Colombian elite. By the late 1980s, drug traffickers were the largest landholders in Colombia and wielded immense political power. They raised
260:"That they try to present me as an associate of the guerrilla ... hurts my personal dignity ... I am a man of investments and therefore I cannot sympathize with the guerrillas who fight against property."
2080:
728:(1994â1998) carried out ineffective operations against the insurgency and attempted to enter into peace negotiations. Colombian military commanders resisted Samper's offer of a demilitarized zone in
178:
The first legal framework for the training of civilians by military or police forces for security purposes was formally established by the Colombian presidential decree 3398 of 1965, issued during a
3276:
190:
has pointed out that "although few civil patrols were ever formally created by the president, the military frequently cited Law 48 as the legal foundation for their support for all paramilitaries."
764:
unconstitutional, and that CONVIVIR members could no longer be used to gather intelligence information. Many of the CONVIVIR groups simply joined up with the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC).
3134:
987:
joining the new organizations, or have simultaneously rearmed and remained in government reintegration programs. New recruits have also come from traditional areas for paramilitary recruitment.
643:
in May 1991. The order itself made no mention of drugs or counter-narcotics operations at all, but instead focused exclusively on creating covert intelligence networks to combat the insurgency.
1277:
In 2001. Colombian government sources estimated that at least 40% of all cocaine exports from Colombia were controlled by far-right paramilitary groups, while only 2.5% were controlled by the
6704:â (Former combatants in Colombia's internal armed conflict spent two years painting their experiences. They face difficult decisions about what to remember, what to forget and how to forgive)
1380:
decided in Miami that Coca-Cola could not be held liable, claiming they did not directly control the bottling plants, but allowed the case against the bottling companies to proceed forward.
3437:
813:, citing its non-compliance with international standards on the rights of victims to seek justice and reparation and granting impunity to human rights violators. Colombian congresswoman
6078:
The United States vs. Rito Alejo del RĂo: Ambassador Cited Accused Colombian General's Reliance on Death Squads, "Systematic" Support of Paramilitaries "Pivotal to his Military Success"
1307:
Colombian port owned and operated by Banadex (a subsidiary of Chiquita), the company transported 3,400 AK-47 rifles and 4 million rounds of ammunition, which were destined for the AUC.
409:
or any political groups that opposed drug trafficking. At the same time, they began to intensively involve themselves in municipal, regional, and national politics. In August 1989, the
7754:
414:
1523:
4773:
This article is Left Leaning and should be taken with a grain of salt because most of the cites are decades old and with new information that is being presented today, is outdated.
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975:
There were originally over 30 BACRIM, but by late 2017, the number had been reduced to a handful as smaller groups have been absorbed by more powerful networks or dismantled by the
6476:
1556:
6342:
1274:
in the 1990s created an opening for paramilitary groups, which controlled northern Colombia (the key transnational smuggling route), to take over the international cocaine trade.
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leaders of the guerrillas, but doesn't offer rewards for the leaders of the paramilitaries, nor for those of the CalĂ Cartel, authors of various car bombs in the city of MedellĂn.
123:
experts, to investigate Colombia's internal security situation. This was due to the increased prevalence of armed communist groups in rural Colombia which formed during and after
6701:
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4775:
539:(Foundation for the Peace of CĂłrdoba) which provided money, land, cattle and other support to hundreds of former EPL combatants. Electoral alliances between the new party, the
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limits on investigations. The Court also ruled against the option for paramilitaries to serve their sentences outside of prison or to deduct time spent during negotiations.
611:. The decree established criminal penalties for both civilians and members of the armed forces involved in the promotion, financing, training and membership of said groups.
1311:, Colombia's attorney general in 2007, said that he would seek extradition for several Chiquita executives as part of the weapons smuggling investigation. Lawyers from the
801:
The demobilization process was heavily criticized by national and international human rights organizations as well as by international entities, such as the Office of the
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into legal CONVIVIR groups after this. These CONVIVIR groups worked alongside both the Colombian military and illegal paramilitary groups in counterinsurgency operations.
1340:
began to expand into new markets, due to the deregulation of global capital. As part of this expansion, they purchased the Pribbenow coal mine in Colombia, as well as a
5917:
Nazih Richani (2007). "Caudillos and the Crisis of the Colombian State: fragmented sovereignty, the war system and the privatisation of counterinsurgency in Colombia".
464:, had accumulated a fortune illegally smuggling emeralds, robbing, and trafficking cocaine and marijuana. By the 1980s, Fidel had become one of the most powerful mafia
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392:
to train teams of assassins at remote training camps in Colombia. Yair Klein, a retired Israeli lieutenant colonel, acknowledged having led a team of instructors in
3516:
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845:
were also fears that government policies designed to reintegrate members of illegal armed groups into civilian life risked "recycling" them into the conflict.
571:
7128:
3940:
3905:
3775:
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709:
Pablo Escobar complained about how the government targeted the MedellĂn Cartel, but did not go after paramilitaries or members of the CalĂ Cartel, saying:
420:
Critics of the MORENA experiment either saw it as an attempt at legitimizing paramilitarism and its abuses, as an extension of ACDEGAM, or as a copycat of
4757:
3596:
702:. Shortly after, the CalĂ Cartel, dissidents within the MedellĂn Cartel, and the MAS worked together to create a new paramilitary organization known as
7223:
6811:
3221:
101:
was the head of a counterinsurgency team sent to Colombia in 1962 by the US Special Warfare Center. Yarborough was one of the earliest proponents of "
3336:
193:
A series of Colombian military manuals from the 1960s encouraged the creation of paramilitary organizations to help fight guerrillas. In 1969, the
6172:
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3194:
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599:
government did not outlaw the already existing paramilitary groups or require that they be re-certified through the more stringent new standards.
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War in Colombia: Guerrillas, Drugs and Human Rights in U.S. Colombia Policy, 1988-2002: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 69
910:
New paramilitary groups and related drug trafficking gangs that have continued operating after the AUC demobilization process are referred to as
60:
are responsible for 16.8%, 10.1% by the Colombian Security Forces and 27.7% by non-identified armed groups, although the chief prosecutor of the
3379:
6212:
3445:
2036:
6518:
4700:
4423:, "Colombia: Activities of a Colombian social cleansing group known as 'JĂłvenes del Bien' and any state efforts to deal with it", 2 April 2004
2106:
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While Carlos was in Israel, Fidel hired a group of over 100 armed men, which began to terrorize the local populace. The thugs became known as
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to fight off guerrillas who were trying to either redistribute their lands to local peasants, kidnap members of their family, or extract the
1512:
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2901:
CapĂtulo IV continuado 5. Violencia y la ViolaciĂłn del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos y el Derecho Internacional Humanitario
6484:
3664:
3243:
http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-america/colombia/053-the-day-after-tomorrow-colombia-s-farc-and-the-end-of-the-conflict.pdf
660:
collaborated with the team knew of the Colombian military's record of human rights abuses and its ongoing relations with paramilitaries".
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6405:
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4733:
4495:
4165:
3011:
2855:
2756:
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1548:
1233:. Over 3 million people have been displaced after President Ălvaro Uribe took office in 2002, with over 300,000 displaced in 2005 alone.
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on April 12, 2001, in which an estimated 40-130 civilians were killed and thousands displaced. Approximately 100 paramilitaries from the
1165:
1091:
ammunition. Paramilitary forces find a ready support base within the military and police, as well as local civilian elites in many areas.
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3801:
3798:"Findings and Recommendations from the Colombian Truth Commission (Hallazgos y Recomendaciones de la ComisiĂłn de la Verdad de Colombia)"
1943:
7324:
4462:
3492:
3473:
2590:
1483:
6009:
Documents Implicate Colombian Government in Chiquita Terror Scandal: Company's Paramilitary Payoffs made through Military's 'Convivir'
4579:
4389:
4367:
Elizabeth F. Schwartz (Winter 1995â1996). "Getting Away with Murder: Social Cleansing in Colombia and the Role of the United States".
3926:
Restrepo, Jorge, and Michael Spagat. "Civilian casualties in the Colombian conflict: a new approach to human security." (2004), pg. 4.
2892:
2826:
Documents Implicate Colombian Government in Chiquita Terror Scandal: Company's Paramilitary Payoffs made through Military's 'Convivir'
140:, Yarborough encouraged the creation and deployment of a paramilitary force to commit sabotage and terrorist acts against communists:
44:
guerrilla forces and their allies among the civilian population. These right-wing paramilitary groups control a large majority of the
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Paramilitary groups, often with the support of local merchants, the Colombian military, and local police, have engaged in extensive "
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806:
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suggested another term, "parauribismo", indicating that the scandal was mainly affecting officials or political allies of President
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7787:
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1786:
1425:'s administration. By April 17, 2012, 139 members of Congress were under investigation. Five governors and 32 lawmakers, including
1417:(AUC), a paramilitary group which is responsible for killing thousands of Colombian civilians. In February 2007, Colombian Senator
378:
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As an example of increased violence and "dirty war" tactics, HRW cited a partnership between the Colombian Navy and the MAS, in
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gave over $ 1.7 million to the AUC, over $ 825,000 of which was given after the U.S. State Department had listed the AUC as a
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5373:
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5034:
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3005:
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2750:
2723:
2677:
2474:
2436:
2255:
2209:
1991:
1905:
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U.S. Ambassador Diego Asencio (February 1979). "Document number: 1979Bogota01410". United States Embassy in BogotĂĄ, Colombia.
1678:
1344:
port to ship the coal. They increased production at the mine by 20 million tons annually, turning it into one of the largest
802:
53:
6557:
Mitchell, Chip (May 2005). "Along for the Ride: Colombia's paramilitaries are getting a pass, with a wink from Washington".
6276:
6203:"The Other Half of the Truth: Searching for Truth, Justice, and Reparations for Colombia's Victims of Paramilitary Violence"
2158:
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4138:
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5177:
Los crĂmenes de estado y su gestiĂłn. Dos experiencias postraumĂĄticas y una aproximaciĂłn a la Justicia Penal Internacional
129:. In February 1962, a Fort Bragg top-level U.S. Special Warfare team, headed by Special Warfare Center commander General
6568:""We Don't Negotiate with Terrorists?": United States Officials Had Brunch with the Colombian Paramilitaries Last Month"
4893:
3723:
3508:
3415:
3293:
Nussio, Enzo (2011). "How ex-combatants talk about personal security. Narratives of former paramilitaries in Colombia".
3090:
310:, the Colombian legislature, small industrialists, and wealthy cattle ranchers came together in a series of meetings in
8483:
8124:
7759:
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7152:
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67:
The first paramilitary groups were organized by the Colombian military following recommendations made by U.S. military
6594:"Stop Killer Coke!: Death squads have assassinated eight trade union leaders in Coca-Cola bottling plants in Colombia"
6493:
6367:
6293:
6244:
4866:
4724:"Stop Killer Coke!: Death squads have assassinated eight trade union leaders in Coca-Cola bottling plants in Colombia"
4005:
3824:
483:. He later worked as an assassin for the MAS, and was supplied with weapons by army officers. In 1983, Carlos went to
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2018:
7265:
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In 1994, Decree 356 of Colombia's Ministry of Defense authorized the creation of legal paramilitary groups known as
510:
were now supporting Fidel Castaño. Many of them had been forced to pay increasing amounts of extortion money to the
7983:
7777:
7174:
6883:
5738:
Jasmin Hristov (JulyâAugust 2009). "Legalizing the Illegal: Paramilitarism in Colombia's 'Post-Paramilitary' Era".
821:
206:
3135:"The Best-Laid Plans of Presidents and War Criminals: The Unintended Outcome of Colombia's Demobilization Process"
381:("DAS", Colombia's Administrative Security Department), between December 1987 and May 1988, RodrĂguez Gacha hired
80:. Paramilitary violence today is principally targeted towards supposed left-wing insurgents and their supporters.
