366:
132:
290:
358:
207:
36:
77:
2633:("true" pound) in order to distinguish it. ″Esterlin″ was an Old French word (ca. 1190, Anglo-Norman dialect) that referred to Scottish coin (sterling, or ″denier″). As references cited later on this page show, its application changed over time in accordance with the changing historical context, though it is not current in Modern French.
326:
The names and relationships of many units of measure were adopted from Roman units of measure, and many more were added – it has been estimated that there were seven or eight hundred different names for the various units of measure. Moreover, the quantity associated with each unit of measure differed
2899:
However, the actual weights of the pre-metric measures were nowhere near even this simple. These were just the
Parisian standards, and individual provinces, cities, and even guilds, all had their own reference physical standards, which were not checked against one another and which sometimes
4027:
Witthöft, Harald (2018). "numerical
Communication in Intercontinental Trade and Monetary Matters: Coins, Weights, and Measures in China and East Asia in Merchants' Picketbooks and Commercial Guides". In Theobald, Ulrich; Cao, Jin (eds.).
265:) used for amounts—varied dramatically from locality to locality. By the 18th century, the number of units of measure had grown to the extent that it was almost impossible to keep track of them and one of the major legacies of the
2792:
comprised an outer containing cylinder nominally weighing 20 marcs, and a set of hollow nesting cups within, topped with a filled weight as the smallest piece. The heaviest cups were nominally 14, 8, 4, and 2
2912:
was 399.6 g, the
Montpelier one 394.9 g, the Toulon one 465.5 g, and the Toulouse one 413.2 g; with all of the fractional subdivisions having different values accordingly. The Limoges
323:
had decreed that "there shall be one unit of measure throughout the realm", Charlemagne and successive kings had tried but failed to impose a unified system of measurement in France.
2744:
Jean II's standards are preserved in the
Conservatoire Nationale des Arts et Métiers, which also holds a set of later-still physical standards from the 15th century, the so-called
4403:
245:
but, after his death, the empire fragmented and subsequent rulers and various localities introduced their own variants. Some of
Charlemagne's units, such as the king's foot (
339:. It has been estimated that on the eve of the Revolution a quarter of a million different units of measure were in use in France. Although certain standards, such as the
49:
2785:, where it had been held in a cabinet with three locks, whose keys had been held separately by the president of the Cour, one of its counsellors, and a clerk.
3906:
Mongez, Jean André; de La Métherie, Jean-Claude, eds. (1799). "Suite du rapport fait à l'Institut national des sciences et arts sur le mètre, etc".
95:
4203:
311:
Although in the pre-revolutionary era (before 1795) France used a system and units of measure that had many of the characteristics of contemporary
4448:
4398:
2860:
was 12.227 947 5 kg, later corrected to 12.2376 kg, thereby making (by division and rounded to three decimal places) a
55:
3963:
423:(feet) each of 326.6 mm (12.86 in). In 1668 the reference standard was found to have been deformed, and it was replaced by the
4083:
4970:
4717:
4442:
5083:
4995:
4990:
4707:
2797:, sub-totalling 48 marcs (including the 20 marc outer container); followed by a nominally 1 marc hollow cup which was termed the
5026:
5021:
4975:
4626:
4616:
4517:
4152:
2952:(table weight) systems used in Provence and Languedoc (and a common name for provincial weight systems in general alongside
5031:
4601:
4539:
4196:
3959:
4965:
4752:
2023:
5005:
4980:
4833:
4581:
614:
238:
253:) remained virtually unchanged for about a thousand years, while others important to commerce—such as the French ell (
210:
Woodcut dated 1800 illustrating the new decimal units which became the legal norm across all France on 4 November 1800
4889:
4100:
4058:
4037:
3730:
3687:
349:, many traders chose to use their own measuring devices, giving scope for fraud and hindering commerce and industry.
193:
175:
153:
113:
63:
146:
4859:
4823:
4732:
4470:
4408:
2836:. So when the time came to work out the conversion factors between these measures and the metric system, the whole
298:
4945:
4930:
4884:
4762:
4737:
4722:
4682:
4606:
4189:
3930:
Vocabulaire des termes de commerce, banque, manufactures, navigation marchande, finance mercantile et statistique
91:
1398:) on each side. (Does not exactly correspond to the English acre, which is defined as 43 560 square feet.)
