657:
probability is dependent upon the potential barrier's shape in an exponential way. For example, if the barrier is relatively wide, the incoming particle's probability to tunnel will decrease. The potential barrier, in some sense, can come in the form of an actual biomaterial barrier. The inner mitochondria membrane which houses the various components of the ETC is on the order of 7.5 nm thick. The inner membrane of a mitochondrion must be overcome to permit signals (in the form of electrons, protons, H) to transfer from the site of emittance (internal to the mitochondria) and the site of acceptance (i.e. the electron transport chain proteins). In order to transfer particles, the membrane of the mitochondria must have the correct density of phospholipids to conduct a relevant charge distribution that attracts the particle in question. For instance, for a greater density of phospholipids, the membrane contributes to a greater conductance of protons.
566:
echo spectroscopy yielded further confirmation for long-term quantum coherence. These studies suggest that, through evolution, nature has developed a way of protecting quantum coherence to enhance the efficiency of photosynthesis. However, critical follow-up studies question the interpretation of these results. Single-molecule spectroscopy now shows the quantum characteristics of photosynthesis without the interference of static disorder, and some studies use this method to assign reported signatures of electronic quantum coherence to nuclear dynamics occurring in chromophores. A number of proposals emerged to explain unexpectedly long coherence. According to one proposal, if each site within the complex feels its own environmental noise, the electron will not remain in any local minimum due to both quantum coherence and its
553:. Process coherence, on the other hand, refers to the degree of coupling between multiple quantum entities and their evolution as either dominated by unitary or dissipative parts, which compete with one another. Both of these types of coherence are implicated in photosynthetic EET, where a exciton is coherently delocalized over several chromophores. This delocalization allows for the system to simultaneously explore several energy paths and use constructive and destructive interference to guide the path of the exciton's wave packet. It is presumed that natural selection has favored the most efficient path to the reaction center. Experimentally, the interaction between the different frequency wave packets, made possible by long-lived coherence, will produce
333:
280:(SANS). Quantum dot solids also show increased magnetic ordering in SANS testing, and can conduct electrons over long distances. Increased magnetic ordering of ferritin cores disposed in an ordered layer on a silicon substrate with SANS testing has also been observed. Ferritin structures like those in placental macrophages have been tested in solid state configurations and exhibit quantum dot solid-like properties of conducting electrons over distances of up to 80 microns through sequential tunneling and formation of Coulomb blockades. Electron transport through ferritin in placental macrophages may be associated with an anti-inflammatory function.
761:
345:
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of control experiments and theory concluded that the proposed quantum effects as long lived electronic coherences in the FMO system does not hold. Instead, research investigating transport dynamics suggests that interactions between electronic and vibrational modes of excitation in FMO complexes require a semi-classical, semi-quantum explanation for the transfer of exciton energy. In other words, while quantum coherence dominates in the short-term, a classical description is most accurate to describe long-term behavior of the excitons.
321:
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385:" suggests that certain olfactory receptors are triggered by certain shapes of chemicals and those receptors send a specific message to the brain. Another theory (based on quantum phenomena) suggests that the olfactory receptors detect the vibration of the molecules that reach them and the "smell" is due to different vibrational frequencies, this theory is aptly called the "vibration theory of olfaction."
549:
of the photosystem places it in the quantum realm, with EET ranging from the femto- to nanosecond scale, covering sub-nanometer to nanometer distances. The effects of quantum coherence on EET in photosynthesis are best understood through state and process coherence. State coherence refers to the extent of individual superpositions of ground and excited states for quantum entities, such as
392:, created in 1938 by Malcolm Dyson but reinvigorated by Luca Turin in 1996, proposes that the mechanism for the sense of smell is due to G-protein receptors that detect molecular vibrations due to inelastic electron tunneling, tunneling where the electron loses energy, across molecules. In this process a molecule would fill a binding site with a
519:. These antennae vary among organisms. For example, bacteria use circular aggregates of chlorophyll pigments, while plants use membrane-embedded protein and chlorophyll complexes. Regardless, photons are first captured by the antennae and passed on to the reaction-center complex. Various pigment-protein complexes, such as the
887:, flavin adenine dinucleotide, while repairing the DNA. Photolyase is excited by visible light and transfers an electron to the cofactor FADH. FADHânow in the possession of an extra electronâtransfers the electron to the dimer to break the bond and repair the DNA. The electron tunnels from the FADH to the
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In 2017, the first control experiment with the original FMO protein under ambient conditions confirmed that electronic quantum effects are washed out within 60 femtoseconds, while the overall exciton transfer takes a time on the order of a few picoseconds. In 2020 a review based on a wide collection
565:
at â196 °C (77 K). Another theoretical study from 2010 provided evidence that quantum coherence lives as long as 300 femtoseconds at biologically relevant temperatures (4 °C or 277 K). In that same year, experiments conducted on photosynthetic cryptophyte algae using two-dimensional photon
101:
Quantum biology is an emerging field, in the sense that most current research is theoretical and subject to questions that require further experimentation. Though the field has only recently received an influx of attention, it has been conceptualized by physicists throughout the 20th century. It has
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experiments that show electron absorption and transfer with an efficiency of above 99%, which cannot be explained by classical mechanical models. Instead, as early as 1938, scientists theorized that quantum coherence was the mechanism for excitation-energy transfer. Indeed, the structure and nature
268:
and activation-less. The electron tunneling distance is a function of the size of the ferritin. Single electron tunneling events can occur over distances of up to 8 nm through the ferritin, and sequential electron tunneling can occur up to 12 nm through the ferritin. It has been
260:
as the mechanism by which electrons transit the 2 nm thick protein shell was proposed as early as 1988. Electron tunneling and other quantum mechanical properties of ferritin were observed in 1992, and electron tunneling at room temperature and ambient conditions was observed in 2005. Electron
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822:
Experiments in the lab support the basic theory that radical-pair electrons can be significantly influenced by very weak magnetic fields, i.e., merely the direction of weak magnetic fields can affect radical-pair's reactivity and therefore can "catalyze" the formation of chemical products. Whether
400:
While the vibration theory has some experimental proof of concept, there have been multiple controversial results in experiments. In some experiments, animals are able to distinguish smells between molecules of different frequencies and same structure, while other experiments show that people are
207:
duality; they can pass through energy barriers due to their wave characteristics without violating the laws of physics. In order to quantify how quantum tunneling is used in many enzymatic activities, many biophysicists utilize the observation of hydrogen ions. When hydrogen ions are transferred,
578:
create an energy sink that moves the electron to the reaction site quickly. Other work suggested that geometric symmetries in the complex may favor efficient energy transfer to the reaction center, mirroring perfect state transfer in quantum networks. Furthermore, experiments with artificial dye
458:
with random flashes of photons that "read" the retina and identify the individual. This biometric system would only allow a certain individual with a specific retinal map to decode the message. This message can not be decoded by anyone else unless the eavesdropper were to guess the proper map or
396:
receptor. After the binding of the chemical to the receptor, the chemical would then act as a bridge allowing for the electron to be transferred through the protein. As the electron transfers across what would otherwise have been a barrier, it loses energy due to the vibration of the newly-bound
247:
is an iron storage protein that is found in plants and animals. It is usually formed from 24 subunits that self-assemble into a spherical shell that is approximately 2 nm thick, with an outer diameter that varies with iron loading up to about 16 nm. Up to ~4500 iron atoms can be stored
831:
feature of the radical-pair mechanism, to play a part in these processes. There are entangled and non-entangled radical-pairs, but disturbing only entangled radical-pairs is not possible with current technology. Researchers found evidence for the radical-pair mechanism of magnetoreception when
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that permits the passing-through of a potential energy barrier that would otherwise restrict the entity. Moreover, it depends on the shape and size of a potential barrier relative to the incoming energy of a particle. Because the incoming particle is defined by its wave function, its tunneling
523:
in green sulfur bacteria, are responsible for transferring energy from antennae to reaction site. The photon-driven excitation of the reaction-center complex mediates the oxidation and the reduction of the primary electron acceptor, a component of the reaction-center complex. Much like the
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Evidence of ferritin layers in cell bodies of large dopamine neurons of the SNc and between those cell bodies in glial cells has also been found, and is hypothesized to be associated with neuron function. Overexpression of ferritin reduces the accumulation of
814:
reaction, which yields radical pairs both during the photo-reduction and the oxidation. The function of cryptochrome is diverse across species, however, the photoinduction of radical-pairs occurs by exposure to blue light, which excites an electron in a
891:. Although the range of this tunneling is much larger than feasible in a vacuum, the tunneling in this scenario is said to be "superexchange-mediated tunneling," and is possible due to the protein's ability to boost the tunneling rates of the electron.
4246:
Fujihashi, Yuta; Fleming, Graham R.; Ishizaki, Akihito (June 2015). "Impact of environmentally induced fluctuations on quantum mechanically mixed electronic and vibrational pigment states in photosynthetic energy transfer and 2D electronic spectra".