8443:
8356:
8079:
7988:
7879:
7597:
7455:
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6735:
1438:
1369:
1365:
810:
425:
246:. Contemporary accusations and declassified U.S. Embassy documents have linked the creation and operation to the
214:
57:
56:
has estimated that between 1981 and 2012 paramilitary groups have caused 38.4% of the civilian deaths, while the
7830:
6036:
The Truth about Triple-A: U.S. Document Implicates Current, Former Colombian Army Commanders in Terror Operation
5334:
Mauricio Romero (2003). "Paramilitary Groups in Contemporary Colombia". In Diane Davis; Anthony Pereira (eds.).
3936:
3901:
3771:
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in the world, and had purchased large tracts of lands in northern Colombia. By 1988, he and his younger brother
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8129:
7948:
7862:
7618:
7577:
7567:
7496:
7199:
6990:
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5610:
Nazih Richani (Autumn 2005). "Multinational Corporations, Rentier Capitalism, and the War System in Colombia".
1478:
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1389:
1299:
45:
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since 1985, making it the country with the second highest internally displaced population in the world after
1004:
619:
In 1990, the United States formed a team that included representatives of the U.S. Embassy's Military Group,
343:
By the mid-1980s, ACDEGAM and MAS had experienced significant growth. In 1985, the powerful drug traffickers
3218:
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8163:
8106:
8091:
7978:
7744:
7664:
6638:
6317:
3274:
La vida después de la desmovilización. Percepciones, emociones y estrategias de exparamilitares en Colombia
1959:
1151:
SĂĄnchez was the operations chief of the Colombian Army's 12th Brigade. He had received special training by
1008:
61:
5859:
Hanson, Heather; Penna, Rogers Romero (MayâJune 2005). "The Failure of Colombia's "Democratic Security"".
8518:
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8389:
8351:
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8020:
7797:
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3256:
976:
624:
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4222:
Scott Wilson, "Colombian Massacre Large, Brutal: Chain Saws Used By Paramilitaries In Village Killing",
3347:
3333:
7998:
7873:
7857:
7820:
7749:
7587:
6862:
6728:
6717:
Little Voices (Pequeñas Voces) â An animated movie about the vision of children in the war in Colombia.
4980:"Guerrillas, Bandits, and Independent Republics: U.S. Counter-insurgency Efforts in Colombia 1959-1965"
4875:
3686:
3191:
3033:
1399:
1312:
767:
By the end of the decade, there had been a tenfold increase in the number of Colombian paramilitaries.
640:
406:
4949:
Nussio, Enzo (2011). "Learning from Shortcomings â the Demobilization of Paramilitaries in Colombia".
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1348:
operations in the world. It made up the largest share of Drummond's $ 1.7 billion in annual revenues.
1221:. Paramilitary violence is responsible for most of the displacement in the country's ongoing conflict.
949:
352:
8043:
8038:
7676:
7634:
7284:
6806:
6113:
6099:
6085:
6071:
6057:
6043:
6016:
6002:
5988:
4206:
3858:
3152:
Nussio, Enzo (2011). "Learning from Shortcomings: The Demobilisation of Paramilitaries in Colombia".
2840:
2602:
1580:"Guerrillas, Bandits, and Independent Republics: US Counter-insurgency Efforts in Colombia 1959â1965"
1488:
1413:
scandal in which several congressmen and other politicians have been indicted for colluding with the
1238:
915:
531:
and the Colombian military, the guerrillas demobilized over 2,000 illegal combatants and founded the
162:
1225:
More than 5 million people out of Colombia's total population of approximately 40 million have been
8406:
8384:
8339:
8269:
8254:
8196:
8139:
7923:
7815:
7712:
7519:
7299:
6968:
6528:
6443:
4690:
4238:
2110:
1473:
1453:
1152:
961:
532:
5448:
5079:
4536:
2132:
8401:
8394:
8221:
8119:
8096:
7852:
7686:
7629:
7624:
7113:
7029:
6914:
6816:
5193:
1237:
policy to remove people from their territories, so that the land can be taken by wealthy elites,
965:
925:
estimated 6,000 active combatants.. Others estimate their ranks may include up to 10,000 people.
524:
511:
377:
instructors were hired to teach at paramilitary training centers. According to the report by the
323:
316:
243:
6678:
6459:
5995:
Paramilitaries as Proxies: Declassified evidence on the Colombian army's anti-guerrilla "allies"
8431:
7940:
7918:
7582:
7245:
7164:
7082:
6909:
6431:
6120:
5950:
2466:
2460:
1670:
1321:
991:
and victims of the former AUC. Members of government security forces have also been accused of
969:
540:
6593:
6415:
6023:
6021:
MĂĄs sospechas de nexos entre 'paras' y militares revelan reportes de la CIA y Embajada de E.U.
5167:
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4906:
4723:
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4162:
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2740:
2573:
2225:
2199:
2033:
1831:
The Politics of Organized Crime and the Organized Crime of Politics: a study in criminal power
1241:, and criminal syndicates, as well as to attack the civilian support base for the guerrillas.
8436:
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8206:
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8010:
7993:
7928:
7910:
7810:
7805:
7696:
7659:
7649:
6831:
6642:
6192:
5549:
Novelli, Mario (2010). "Education, conflict and social (in)justice: insights from Colombia".
5279:
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4320:
4042:
3797:
3489:
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2927:
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2428:
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1940:
1897:
1418:
1361:
1083:
837:
620:
137:
130:
98:
6837:
6687:
6152:
3847:
2667:
1448:
1130:
507:
469:
8304:
8284:
8211:
8179:
8134:
8101:
8015:
7893:
7572:
6973:
6821:
6801:
5343:
Mauricio Romero; LeĂłn Valencia; CorporaciĂłn Nuevo Arco Iris (2007). Mauricio Romero (ed.).
4761:
4386:
2962:
2889:
1410:
1226:
608:
166:
41:
7218:
6105:
6091:
6077:
6063:
6049:
6035:
6008:
5994:
5980:
5648:
2825:
2715:
2623:
2587:
2310:
8:
8476:
8416:
8411:
8329:
8241:
8144:
8074:
8062:
7734:
7729:
7554:
7484:
7289:
6948:
6182:
5382:
5234:
Chronicle of a failure foretold: the peace process of Colombian president Andrés Pastrana
2799:
2777:
1783:
1426:
604:
157:
activities against known communist proponents. It should be backed by the United States."
6904:
6020:
5581:(Summer 2001). "Better lead than bread? A critical analysis of the US's plan Colombia".
4083:
2844:
933:, estimated that 50% of all Colombian cocaine was controlled by the same BACRIM groups.
8294:
8264:
8189:
7681:
7592:
7319:
7012:
6878:
6867:
6751:
6598:
6436:
6393:"Money Laundering & Murder in Colombia: Official Documents Point to DEA Complicity"
5946:
5934:
5905:
5876:
5847:
5818:
5755:
5726:
5697:
5635:
5627:
5598:
5566:
5502:
5494:
5404:
5342:
5155:
4999:
4966:
4962:
4864:
Colombia's Killer Networks: The Military-Paramilitary Partnership and the United States
4728:
4654:
Linked labor histories: New England, Colombia, and the making of a global working class
4616:
Linked labor histories: New England, Colombia, and the making of a global working class
4442:
3854:
3753:
3715:
3407:
3371:
3310:
3169:
3165:
3082:
2368:
2295:
1663:
1616:
1599:
1029:
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and sexual violence against civilians, along with kidnappings for extortion purposes.
850:
587:(1986â1990), passed a series of decrees that promised to reduce paramilitary violence.
443:
187:
179:
37:
6852:
6196:
5667:
Sam Goffman (SeptemberâOctober 2005). "Colombia: Paramilitaries Get Sweetheart Deal".
4057:
3114:
Sam Goffman (SeptemberâOctober 2005). "Colombia: Paramilitaries Get Sweetheart Deal".
2535:
1722:
1267:
1074:
and support of the Colombian security forces. A 1998 Human Rights Watch report stated:
885:
303:
8492:
8421:
8366:
8324:
8309:
8274:
8231:
7722:
7717:
7000:
6924:
5938:
5909:
5880:
5851:
5830:
Lesley Gill (JulyâAugust 2009). "Durable Disorder: Parapolitics in Barrancabermeja".
5822:
5759:
5730:
5701:
5639:
5602:
5570:
5506:
5411:
5388:
5369:
5350:
5302:
5283:
5272:
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5237:
5218:
5199:
5180:
5141:
5118:
5112:
5049:
5030:
4970:
4935:
4916:
4848:
4829:
4810:
4662:
4652:
4624:
4614:
4452:
4332:
4297:
4274:
4254:
4102:
3862:
3314:
3173:
3001:
2933:
2746:
2719:
2673:
2470:
2432:
2421:
2372:
2299:
2251:
2205:
2014:
1987:
1901:
1890:
1674:
1197:
718:
120:
68:
6720:
6545:
5134:
4184:
3986:
William Avilés (May 2006). "Paramilitarism and Colombia's Low-Intensity Democracy".
3052:
2742:
Cocaine Quagmire: Implementing the U.S. Anti-Drug Policy in the North Andes-Colombia
2393:
William Avilés (May 2006). "Paramilitarism and Colombia's Low-Intensity Democracy".
1818:
Michael Evans (July 1, 2007). "The Truth about Triple-A". National Security Archive.
487:
where he spent a year taking courses in paramilitary and counterinsurgency tactics.
8344:
8314:
7426:
7255:
7228:
6616:
6580:
6125:
5926:
5901:
5897:
5872:
5868:
5843:
5839:
5814:
5810:
5793:
5789:
5780:
Marc Chernick (MarchâApril 1998). "The paramilitarization of the war in Colombia".
5751:
5747:
5722:
5718:
5693:
5689:
5619:
5590:
5558:
5486:
4991:
4958:
3302:
3161:
2364:
2360:
1862:
1858:
1849:
Marc Chernick (MarchâApril 1998). "The paramilitarization of the war in Colombia".
1591:
1395:
1377:
1250:
1218:
1169:
817:
claimed that Law 975 gave "benefits to people who have committed the worst crimes"
656:
484:
348:
282:
25:
7479:
7260:
6842:
6050:
Colombian Paramilitaries and the United States: "Unraveling the Pepes Tangled Web"
3574:
2588:
Colombian Paramilitaries and the United States: "Unraveling the Pepes Tangled Web"
1308:
1214:
1209:
475:
As a teenager, Carlos Castaño had worked as an informant for the Colombian army's
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393:
311:
8497:
8319:
7233:
7123:
6898:
6893:
6661:
6229:
6064:
Conspiracy of Silence?: Colombia, the United States and the Massacre at El Salado
6029:
5562:
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4897:
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4870:
4543:
4393:
4339:
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2040:
1947:
1790:
1729:
1140:
733:
672:
438:
307:
269:
6392:
4826:
Revolutionary Social Change in Colombia: The Origin and Direction of the FARC-EP
4135:
1422:
1109:
Hundreds of massacres have been perpetrated by paramilitary groups in Colombia.
980:
945:
753:
655:
HRW argued that this situation allowed the Colombian government and military to
535:
party. Fidel surrendered some weapons to government authorities and created the
8111:
8048:
7436:
7387:
7367:
7294:
7238:
7007:
6567:
6444:
Oil-Palm Plantations on Afro-Colombian Lands: An Exchange | Dollars & Sense
5530:
3219:
Colombia takes steps on killings but security forces still culpable â UN expert
3214:
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2513:
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of dozens of their victims at a time, affecting civilians, women and children.
1015:
953:
876:
725:
584:
547:
386:
6666:
5930:
5594:
5490:
5472:"Why the End of the Cold War Doesn't Matter: The US War of Terror in Colombia"
5383:
Rebeca Toledo; Teresa Gutierrez; Sara Flounders; Andy McInerney, eds. (2003).