4940:
4925:
4915:
4905:
4843:
4813:
4783:
4747:
4672:
4591:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4549:
4253:
3659:
234:
4030:
Southwest China in a
Regional and Global Perspective (c.1600–1911): Metals, Transport, Trade and Society
4935:
4910:
4874:
4838:
4818:
4808:
4793:
4788:
4778:
4687:
4611:
4512:
4243:
4233:
3032:
5000:
4920:
4879:
4869:
4798:
4702:
4641:
4636:
4596:
4586:
4576:
4571:
4475:
4377:
4372:
4291:
4286:
4248:
3118:
473:) were fairly consistent throughout most of pre-revolutionary France, some areas had local variants of the
4335:
4007:
4828:
4803:
4742:
4692:
4677:
4667:
4631:
4522:
4485:
4454:
4325:
3744:[Establishing the definitive metre] (in French). Ministère de la culture et de la communication (
2672:(used in medicine) and measure of precious metals, but the fractional ratios were themselves the same: 1
217:
3950:
3229:
2853:
408:, the distance between the fingertips of the outstretched arms of a man, which was introduced in 790 by
4864:
4712:
4646:
4544:
4490:
4480:
3937:
3741:
427:
which, to accommodate the deformation of the earlier standard, was around 11 mm (0.55%) shorter.
5078:
4757:
4296:
273:. The change was extremely unpopular, however, and a metricized version of the traditional units—the
3846:
3828:
3794:
3776:
3085:
327:
from town to town and even from trade to trade. Some of the differences were large: for example the
4001:
Traité de métrologie ancienne et moderne: suivi d'un précis de chronologie et des signes numériques
1186:
140:
1789:, the French pint is about twice as large. It was the main small unit in common use, and measured
852:
was introduced in 1668 and defined by an iron bar on the Grand
Chatelet. This was replaced by the
4320:
4271:
3346:
2669:
230:
2778:
655:
365:
319:
of units), France still lacked a unified, countrywide system of measurement. Whereas in
England
4144:
3057:
651:
157:
4212:
4111:
3216:
2487:
17:
3178:
This can be shown by noting that 27,706 × 16 = 443,296 and that 9 × 16 = 144, the number of
553:(of the French variety, the same word being used for English feet as well) = 12.789 English
3062:
3037:
1606:
844:, a traditional English unit. Unlike the fathom, it was used in both land and sea contexts.
294:
4139:
Encyclopaedia of
Scientific Units, Weights and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins
8:
4985:
4505:
4436:
4050:
Revolution in
Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures Since the Age of Science
3983:
3806:
3999:
3986:[The weights and measures of the Ancien Régime] (in French). histoire-genealogie
3887:
3721:
A History of Technology & Invention: The expansion of mechanization, 1725–1860
4500:
4276:
4137:
3874:
3242:
2588:
1182:
242:
1850:
was a measuring stick that was inserted into a cask or barrel to determine its depth.
4148:
4096:
4093:
Les anciennes mesures locales du Midi méditerranéen, d'après les tables de conversion
4064:
4054:
4033:
3726:
3719:
3683:
3655:
2917:
was 240.929 g, the Tours one 237.869 g, and the Troyes one 250.050 g.
2782:
2606:
1978:
1200:
1042:
therefore equaling 2.4 nautical miles.) It was measured by Picard in 1669 to be 2282
301:
266:
4171:
4532:
4175:
4123:
4011:
3866:
3850:
3832:
3798:
3780:
3047:
345:
276:
4163:
4048:
3052:
518:(Law of 10 December 1799) states that one decimal metre is exactly 443.296 French
389:
4697:
3745:
2333:
The Parisian equivalents (in livres) of 100 local livres in various towns in 1768
316:
246:
5047:
4621:
4238:
4020:
Dictionnaire universel de commerce, d'histoire naturelle et des arts et metiers
3967:
2829:
2701:
332:
3889:
On the Progress of Science as Exemplified in the Art of Weighing and Measuring
3698:
3680:
World in the Balance: The Historic Quest for an Absolute System of Measurement
1481:
on each side. Certain U.S. states have their own official definitions for the
5072:
4495:
4367:
4307:
4068:
3795:
Dictionnaire géographique, historique et politique des Gaules et de la France
3789:
Dictionnaire géographique, historique et politique des Gaules et de la France
2738:
2661:
1613:
1035:
951:
798:
504:
312:
289:
270:
3870:
5052:
4340:
4330:
4315:
3669:
Blome, Walter Henry; Stocking, Charles Howard; Watts, Edward Cecil (1939).