4538:
637:. This high degree of efficiency is largely attributed to the quantum tunnelling of electrons in the ETC and of protons in the proton motive gradient. Indeed, electron tunneling has already been demonstrated in certain elements of the ETC including
502:
Photosynthesis refers to the biological process that photosynthetic cells use to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic starting materials using sunlight. What has been primarily implicated as exhibiting non-trivial quantum behaviors is the
82:. Moreover, quantum biology may use computations to model biological interactions in light of quantum mechanical effects. Quantum biology is concerned with the influence of non-trivial quantum phenomena, which can be explained by reducing the
4613:
Halpin, A.; Johnson, P. J. M.; Tempelaar, R.; Murphy, R. S.; Knoester, J.; Jansen, T. L. C.; Miller, R. J. D. (March 2014). "Two-dimensional spectroscopy of a molecular dimer unveils the effects of vibronic coupling on exciton coherences".
4487:(Speech). From Atomic to Mesoscale: The Role of Quantum Coherence in Systems of Various Complexities. Institute for Theoretical, Atomic and Molecular and Optical Physics, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts
34:
that cannot be accurately described by the classical laws of physics. An understanding of fundamental quantum interactions is important because they determine the properties of the next level of organization in biological systems.
798:, and was speculated to apply to magnetoreception in 1978 by Schulten et al.. The ratio between singlet and triplet pairs is changed by the interaction of entangled electron pairs with the magnetic field of the Earth. In 2000,
560:
While quantum photosynthesis is still an emerging field, there have been many experimental results that support the quantum-coherence understanding of photosynthetic EET. A 2007 study claimed the identification of electronic
863:
Whenever a cell reproduces, it must copy these strands of DNA. However, sometime throughout the process of copying the strand of DNA a mutation, or an error in the DNA code, can occur. A theory for the reasoning behind
3925:
Collini, Elisabetta; Wong, Cathy Y.; Wilk, Krystyna E.; Curmi, Paul M. G.; Brumer, Paul; Scholes, Gregory D. (February 2010). "Coherently wired light-harvesting in photosynthetic marine algae at ambient temperature".
195:, which are two of the limiting factors for quantum tunneling in biological entities. These architectures might account for a greater percentage of quantum energy transfer, which occurs through electron transport and
539:
Previous understandings of electron-excitation transference (EET) from light-harvesting antennae to the reaction center have relied on the Förster theory of incoherent EET, postulating weak electron coupling between
859:
acts as the instructions for making proteins throughout the body. It consists of 4 nucleotides: guanine, thymine, cytosine, and adenine. The order of these nucleotides gives the "recipe" for the different proteins.
882:
In many prokaryotes and plants, these bonds are repaired by a DNA-repair-enzyme photolyase. As its prefix implies, photolyase is reliant on light in order to repair the strand. Photolyase works with its cofactor
3664:
DostĂĄl, Jakub; ManÄal, TomĂĄĆĄ; Augulis, RamĆ«nas; VĂĄcha, FrantiĆĄek; PĆĄenÄĂk, Jakub; Zigmantas, Donatas (July 2012). "Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy reveals ultrafast energy diffusion in chlorosomes".
1257:
Löwdin, Per-Olov (1966). "Quantum
Genetics and the Aperiodic Solid: Some Aspects on the Biological Problems of Heredity, Mutations, Aging, and Tumors in View of the Quantum Theory of the DNA Molecule".
377:
Olfaction, the sense of smell, can be broken down into two parts; the reception and detection of a chemical, and how that detection is sent to and processed by the brain. This process of detecting an
302:(ROS), and may act as a catalyst by increasing the ability of electrons from antioxidants to neutralize ROS through electron tunneling. Ferritin has also been observed in ordered configurations in
208:
this is seen as a staple in an organelle's primary energy processing network; in other words, quantum effects are most usually at work in proton distribution sites at distances on the order of an
102:
been suggested that quantum biology might play a critical role in the future of the medical world. Early pioneers of quantum physics saw applications of quantum mechanics in biological problems.
199:(usually in the form of hydrogen ions, H). Tunneling refers to the ability of a subatomic particle to travel through potential energy barriers. This ability is due, in part, to the principle of
5464:
Schulten, K.; Swenberg, C. E.; Weller, A. (1978). "A Biomagnetic
Sensory Mechanism Based on Magnetic Field Modulated Coherent Electron Spin Motion : Zeitschrift fĂŒr Physikalische Chemie".
93:
Currently, there exist four major life processes that have been identified as influenced by quantum effects: enzyme catalysis, sensory processes, energy transference, and information encoding.
314:
in live cells has not yet been obtained, it may be possible to do so using QDs tagged with anti-ferritin, which should emit photons if electrons stored in the ferritin core tunnel to the QD.
203:, which holds that certain substances have pairs of properties that cannot be measured separately without changing the outcome of measurement. Particles, such as electrons and protons, have
5034:"Energy, Entropy and Quantum Tunneling of Protons and Electrons in Brain Mitochondria: Relation to Mitochondrial Impairment in Aging-Related Human Brain Diseases and Therapeutic Measures"
629:
with the development of a proton motive gradient (H+) across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. This energy stored as a proton motive gradient is then coupled with the synthesis of
498:
Diagram of FMO complex. Light excites electrons in an antenna. The excitation then transfers through various proteins in the FMO complex to the reaction center to further photosynthesis.
1519:
332:
356:
4552:
Walschaers, Mattia; Fernandez-de-Cossio Diaz, Jorge; Mulet, Roberto; Buchleitner, Andreas (November 2013). "Optimally designed quantum transport across disordered networks".
3004:
Garg, Mayank; Vishwakarma, Neelam; Sharma, Amit L.; Singh, Suman (2021-07-08). "Amine-Functionalized
Graphene Quantum Dots for Fluorescence-Based Immunosensing of Ferritin".
872:. Because of this, the changed nucleotide will lose its ability to pair with its original base pair and consequently change the structure and order of the DNA strand.
810:
and other animal species, is the only protein known to form photoinduced radical-pairs in animals. When it interacts with light particles, cryptochrome goes through a
344:
590:, again suggesting that quantum mechanical phenomena are at play. In 1966, a study on the photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium found that at temperatures below 100 K,
2040:
Kumar, Karuppannan
Senthil; Pasula, Rupali Reddy; Lim, Sierin; Nijhuis, Christian A. (2015-12-28). "Long-Range Tunneling Processes across Ferritin-Based Junctions".
3977:
Tempelaar, R.; Jansen, T. L. C.; Knoester, J. (November 2014). "Vibrational beatings conceal evidence of electronic coherence in the FMO light-harvesting complex".
4079:
Butkus, Vytautas; Zigmantas, Donatas; Valkunas, Leonas; Abramavicius, Darius (2012). "Vibrational vs. electronic coherences in 2D spectrum of molecular systems".
875:
Exposure to ultraviolet light and other types of radiation can cause DNA mutation and damage. The radiation also can modify the bonds along the DNA strand in the
4360:
Mohseni, Masoud; Rebentrost, Patrick; Lloyd, Seth; Aspuru-Guzik, AlĂĄn (November 2008). "Environment-assisted quantum walks in photosynthetic energy transfer".
1644:
Masgrau, Laura; Roujeinikova, Anna; Johannissen, Linus O.; et al. (April 2006). "Atomic description of an enzyme reaction dominated by proton tunneling".
844:(CRY4) from migrating and non-migrating birds. CRY4 from chicken and pigeon were found to be less sensitive to magnetic fields than those from the (migrating)
3527:
Mathis, Paul (December 2000). "Photosynthesis by D.O. Hall and K.K. Rao, Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 2RU, U.K., ISBN 0 521 64257 4, ÂŁ 35, University Press".
652:, exhibiting both particle and wave-like properties depending on the method of experimental observation. Quantum tunneling is a direct consequence of this
1767:"3D morphology of the human hepatic ferritin mineral core: New evidence for a subunit structure revealed by single particle analysis of HAADF-STEM images"
3503:
4989:
Hagras, Muhammad A.; Hayashi, Tomoyuki; Stuchebrukhov, Alexei A. (2015-11-19). "Quantum
Calculations of Electron Tunneling in Respiratory Complex III".
7716:
633:. It is significant that the mitochondrion conversion of biomass into chemical ATP achieves 60-70% thermodynamic efficiency, far superior to that of
3381:
Schoenlein, R. W.; Peteanu, L. A.; Mathies, R. A.; Shank, C. V. (October 1991). "The first step in vision: femtosecond isomerization of rhodopsin".
819:. Magnetoreception is also possible in the dark, so the mechanism must rely more on the radical pairs generated during light-independent oxidation.
787:
is the ability of animals to navigate using the inclination of the magnetic field of the Earth. A possible explanation for magnetoreception is the
8269:
528:
of the mitochondria, a linear series of oxidations and reductions drives proton (H+) pumping across the thylakoid membrane, the development of a
2337:
Bera, Sudipta; Kolay, Jayeeta; Pramanik, Pallabi; et al. (2019). "Long-range solid-state electron transport through ferritin multilayers".
2158:
Mykhaylyk, Olga; Török, Gyula; Dudchenko, Olexandr; et al. (May 2004). "On the magnetic ordering of the iron storage proteins in tissues".
1938:
Awschalom, D. D.; Smyth, J. F.; Grinstein, G.; DiVincenzo, D. P.; Loss, D. (1992-05-18). "Macroscopic quantum tunneling in magnetic proteins".