5194:
Jennifer S. Holmes; Sheila Amin Gutiérrez de Piñeres; Kevin M. Curtin (2008).
5027:
Drugs, oil, and war: the United States in Afghanistan, Colombia, and Indochina
4995:
3720:
3412:
3087:
2034:
Who Is Israel's Yair Klein and What Was He Doing in Colombia and Sierra Leone?
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472:
purchased over 1.2 million hectares of land in Antioquia, CĂłrdoba, and ChocĂł.
8512:
8376:
8361:
8259:
7614:
7431:
7400:
6958:
6953:
6269:"'Conmigo extraditaron la verdad': Salvatore Mancuso en entrevista exclusiva"
6142:
6132:
5767:
Gary Leech (SeptemberâOctober 2004). "U.S./Colombia: Demobilizing the AUC?".
4890:
3800:. Truth Commission (ComisiĂłn de la Verdad). July 26, 2022. pp. 127â128.
1458:
1429:, President Uribe's cousin and former President of Congress, were convicted.
1337:
941:
344:
265:
239:
116:
6654:
6546:"Leaked Memo: Corrupt DEA Agents in Colombia Help Narcos and Paramilitaries"
6153:
Breaking the Grip?: Obstacles to Justice for Paramilitary Mafias in Colombia
6143:
The "Sixth Division": Military-paramilitary Ties and U.S. Policy in Colombia
5981:"Body count mentalities": Colombia's "False Positives" Scandal, Declassified
5888:
Forrest Hylton (MayâJune 2006). "Politics as Organized Crime in Colombia?".
5649:"Deadly Ventures? Multinational Corporations and Paramilitaries in Colombia"
5131:
4891:
The "Sixth Division": Military-paramilitary Ties and U.S. Policy in Colombia
4776:"37 Colombian congressmen, 5 governors convicted for ties to paramilitaries"
1039:
7670:
6995:
6796:
6501:
6375:
6301:
6252:
5471:
4863:
3832:
1979:
1373:
1055:
1051:
937:
881:
287:
146:
125:
102:
77:
33:
5623:
5346:
ParapolĂtica: la ruta de la expansiĂłn paramilitar y los acuerdos polĂticos
3626:
3088:
II. The Successor Groups: A Predictable Outcome of a Flawed Demobilization
1136:
231:
212:
Between 1978 and 1979, a far-right paramilitary organization known as the
6929:
6183:
Colombia: The Paramilitaries in MedellĂn: Demobilization or Legalization?
5578:
5467:
4908:
More Terrible Than Death: Massacres, drugs, and America's war in Colombia
2800:
Colombia: The Paramilitaries in MedellĂn: Demobilization or Legalization?
1784:
Colombia: The Paramilitaries in MedellĂn: Demobilization or Legalization?
1345:
1317:
1271:
957:
914:(BACRIM) or criminal gangs by the Colombian government. According to the
814:
699:
523:
In 1990, Fidel Castaño offered to disband his paramilitary forces if the
421:
389:
93:
6696:
5498:
4006:"Through a New Lens: A Child Sensitive Approach to Transitional Justice"
3757:
1549:"COLOMBIA: International Criminal Court Scrutinises Paramilitary Crimes"
8184:
7469:
6523:
6410:
5709:
Nazih Richani (SeptemberâOctober 2000). "the Paramilitary Connection".
5631:
5253:
Killing Peace: Colombia's Conflict and the Failure of U.S. Intervention
5009:
Systems of Violence: the political economy of war and peace in Colombia
4695:
4490:
2423:
The "Drug war" in Colombia: the neglected tragedy of political violence
2351:
Nazih Richani (SeptemberâOctober 2000). "the Paramilitary Connection".
1059:
527:
agreed to demobilize. Having previously faced the combined pressure of
235:
7143:
7119:
4807:
Global Capitalism, Democracy, and Civil-Military Relations in Colombia
2778:
Alfredo Rangel; Yezid Arteta; Carlos Lozano y MedĂłfilo Medina (2008).
2067:
Colombian Security Alleges Mercenary Aid to Cartels. August 29, 1989,
242:. It was later revealed that the organization had direct links to the
6672:
5801:
Anastasia Moloney (SeptemberâOctober 2004). "Displaced in Colombia".
2890:
Tercer Informe Sobre la SituaciĂłn de los Derechos Humanos en Colombia
1341:
889:
690:
685:
665:
357:
324:
AsociaciĂłn Campesina de Ganaderos y Agricultores del Magdalena Medio
227:
154:
106:
7867:
7511:
7170:
6581:"Doing the US's Dirty Work: The Colombian Paramilitaries and Israel"
3334:"After the Presidential Elections: The Challenges Ahead in Colombia"
2494:
Colombia Besieged : Political Violence and State Responsibility
553:
334:
AsociaciĂłn Campesina de Ganaderos y Agricultores del Magdalena Medio
7639:
7542:
7474:
7340:
7180:
6092:
Trujillo Declassified: Documenting Colombia's 'tragedy without end'
5858:
4758:'ParapolĂtica' generĂł enfrentamiento entre congresistas y ministros
3627:"MĂĄs de mil militares y policĂas colombianos en nexos con el narco"
1407:
1403:
1067:
1063:
745:
744:("Special vigilance and private security services"), also known as
729:
150:
72:
7190:
7109:
6173:
Colombia: Fear and Intimidation: The dangers of human rights work
3192:
Colombia: Fear and Intimidation: The dangers of human rights work
719:
Servicios Especiales De Vigilancia y Seguriadad Privada (CONVIVIR)
302:
Between the end of 1981 and the beginning of 1982, members of the
248:"Charry Solano" Battalion of Intelligence and Counter-intelligence
7354:
6343:"Mancuso dio una lucha que hemos debido dar todos los cordobeses"
6162:
5269:
5136:
Death Beat: A Colombian Journalist's Life Inside the Cocaine Wars
1333:
1043:
373:
277:
49:
6325:
5274:
Colombia and the United States: war, unrest, and destabilization
2300:
War Without Quarter: Colombia and International Humanitarian Law
1302:. Families of some of the victims filed a class-action lawsuit,
972:
comprised the dominant criminal and paramilitary organizations.
7413:
7250:
7160:
5336:
Irregular Armies and Their Role in Politics and State Formation
3597:"Bandas emergentes, principal factor de desplazamiento forzado"
3540:"Preocupacin en Colombia por nuevas bandas de ex paramilitares"
454:
was kidnapped in 1981, and ultimately died while in captivity.
436:
In the late 1970s, the FARC-EP began gathering intelligence on
399:
382:
365:
7099:
5951:"The Coca Connection: Conflict and Drugs in Colombia and Peru"
5516:"Deciding the fate of complementarity: a Colombian case study"
4333:
Colombia: Government "Peace Process Cements Injustice for IDPs
4255:
Colombia: Government "Peace Process Cements Injustice for IDPs
3825:"International Criminal Court Scrutinises Paramilitary Crimes"
3721:
IV. The Successor Groupsâ Human Rights and Humanitarian Impact
6232:, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (Spanish and English)
3438:"Gold Eclipses Cocaine as Rebels Tap Colombian Mining Wealth"
3253:
2055:
State Building and Conflict Resolution in Colombia: 1986-1994
1806:
1230:
361:
247:
6702:
Who are the victims? - The aftermath of violence in Colombia
6133:
The Ties That Bind: Colombia and Military-Paramilitary Links
5406:
Rivers of blood: a comparative study of government massacres
3710:
3708:
3344:
2536:"Appendix A: Colombian Armed Forces Directive No. 200-05/91"
896:
679:
446:, far-right conservative, and influential local politician,
6163:
Paramilitariesâ Heirs: The New Face of Violence in Colombia
5215:
Blood and capital : the paramilitarization of Colombia
5179:. InvestigaciĂłn y debate (in Spanish). Vol. 33. CYAN.
4408:
The Dispossessed: Chronicles of the desterrados of Colombia
3732:
Paramilitariesâ Heirs: The New Face of Violence in Colombia
3424:
Paramilitariesâ Heirs: The New Face of Violence in Colombia
3099:
Paramilitariesâ Heirs: The New Face of Violence in Colombia
2993:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
1047:
888:, the Eastern Plains, the south-western departments or the
871:
A December 2014 International Crisis Group report stated:
6096:
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 259
6082:
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 327
6068:
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 287
6054:
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 243
6040:
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 223
6013:
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 217
5999:
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 166
5985:
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 266
4366:
4082:
Colombian President Pastrana Visits Washington This Week,
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
2837:
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 217
2599:
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 243
250:(BINCI) that employed the Triple A name as a covert name.
5114:
Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia
3705:
3509:"Colombia: Human Rights Watch testifies before US Senate"
2771:
919:
918:, these groups had 3,749 members by July 2010, while the
628:
450:
JesĂșs was considered an ideal target for kidnapping. The
369:
336:("Association of Middle Magdalena Ranchers and Farmers",
4032:
1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Colombia
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
2786:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2081:"Alias Ernesto BĂĄez, a un paso de la justicia ordinaria"
1777:
770:
5132:
Duzan, Maria Jimena; Peter Eisner (translator) (1994).
4519:"Slap on the Wrist for Corporate Sponsors of Terrorism"
3393:
2669:
Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw
2218:
1768:
742:
Servicios Especiales De Vigilancia y Seguriadad Privada
676:
they investigated or criticized their terror tactics."
614:
5523:
Arizona Journal of International & Comparative Law
5324:
3972:
3970:
2882:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2821:
2819:
2337:
2335:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2269:
2267:
1935:
1933:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1723:"II. History of the Military-Paramilitary Partnership"
1394:
The Colombian parapolitics scandal or parapolĂtica in
1119:
Judge Leonardo Ivån Cortés, Mapiripån, Meta, July 1997
698:
In 1992 Pablo Escobar escaped from his luxury prison,
518:
499:
by the villagers after the name of the Castaño ranch,
6750:
5513:
4845:
Blood and capital: the paramilitarization of Colombia
4157:
4155:
3960:
3958:
3744:
Tate, Winifred (2001). "Paramilitaries in Colombia".
3357:
3109:
3107:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
2650:
2379:
2177:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1042:
due to the brutality of their methods, including the
905:
605:
murder of two judges and ten government investigators
543:, and local right-wing politicians were established.
306:, the Colombian military, the U.S.-based corporation
4354:
Law in a Lawless Land: Diary of limpieza in Colombia
4315:
4313:
4307:", 26 May 2005, (accessed 23 August 2010), p. 36, 39
4136:
The Alto Naya Massacre: Another Paramilitary Outrage
3564:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3187:
3185:
3183:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2243:
2046:
1147:
threw their corpses into the nearby Guaviare River.
646:
577:
165:
in 1962 and called for both military operations and
161:
The new counter-insurgency policy was instituted as
6858:
Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis (2002â2009)
6245:"Paramilitaries Don't Want to Take the Blame Alone"
5447:(PART 1). Brown University: 163â176. Archived from
4448:
Shooting up: counterinsurgency and the war on drugs
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
3967:
2877:
2865:
2816:
2566:
2530:
2528:
2332:
2320:), 1 October 1998, 187-7, (accessed 23 August 2010)
2276:
2264:
1930:
1837:
788:
5945:
5646:
5403:
5271:
5133:
4477:
4441:
4152:
3979:
3955:
3846:
3104:
3064:
2910:
2707:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2420:
2344:
2247:Looking for History: Dispatches from Latin America
1921:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1869:
1752:
1662:
1635:
314:, and formed a paramilitary organization known as
6516:
5800:
4767:
4369:The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review
4342:", 30 June 2006, (accessed 23 August 2010), p. 32
4331:Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), "
4310:
4296:Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), "
4273:Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), "
4253:Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), "
4179:
4177:
3937:"Truth Commission of Colombia: Executive Summary"
3902:"Truth Commission of Colombia: Executive Summary"
3772:"Truth Commission of Colombia: Executive Summary"
3657:"Las Bacrim se extienden a territorio venezolano"
3321:
3180:
2997:Politics in the Andes: identity, conflict, reform
2745:. University Press of America. pp. 150â151.