3652:
The Measure of all Things—The Seven-Year-Odyssey that Transformed the World
2731:
2718:
2584:
2172:
1976:
The French cubic foot. In ancient times, a cubic foot was also known as an
885:
490:
357:
4127:
3701:[Table of the most widely used measurents in the Beaune locality]
1327:
This was the main square perch in old French surveying. It is a square 22
4651:
4382:
4281:
4181:
2681:
1278:
725:
519:
462:
409:
320:
226:
222:
3878:
3841:
Encyclopédie du commerçant: Dictionnaire du commerce et des marchandises
3823:
Encyclopédie du commerçant: Dictionnaire du commerce et des marchandises
3699:"Tableau des mesures les plus courantes en usage dans le pays beaunois"
734:
3501:
3499:
3497:
1424:
This square perch was used in Quebec and Louisiana. It is a square 18
549:, the surveys in French units were converted using the relationship 1
1100:
3809:(in French). Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie
3678:
Crease, Robert P. (2011). "France: 'Realities of life and labour'".
3603:
3601:
3195:
1337:
979:. After 1737, it was also called the "league of bridges and roads" (
4084:"Pile de poids de 50 marcs dite "pile de Charlemagne" et son écrin"
3821:
Garnier, Joseph (1841a). "Livre (poids)". In Guillaumin, M. (ed.).
3630:
3628:
3494:
1034:
making up one degree of a great circle. (Compare the international
336:
206:
86:
provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject
4047:
Zupko, Ronald Edward (1990). "Beginning of Revolution in France".
3839:
Garnier, Joseph (1841b). "Marc (poids)". In Guillaumin, M. (ed.).
5057:
3598:
1702:
3908:
Journal de physique, de chemie, d'histoire naturelle et des arts
3625:
3327:
2609:(1319–1364) constructed a new standard of measures, including a
343:(the King's foot) had a degree of pre-eminence and were used by
4727:
3762:
Dictionnaire universel des poids et mesures anciens et modernes
3042:
2145:
1482:
1373:
1096:
912:
841:
546:
495:
470:
305:
1684:. There were different sizes based on the commodity measured:
561:
very slightly smaller (about 4 parts in one million) than the
3550:
3454:
3452:
2576:
2075:
1734:, and – coincidentally – also approximately half a US pint .
884:
Related to, but not directly corresponding with, the English
819:
688:
374:
3857:
Guilhiermoz, P. (1906). "Note sure les poids do Moyen Age".
3002:, however this was a confusion stemming from the equivalent
2777:. It had been kept in the royal palaces originally. In 1540
958:. It was the official league in parts of France until 1674.
3364:
3362:
3360:
3148:
2801:(hollow mark); and followed by 6 further cups (4, 2, and 1
1786:
1366:
1357:
771:
554:
454:
4095:. Clermont-Ferrand: Presses universitaires Blaise Pascal.
4018:
Savary, Jacques; Savary, Philemon Louis (1742). "Étalon".
3586:
3469:
3467:
3449:
392:
civil jurisdictions varied, at times quite significantly.
3574:
3300:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
2856:
initially determined that the metric weight of the whole
2820:
Unfortunately, the weights were not consistent, with the
2788:
The thirteen individual pieces that made up the Parisian
482:
293:
Table of the measuring units used in the 17th century at
3562:
3523:
3511:
3484:
3482:
3404:
3379:
3377:
3357:
3317:
3315:
3290:
3288:
3286:
269:
was the dramatic rationalization of measures as the new
3540:
3538:
3464:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3394:
3392:
3271:
2478:
Differences between the nominal and actual weights (in
1599:
1246:
588:
3250:
2832:
1 marc weight determined from the weight of the whole
1511:
This square perch was used locally. It is a square 20
801:, a traditional English unit. Known in English as the
281:—had to be brought back into use for several decades.
3998:
Saigey, Jacques Frédéric (1834). "Système Français".
3479:
3374:
3312:
3283:
400:
The medieval royal units of length were based on the
3905:
3613:
3535:
3505:
3428:
3416:
3389:
2144:
Although etymologically related to the English unit
1785:
Although etymologically related to the English unit
1199:
of a French inch, i.e. two royal points. The French
384:
These definitions use the Paris definitions for the
3901:. Vol. 1. London: Lackington, Allen, & Co.
3671:
Fundamentals of Pharmacy: Theoretical and Practical
3099:
2813:weight, all totalling 1 marc, which was termed the
2148:, the French bushel is about one third the size. A
4143:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp.
4136:
3718:
3668:
3333:
1030:Linked to the circumference of the Earth, with 25
4162:Palaiseau, Jean-François-Gaspard (October 1816).
3760:Doursther, Horace (1840). "Pile de Charlemagne".