290:(SNc) tissue demonstrated evidence of electron tunneling between ferritin cores, in structures that correlate to layers of ferritin outside of
4859:"Studies of photosynthesis using a pulsed laser. I. Temperature dependence of cytochrome oxidation rate in chromatium. Evidence for tunneling"
8508:
7917:
714:. In 1979, Davydov published his complete textbook on quantum biology entitled "Biology and Quantum Mechanics" featuring quantum dynamics of
1989:
Xu, Degao; Watt, Gerald D.; Harb, John N.; Davis, Robert C. (2005-03-25). "Electrical
Conductivity of Ferritin Proteins by Conductive AFM".
1214:
Joaquim, Leyla; Freira, Olival; El-Hani, Charbel (September 2015). "Quantum
Explorers: Bohr, Jordan, and Delbruck Venturing into Biology".
152:
mutation. In his paper, he stated that there is a new field of study called "quantum biology". In 1979, the Soviet and
Ukrainian physicist
2939:
Aronova, Maria A.; Noh, Seung-Jae; Zhang, Guofeng; Byrnes, Colleen; Meier, Emily Riehm; Kim, Young C.; Leapman, Richard D. (August 2021).
2294:
Yuan, Zhen; Atanassov, Plamen; Alsmadi, Abdel M.; et al. (2006-04-15). "Magnetic properties of self-assembled ferritin-core arrays".
320:
1873:"Redox reactivity of bacterial and mammalian ferritin: is reductant entry into the ferritin interior a necessary step for iron release?"
823:
this mechanism applies to magnetoreception and/or quantum biology, that is, whether Earth's magnetic field "catalyzes" the formation of
2573:"Indication of quantum mechanical electron transport in human substantia nigra tissue from conductive atomic force microscopy analysis"
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1063:
216:
is most useful in defining this process because of the transfer from quantum elements (e.g. particles) to macroscopic phenomena (e.g.
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6215:
3867:
Engel, Gregory S.; Calhoun, Tessa R.; Read, Elizabeth L.; Ahn, Tae-Kyu; ManÄal, TomĂĄĆĄ; Cheng, Yuan-Chung; et al. (April 2007).
7766:
4142:"Electronic resonance with anticorrelated pigment vibrations drives photosynthetic energy transfer outside the adiabatic framework"
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is explained in the Lowdin DNA mutation model. In this model, a nucleotide may spontaneously change its form through a process of
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642:
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7709:
264:
Electron tunneling through ferritin between electrodes is independent of temperature, which indicates that it is substantially
3176:
930:
have drawn criticism from the scientific community with some claiming it to be pseudoscientific and "an excuse for quackery".
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2382:"Indication of Strongly Correlated Electron Transport and Mott Insulator in Disordered Multilayer Ferritin Structures (DMFS)"
2279:
1706:
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7993:
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598:. The authors, Don DeVault and Britton Chase, postulated that these characteristics of electron transfer are indicative of
276:
was reported in 2004, where increased magnetic ordering of ferritin structures in placental macrophages was observed using
7007:
4665:
Duan, H. -G.; Prokhorenko, V. I.; Cogdell, R.; Ashraf, K.; Stevens, A. L.; Thorwart, M.; Miller, R. J. D. (August 2017).
310:, where it may be associated with red blood cell production. While direct evidence of tunneling associated with ferritin
269:
proposed that the electron tunneling is magnon-assisted and associated with magnetite microdomains in the ferritin core.
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1198:
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in particular. He showed that the molecular solitons are able to preserve their shape through nonlinear interaction of
283:
3449:
Loulakis, M.; Blatsios, G.; Vrettou, C. S.; Kominis, I. K. (2017). "Quantum
Biometrics with Retinal Photon Counting".
2447:
Labra-Muñoz, Jacqueline A.; de Reuver, Arie; Koeleman, Friso; Huber, Martina; van der Zant, Herre S. J. (2022-05-15).
42:
into forms that are usable for chemical transformations, and are quantum mechanical in nature. Such processes involve
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7739:
7702:
6620:
1620:
1343:
2636:"Cell specific quantitative iron mapping on brain slices by immuno-”PIXE in healthy elderly and Parkinson's disease"
2262:
Kouwenhoven, Leo P.; Marcus, Charles M.; McEuen, Paul L.; et al. (1997), "Electron
Transport in Quantum Dots",
827:
chemical products by the aid of radical-pairs, is not fully clear. Radical-pairs may need not be entangled, the key
7849:
2695:"Neuromelanin detection by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its promise as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease"
923:
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8116:
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detection could lead to multiple different technologies. One area of development is in quantum communication and
802:
was proposed as the "magnetic molecule" that could harbor magnetically sensitive radical-pairs. Cryptochrome, a
602:, whereby electrons penetrate a potential barrier despite possessing less energy than is classically necessary.
579:
molecules cast doubts on the interpretation that quantum effects last any longer than one hundred femtoseconds.
431:
pathways lead to a visual signal. However, the photoisomerization reaction occurs at a rapid rate, in under 200
261:
tunneling associated with ferritin is a quantum biological process, and ferritin is a quantum biological agent.
8419:
8091:
5499:
Kominis, I. K. (2015). "The radical-pair mechanism as a paradigm for the emerging science of quantum biology".
2199:"Controlling the structures of organic semiconductorâquantum dot nanocomposites through ligand shell chemistry"
587:
516:
415:
Vision relies on quantized energy in order to convert light signals to an action potential in a process called
277:
256:. Ferritin is able to store electrons for at least several hours, which reduce the Fe3+ to water soluble Fe2+.
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Wiltschko, Roswitha; Ahmad, Margaret; NieĂner, Christine; Gehring, Dennis; Wiltschko, Wolfgang (May 2016).
520:
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Electron microscope image of glial cell from SNc showing structures similar to ferritin in placental tissue
184:
3816:
Keren, Nir; Paltiel, Yossi (June 2018). "Photosynthetic Energy Transfer at the Quantum/Classical Border".
3700:
Keren, Nir; Paltiel, Yossi (June 2018). "Photosynthetic Energy Transfer at the Quantum/Classical Border".
454:. The idea is to use a biometric system to measure the eye using only a small number of points across the
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5416:
1520:
Quantum biology: Harnessing nano-technology's last frontier with modified excipients and food ingredients
6143:
Quantum Biology and the Hidden Nature of Nature, World Science Festival 2012, video of podium discussion
5866:"Quantum and classical effects in DNA point mutations: Watson-Crick tautomerism in AT and GC base pairs"
3288:
Keller, A.; Vosshall, L. B. (April 2004). "A psychophysical test of the vibration theory of olfaction".
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
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Yu, S. L.; Lee, S. K. (March 2017). "Ultraviolet radiation: DNA damage, repair, and human disorders".
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2941:"Use of dual-electron probes reveals the role of ferritin as an iron depot in ex vivo erythropoiesis"
649:
504:
382:
204:
200:
137:
4667:"Nature does not rely on long-lived electronic quantum coherence for photosynthetic energy transfer"
4200:
1730:
Nagel, Z. D.; Klinman, J. P. (August 2006). "Tunneling and dynamics in enzymatic hydride transfer".
1571:
Nagel, Z. D.; Klinman, J. P. (August 2006). "Tunneling and dynamics in enzymatic hydride transfer".
1086:"Quantum effects in biology: golden rule in enzymes, olfaction, photosynthesis and magnetodetection"
1004:"Quantum effects in biology: golden rule in enzymes, olfaction, photosynthesis and magnetodetection"
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Sumi, Hitoshi (January 2001). "Bacterial photosynthesis begins with quantum-mechanical coherence".
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Quantum Biology: Current Status and Opportunities, September 17-18, 2012, University of Surrey, UK
3504:"The unique way your eyes detect photons could be used to guarantee your identity, say physicists"
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2093:"Room-temperature tunnel magnetoresistance across biomolecular tunnel junctions based on ferritin"
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Alongside the multiple strands of scientific inquiry into quantum mechanics has come unconnected
427:. This change in structure induces a change in the structure of the photo receptor and resulting
299:
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The sensor in the retina of the human eye is sensitive enough to detect a single photon. Single
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3177:"A Novel Multigene Family May Encode Odorant Receptors: A Molecular Basis for Odor Recognition"
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in their function as the powerhouse of eukaryotic cells. Similar to the light reactions in the
533:
112:
discussed applications of quantum mechanics in biology. Schrödinger introduced the idea of an "
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Davydov, Alexander S. (1973). "The theory of contraction of proteins under their excitation".
4425:(2008-11-01). "Dephasing-assisted transport: quantum networks and biomolecules â IOPscience".
832:
European robins, cockroaches, and garden warblers, could no longer navigate when exposed to a
248:
inside the core of the shell in the Fe3+ oxidation state as water-insoluble compounds such as
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Block, Eric; Batista, Victor S.; Matsunami, Hiroaki; Zhuang, Hanyi; Ahmed, Lucky (May 2017).
3219:
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Karuppannan, Senthil Kumar; Pasula, Rupali Reddy; Herng, Tun Seng; et al. (2021-05-20).
974:. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group.
638:
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Conductive atomic force microscopy image of human substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) tissue
213:
27:
16:
Application of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to biological objects and problems
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8698:
8648:
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2104:
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1947:
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1015:
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oxidation is temperature-independent, slow (on the order of milliseconds), and very low in
233:
188:
79:
6072:
5433:
3241:"The role of metals in mammalian olfaction of low molecular weight organosulfur compounds"
103:
8:
9000:
8803:
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8281:
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6889:
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2002:
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1606:
1501:
1455:
1404:
1275:
1239:
1126:
1085:
1036:
1003:
869:
848:, suggesting evolutionary optimization of this protein as a sensor of magnetic fields.