2405:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1717:
1284:
923:Instituto de Estudios para el Desarrollo y la Paz
8510:
6491:
6365:
6294:"Same Paramilitary Abuses; New Faces, New Names"
6291:
6242:
5680:"Coercion Incorporated: Paramilitary Colombia".
5401:
5174:
4264:", 30 June 2006, (accessed 23 August 2010), p. 4
4201:
4199:
4119:
3822:
3537:
3429:
3413:III. The Rise and Growth of the Successor Groups
2975:
2738:
2547:
2525:
2005:
2003:
1828:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1665:Rogue states: the rule of force in world affairs
1289:
572:Peasant Self-Defense Forces of CĂłrdoba and UrabĂĄ
297:
5656:Revista ElectrĂłnica de Estudios Internacionales
5333:
5327:Las Verdaderas Intenciones de los Paramilitares
5255:. Information Network of the Americas (INOTA).
5231:
4535:Chiquita's Board Members: Total Identification
4451:. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 95â96.
4351:
4030:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, "
3263:. 11 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
3000:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 156.
2946:
2705:
2622:(in Spanish). February 16, 2008. Archived from
2499:
2052:
1878:
1176:("Calima Front") participated in the killings.
506:By the late 1980s, numerous cattle ranchers in
294:tax that was commonly levied on landed elites.
109:activities against known communist proponents".
6591:
6578:
6519:"Colombia's Deep Divide (June 12, 2006 issue)"
6474:
6432:"Oil-Palm Plantations on Afro-Colombian Lands"
5887:
5737:
5212:
4721:
4715:
4650:
4405:
4174:
3985:
3885:
3880:human rights watch world report 1999 colombia.
2925:
2458:
2418:
2392:
2197:
2057:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 73â74.
1965:
1887:
1734:
1360:In July 2001 four lawsuits were filed against
1095:In 2006, Amnesty International reported that:
226:) started a terror campaign against Colombian
71:advisers who were sent to Colombia during the
7527:
6736:
6449:
6403:
6340:
6197:Colombia: Barrancabermeja: A city under siege
5974:
5916:
5779:
5708:
5609:
5431:
5110:
4483:
4360:
4292:
4290:
4196:
4078:
4076:
4053:
4051:
2638:
2350:
2000:
1848:
1817:
1694:
1320:, who was then an attorney with the law firm
566:, which officially changed their name to the
460:JesĂșs had several sons. The oldest of these,
417:", MORENA) was formed by members of ACDEGAM.
6606:
6106:Volume III: Conditioning Security Assistance
5270:Mario A. Murillo; JesĂșs Rey Avirama (2004).
4764:, February 28, 2007. Accessed March 3, 2007.
3045:
2583:
2581:
1978:
1743:
1660:
400:Movimiento de RestauraciĂłn Nacional (MORENA)
136:In a secret supplement to his report to the
6543:
6477:"BP pays out millions to Colombian farmers"
6390:
5829:
5666:
5577:
5466:
5296:
4929:
4688:
4569:
4516:
3132:
3126:
3113:
2782:(in Spanish). Intermedio. pp. 222â225.
2665:
1439:Triple A (American Anti-communist Alliance)
554:Autodefensas Campesinas de CĂłrdoba y Uraba
7534:
7520:
6743:
6729:
6565:
5766:
5078:(Part 1). Brown University. Archived from
4932:Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy, and War
4298:Profile of Internal Displacement: Colombia
4287:
4275:Profile of Internal Displacement: Colombia
4073:
4048:
3154:Journal of Peacebuilding & Development
2710:Drug politics: dirty money and democracies
1484:Militia organizations in the United States
998:
798:applied for "Justice and Peace" benefits.
737:million in campaign from the Cali Cartel.
568:Autodefensas Campesinas de CĂłrdoba y Uraba
431:
195:Reglamento de EJC 3-10, Reservado, de 1969
119:sent a "Special Survey Team", composed of
22:Right-wing paramilitary groups in Colombia
6592:Madeline Baran (NovemberâDecember 2003).
5363:
5046:America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia
4722:Madeline Baran (NovemberâDecember 2003).
4553:
4551:
4284:", 26 May 2005, (accessed 23 August 2010)
3816:
3435:
2905:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
2578:
1611:
1609:
897:Reintegration of ex-paramilitary fighters
807:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
680:Perseguidos Por Pablo Escobar (Los Pepes)
664:allows the Colombian military to fight a
253:
6556:
5315:
5196:Guns, drugs, and development in Colombia
4951:Journal of Peacebuilding and Development
4823:
3839:
3565:Christopher Brauchli (October 4, 2003).
3465:
3463:
2780:QuĂ©, cĂłmo y cĂșando negociar con las FARC
2714:. University of Oklahoma Press. p.
2013:. London: Latin America Bureau. p. 247.
1800:
1513:"Basta Ya! Memoria de Guerra y Dignidad"
1355:
1208:
689:
379:Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad
133:, visited Colombia for a second survey.
92:
6458:. Amnesty International. Archived from
5548:
5018:Paramilitares y autodefensas. 1982-2003
5006:
4842:
4804:
4612:
4537:Jose Alvear Restrepo Lawers' Collective
4421:Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
3567:"Letting Colombia's Criminals Off Easy"
1383:
668:and Colombian officialdom to deny it."
8511:
6714:Impunity-The Film â Film about the AUC
6275:(in Spanish). May 2010. Archived from
5043:
5015:
4948:
4874:, Human Rights Watch (Also in Spanish
4548:
4185:"2.3. Villa and Cauca (Third Brigade)"
4012:from the original on December 16, 2014
3689:. insightcrime.org. October 28, 2010.
3637:from the original on December 16, 2014
3519:from the original on December 16, 2014
3292:
3151:
3014:from the original on December 22, 2016
2994:Jo-Marie Burt; Philip Mauceri (2004).
2961:Colombia - The Human Rights Situation
2759:from the original on December 22, 2016
2514:"III: The Intelligence Reorganization"
2139:from the original on December 16, 2014
2087:from the original on December 15, 2014
2009:Pearce, Jenny (May 1, 1990). 1st. ed.
1606:
1444:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
1415:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
1279:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
1204:
777:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
7541:
7515:
7423:
7094:
6935:
6793:
6724:
6609:"U.S. Escalates Colombia's Dirty War"
6292:Constanza Vieira (February 4, 2010).
5250:
5024:
4977:
4703:from the original on October 12, 2012
3693:from the original on December 1, 2017
3460:
2672:. Grove Atlantic Press. p. 239.
1577:
1559:from the original on February 2, 2022
1529:from the original on January 24, 2022
1324:, which represented Chiquita Brands.
1159:
1124:
862:A 2010 United Nations report stated:
803:UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
771:Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC)
372:were purchased from the military and
54:National Centre for Historical Memory
7660:ColombiaâPeru War (Leticia Incident)
6915:Renewed peace process (2012âpresent)
6341:Gustavo GĂłmez (September 28, 2008).
5325:Alberto RamĂrez Santos, ed. (2002).
5062:
4904:
4396:, MA Thesis, Simon Fraser University
3849:Human Rights Watch World Report 1999
3823:Constanza Vieira (August 27, 2008).
3743:
3295:Conflict, Security & Development
3283:." BogotĂĄ: Universidad de los Andes.
3032:The corridor of the bloody dispute
1962:, Winter 1998/1999, Vol. 21, Issue 1
1811:
1304:Doe v. Chiquita Brands International
1082:A 1999-human rights report from the
632:selected by the Colombian military.
615:Armed Forces Directive No. 200-05/91
442:JesĂșs Castaño. A wealthy rancher in
52:and other substances. The Colombian
8534:Far-right politics in South America
6827:Patriotic Union Party extermination
6492:Constanza Vieira (April 10, 2006).
6324:. November 18, 2009. Archived from
6236:
5612:Latin American Politics and Society
5425:
5349:(in Spanish). Intermedio Editores.
5301:(in Spanish). Ediciones B-Vergara.
3573:. Boulder, Colorado. Archived from
1623:from the original on March 30, 2010
1244:
1187:
781:In April 1997, the creation of the
694:Man killed in MedellĂn by Los Pepes
519:Foundation for the Peace of CĂłrdoba
411:Movimiento de RestauraciĂłn Nacional
13:
6517:Christian Parenti (May 25, 2006).
6366:Constanza Vieira (April 1, 2008).
6243:Constanza Vieira (July 11, 2010).
5329:(in Spanish). Intermedio Editores.
5099:
4963:10.1080/15423166.2011.487780731626
4778:. Colombia Reports. May 16, 2012.
4736:from the original on July 10, 2010
4657:. Duke University Press. pp.
4498:from the original on July 17, 2010
3746:The Brown Journal of World Affairs
3663:. January 23, 2012. Archived from
3166:10.1080/15423166.2011.487780731626
2696:Winter 1998/1999, Vol. 21, Issue 1
2692:Peter Santina; "Army of terror.",
2490:Washington Office on Latin America
1829:Schulte-Bockholt, Alfredo (2006).
906:Post-AUC successor criminal groups
14:
8545:
6920:Peace agreement referendum (2016)
6675:, Center for International Policy
6632:
4782:from the original on May 19, 2012
4619:. Duke University Press. p.
4465:from the original on July 1, 2014
4134:Liam Craig-Best; Rowan Shingler,
3988:Journal of Latin American Studies
3804:from the original on May 11, 2024
2555:"Conclusions and Recommendations"
2462:Colombia: the genocidal democracy
2395:Journal of Latin American Studies
2250:. Random House, Inc. p. 26.
1958:Santina, Peter "Army of terror",
647:Controversy surrounding directive
635:The result of these meetings was
629:Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
625:Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA)
578:Anti-Paramilitary Decrees of 1989
173:
7603:Military career of SimĂłn BolĂvar
7406:
7393:
7380:
7360:
7189:
7179:
7169:
7159:
7142:
7118:
7108:
7098:
7052:Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola (2001)
6964:ColombiaâUnited States relations
6874:Parapolitics scandal (2006â2007)
6848:Failed peace process (1999â2002)
6579:Jeremy Bigwood (April 8, 2003).
6475:Robert Verkaik (July 22, 2006).
6404:Michael Evans (April 16, 2007).
5320:(in Spanish). Editorial Planeta.
5278:. Seven Stories Press. pp.
4978:Rempe, Dennis M. (Winter 1995).
4748:
4682:
4644:
4606:
4594:
4563:
4529:
4510:
4484:Michael Evans (April 16, 2007).
4435:
4426:
4414:
4399:
4379:
4345:
4325:
4267:
4247:
4231:
4216:
4095:
4024:
3998:
3943:from the original on May 2, 2024
3929:
3920:
3908:from the original on May 2, 2024
3778:from the original on May 2, 2024
2666:Mark Bowden (December 1, 2007).
2465:. Common Courage Press. p.
1578:Rempe, Dennis M. (Winter 1995).
1464:ColombiaâUnited States relations
1327:
822:Constitutional Court of Colombia
789:2003â2006 demobilization process
637:Armed Forces Directive 200-05/91
562:In 1994, Carlos took control of
490:
415:Movement of National Restoration
215:American Anti-Communist Alliance
207:Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
64:would contradict these numbers.
8357:Freedom of religion in Colombia
7682:Current internal armed conflict
7598:United Provinces of New Granada
6889:Andean diplomatic crisis (2008)
6544:Bill Conroy (January 9, 2006).
6368:"Paramilitarism Alive and Well"
6322:Center for International Policy
6318:"Organized crime and the state"
6121:"Arms Trafficking and Colombia"
5479:Review of International Studies
5236:. University of Alabama Press.
4797:
3894:
3790:
3764:
3737:
3679:
3649:
3619:
3589:
3558:
3531:
3501:
3482:
3286:
3266:
3235:
3208:
3145:
3026:
2987:
2955:
2919:
2732:
2699:
2686:
2659:
2608:
2483:
2452:
2427:. Human Rights Watch. pp.
2323:
2237:
2191:
2151:
2125:
2099:
2073:
2069:Washington Post Foreign Service
2061:
2023:
1952:
1822:
1370:United Steel Workers of America
1366:International Labor Rights Fund
1192:Another massacre took place in
1164:Another massacre took place at
783:Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia
537:FundaciĂłn por la Paz de CĂłrdoba
276:In the late 1970s, the illegal
6991:Illegal drug trade in Colombia
6817:Palace of Justice siege (1985)
6812:Dominican Embassy siege (1980)
6613:International Socialist Review
6607:Tristan Adie (MayâJune 2002).
6406:"'Para-politics' Goes Bananas"
5902:10.1080/10714839.2006.11722327
5873:10.1080/10714839.2005.11722371
5844:10.1080/10714839.2009.11725457
5815:10.1080/10714839.2004.11722391
5794:10.1080/10714839.1998.11722772
5752:10.1080/10714839.2009.11722227
5723:10.1080/10714839.2000.11722632
5694:10.1080/10714839.2009.11722226
5514:Jennifer S. Easterday (2009).
5441:Brown Journal of World Affairs
5410:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
5385:War in Colombia: Made in U.S.A
5111:Steven Dudley (January 2004).
5072:Brown Journal of World Affairs
5020:(in Spanish). IEPRI - Planeta.
4689:Aram Roston (September 2001).
4517:Garry Leech (March 19, 2007).
4486:"'Para-politics' Goes Bananas"
4432:Schwartz, op cit., pp. 387-388
4387:"Social cleansing" in Colombia
2365:10.1080/10714839.2000.11722632
1863:10.1080/10714839.1998.11722772
1654:
1644:
1571:
1541:
1505:
1479:Illegal drug trade in Colombia
1469:Colombian parapolitics scandal
1390:Colombian parapolitics scandal
1300:Foreign Terrorist Organization
1285:Financing by U.S. corporations
1:
6615:. No. 23. Archived from
6494:"New Jobs for Paramilitaries"
6450:Steven Ambrus (Spring 2007).
5364:Bert Ruiz (October 1, 2001).
5338:. Cambridge University Press.
5198:. University of Texas Press.
4691:"It's the Real Thing: Murder"
4058:Mapiripan: A Shortcut to Hell
3939:. ABColombia. July 15, 2022.
3904:. ABColombia. July 15, 2022.
3774:. ABColombia. July 15, 2022.
3241:International Crisis Group. "
2496:(Washington, DC, 1989), p. 82
2244:Alma Guillermoprieto (2007).
2011:Colombia:Inside the Labyrinth
1494:
1406:) refers to the 2006âpresent
1296:Chiquita Brands International
1290:Chiquita Brands International
1261:
704:Perseguidos Por Pablo Escobar
298:Muerte a Secuestradores (MAS)
16:Political paramilitary groups
7057:Rodriquez v. Drummond (2003)
6863:El Nogal Club bombing (2003)
6697:Colombia Solidarity Campaign
6667:Alto Comisionado para la Paz
6566:Luis GĂłmez (June 16, 2003).
6391:Bill Conroy (May 18, 2008).
6349:(in Spanish). Archived from
6217:Latin American Working Group
6207:Latin American Working Group
6019:, March 29, 2007 (see also:
5890:NACLA Report on the Americas
5861:NACLA Report on the Americas
5832:NACLA Report on the Americas
5803:NACLA Report on the Americas
5782:NACLA Report on the Americas
5769:NACLA Report on the Americas
5740:NACLA Report on the Americas
5711:NACLA Report on the Americas
5682:NACLA Report on the Americas
5669:NACLA Report on the Americas
5563:10.1080/00131911.2010.503598
5434:"Paramilitaries in Colombia"
5297:Pardo Rueda, Rafael (2004).
5065:"Paramilitaries in Colombia"
4934:. Rutgers University Press.
4570:Gray, Kevin (October 2007).
3307:10.1080/14678802.2011.641725
3133:Garry Leech (May 17, 2007).
3116:NACLA Report on the Americas
2843:, March 29, 2007 (see also:
2694:Harvard International Review
2353:NACLA Report on the Americas
1960:Harvard International Review
1851:NACLA Report on the Americas
1499:
1398:(a combination of the words
1256:
1104:
1009:Anti-communist mass killings
479:, which had strong links to
88:
7:
8454:Colombia in popular culture
8227:Water supply and sanitation
7645:Colombian Civil War of 1895
7278:Military Forces of Colombia
6822:DAS Building bombing (1989)
6641:â (mirror from Archive.org
6119:Kim Cragan, Bruce Hoffman;
5955:Journal of Conflict Studies
5688:(4): 11. JulyâAugust 2009.
5647:Olga Martin-Ortega (2008).
5368:. McFarland & Company.
4984:Small Wars and Insurgencies
4930:Livingstone, Grace (2004).
4911:. Public Affairs. pp.
4824:Brittain, James J. (2010).
4069:Center for Public Integrity
3976:Brittain, 2010: pp. 132â135
3377:World Report 2011: Colombia
2204:. SUNY Press. p. 107.
1875:Brittain, 2010: pp. 129â131
1765:Brittain, 2010: pp. 116â119
1669:. South End Press. p.
1584:Small Wars and Insurgencies
1520:Centro de Memoria Historica
1432:
1217:Indian girl in Cazuca near
929:by the Colombian newspaper
752:The governor of Antioquia,
200:
10:
8550:
7588:Viceroyalty of New Granada
7497:Some Colombian politicians
7266:Some Colombian politicians
5975:Government and NGO reports
5299:La Historia de las Guerras
5029:. Rowman and Littlefield.
5025:Scott, Peter Dale (2003).
3053:"II. A Pattern of Support"
2932:. SUNY Press. p. 52.
2874:Avilés, 2006a: pp. 119;135
2813:, August 31, 2005, pp. 8-9
2159:"MOVIMIENTO ANTICOMUNISTA"
1986:. Saqi Books. p. 56.
1984:Colombia: A Brutal History
1797:, August 31, 2005, pp. 3-4
1774:Richani, 2002: pp. 104-105
1387:
1313:U.S. Department of Justice
1239:multinational corporations
1128:
1002:
983:with a national presence.
774:
683:
641:Colombian Defense Ministry
204:
83:
8470:
8449:Right-wing paramilitarism
8375:
8240:
8175:
8171:
8162:
8070:
8061:
8029:
7939:
7901:
7892:
7843:
7796:
7708:
7704:
7695:
7635:United States of Colombia
7553:
7334:Former government program
7272:
7075:
6884:"False positives" scandal
6838:MapiripĂĄn Massacre (1997)
6787:
6773:
6768:
6764:
6759:
6708:
6114:National Security Archive
6100:National Security Archive
6086:National Security Archive
6072:National Security Archive
6058:National Security Archive
6044:National Security Archive
6017:National Security Archive
6003:National Security Archive
5989:National Security Archive
5931:10.1080/01436590601153937
5595:10.1080/13698240108402469
5491:10.1017/s0260210503005692
5402:Brenda K. Uekert (1995).
5316:Pastrana, Andrés (2005).
5217:. Ohio University Press.
5175:Alejandro GarcĂa (2009).
5016:Romero, Mauricio (2003).
4996:10.1080/09592319508423115
4869:December 6, 2021, at the
4847:. Ohio University Press.
4805:Avilés, William (2006a).
4410:. Haymarket. p. 113.
4207:The Massacre at Alto Naya
4103:The Massacre at MapiripĂĄn
3585:– via CommonDreams.
3345:The Brookings Institution
2841:National Security Archive
2739:Sewall H. Menzel (2000).
2603:National Security Archive
2341:Romero, 2003: pp. 149â151
2329:Romero, 2003: pp. 145â149
2273:Romero, 2003: pp. 137-143
1641:Livingstone, 2004: p. 155
1596:10.1080/09592319508423115
1489:Brazilian police militias
916:Colombian National Police
595:paramilitaries directly.
8529:Anti-communist terrorism
8524:Drug cartels in Colombia
7300:Colombian Naval Infantry
6969:Human rights in Colombia
6797:La Violencia (1948â1958)
5232:Harvey F. Kline (2007).
5104:
4843:Hristov, Jasmin (2009).
4352:Michael Taussig (2004).
2706:David C. Jordan (1999).
2053:Harvey F. Kline (1999).
1833:. Lexington. p. 95.
1474:Conservatism in Colombia
1454:Colombian Armed Conflict
1153:U.S. Army Special Forces
1032:investigator in Colombia
962:Libertadores del Vichada
936:In the early 2010s, the
533:Hope, Peace, and Liberty
332:The following year, the
205:Not to be confused with
30:paramilitares de derecha
7687:Colombian peace process
7630:Granadine Confederation
7625:Republic of New Granada
7035:FARC political hostages
7030:Kidnappings in Colombia
6905:Nariño massacres (2009)
5366:The Colombian Civil War
5213:Jasmin Hristov (2009).
5063:Tate, Winifred (2001).
5007:Richani, Nazih (2002).
4881:March 26, 2008, at the
4651:Chomsky, Aviva (2008).
4613:Chomsky, Aviva (2008).
4406:Alfredo Molano (2005).
4239:The Massacre at Betoyes
4037:April 18, 2021, at the
2926:Robert Neville (2001).
2656:Kirk, 2003: pp. 156â158
2459:Javier Giraldo (1996).
2419:Juan E. MĂ©ndez (1990).
2198:Robert Neville (2001).
2188:Kirk, 2003: pp. 149-151
1888:Forrest Hylton (2006).
1740:Stokes, 2005: pp. 71-72
1322:Covington & Burling
999:Human rights violations
432:Castaño family and ACCU
353:Gonzalo RodrĂguez Gacha
317:Muerte a Secuestradores
244:Colombian National Army
8125:Science and technology
7880:Indigenous territories
7583:Kingdom of New Granada
7480:Colombian drug cartels
7325:Attorney General units
7261:Colombian drug cartels
7083:Government of Colombia
7062:Doe v. Chiquita (2007)
6910:2013 Colombian clashes
6899:Operation Fenix (2008)
6894:Operation Jaque (2008)
6853:BojayĂĄ massacre (2002)
6660:July 17, 2009, at the
6442:(Original in Spanish:
6228:July 28, 2020, at the
6028:July 17, 2010, at the
5432:Winifred Tate (2001).
4896:March 5, 2016, at the
4385:Lovisa Stannow (1996)
3538:El Norte de Castilla.
2135:. September 11, 1989.
1222:
1116:
1102:
1093:
1080:
1025:
970:The Office of Envigado
894:
869:
860:
847:
716:
695:
262:
254:Rise of paramilitaries
159:
112:
29:
7444:Former paramilitaries
7355:DynCorp International
7229:Cuban revolutionaries
6832:Humanitarian exchange
6683:Third World Traveller
6487:on December 16, 2008.
6193:Amnesty International
6187:Amnesty International
6177:Amnesty International
5919:Third World Quarterly
5624:10.1353/lap.2005.0037
5318:La Palabra Bajo Fuego
5251:Leech, Garry (2002).
5044:Stokes, Doug (2005).
4043:U.S. State Department
3633:. February 27, 2011.
3272:Nussio, Enzo. 2012. "
3203:Amnesty International
2811:Amnesty International
2616:"Pacto con el diablo"
2133:""MORENA" SE DESTAPA"
1892:Evil Hour in Colombia
1795:Amnesty International
1661:Noam Chomsky (2000).