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8903:
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2807:
2789:
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2014:
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23:
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5317:
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4126:
3911:
3480:
2620:
1857:
1681:
1534:"Extremely Large Isotope Effects in the Soybean Lipoxygenase-Linoleic Acid Reaction"
1505:
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In quantum mechanics, both electrons and protons are quantum entities that exhibit
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2415:
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2018:
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molecule to the receptor. This results in the ability to smell the molecule.
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117:
51:
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435:, with high yield. Models suggest the use of quantum effects in shaping the
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8873:
8838:
8833:
8823:
8818:
8798:
8778:
8688:
8658:
8618:
8598:
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8553:
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7807:
7802:
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7051:
6708:
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6459:
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5711:
5693:
5442:
5356:
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5018:
4975:
4779:
4760:
4720:
4643:
4591:
4399:
4346:
4328:
4286:
4224:
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3955:
3903:
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2026:
1975:
1808:
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1353:
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1135:
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1027:
841:
803:
799:
773:
571:
529:
451:
436:
291:
249:
217:
67:
6998:
5247:
4900:
3410:
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3141:
3068:
2868:
1924:
1696:
1313:
8943:
8938:
8908:
8863:
8808:
8748:
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8693:
8653:
8543:
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8528:
8232:
7593:
7588:
7558:
7515:
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7400:
7385:
7380:
7345:
7305:
7195:
7185:
7180:
6864:
6590:
6512:
6391:
6381:
6332:
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541:
508:
490:
Antennae complex found in photosystems of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
432:
420:
5610:
3947:
3895:
3060:
2127:
1549:
899:
Other quantum phenomena in biological systems include the conversion of
401:
unaware of distinguishing smells due to distinct molecular frequencies.
90:, although these effects are difficult to study and can be speculative.
8928:
8923:
8868:
8853:
8793:
8758:
8753:
8723:
8683:
8663:
8593:
8573:
7578:
7573:
7520:
7505:
7445:
7410:
7405:
7375:
7335:
7315:
7245:
7225:
6974:
6801:
6693:
6638:
6567:
6547:
6507:
6412:
6328:
6262:
6258:
5890:
5865:
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in a light receptor. The chromophore absorbs the photon and undergoes
272:
Early evidence of quantum mechanical properties exhibited by ferritin
116:" that contained genetic information in its configuration of covalent
8843:
8828:
8813:
8763:
8738:
8086:
7782:
7495:
7480:
7465:
7415:
7390:
7131:
6932:
6844:
6726:
6658:
6630:
6537:
6351:
6340:
6336:
6304:
734:
618:
586:
Another process in photosynthesis that has almost 100% efficiency is
253:
75:
7694:
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224:
centers through quantum tunneling plays an important role in
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1301:
1149:
Goh, Bey Hing; Tong, Eng Siang; Pusparajah, Priyia (2020).
884:
6152:
4988:
4932:
Hayashi, Tomoyuki; Stuchebrukhov, Alexei A. (2011-05-12).
3330:
3003:
2196:
2090:
1065:
How quantum biology might explain life's biggest questions
879:
and cause them to bond with themselves, creating a dimer.
326:
Electron microscope image of placental macrophage ferritin
6585:
856:
156:
published the first textbook on quantum biology entitled
149:
5912:
5863:
5817:"Quantum Tunnelling to the Origin and Evolution of Life"
5093:
A Unified Grand Tour of Theoretical Physics, 2nd edition
4245:
3663:
2572:
1871:
Watt, G. D.; Jacobs, D.; Frankel, R. B. (October 1988).
6469:
4198:
3976:
1522:, J. Excipients and Food Chemicals, 5(4), 177â183, 2014
1193:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 1.
5463:
5095:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 123â145, 2015-05-05,
5032:
Bennett, James P.; Onyango, Isaac G. (February 2021).
2692:
2505:
1531:
4934:"Quantum Electron Tunneling in Respiratory Complex I"
3753:"Does Coherence Enhance Transport in Photosynthesis?"
2938:
2881:
2266:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 105â214,
2039:
1764:
926:
which postulate a link between quantum mechanics and
6045:
4931:
3924:
2757:
1213:
794:. The radical-pair mechanism is well-established in
38:
Many biological processes involve the conversion of
5379:
5122:
4733:
3866:
3604:
1155:
Progress in Drug Discovery & Biomedical Science
6014:
2379:
570:environment, but proceed to the reaction site via
419:. In phototransduction, a photon interacts with a
124:are introduced by "quantum leaps". Other pioneers
4139:
1870:
1148:
660:
8987:
6070:
5417:"The Radical-Pair Mechanism of Magnetoreception"
443:potentials in order to achieve this efficiency.
4146:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2884:"Ferritin and the response to oxidative stress"
1988:
1877:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1822:Wolszczak, Marian; Gajda, Joanna (2010-08-17).
949:"The future of quantum biology | Royal Society"
681:in order to explain the transport of energy in
381:is still under question. One theory named the "
140:was fundamental to the life sciences. In 1963,
6114:"Quantum Consciousness and Other Spooky Myths"
5031:
3287:
3206:. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017
1821:
1698:Physical biology : from atoms to medicine
1325:
1323:
1291:
1289:
511:. Photosystems contain two major domains, the
8502:
7710:
6168:
5592:
5414:
5385:
4856:
1181:
532:, and energetic coupling to the synthesis of
5554:"Magnetic field effects in chemical systems"
5415:Hore, P. J.; Mouritsen, Henrik (July 2016).
5297:
4792:
4420:
3815:
3699:
3175:Buck, Linda; Axel, Richard (April 5, 1991).
1729:
1570:
6048:Nanotechnology: Assessment and Perspectives
5638:Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism
5410:
5408:
5406:
5254:
5211:
3084:Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry
2160:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
1475:
1320:
1286:
8509:
8495:
7717:
7703:
6175:
6161:
4484:Optimal Energy Transport in Photosynthesis
4471:
3049:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1058:
625:(ETC) energetically link the reduction of
8975:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
6088:
6071:Al-Khalili, Jim; Lilliu, Samuele (2020).
5930:
5889:
5840:
5701:
5649:
5593:Steiner, U. E.; Ulrich, T. (1989-01-01).
5569:
5512:
5432:
5324:
5189:. Imperial College Press. pp. 3â18.
5158:
5140:
5067:
5049:
4965:
4890:
4857:DeVault, D.; Chance, B. (November 1966).
4809:
4769:
4759:
4710:
4700:
4682:
4565:
4438:
4373:
4336:
4260:
4205:The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
4175:
4157:
4092:
4055:
4029:
3768:
3757:The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
3640:
3622:
3462:
3264:
3131:
2980:
2915:
2858:
2801:
2783:
2726:
2669:
2651:
2539:
2482:
2464:
2423:
2405:
2222:
2126:
2116:
1914:
1896:
1839:
1798:
1605:
1166:
1125:
1035:
5631:
5403:
4916:
4727:
3667:Journal of the American Chemical Society
3174:
3046:
2449:"Ferritin-Based Single-Electron Devices"
1538:Journal of the American Chemical Society
759:
493:
485:
477:
8516:
6021:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
5814:
5810:
5808:
5682:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
5551:
5498:
5303:
5260:
5217:
5180:
5178:
4912:
4910:
4317:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
2824:
1329:
1295:
1083:
1001:
946:
744:
236:(see also Mitochondria section below).
8988:
6012:
5671:
5669:
5391:"The Quantum Nature of Bird Migration"
5184:
4306:
4304:
3526:
3109:
3107:
3105:
1701:. London, UK: Imperial College Press.
1694:
1366:
1256:
8970:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
8490:
7724:
7698:
6156:
6050:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 197â240.
5977:
5434:10.1146/annurev-biophys-032116-094545
5330:
4477:
3113:
3081:
2570:
187:may have adapted to enable sustained
7669:
6111:
5805:
5466:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Physikalische Chemie
5175:
4907:
4414:
3561:
3502:Emerging Technology from the arXiv.
2640:Acta Neuropathologica Communications
654:wave-like nature of quantum entities
367:
7679:
5980:Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
5870:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
5666:
4991:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
4938:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
4850:
4786:
4658:
4606:
4545:
4504:
4498:
4353:
4301:
4239:
4018:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
3979:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
3970:
3657:
3340:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
3102:
1688:
1564:
749:
707:deformations inside the lattice of
163:
13:
6596:Evolutionary developmental biology
5389:; Mouritsen, Henrik (April 2022).
5333:"Davydov solitons in polypeptides"
4192:
4133:
4072:
4005:
3918:
3860:
3426:"The Human Eye and Single Photons"
2571:Rourk, Christopher J. (May 2019).
1828:Research on Chemical Intermediates
613:have been demonstrated to utilize
462:
284:Conductive atomic force microscopy
14:
9012:
6621:Post-transcriptional modification
6131:
3423:
1612:Introduction to quantum mechanics
1207:
1084:Brookes, Jennifer C. (May 2017).