1419:Jorge Enrique Robledo
1362:The Coca-Cola Company
1356:The Coca-Cola Company
1212:
1112:
1097:
1088:
1084:U.S. State Department
1076:
1021:
873:
864:
855:
842:
838:Amnesty International
820:On May 18, 2006, the
711:
693:
621:U.S. Southern Command
258:
167:civic action programs
142:
138:Joint Chiefs of Staff
131:William P. Yarborough
115:In October 1959, the
99:William P. Yarborough
96:
8280:World Heritage Sites
8250:Archaeological sites
7984:Council of Ministers
7788:World Heritage Sites
7778:Environmental issues
7755:Valleys and Plateaus
7655:Separation of Panama
7640:Republic of Colombia
7608:Wars of independence
7573:Muisca Confederation
7485:Mexican drug cartels
7153:List of FARC attacks
6974:Politics of Colombia
6868:Neiva bombing (2003)
6802:Marquetalia Republic
6651:, Human Rights Watch
6639:AUC Official Website
6462:on February 20, 2011
6279:on February 27, 2012
6223:Colombia 2005 Report
6088:, September 29, 2010
6074:, September 24, 2009
4905:Kirk, Robin (2003).
4901:, Human Rights Watch
3448:on November 11, 2014
3332:Felbab-Brown, Vanda
2952:Romero, 2003: p. 104
2916:Richani, 2002: p. 52
2626:on February 24, 2010
2113:on December 16, 2014
1384:Political activities
1266:The downfall of the
1227:internally displaced
956:, Nueva GeneraciĂłn,
8444:Guerrilla movements
7989:Government agencies
7962:Comptroller General
7373:Mission in Colombia
6949:Democratic security
6930:Total Peace concept
6599:Dollars & Sense
6531:on October 12, 2012
6498:Inter Press Service
6440:. JulyâAugust 2007.
6437:Dollars & Sense
6372:Inter Press Service
6353:on January 19, 2011
6298:Inter Press Service
6249:Inter Press Service
6159:, November 17, 2008
6060:, February 17, 2008
5529:(1). Archived from
4729:Dollars & Sense
4582:on October 11, 2008
4213:, February 23, 2004
4045:, February 25, 2000
3829:Inter Press Service
3546:on 17 December 2014
2929:The human condition
2907:, February 26, 1999
2605:, February 17, 2008
2572:Livingstone, 2004:
2224:Livingstone, 2004:
2201:The human condition
1927:Richani, 2002: p.38
1749:Stokes, 2005: p. 74
1555:. August 27, 2008.
1553:Inter Press Service
1427:Mario Uribe Escobar
1332:In the late 1980s,
1294:From 1997 to 2004,
1205:Forced displacement
836:In September 2006,
8519:Colombian conflict
8217:Race and ethnicity
8130:Telecommunications
7863:Metropolitan areas
7650:Thousand Days' War
7593:Foolish Fatherland
7568:Indigenous peoples
7492:military personnel
7320:MigraciĂłn Colombia
7013:Catatumbo campaign
6983:Illegal drug trade
6941:Government aspects
6879:Operation Emmanuel
6807:The National Front
6752:Colombian conflict
6452:"Dominion of Evil"
6167:Human Rights Watch
6157:Human Rights Watch
6147:Human Rights Watch
6137:Human Rights Watch
6005:, October 16, 2005
5947:Vanda Felbab-Brown
5551:Educational Review
5166:has generic name (
5140:. Harper Collins.
5002:on March 30, 2010.
4888:HRW (Sept. 2001);
4576:International News
4542:2008-08-12 at the
4443:Vanda Felbab-Brown
4392:2011-08-18 at the
4338:2011-09-21 at the
4303:2012-10-15 at the
4280:2012-10-15 at the
4260:2011-09-21 at the
4190:2017-04-09 at the
4168:2016-12-22 at the
4141:2005-02-13 at the
4108:2017-09-06 at the
4089:2006-03-31 at the
4084:Human Rights Watch
4063:2006-06-02 at the
4008:. September 2011.
3964:Kirk, 2003: p. 144
3891:Tate, 2001: p. 168
3855:Human Rights Watch
3726:2014-04-07 at the
3716:Human Rights Watch
3515:. April 24, 2002.
3495:2014-07-05 at the
3476:2014-07-01 at the
3418:2014-04-07 at the
3408:Human Rights Watch
3382:2015-02-06 at the
3372:Human Rights Watch
3350:2006-02-10 at the
3339:2010-07-26 at the
3279:2014-04-07 at the
3259:2014-12-15 at the
3248:2014-12-13 at the
3224:2015-10-02 at the
3197:2011-02-18 at the
3093:2013-06-04 at the
3083:Human Rights Watch
3058:2016-03-05 at the
3039:2007-05-22 at the
2968:2010-06-16 at the
2963:Human Rights Watch
2895:2011-06-09 at the
2858:2010-07-17 at the
2849:2012-09-28 at the
2831:2007-07-11 at the
2805:2014-06-13 at the
2593:2013-06-02 at the
2560:2016-03-06 at the
2541:2017-08-25 at the
2519:2017-02-07 at the
2316:2010-10-24 at the
2305:2012-10-15 at the
2296:Human Rights Watch
2231:2016-12-22 at the
2165:on January 7, 2005
2039:2007-03-14 at the
1946:2016-12-22 at the
1896:. Verso. pp.
1789:2014-06-13 at the
1728:2017-10-12 at the
1602:on March 30, 2010.
1223:
1160:Alto Naya massacre
1131:MapiripĂĄn Massacre
1125:Mapiripan Massacre
1030:Human Rights Watch
851:Human Rights Watch
849:In February 2010,
754:Ălvaro Uribe VĂ©lez
696:
444:Segovia, Antioquia
188:Human Rights Watch
113:
46:illegal drug trade
8506:
8505:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8158:
8157:
8057:
8056:
8006:Foreign relations
7967:Inspector General
7906:Political parties
7888:
7887:
7839:
7838:
7762:(Protected Areas)
7509:
7508:
7504:
7503:
7219:Foro de SĂŁo Paulo
7136:Former guerrillas
7001:Operation Snowcap
6925:2022 Huila attack
6189:, August 31, 2005
6102:, October 5, 2008
5991:, January 7, 2009
5417:978-0-275-95165-8
5375:978-0-7864-1084-2
5356:978-958-709-709-2
5308:978-958-97405-5-2
5289:978-1-58322-606-3
5262:978-0-9720384-0-9
5243:978-0-8173-5410-7
5205:978-0-292-71871-5
5186:978-84-8319-430-0
5147:978-0-06-017057-8
5124:978-0-415-93303-2
5055:978-1-84277-547-9
5036:978-0-7425-2522-1
4941:978-0-8135-3443-5
4922:978-1-58648-104-9
4854:978-0-89680-267-4
4835:978-0-7453-2876-8
4816:978-0-7914-6699-5
4668:978-0-8223-4190-1
4630:978-0-8223-4190-1
4458:978-0-8157-0328-0
4183:HRW, Sept. 2001:
3835:on June 10, 2011.
3687:"Criminal Groups"
3607:on April 24, 2014
3388:World Report 2011
3051:HRW, Sept. 2001:
3007:978-0-8229-5828-4
2939:978-0-7914-4779-6
2752:978-0-7618-1643-0
2725:978-0-8061-3174-0
2679:978-0-8021-9757-3
2476:978-1-56751-086-7
2438:978-0-929692-48-7
2257:978-0-307-42667-3
2211:978-0-7914-4779-6
1993:978-0-86356-758-2
1907:978-1-84467-551-7
1680:978-0-89608-611-1
1198:Arauca department
912:bandas criminales
477:BombonĂĄ battalion
230:, which included
121:counterinsurgency
69:counterinsurgency
40:to revolutionary
8541:
8486:
8479:
8427:Drug trafficking
8335:National symbols
8315:Muisca mythology
8173:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8115:
8107:Mineral industry
8092:Economic history
8068:
8067:
7899:
7898:
7868:Capital District
7783:Invasive species
7768:Cities and towns
7763:
7706:
7705:
7702:
7701:
7578:Spanish conquest
7536:
7529:
7522:
7513:
7512:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7399:
7397:
7396:
7386:
7384:
7383:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7193:
7183:
7173:
7163:
7146:
7122:
7112:
7102:
7047:
7025:
6986:
6944:
6762:
6761:
6745:
6738:
6731:
6722:
6721:
6673:Colombia Program
6655:Colombia Journal
6628:
6626:
6624:
6619:on July 15, 2010
6603:
6588:
6575:
6562:
6553:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6527:. Archived from
6513:
6511:
6509:
6504:on June 10, 2011
6500:. Archived from
6488:
6483:. Archived from
6471:
6469:
6467:
6456:Amnesty Magazine
6441:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6418:on July 17, 2010
6414:. Archived from
6400:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6378:on June 10, 2011
6374:. Archived from
6362:
6360:
6358:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6304:on June 21, 2010
6300:. Archived from
6288:
6286:
6284:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6255:on July 14, 2010
6251:. Archived from
6237:News / magazines
6213:"The Wrong Road"
6179:, September 2006
6149:, September 2001
6126:RAND Corporation
5970:
5968:
5966:
5942:
5913:
5884:
5855:
5826:
5797:
5776:
5763:
5734:
5705:
5676:
5663:
5653:
5643:
5606:
5574:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5536:on July 24, 2011
5535:
5520:
5510:
5476:
5470:(October 2003).
5463:
5461:
5459:
5454:on April 9, 2011
5453:
5438:
5426:Journal articles
5421:
5409:
5398:
5379:
5360:
5339:
5330:
5321:
5312:
5293:
5277:
5266:
5247:
5228:
5209:
5190:
5171:
5165:
5161:
5159:
5151:
5139:
5128:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5085:on April 9, 2011
5084:
5069:
5059:
5040:
5021:
5012:
5003:
4998:. Archived from
4974:
4945:
4926:
4858:
4839:
4820:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4771:
4765:
4756:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4578:. Archived from
4572:"The Banana War"
4567:
4561:
4555:
4546:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4523:Colombia Journal
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4439:
4433:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4403:
4397:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4349:
4343:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4308:
4294:
4285:
4271:
4265:
4251:
4245:
4244:, August 4, 2003
4242:Colombia Journal
4235:
4229:
4228:, April 21, 2001
4220:
4214:
4211:Colombia Journal
4203:
4194:
4181:
4172:
4159:
4150:
4147:Colombia Journal
4132:
4117:
4114:Colombia Journal
4099:
4093:
4080:
4071:
4055:
4046:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3965:
3962:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3857:. 1999. p.
3852:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3831:. Archived from
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3741:
3735:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3603:. Archived from
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3577:on June 18, 2013
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3542:. Archived from
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3505:
3499:
3486:
3480:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3444:. Archived from
3442:Businessweek.com
3433:
3427:
3404:
3391:
3368:
3355:
3330:
3319:
3318:
3290:
3284:
3270:
3264:
3239:
3233:
3212:
3206:
3205:, September 2006
3189:
3178:
3177:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3139:Colombia Journal
3130:
3124:
3123:
3111:
3102:
3079:
3062:
3049:
3043:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2888:
2884:
2875:
2872:
2863:
2823:
2814:
2797:
2784:
2783:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2713:
2703:
2697:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2612:
2606:
2585:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2551:
2545:
2532:
2523:
2510:
2497:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2426:
2416:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2293:
2274:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2241:
2235:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2161:. Archived from
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2109:. Archived from
2107:"La huella nazi"
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2083:. July 9, 2009.
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2044:
2027:
2021:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1976:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1937:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1895:
1885:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1846:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1719:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1668:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1598:. Archived from
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1517:
1509:
1378:Jose E. Martinez
1251:social cleansing
1245:Social cleansing
1219:Bogota, Colombia
1188:Betoyes Massacre
1170:Cauca department
1120:
1033:
639:, issued by the
485:Tel Aviv, Israel
481:MAS death squads
349:Jorge Luis Ochoa
272:
42:MarxistâLeninist
8549:
8548:
8544:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8539:
8538:
8509:
8508:
8507:
8502:
8489:
8482:
8475:
8458:
8371:
8352:Public holidays
8320:Muisca religion
8236:
8154:
8113:
8053:
8039:Aerospace Force
8025:
7957:Auditor General
7935:
7884:
7835:
7798:Natural regions
7792:
7773:Natural hazards
7761:
7760:National parks
7691:
7549:
7540:
7510:
7505:
7491:
7465:
7460:
7446:
7441:
7420:
7418:
7407:
7405:
7394:
7392:
7381:
7379:
7361:
7359:
7350:
7345:
7336:
7331:
7316:
7307:National Police
7270:
7256:Fighters+Lovers
7234:Provisional IRA
7209:
7204:
7138:
7133:
7124:FARC dissidents
7090:
7079:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7048:
7041:
7039:
7026:
7019:
7017:
6987:
6980:
6978:
6945:
6938:
6901:
6870:
6834:
6791:
6755:
6749:
6711:
6662:Wayback Machine
6643:Wayback Machine
6635:
6622:
6620:
6559:The Progressive
6534:
6532:
6507:
6505:
6481:The Independent
6465:
6463:
6430:
6421:
6419:
6381:
6379:
6356:
6354:
6331:
6329:
6328:on May 25, 2011
6316:
6307:
6305:
6282:
6280:
6267:
6258:
6256:
6239:
6230:Wayback Machine
6169:, February 2010
6139:, February 2000
6030:Wayback Machine
5977:
5964:
5962:
5679:
5651:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5518:
5474:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5436:
5428:
5418:
5395:
5376:
5357:
5309:
5290:
5263:
5244:
5225:
5206:
5187:
5163:
5162:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5125:
5107:
5102:
5100:Further reading
5097:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5067:
5056:
5037:
4942:
4923:
4898:Wayback Machine
4883:Wayback Machine
4871:Wayback Machine
4855:
4836:
4828:. Pluto Press.
4817:
4800:
4795:
4785:
4783:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4737:
4720:
4716:
4706:
4704:
4687:
4683:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4649:
4645:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4611:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4585:
4583:
4568:
4564:
4557:Hristov, 2009:
4556:
4549:
4544:Wayback Machine
4534:
4530:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4459:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4404:
4400:
4394:Wayback Machine
4384:
4380:
4365:
4361:
4350:
4346:
4340:Wayback Machine
4330:
4326:
4319:Hristov, 2009:
4318:
4311:
4305:Wayback Machine
4295:
4288:
4282:Wayback Machine
4272:
4268:
4262:Wayback Machine
4252:
4248:
4236:
4232:
4225:Washington Post
4221:
4217:
4205:Patricia Dahl,
4204:
4197:
4192:Wayback Machine
4182:
4175:
4170:Wayback Machine
4161:Hristov, 2009:
4160:
4153:
4143:Wayback Machine
4133:
4120:
4116:, April 3, 2000
4110:Wayback Machine
4101:Jo-Marie Burt,
4100:
4096:
4091:Wayback Machine
4081:
4074:
4065:Wayback Machine
4056:
4049:
4039:Wayback Machine
4029:
4025:
4015:
4013:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3968:
3963:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3742:
3738:
3734:, February 2010
3728:Wayback Machine
3713:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3667:on June 6, 2013
3655:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3608:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3497:Wayback Machine
3488:DeRouen, 2007:
3487:
3483:
3478:Wayback Machine
3468:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3436:Heather Walsh.
3434:
3430:
3426:, February 2010
3420:Wayback Machine
3405:
3394:
3390:, January 2011
3384:Wayback Machine
3369:
3358:
3352:Wayback Machine
3341:Wayback Machine
3331:
3322:
3291:
3287:
3281:Wayback Machine
3271:
3267:
3261:Wayback Machine
3254:CrisisGroup.org
3250:Wayback Machine
3240:
3236:
3226:Wayback Machine
3213:
3209:
3199:Wayback Machine
3190:
3181:
3150:
3146:
3131:
3127:
3112:
3105:
3101:, February 2010
3095:Wayback Machine
3080:
3065:
3060:Wayback Machine
3050:
3046:
3041:Wayback Machine
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3008:
2992:
2988:
2981:Hristov, 2009:
2980:
2976:
2970:Wayback Machine
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2897:Wayback Machine
2886:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2860:Wayback Machine
2851:Wayback Machine
2833:Wayback Machine
2824:
2817:
2807:Wayback Machine
2798:
2787:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2753:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2595:Wayback Machine
2586:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2562:Wayback Machine
2552:
2548:
2543:Wayback Machine
2533:
2526:
2521:Wayback Machine
2511:
2500:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2417:
2406:
2391:
2380:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2318:Wayback Machine
2307:Wayback Machine
2294:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2242:
2238:
2233:Wayback Machine
2223:
2219:
2212:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2051:
2047:
2043:, June 1, 2000.
2041:Wayback Machine
2028:
2024:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1977:
1966:
1957:
1953:
1948:Wayback Machine
1939:Hristov, 2009:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1847:
1838:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1801:
1791:Wayback Machine
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1730:Wayback Machine
1720:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1659:
1655:
1651:Survey Report."
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1435:
1392:
1386:
1368:(ILRF) and the
1358:
1330:
1292:
1287:
1264:
1259:
1247:
1207:
1190:
1162:
1141:Meta Department
1133:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1107:
1035:
1027:
1011:
1001:
979:, leaving only
977:security forces
954:Los Gaitanistas
908:
899:
884:legacy such as
867:paramilitaries.
809:(IACHR) of the
791:
779:
773:
734:Meta Department
721:
688:
682:
673:Barrancabermeja
649:
617:
607:at La Rochela,
580:
560:
521:
493:
434:
407:Patriotic Union
402:
396:in early 1988.
330:
308:Texas Petroleum
304:MedellĂn Cartel
300:
274:
270:Medellin Cartel
264:
256:
210:
203:
176:
91:
86:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8547:
8537:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8500:
8495:
8488:
8487:
8480:
8472:
8471:
8468:
8467:
8464:
8463:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8440:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8398:
8397:
8392:
8381:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8348:
8347:
8342:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8246:
8244:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8182:
8176:
8166:
8160:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8150:Transportation
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8120:Stock exchange
8117:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8071:
8065:
8059:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8035:
8033:
8027:
8026:
8024:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
8002:
8001:
7999:Vice President
7996:
7991:
7986:
7976:
7975:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7951:
7945:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7932:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7913:
7908:
7902:
7896:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7877:
7874:Corregimientos
7870:
7865:
7860:
7858:Municipalities
7855:
7849:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7802:
7800:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7709:
7699:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7677:National Front
7674:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7612:
7611:
7610:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7559:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7539:
7538:
7531:
7524:
7516:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7499:
7494:
7490:Some Colombian
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7459:
7458:
7453:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7427:Ăguilas Negras
7422:
7417:
7416:
7403:
7390:
7388:European Union
7377:
7376:
7375:
7368:United Nations
7357:
7344:
7343:
7330:
7329:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7311:
7310:
7309:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7292:
7287:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7239:Colombia Three
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7203:
7202:
7197:
7187:
7177:
7167:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7116:
7106:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7088:Paramilitaries
7085:
7080:
7073:
7072:
7065:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7032:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7010:
7008:Narcoterrorism
7005:
7004:
7003:
6993:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6792:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6754:(1964âpresent)
6748:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6715:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6699:
6694:
6688:BP in Colombia
6685:
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6634:
6633:External links
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6046:, July 1, 2007
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4809:. SUNY Press.
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3232:, May 27, 2010
3230:UN News Centre
3215:United Nations
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3034:BBC News Mundo
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2309:, (en español
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2030:Democracy Now!
2022:
1999:
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1129:Main article:
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948:, Los Paisas,
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790:
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775:Main article:
772:
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726:Ernesto Samper
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684:Main article:
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657:plausibly deny
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268:, head of the
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180:state of siege
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174:Law 48 of 1968
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7401:United States
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6959:Plan Patriota
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6954:Plan Colombia
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6843:El CaguĂĄn DMZ
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6647:
6645:, in Spanish)
6644:
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6199:", 1 May 1999
6198:
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6116:, May 3, 2002
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5117:. Routledge.
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5048:. Zed Books.
5047:
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5032:
5028:
5023:
5019:
5014:
5011:. SUNY Press.
5010:
5005:
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4600:Leech, 2009:
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4375:(2): 381â420.
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2644:Scott, 2003:
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2401:(2): 392â393.
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2019:0-906156-44-0
2016:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1989:
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1981:
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1955:
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1617:"Rempe, 1995"
1612:
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1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Plan Colombia
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1424:
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1412:
1411:congressional
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1372:on behalf of
1371:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:Drummond Coal
1335:
1328:Drummond Coal
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1309:Mario IguarĂĄn
1305:
1301:
1297:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1254:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1215:Embera-Catios
1211:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1174:Frente Calima
1171:
1167:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1121:
1115:
1110:
1101:
1100:coordination.
1096:
1092:
1087:
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1079:
1075:
1071:
1069:
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1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
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988:
984:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:Los Rastrojos
939:
934:
932:
926:
924:
921:
917:
913:
903:
893:
891:
887:
883:
878:
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630:
626:
622:
612:
610:
606:
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588:
586:
575:
573:
569:
565:
564:Los Tangueros
557:
551:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:Los Tangueros
526:
516:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
497:Los Tangueros
491:Los Tangueros
488:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:
429:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
397:
395:
394:Puerto BoyacĂĄ
391:
388:
384:
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
350:
346:
345:Pablo Escobar
341:
339:
335:
327:
321:
319:
318:
313:
312:Puerto BoyacĂĄ
309:
305:
295:
293:
289:
284:
279:
273:
271:
267:
266:Pablo Escobar
261:
251:
249:
245:
241:
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217:
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208:
198:
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158:
156:
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148:
141:
139:
134:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:United States
111:
108:
104:
100:
95:
81:
79:
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:in opposition
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
8448:
8385:Human rights
8340:Coat of arms
8270:Video gaming
8255:Architecture
8197:Demographics
8140:Trade unions
8080:Central bank
7949:Constitution
7924:Conservatism
7872:
7845:Subdivisions
7713:Biodiversity
7671:La Violencia
7669:
7665:World War II
7462:
7461:
7443:
7442:
7419:
7347:
7346:
7333:
7332:
7313:
7276:
7206:
7205:
7135:
7134:
7087:
7066:
7043:
7021:
6996:War on drugs
6982:
6940:
6789:
6782:Key aspects
6781:
6774:
6769:
6691:
6682:
6621:. Retrieved
6617:the original
6612:
6597:
6584:
6571:
6558:
6549:
6533:. Retrieved
6529:the original
6522:
6506:. Retrieved
6502:the original
6497:
6485:the original
6480:
6464:. Retrieved
6460:the original
6455:
6435:
6420:. Retrieved
6416:the original
6409:
6396:
6380:. Retrieved
6376:the original
6371:
6355:. Retrieved
6351:the original
6346:
6330:. Retrieved
6326:the original
6321:
6306:. Retrieved
6302:the original
6297:
6281:. Retrieved
6277:the original
6272:
6257:. Retrieved
6253:the original
6248:
6216:
6206:
6186:
6176:
6166:
6156:
6146:
6136:
6124:
6109:
6095:
6081:
6067:
6053:
6039:
6012:
5998:
5984:
5963:. Retrieved
5958:
5954:
5922:
5918:
5893:
5889:
5867:(6): 22â41.
5864:
5860:
5838:(4): 20â39.
5835:
5831:
5806:
5802:
5785:
5781:
5772:
5768:
5746:(4): 12â39.