776:molecules in cells in the birds'
467:
70:) in chemical processes, such as
8471:
8470:
7678:
7668:
7659:
7658:
7646:
6997:
6105:
6064:
6039:
6006:
5971:
5906:
5857:
5781:
5718:
5625:
5586:
2831:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
2597:10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.02.003
2339:Journal of Materials Chemistry C
924:orchestrated objective reduction
910:
674:developed the quantum theory of
355:
343:
331:
319:
185:protein quaternary architectures
136:argued that the quantum idea of
22:is the study of applications of
5545:
5492:
5457:
5318:10.1070/pu1982v025n12abeh005012
5125:"Quantum physics meets biology"
5116:
5084:
5025:
4982:
4925:
4362:The Journal of Chemical Physics
4313:"The future of quantum biology"
4249:The Journal of Chemical Physics
3809:
3744:
3693:
3598:
3555:
3520:
3495:
3481:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.8.044012
3442:
3417:
3374:
3324:
3281:
3232:
3168:
3148:
3075:
3040:
2997:
2932:
2875:
2818:
2751:
2686:
2627:
2564:
2499:
2440:
2373:
2330:
2287:
2255:
2190:
2151:
2084:
2033:
1982:
1931:
1864:
1815:
1758:
1723:
1637:
1599:
1525:
1512:
1478:Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics
1415:
1373:The Journal of Chemical Physics
1360:
851:
605:
8420:Relativistic quantum mechanics
5632:Woodward, J. R. (2002-09-01).
5263:Journal of Theoretical Biology
5220:Journal of Theoretical Biology
4584:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.180601
4457:10.1088/1367-2630/10/11/113019
1330:Davydov, Alexander S. (1982).
1298:ĐĐžĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐłĐžŃ Đž ĐĐČĐ°ĐœŃĐŸĐČĐ°Ń ĐĐ”Ń
Đ°ĐœĐžĐșĐ°
1296:Davydov, Alexander S. (1979).
1175:
1142:
1077:
1052:
977:
965:
940:
768:has been proposed for quantum
661:Molecular solitons in proteins
639:NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase
288:substantia nigra pars compacta
278:small angle neutron scattering
1:
8398:Quantum statistical mechanics
8175:Quantum differential calculus
8097:Delayed-choice quantum eraser
7880:Symmetry in quantum mechanics
5552:Rodgers, C. T. (2009-01-01).
4883:10.1016/S0006-3495(66)86698-5
4525:10.1007/978-3-540-95946-5_197
3830:10.1016/j.tplants.2018.03.007
3714:10.1016/j.tplants.2018.03.007
3541:10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00371-x
2825:Muirden, K. D. (1966-09-01).
2264:Mesoscopic Electron Transport
2097:Journal of Physics: Materials
1771:Journal of Structural Biology
1332:Biology and Quantum Mechanics
1272:10.1016/S0065-3276(08)60076-3
1260:Advances in Quantum Chemistry
933:
390:vibration theory of olfaction
158:Biology and Quantum Mechanics
56:transfer of excitation energy
5833:10.2174/13852728113179990083
5283:10.1016/0022-5193(77)90178-3
5240:10.1016/0022-5193(73)90256-7
4828:10.1080/00405000.2013.829687
4111:10.1016/j.cplett.2012.07.014
3196:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90418-x
2785:10.1371/journal.pone.0007878
907:in many cellular processes.
772:in birds. It takes place in
643:CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase
372:
171:have been postulated to use
120:. He further suggested that
7:
8200:Quantum stochastic calculus
8190:Quantum measurement problem
8112:MachâZehnder interferometer
6182:
6017:Molecular Reaction Dynamics
5815:Trixler, F. (August 2013).
5634:"Radical Pairs in Solution"
5478:10.1524/zpch.1978.111.1.001
5421:Annual Review of Biophysics
5051:10.3390/biomedicines9020225
4736:"Quantum biology revisited"
4217:10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00534
3114:Turin, L. (December 1996).
2272:10.1007/978-94-015-8839-3_4
1960:10.1103/physrevlett.68.3092
1002:Brookes, J. C. (May 2017).
482:Generic photosystem Complex
239:
214:semiclassical (SC) approach
10:
9017:
6077:Scientific Video Protocols
5949:10.1038/s42005-022-00881-8
5751:10.1038/s41586-021-03618-9
5651:10.3184/007967402103165388
5558:Pure and Applied Chemistry
5195:10.1142/9781848162556_0001
3006:ACS Applied Nano Materials
2965:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102901
2653:10.1186/s40478-021-01145-2
2512:Journal of Innate Immunity
2296:Journal of Applied Physics
2176:10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.12.472
1367:Marcus, R. A. (May 1956).
753:
664:
471:
408:
212:(1 Ă
). In physics, a
96:
8957:
8524:
8466:
8428:
8380:
8260:Quantum complexity theory
8238:Quantum cellular automata
8213:
8145:
8079:
7992:
7956:
7943:Path integral formulation
7910:
7775:
7732:
7640:
7609:
7171:
7141:
7107:Polymerase chain reaction
7067:Green fluorescent protein
7017:
7006:
6995:
6903:
6835:
6767:
6707:
6644:Earliest known life forms
6629:
6576:
6493:
6400:
6240:
6231:
6190:
5992:10.1007/s13273-017-0002-0
5821:Current Organic Chemistry
5531:10.1142/S0217984915300136
3624:10.3390/molecules26113378
3224:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2711:10.1038/s41531-018-0047-3
1841:10.1007/s11164-010-0155-0
1783:10.1016/j.jsb.2008.12.001
1695:Zewail, Ahmed H. (2008).
1490:10.1017/S0033583503003913
1236:10.1007/s00016-015-0167-7
404:
383:shape theory of olfaction
181:electron transport chains
148:as another mechanism for
52:excited electronic states
8327:Quantum machine learning
8307:Quantum key distribution
8297:Quantum image processing
8287:Quantum error correction
8137:Wheeler's delayed choice
5571:10.1351/PAC-CON-08-10-18
5501:Modern Physics Letters B
5331:Scott, Alwyn C. (1985).
5003:10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b09424
4081:Chemical Physics Letters
3352:10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02329
2118:10.1088/2515-7639/abfa79
894:
623:electron transport chain
546:FT electron spectroscopy
526:electron transport chain
513:light-harvesting complex
411:Visual phototransduction
8243:Quantum finite automata
7159:species discovery curve
6287:Response to environment
6090:10.32386/scivpro.000020
5187:Quantum aspects of life
5101:10.1201/noe0750306041-9
4702:10.1073/pnas.1702261114
4554:Physical Review Letters
4508:Ultrafast Phenomena XVI
4159:10.1073/pnas.1211157110
3818:Trends in Plant Science
3702:Trends in Plant Science
3451:Physical Review Applied
3403:10.1126/science.1925597
3245:Natural Product Reports
3133:10.1093/chemse/21.6.773
3096:10.1002/jctb.5000572802
2699:npj Parkinson's Disease
1940:Physical Review Letters
1898:10.1073/pnas.85.20.7457
1666:10.1126/science.1126002
1424:Photosynthesis Research
1168:10.36877/pddbs.a0000130
300:reactive oxygen species
86:process to fundamental
8584:Biological engineering
8347:Quantum neural network
7632:Plant morphology terms
7236:Biological engineering
6918:Biological interaction
6013:Levine, R. D. (2005).
5919:Communications Physics
5793:evolution.berkeley.edu
5694:10.1098/rsif.2015.1010
5357:10.1098/rsta.1985.0049
5306:Soviet Physics Uspekhi
4919:Energy Flow in Biology
4761:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4888
4427:New Journal of Physics
4329:10.1098/rsif.2018.0640
3018:10.1021/acsanm.1c01398
2162:. 272â276: 2422â2423.
2054:10.1002/adma.201504402
1585:10.1002/chin.200643274
1430:(1): 1. January 1989.
1216:Physics in Perspective
1110:10.1098/rspa.2016.0822
1028:10.1098/rspa.2016.0822
989:Retrieved Oct 14, 2007
792:radical pair mechanism
781:
766:radical pair mechanism
499:
491:
483:
183:. It is possible that
58:, and the transfer of
8669:Developmental biology
8644:Computational biology
8624:Cellular microbiology
8372:Quantum teleportation
7900:Waveâparticle duality
7321:Developmental biology
7296:Computational biology
7276:Cellular microbiology
6616:Mendelian inheritance
6528:Energy transformation
6112:Bier, Martin (2010).
4917:Morowitz, H. (1968).
3508:MIT Technology Review
806:found in the eyes of
763:
650:wave-particle duality
497:
489:
481:
28:theoretical chemistry
8889:Reproductive biology
8774:Mathematical biology
8699:Evolutionary biology
8649:Conservation biology
8403:Quantum field theory
8332:Quantum metamaterial
8277:Quantum cryptography
8007:Consistent histories
7539:Reproductive biology
7426:Mathematical biology
7351:Evolutionary biology
7301:Conservation biology
7112:Two-hybrid screening
7082:Protein purification
6913:Biogeochemical cycle
6875:Internal environment
6523:Cellular respiration
4798:Contemporary Physics
4541:on February 3, 2021.
2843:10.1136/ard.25.5.387
2466:10.3390/biom12050705
947:Kristiansen, Anita.