5743:
5739:
5714:
5710:
5685:
5681:
5672:
5668:
5659:
5655:
5615:
5611:
5589:(2): 59â78.
5586:
5582:
5554:
5550:
5538:. Retrieved
5531:the original
5526:
5522:
5482:
5478:
5456:. Retrieved
5449:the original
5444:
5440:
5405:
5384:
5365:
5345:
5335:
5326:
5317:
5298:
5273:
5252:
5233:
5214:
5195:
5176:
5135:
5113:
5087:. Retrieved
5080:the original
5075:
5071:
5045:
5026:
5017:
5008:
5000:the original
4987:
4983:
4957:(2): 88â92.
4954:
4950:
4931:
4907:
4889:
4862:
4861:HRW (1996);
4844:
4825:
4806:
4798:Bibliography
4784:. Retrieved
4769:
4755:(in Spanish)
4750:
4738:. Retrieved
4727:
4717:
4705:. Retrieved
4694:
4684:
4672:. Retrieved
4653:
4646:
4634:. Retrieved
4615:
4608:
4596:
4584:. Retrieved
4580:the original
4575:
4565:
4531:
4522:
4512:
4500:. Retrieved
4489:
4479:
4467:. Retrieved
4447:
4437:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4407:
4401:
4381:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4356:. New Press.
4353:
4347:
4327:
4269:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4223:
4218:
4210:
4146:
4113:
4097:
4026:
4016:December 16,
4014:. Retrieved
4000:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3945:. Retrieved
3931:
3922:
3910:. Retrieved
3896:
3887:
3879:
3872:. Retrieved
3848:
3841:
3833:the original
3828:
3818:
3806:. Retrieved
3792:
3780:. Retrieved
3766:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3731:
3714:
3697:November 30,
3695:. Retrieved
3681:
3671:December 16,
3669:. Retrieved
3665:the original
3661:ElEspectador
3660:
3651:
3641:December 16,
3639:. Retrieved
3630:
3621:
3609:. Retrieved
3605:the original
3600:
3591:
3579:. Retrieved
3575:the original
3571:Daily Camera
3570:
3560:
3548:. Retrieved
3544:the original
3533:
3523:December 16,
3521:. Retrieved
3512:
3503:
3484:
3452:December 16,
3450:. Retrieved
3446:the original
3441:
3431:
3423:
3406:
3387:
3370:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3268:
3237:
3229:
3210:
3202:
3160:(2): 88â92.
3157:
3153:
3147:
3138:
3128:
3119:
3115:
3098:
3081:
3047:
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
2996:
2989:
2977:
2957:
2948:
2928:
2921:
2912:
2900:
2887:(in Spanish)
2836:
2810:
2779:
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2741:
2734:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2688:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2624:the original
2619:
2610:
2598:
2568:
2549:
2493:
2485:
2461:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2422:
2398:
2394:
2359:(2): 38â41.
2356:
2352:
2346:
2325:
2246:
2239:
2220:
2200:
2193:
2169:December 16,
2167:. Retrieved
2163:the original
2153:
2143:December 16,
2141:. Retrieved
2127:
2117:December 16,
2115:. Retrieved
2111:the original
2101:
2091:December 16,
2089:. Retrieved
2075:
2068:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2029:
2025:
2010:
1983:
1980:Geoff Simons
1954:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1891:
1871:
1854:
1850:
1830:
1824:
1813:
1802:
1794:
1779:
1770:
1745:
1736:
1684:. Retrieved
1664:
1656:
1646:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1600:the original
1587:
1583:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1552:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1519:
1507:
1423:Ălvaro Uribe
1393:
1374:Sinaltrainal
1359:
1350:
1331:
1293:
1276:
1272:Cali Cartels
1265:
1248:
1235:
1224:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1163:
1149:
1145:
1134:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1056:decapitation
1052:incineration
1036:
1028:Robin Kirk,
1026:
1022:
1012:
1005:White Terror
992:
989:
985:
981:Los Urabeños
974:
946:Los Urabeños
938:Black Eagles
935:
930:
927:
922:
911:
909:
900:
882:paramilitary
874:
870:
865:
861:
856:
848:
843:
835:
831:
827:
819:
800:
796:
792:
780:
766:
762:
758:
751:
741:
739:
722:
712:
708:
703:
697:
670:
662:
654:
650:
636:
634:
618:
601:
597:
593:
589:
581:
567:
563:
561:
555:
545:
536:
528:
522:
505:
500:
496:
494:
480:
476:
474:
465:
457:
456:
451:
447:
437:
435:
419:
410:
403:
342:
333:
331:
325:
315:
301:
291:
275:
263:
259:
223:
219:
213:
211:
194:
192:
184:
177:
160:
147:paramilitary
143:
135:
126:La Violencia
124:
114:
110:
103:paramilitary
78:corporations
66:
34:paramilitary
21:
20:
18:
8402:Immigration
8300:Handicrafts
8222:Health care
8097:Agriculture
7915:Ideologies
7853:Departments
7022:Kidnappings
6692:Sourcewatch
6219:, July 2003
6209:, June 2008
5896:(6): 4â38.
5809:(2): 9â12.
5775:(2): 42â44.
5675:(2): 50â51.
5579:Doug Stokes
5468:Doug Stokes
4674:October 13,
4636:October 13,
4469:October 13,
3550:16 December
3122:(2): 50â51.
3018:October 13,
2763:October 13,
2553:HRW, 1996:
2534:HRW, 1996:
2512:HRW, 1996:
2444:October 13,
2226:pp. 197-198
1913:October 13,
1721:HRW, 1996:
1686:October 13,
1563:November 1,
1533:February 1,
1400:paramilitar
1346:coal-mining
1318:Eric Holder
958:Bloque Meta
952:, Renacer,
815:Gina Parody
700:La Catedral
422:El Salvador
390:mercenaries
236:kidnappings
105:... and/or
97:US General
8513:Categories
8432:Corruption
8407:Emigration
8305:Literature
8185:Colombians
8114:(currency)
7941:Governance
7919:Liberalism
7437:Clan Ăsuga
7077:Guerrillas
6623:August 22,
6585:Narco News
6572:Narco News
6550:Narco News
6535:August 24,
6524:The Nation
6508:August 20,
6466:August 21,
6422:August 22,
6411:The Nation
6397:Narco News
6382:August 20,
6357:August 31,
6332:August 31,
6308:August 20,
6283:August 31,
6259:August 22,
5965:August 26,
5583:Civil Wars
5540:August 21,
5458:August 21,
4740:August 22,
4707:August 24,
4696:The Nation
4586:October 7,
4502:August 22,
4491:The Nation
3874:August 22,
2630:August 29,
1627:August 21,
1495:References
1388:See also:
1262:Drug trade
1213:Displaced
1060:mutilation
1040:atrocities
1003:See also:
993:tolerating
950:Los Machos
627:, and the
546:After the
501:Las Tangas
228:communists
8437:Terrorism
8290:Festivals
8285:Carnivals
8207:Languages
8202:Education
8087:Companies
8011:Judiciary
7994:President
7979:Executive
7972:Ombudsman
7929:Communism
7911:Elections
7826:OrinoquĂa
7816:Caribbean
7740:Mountains
7697:Geography
7463:Linked to
7348:Linked to
7290:Air Force
7207:Linked to
6669:(Spanish)
5939:153576077
5910:157998433
5881:157101522
5852:157886731
5823:185059911
5788:(5): 28.
5760:157464898
5731:185226968
5717:(2): 38.
5702:218602156
5640:154858035
5603:143691910
5571:144571085
5507:143862200
5156:cite book
4971:110608128
4762:El Tiempo
3994:(2): 380.
3631:Excélsior
3601:El Tiempo
3513:ReliefWeb
3315:145179901
3174:110608128
2972:(Spanish)
2373:185226968
1941:pp. 65-68
1857:(5): 28.
1500:Footnotes
1408:Colombian
1342:Caribbean
1257:Financing
1166:Alto Naya
1137:MapiripĂĄn
1105:Massacres
1064:chainsaws
966:the ERPAC
931:El Tiempo
890:Caribbean
880:a strong
686:Los Pepes
666:dirty war
609:Santander
358:IMI Galil
163:Plan Lazo
155:terrorist
107:terrorist
89:Plan Lazo
58:Guerillas
8493:Category
8390:Intersex
8295:Folklore
8212:Religion
8180:Abortion
8135:Taxation
8102:Industry
8031:Military
8016:Congress
7953:Control
7894:Politics
7563:Timeline
7547:articles
7543:Colombia
7475:CONVIVIR
7341:CONVIVIR
7044:Lawsuits
6776:Timeline
6679:Colombia
6658:Archived
6649:Colombia
6226:Archived
6026:Archived
5949:(2005).
5499:20097877
4894:Archived
4879:Archived
4867:Archived
4780:Archived
4734:Archived
4701:Archived
4540:Archived
4496:Archived
4463:Archived
4445:(2010).
4390:Archived
4336:Archived
4301:Archived
4278:Archived
4258:Archived
4188:Archived
4166:Archived
4139:Archived
4106:Archived
4087:Archived
4061:Archived
4035:Archived
4010:Archived
3941:Archived
3906:Archived
3802:Archived
3776:Archived
3758:24590184
3724:Archived
3691:Archived
3635:Archived
3517:Archived
3493:Archived
3474:Archived
3416:Archived
3380:Archived
3348:Archived
3337:Archived
3277:Archived
3257:Archived
3246:Archived
3222:Archived
3195:Archived
3091:Archived
3056:Archived
3037:Archived
3012:Archived
2966:Archived
2893:Archived
2856:Archived
2847:Archived
2829:Archived
2803:Archived
2757:Archived
2591:Archived
2558:Archived
2539:Archived
2517:Archived
2314:Archived
2303:Archived
2229:Archived
2137:Archived
2085:Archived
2037:Archived
1982:(2004).
1944:Archived
1787:Archived
1726:Archived
1621:Archived
1557:Archived
1524:Archived
1522:. 2013.
1433:See also
1404:polĂtica
1281:(FARC).
1268:MedellĂn
1068:machetes
805:and the
746:CONVIVIR
730:La Uribe
328:ACDEGAM)
232:bombings
224:Triple A
201:Triple A
151:sabotage
73:Cold War
8477:Outline
8417:Smoking
8412:Poverty
8330:Theater
8275:Cuisine
8242:Culture
8164:Society
8145:Tourism
8075:Banking
8063:Economy
7821:Insular
7745:Islands
7735:Geology
7730:Climate
7555:History
7148:FARC-EP
5632:4490420
5089:May 24,
4913:149â151
4786:May 16,
3611:May 14,
3581:May 14,
1396:Spanish
1364:by the
1336:-based
1334:Alabama
1194:Betoyes
1044:torture
508:CĂłrdoba
387:British
383:Israeli
374:INDUMIL
338:ACDEGAM
292:gramaje
283:launder
278:cocaine
153:and/or
84:History
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8498:Portal
8377:Issues
8265:Cinema
8021:Police
7811:Andean
7806:Amazon
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8367:Sport
8325:Music
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8232:Women
8112:Peso
7723:Flora
7718:Fauna
7129:FARIP
5935:S2CID
5906:S2CID
5877:S2CID
5848:S2CID
5819:S2CID
5756:S2CID
5727:S2CID
5698:S2CID
5652:(PDF)
5636:S2CID
5628:JSTOR
5599:S2CID
5567:S2CID
5534:(PDF)
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5503:S2CID
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5452:(PDF)
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5068:(PDF)
4967:S2CID
4559:p. 78
4321:p. 76
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8190:list
8049:Navy
8044:Army
7295:Navy
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7200:MAQL
7185:CGSB
7175:MOEC
6625:2010
6537:2010
6510:2010
6468:2010
6424:2010
6384:2010
6359:2010
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