745:Information encoding
234:cellular respiration
189:quantum entanglement
80:cellular respiration
8674:Ecological genetics
8518:Branches of biology
8388:Quantum fluctuation
8357:Quantum programming
8317:Quantum logic gates
8302:Quantum information
8282:Quantum electronics
7757:Classical mechanics
7326:Ecological genetics
7037:Gel electrophoresis
7027:Genetic engineering
6980:Population dynamics
6890:Reproductive system
5941:2022CmPhy...5..109S
5882:2021PCCP...23.4141S
5789:"DNA and Mutations"
5743:2021Natur.594..535X
5611:10.1021/cr00091a003
5523:2015MPLB...29S0013K
5396:Scientific American
5349:1985RSPTA.315..423S
5275:1977JThBi..66..379D
5232:1973JThBi..38..559D
4997:(46): 14637â14651.
4875:1966BpJ.....6..825D
4863:Biophysical Journal
4820:2013ConPh..54..181H
4752:2020SciA....6.4888C
4693:2017PNAS..114.8493D
4628:2014NatCh...6..196H
4576:2013PhRvL.111r0601W
4517:2009up16.book..607L
4449:2008NJPh...10k3019P
4384:2008JChPh.129q4106M
4271:2015JChPh.142u2403F
4103:2012CPL...545...40B
4040:2012arXiv1201.6325C
3985:(45): 12865â12872.
3948:10.1038/nature08811
3940:2010Natur.463..644C
3896:10.1038/nature05678
3888:2007Natur.446..782E
3673:(28): 11611â11617.
3564:The Chemical Record
3473:2017PhRvP...8d4012L
3395:1991Sci...254..412S
3290:Nature Neuroscience
3061:10.1021/jf60177a002
2957:2021iSci...24j2901A
2888:Biochemical Journal
2776:2009PLoSO...4.7878X
2589:2019BiSys.179...30R
2398:2021Mate...14.4527R
2308:2006JAP....99hQ509Y
2215:2020SMat...16.7970T
2168:2004JMMM..272.2422M
2109:2021JPhM....4c5003K
2003:2005NanoL...5..571X
1952:1992PhRvL..68.3092A
1889:1988PNAS...85.7457W
1658:2006Sci...312..237M
1607:Griffiths, David J.
1550:10.1021/ja00081a060
1436:1989PhoRe..22....1.
1385:1956JChPh..24..966M
1228:2015PhP....17..236J
1102:2017RSPSA.47360822B
1020:2017RSPSA.47360822B
922:Hypotheses such as
688:in general and the
530:proton motive force
515:(antennae) and the
429:signal transduction
8965:History of biology
8899:Structural biology
8884:Relational biology
8709:Generative biology
8704:Freshwater biology
8441:in popular culture
8223:Quantum algorithms
8071:Von NeumannâWigner
8051:Objective collapse
7762:Old quantum theory
7653:Biology portal
7549:Structural biology
7534:Relational biology
7361:Generative biology
7356:Freshwater biology
7154:mark and recapture
7102:Restriction enzyme
6895:Respiratory system
6850:Circulatory system
6777:Epidermis (botany)
5891:10.1039/D0CP05781A
5091:"Quantum Theory",
4636:10.1038/nchem.1834
3257:10.1039/c7np00016b
2407:10.3390/ma14164527
2351:10.1039/c9tc01744e
2224:10.1039/d0sm01109f
2042:Advanced Materials
1444:10.1007/BF00114760
1096:(2201): 20160822.
1062:(24 August 2015),
1014:(2201): 20160822.
782:
728:muscle contraction
694:muscle contraction
500:
492:
484:
425:photoisomerization
294:organelles.
258:Electron tunneling
44:chemical reactions
8983:
8982:
8904:Synthetic biology
8784:Molecular biology
8639:Cognitive biology
8484:
8483:
8458:Quantum mysticism
8436:Schrödinger's cat
8367:Quantum simulator
8337:Quantum metrology
8265:Quantum computing
8228:Quantum amplifier
8205:Quantum spacetime
8170:Quantum cosmology
8160:Quantum chemistry
7875:Scattering theory
7823:Zero-point energy
7818:Degenerate levels
7726:Quantum mechanics
7692:
7691:
7554:Synthetic biology
7436:Molecular biology
7291:Cognitive biology
7167:
7166:
6993:
6992:
6684:Natural selection
6465:Organic compounds
6362:Scientific method
6352:Emergent property
6293:Hierarchy of life
6263:Energy processing
6073:"Quantum biology"
6057:978-3-540-32819-3
6032:978-0-521-84276-1
5827:(16): 1758â1770.
5737:(7864): 535â540.
5688:(118): 20151010.
5343:(1533): 423â436.
5204:978-1-84816-253-2
5151:10.2976/1.3244985
5110:978-0-429-10829-7
4950:10.1021/jp109410j
4944:(18): 5354â5364.
4677:(32): 8493â8498.
4534:978-3-540-95945-8
4392:10.1063/1.3002335
4323:(148): 20180640.
4279:10.1063/1.4914302
4048:10.1021/jp304649c
4024:(25): 7449â7454.
3991:10.1021/jp510074q
3934:(7281): 644â647.
3882:(7137): 782â786.
3779:10.1021/jz301872b
3679:10.1021/ja3025627
3576:10.1002/tcr.10004
3389:(5030): 412â415.
3346:(16): 4040â4047.
2900:10.1042/bj3570241
2524:10.1159/000497416
2345:(29): 9038â9048.
2316:10.1063/1.2172546
2281:978-90-481-4906-3
2209:(34): 7970â7981.
2011:10.1021/nl048218x
1946:(20): 3092â3095.
1883:(20): 7457â7461.
1744:10.1021/cr050301x
1708:978-1-84816-201-3
1652:(5771): 237â241.
1393:10.1063/1.1742723
870:quantum tunneling
672:Alexander Davydov
615:quantum tunneling
600:quantum tunneling
596:activation energy
563:quantum coherence
417:phototransduction
368:Sensory processes
173:quantum tunneling
154:Alexander Davydov
144:published proton
114:aperiodic crystal
104:Erwin Schrödinger
24:quantum mechanics
9008:
8629:Chemical biology
8511:
8504:
8497:
8488:
8487:
8474:
8473:
8185:Quantum geometry
8180:Quantum dynamics
8037:Superdeterminism
7933:Matrix mechanics
7788:Braâket notation
7719:
7712:
7705:
7696:
7695:
7682:
7681:
7672:
7671:
7662:
7661:
7655:
7651:
7650:
7627:Ecological terms
7281:Chemical biology
7142:Field techniques
7015:
7014:
7001:
6860:Digestive system
6855:Endocrine system
6428:Chemical element
6387:Biology journals
6283:Self-replication
6238:
6237:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6154:
6153:
6125:
6124:
6118:
6109:
6103:
6102:
6092:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6020:
6010:
6004:
6003:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5934:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5893:
5876:(7): 4141â4150.
5861:
5855:
5854:
5844:
5812:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5705:
5673:
5664:
5663:
5653:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5599:Chemical Reviews
5590:
5584:
5583:
5573:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5516:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5436:
5412:
5401:
5400:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5182:
5173:
5172:
5162:
5144:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5071:
5053:
5029:
5023:
5022:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4969:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4914:
4905:
4904:
4894:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4813:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4773:
4763:
4746:(14): eaaz4888.
4740:Science Advances
4731:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4704:
4686:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4616:Nature Chemistry
4610:
4604:
4603:
4569:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4537:. Archived from
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4442:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4377:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4340:
4308:
4299:
4298:
4264:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4211:(9): 1653â1660.
4196:
4190:
4189:
4179:
4161:
4152:(4): 1203â1208.
4137:
4131:
4130:
4096:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4033:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3873:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3772:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3626:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3466:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3337:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3181:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3111:
3100:
3099:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3012:(7): 7416â7425.
3001:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2787:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2730:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2655:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2543:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2468:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2409:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2226:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2130:
2120:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2048:(9): 1824â1830.
2037:
2031:
2030:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1900:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1843:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1738:(8): 3095â3118.
1732:Chemical Reviews
1727:
1721:
1720:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1579:(8): 3095â3118.
1573:Chemical Reviews
1568:
1562:
1561:
1529:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1039:
999:
990:
981:
975:
969:
963:
962:
960:
959:
953:royalsociety.org
944:
917:pseudoscientific
903:into motion and
785:Magnetoreception
770:magnetoreception
756:Magnetoreception
750:Magnetoreception
641:(Complex I) and
635:man-made engines
359:
347:
335:
323:
306:associated with
197:proton tunneling
164:Enzyme catalysis
48:light absorption
9016:
9015:
9011:
9010:
9009:
9007:
9006:
9005:
8996:Quantum biology
8986:
8985:
8984:
8979:
8953:
8914:Systems biology
8879:Quantum biology
8520:
8515:
8485:
8480:
8462:
8448:Wigner's friend
8424:
8415:Quantum gravity
8376:
8362:Quantum sensing
8342:Quantum network
8322:Quantum machine
8292:Quantum imaging
8255:Quantum circuit
8250:Quantum channel
8209:
8155:Quantum biology
8141:
8117:ElitzurâVaidman
8092:DavissonâGermer
8075:
8027:Hidden-variable
8017:de BroglieâBohm
7994:Interpretations
7988:
7952:
7906:
7793:Complementarity
7771:
7728:
7723:
7693:
7688:
7645:
7644:
7636:
7622:Botanical terms
7605:
7604:
7603:
7564:Systems biology
7530:Quantum biology
7163:
7137:
7019:
7009:
7002:
6989:
6899:
6880:Muscular system
6837:
6831:
6822:Vascular tissue
6769:
6763:
6703:
6664:History of life
6625:
6606:Gene regulation
6601:Gene expression
6572:
6489:
6396:
6227:
6186:
6181:
6134:
6129:
6128:
6116:
6110:
6106:
6069:
6065:
6058:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6011:
6007:
5976:
5972:
5911:
5907:
5862:
5858:
5813:
5806:
5797:
5795:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5723:
5719:
5674:
5667:
5630:
5626:
5591:
5587:
5550:
5546:
5497:
5493:
5462:
5458:
5413:
5404:
5384:
5380:
5329:
5325:
5312:(12): 898â918.
5302:
5298:
5259:
5255:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5183:
5176:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5030:
5026:
4987:
4983:
4930:
4926:
4915:
4908:
4855:
4851:
4791:
4787:
4732:
4728:
4663:
4659:
4611:
4607:
4550:
4546:
4535:
4503:
4499:
4490:
4488:
4476:
4472:
4421:Plenio, M. B.;
4419:
4415:
4358:
4354:
4309:
4302:
4244:
4240:
4197:
4193:
4138:
4134:
4077:
4073:
4010:
4006:
3975:
3971:
3923:
3919:
3871:
3865:
3861:
3814:
3810:
3749:
3745:
3698:
3694:
3662:
3658:
3603:
3599:
3560:
3556:
3525:
3521:
3512:
3510:
3500:
3496:
3447:
3443:
3434:
3432:
3424:Gibbs, Philip.
3422:
3418:
3379:
3375:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3286:
3282:
3237:
3233:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3207:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3120:Chemical Senses
3112:
3103:
3090:(28): 647â651.
3080:
3076:
3055:(5): 999â1004.
3045:
3041:
3002:
2998:
2937:
2933:
2880:
2876:
2823:
2819:
2756:
2752:
2691:
2687:
2632:
2628:
2569:
2565:
2504:
2500:
2445:
2441:
2378:
2374:
2335:
2331:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2260:
2256:
2195:
2191:
2156:
2152:
2089:
2085:
2038:
2034:
1987:
1983:
1936:
1932:
1869:
1865:
1820:
1816:
1763:
1759:
1728:
1724:
1709:
1693:
1689:
1642:
1638:
1623:
1604:
1600:
1569:
1565:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1513:
1474:
1467:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1365:
1361:
1346:
1328:
1321:
1294:
1287:
1255:
1251:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1180:
1176:
1147:
1143:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1068:
1060:Al-Khalili, Jim
1057:
1053:
1000:
993:
982:
978:
972:Quantum Biology
970:
966:
957:
955:
945:
941:
936:
913:
905:brownian motors
901:chemical energy
897:
854:
838:magnetic fields
836:that obstructs
834:radio frequency
808:European robins
758:
752:
747:
709:hydrogen-bonded
669:
667:Davydov soliton
663:
645:(Complex III).
608:
588:charge transfer
517:reaction center
476:
470:
465:
463:Energy transfer
413:
407:
375:
370:
363:
360:
351:
348:
339:
336:
327:
324:
242:
201:complementarity
166:
142:Per-Olov Löwdin
138:complementarity
99:
50:, formation of
20:Quantum biology
17:
12:
11:
5:
9014:
9004:
9003:
8998:
8981:
8980:
8978:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8961:
8959:
8955:
8954:
8952:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8769:Marine biology
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8579:Bioinformatics
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8514:
8513:
8506:
8499:
8491:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8478:
8467:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8432:
8430:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8411:
8410:
8400:
8395:
8393:Casimir effect
8390:
8384:
8382:
8378:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8352:Quantum optics
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8273:
8272:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8246:
8245:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8219:
8217:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8151:
8149:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8127:Quantum eraser
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8083:
8081:
8077:
8076:
8074:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8039:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7998:
7996:
7990:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7960:
7958:
7954:
7953:
7951:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7914:
7912:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7897:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7800:
7798:Density matrix
7795:
7790:
7785:
7779:
7777:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7742:
7736:
7734:
7730:
7729:
7722:
7721:
7714:
7707:
7699:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7686:
7676:
7666:
7656:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7613:
7611:
7607:
7606:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7421:Marine biology
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7231:Bioinformatics
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7145:
7143:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7128:
7121:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7062:DNA microarray
7059:
7057:DNA sequencing
7054:
7049:
7047:Centrifugation
7044:
7042:Chromatography
7039:
7034:
7032:Transformation
7029:
7023:
7021:
7012:
7004:
7003:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6943:Climate change
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6909:
6907:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6885:Nervous system
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6841:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6817:Vascular plant
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6773:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6724:
6719:
6713:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6674:Microevolution
6671:
6669:Macroevolution
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6635:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6582:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6563:Photosynthesis
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6518:Cell signaling
6515:
6510:
6505:
6499:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6404:
6402:
6401:Chemical basis
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6367:Taxonomic rank
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6347:Reductionistic
6344:
6290:
6255:
6250:
6244:
6242:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6208:
6203:
6194:Introduction (
6191:
6188:
6187:
6180:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6133:
6132:External links
6130:
6127:
6126:
6104:
6063:
6056:
6038:
6031:
6005:
5970:
5905:
5856:
5804:
5780:
5717:
5665:
5644:(3): 165â207.
5624:
5585:
5544:
5491:
5456:
5427:(1): 299â344.
5402:
5387:Hore, Peter J.
5378:
5323:
5296:
5269:(2): 379â387.
5253:
5226:(3): 559â569.
5210:
5203:
5174:
5135:(6): 386â400.
5115:
5109:
5083:
5024:
4981:
4924:
4906:
4869:(6): 825â847.
4849:
4804:(4): 181â207.
4785:
4726:
4657:
4622:(3): 196â201.
4605:
4560:(18): 180601.
4544:
4533:
4497:
4481:(2014-03-10).
4470:
4433:(11): 113019.
4413:
4368:(17): 174106.
4352:
4300:
4255:(21): 212403.
4238:
4191:
4132:
4071:
4004:
3969:
3917:
3859:
3824:(6): 497â506.
3808:
3763:(3): 362â367.
3743:
3708:(6): 497â506.
3692:
3656:
3597:
3570:(6): 480â493.
3554:
3535:(1): 179â180.
3519:
3494:
3441:
3416:
3373:
3323:
3302:10.1038/nn1215
3296:(4): 337â338.
3280:
3251:(5): 529â557.
3231:
3190:(1): 175â187.
3167:
3147:
3126:(6): 773â791.
3101:
3074:
3039:
2996:
2931:
2894:(1): 241â247.
2874:
2837:(5): 387â401.
2817:
2750:
2685:
2626:
2563:
2518:(6): 447â456.
2498:
2439:
2372:
2329:
2286:
2280:
2254:
2189:
2150:
2083:
2032:
1997:(4): 571â577.
1981:
1930:
1863:
1834:(5): 549â563.
1814:
1757:
1722:
1707:
1687:
1636:
1621:
1598:
1563:
1544:(2): 793â794.
1524:
1511:
1484:(3): 341â372.
1465:
1414:
1379:(5): 966â978.
1359:
1344:
1336:Pergamon Press
1319:
1300:(in Russian).
1285:
1249:
1222:(3): 236â250.
1206:
1200:978-0684810874
1199:
1183:Margulis, Lynn
1174:
1141:
1076:
1051:
991:
976:
964:
938:
937:
935:
932:
912:
909:
896:
893:
853:
850:
846:European robin
842:Cryptochrome 4
796:spin chemistry
754:Main article:
751:
748:
746:
743:
720:cell membranes
712:peptide groups
665:Main article:
662:
659:
607:
604:
505:light reaction
474:Photosynthesis
472:Main article:
469:
468:Photosynthesis
466:
464:
461:
409:Main article:
406:
403:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
361:
354:
352:
349:
342:
340:
337:
330:
328:
325:
318:
308:erythropoiesis
241:
238:
230:photosynthesis
165:
162:
130:Pascual Jordan
118:chemical bonds
98:
95:
72:photosynthesis
30:to aspects of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9013:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8962:
8960:
8956:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8849:Phylogenetics
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8744:Human biology
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8634:Chronobiology
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8609:Biotechnology
8607:
8605:
8604:Biostatistics
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8526:
8523:
8519:
8512:
8507:
8505:
8500:
8498:
8493:
8492:
8489:
8477:
8469:
8468:
8465:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8437:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8427:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8379:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8312:Quantum logic
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8218:
8216:
8212:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8165:Quantum chaos
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8148:
8144:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8132:SternâGerlach
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8078:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8066:Transactional
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8056:Quantum logic
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7991:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7955:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7909:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7891:
7890:Wave function
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7865:Superposition
7863:
7861:
7860:Quantum state
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7813:Excited state
7811:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7774:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7751:
7748:
7747:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7720:
7715:
7713:
7708:
7706:
7701:
7700:
7697:
7685:
7677:
7675:
7667:
7665:
7657:
7654:
7649:
7643:
7642:
7639:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7608:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7501:Phylogenetics
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7396:Human biology
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7286:Chronobiology
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7261:Biotechnology
7259:
7257:
7256:Biostatistics
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7149:Belt transect
7147:
7146:
7144:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7129:
7127:
7126:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7097:Southern blot
7095:
7093:
7092:Northern blot
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7005:
7000:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6870:Immune system
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6834:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6787:Ground tissue
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6689:Phylogenetics
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6654:Genetic drift
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6628:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6460:Nucleic acids
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6423:Chemical bond
6421:
6419:
6418:Carbohydrates
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6185:
6178:
6173:
6171:
6166:
6164:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6122:
6115:
6108:
6100:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6059:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6034:
6028:
6024:
6019:
6018:
6009:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5974:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5909:
5901:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5860:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5811:
5809:
5794:
5790:
5784:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5721:
5713:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5672:
5670:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5628:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5605:(1): 51â147.
5604:
5600:
5596:
5589:
5581:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5460:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5257:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5214:
5206:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5181:
5179:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4985:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4920:
4913:
4911:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4794:Huelga, S. F.
4789:
4781:
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1973:
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1957:
1953:
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1422:"Editorial".
1418:
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1345:9780080263922
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1306:Naukova Dumka
1303:
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1192:
1191:What Is Life?
1188:
1187:Sagan, Dorion
1184:
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987:Science Daily
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928:consciousness
925:
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911:Pseudoscience
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724:bioenergetics
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572:quantum walks
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555:quantum beats
552:
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518:
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205:wave-particle
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127:
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119:
115:
111:
110:
109:What Is Life?
106:'s 1944 book
105:
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91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:hydrogen ions
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
8894:Sociobiology
8878:
8874:Protistology
8839:Photobiology
8834:Pharmacology
8824:Parasitology
8819:Paleontology
8799:Neuroscience
8779:Microbiology
8689:Epidemiology
8659:Cytogenetics
8619:Cell biology
8599:Biosemiotics
8589:Biomechanics
8569:Biogeography
8564:Biochemistry
8559:Bacteriology
8554:Astrobiology
8195:Quantum mind
8154:
8107:FranckâHertz
7969:KleinâGordon
7918:Formulations
7911:Formulations
7840:Interference
7830:Entanglement
7808:Ground state
7803:Energy level
7776:Fundamentals
7740:Introduction
7544:Sociobiology
7526:Protistology
7491:Photobiology
7486:Pharmacology
7476:Parasitology
7471:Paleontology
7451:Neuroscience
7431:Microbiology
7341:Epidemiology
7311:Cytogenetics
7271:Cell biology
7251:Biosemiotics
7241:Biomechanics
7221:Biogeography
7216:Biochemistry
7211:Bacteriology
7206:Astrobiology
7130:
7123:
7116:
7087:Western blot
7077:Enzyme assay
7052:Cell culture
6953:Conservation
6838:and function
6836:Animal form
6770:and function
6543:Fermentation
6442:
6321:Organ system
6279:Reproduction
6257:Properties (
6120:
6107:
6080:
6076:
6066:
6047:
6041:
6016:
6008:
5986:(1): 21â28.
5983:
5979:
5973:
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5918:
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5869:
5859:
5824:
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5796:. Retrieved
5792:
5783:
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5730:
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5685:
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5637:
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5598:
5588:
5564:(1): 19â43.
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5129:HFSP Journal
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5038:Biomedicines
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4670:
4660:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4539:the original
4507:
4500:
4489:. Retrieved
4483:
4473:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4320:
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3617:(11): 3378.
3614:
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3600:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3511:. Retrieved
3507:
3497:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3433:. Retrieved
3430:math.ucr.edu
3429:
3419:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3343:
3339:
3326:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3220:cite journal
3208:. Retrieved
3187:
3183:
3170:
3159:. Retrieved
3150:
3123:
3119:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3009:
3005:
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2948:
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2887:
2877:
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2830:
2820:
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2763:
2753:
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2688:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2456:
2453:Biomolecules
2452:
2442:
2392:(16): 4527.
2389:
2385:
2375:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2263:
2257:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2159:
2153:
2128:10261/265689
2100:
2096:
2086:
2045:
2041:
2035:
1994:
1991:Nano Letters
1990:
1984:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1777:(1): 22â31.
1774:
1770:
1760:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1697:
1690:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1611:
1601:
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1566:
1541:
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1252:
1219:
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1209:
1190:
1177:
1158:
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1144:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1069:, retrieved
1064:
1054:
1011:
1007:
986:
979:
967:
956:. Retrieved
952:
942:
921:
914:
898:
881:
874:
866:DNA mutation
862:
855:
852:DNA mutation
828:
824:
821:
804:flavoprotein
800:cryptochrome
783:
774:cryptochrome
739:biomolecules
670:
647:
611:Mitochondria
609:
606:Mitochondria
585:
581:
559:
542:chromophores
538:
509:photosystems
501:
452:cryptography
445:
437:ground state
433:femtoseconds
414:
399:
387:
376:
311:
296:
292:neuromelanin
282:
273:
271:
263:
250:ferrihydrite
243:
228:activity of
218:biochemicals
175:to transfer
167:
157:
134:Max DelbrĂŒck
107:
100:
92:
37:
19:
18:
8944:Xenobiology
8939:Virophysics
8909:Systematics
8864:Primatology
8809:Ornithology
8749:Ichthyology
8734:Herpetology
8729:Gerontology
8694:Epigenetics
8654:Cryobiology
8544:Agrostology
8534:Aerobiology
8529:Abiogenesis
8453:EPR paradox
8233:Quantum bus
8102:Double-slit
8080:Experiments
8046:Many-worlds
7984:Schrödinger
7948:Phase space
7938:Schrödinger
7928:Interaction
7885:Uncertainty
7855:Nonlocality
7850:Measurement
7845:Decoherence
7835:Hamiltonian
7684:WikiProject
7594:Xenobiology
7589:Virophysics
7559:Systematics
7516:Primatology
7461:Ornithology
7401:Ichthyology
7386:Herpetology
7381:Gerontology
7346:Epigenetics
7306:Cryobiology
7196:Agrostology
7186:Aerobiology
7181:Abiogenesis
7018:Laboratory
6865:Homeostasis
6768:Plant form
6591:Epigenetics
6513:Cell theory
6413:Amino acids
6392:Common name
6382:Peer review
6357:Mechanistic
5507:: 1530013.
3210:November 7,
2203:Soft Matter
1518:Apte, S.P.
1266:: 213â360.
877:pyrimidines
817:chromophore
521:FMO complex
421:chromophore
9001:Biophysics
8990:Categories
8929:Toxicology
8924:Teratology
8869:Proteomics
8854:Physiology
8794:Neontology
8759:Lipidology
8754:Immunology
8724:Geobiology
8684:Embryology
8664:Dendrology
8594:Biophysics
8574:Biogeology
8381:Extensions
8215:Technology
8061:Relational
8012:Copenhagen
7923:Heisenberg
7870:Tunnelling
7733:Background
7610:Glossaries
7579:Toxicology
7574:Teratology
7521:Proteomics
7506:Physiology
7446:Neontology
7411:Lipidology
7406:Immunology
7376:Geobiology
7336:Embryology
7316:Dendrology
7246:Biophysics
7226:Biogeology
7020:techniques
6975:Microbiome
6802:Plant stem
6694:Speciation
6639:Adaptation
6568:Prokaryote
6548:Metabolism
6508:Cell cycle
6339:>
6335:>
6331:>
6329:Population
6327:>
6323:>
6319:>
6315:>
6311:>
6307:>
6303:>
6299:>
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6259:Adaptation
6083:(1): 1â4.
5932:2110.00113
5925:(1): 109.
5798:2018-11-05
5514:1512.00450
5044:(2): 225.
4684:1610.08425
4491:2019-09-30
4262:1505.05281
3513:2018-11-08
3464:1704.04367
3435:2018-11-05
3161:2018-11-08
2577:Biosystems
2459:(5): 705.
1334:. Oxford:
1071:2018-12-07
958:2022-07-11
934:References
690:physiology
592:cytochrome
126:Niels Bohr
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8844:Phycology
8829:Pathology
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8804:Nutrition
8764:Mammalogy
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8087:Bell test
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7466:Osteology
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4958:1520-6106
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4479:Lloyd, S.
4440:0807.4902
4375:0805.2741
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4094:1201.2753
4087:: 40â43.
4031:1201.6325
3838:1360-1385
3787:1948-7185
3770:1210.5022
3722:1360-1385
3633:1420-3049
3611:Molecules
3584:1527-8999
3549:0168-9452
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3034:237804893
3026:2574-0970
2973:2589-0042
2908:0264-6021
2851:0003-4967
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2719:2373-8057
2705:(1): 11.
2662:2051-5960
2646:(1): 47.
2605:0303-2647
2583:: 30â38.
2558:108293800
2532:1662-811X
2475:2218-273X
2416:1996-1944
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2359:2050-7526
2324:0021-8979
2249:221075538
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6123:: 40â43.
6000:27532980
5900:33533770
5851:24039543
5767:34163056
5712:27146685
5443:27216936
5399:: 24â29.
5373:86823456
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5078:33671585
5019:26505078
4976:21495666
4844:15030104
4780:32284982
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1976:10045605
1858:97639082
1809:19116170
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1682:27201250
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1631:53926857
1609:(2005).
1593:16895320
1506:28174890
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1452:24424672
1409:16579694
1280:94362884
1189:(1995).
1136:28588400
1046:28588400
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