977:This league was defined in 1674 as exactly 2000 '
902:feet, approximately three-quarters of the French
241:, the system established some consistency across
5070:
3962:. Center for Mathematics and Science Education,
3960:"How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement"
3899:The universal cambist, and commercial instructor
3696:
3154:
2980:(silk weight) system of Lyon was similarly just
2730:in weight measure, which contrasts with the old
3351:Dictionnaire de l'ancien français: le Moyen Age
3160:
654:in English. Prior to the French Revolution the
507:) had a number of variations, particularly the
3769:Du Mersan (1833). "Livre (poids et monnaie)".
3136:
3124:
4197:
3742:"Fixation de la longueur définitive du mètre"
2994:. This caused an erroneous belief that these
2872:489.506 g. Hence further the (Parisian)
1730:in French means "half": in this case, half a
352:
4017:
3458:
2595:(mark weight) used for minting coin, with 8
853:
847:
524:3 pieds 11.296 lignes de la "Toise du Pérou"
361:17th-century engraving of the Grand Châtelet
274:
260:
254:
4172:Métrologie universelle, ancienne et moderne
4165:Métrologie universelle, ancienne et moderne
4090:
3984:"Les poids et mesures sous l'Ancien Régime"
3964:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
3856:
3592:
1574:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4211:
4204:
4190:
4134:
331:(league) could vary from 3.268 km in
4161:
4112:"Étalons bisontins de poids et de mesure"
3768:
3759:
3517:
3368:
3080:
3078:
2960:, town weight) was the same weight as 15
2840:was taken to define 50 Parisian standard
805:(properly a separate, shorter unit), the
194:Learn how and when to remove this message
176:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
4026:
4008:Traité de métrologie ancienne et moderne
3885:
3843:. Vol. 2. Paris: Guillaumin et Cie.
3838:
3825:. Vol. 2. Paris: Guillaumin et Cie.
3820:
3568:
3556:
3529:
3473:
3410:
3277:
2908:. For just some examples: the Marseille
2256:
2079:is etymologically related to this unit.
1988:
1925:
1489:
1402:
1305:
1129:
1073:
862:
526:. Thus the French royal foot is exactly
364:
356:
288:
205:
139:This article includes a list of general
4109:
3927:
3786:
3748:ministry of culture and communications)
3634:
3607:
3345:
3265:
2313:
2282:
2268:
2088:
2039:
1485:, which vary slightly from this value.
259:) used for cloth and the French pound (
27:French units of measurement before 1789
14:
5071:
3997:
3787:Expilly, Jean-Joseph (1768). "Poids".
3716:
3677:
3580:
3544:
3488:
3398:
3383:
3321:
3306:
3294:
3206:
3196:Weights and Measures Act, Schedule III
3075:
2781:(1494–1547) had transferred it to the
4185:
4046:
3981:
3918:
3896:
3649:
3619:
3443:
3422:
3105:
2737:in France which was divided into 240
477:. Other units of measure such as the
96:providing more context for the reader
3739:
3166:
2944:, confusing things yet further. The
954:, defined as 10 000 (a myriad)
388:of Paris, and definitions for other
125:
70:
29:
3957:
3859:Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes
3804:
3244:Dictionnaire de l'Academie Francais
3207:Nelson, Robert A. (December 1981).
3142:
3130:
2591:(1052–1108) instituted a system of
2317:The French cubic foot. Exactly 2.7
2057:0.1801 U.S. dry gal
1356:on each side, or one quarter of an
1038:, of which 60 make one degree; one
511:(which was used to measure cloth).
24:
4234:International System of Units (SI)
4076:
4053:. American Philosophical Society.
2828:, and neither being the same as a
2613:("current" pound, also known as a
2208:17.29 U.S. dry gal
2106:0.721 U.S. dry gal
650:. This unit is usually called the
145:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
5095:
4091:Charbonnier, Pierre, ed. (1990).
3982:Sabot, Thierry (1 October 2000).
3791:. Amsterdam: Desaint et Saillant.
3725:. Vol. 2. Crown Publishers.
3697:Darcy-Bertuletti, Yvette (2005).
2824:not being the same weight as the
2229:34.6 U.S. dry gal
2187:8.65 U.S. dry gal
444:l'Académie des Sciences au Louvre
45:This article has multiple issues.
5084:Science and technology in France
3923:(4th ed.). Paris: Bourdier.
3897:Kelly, Patrick (1811). "Lyons".
3506:Mongez & de La Métherie 1799
3334:Blome, Stocking & Watts 1939
2924:comprising different numbers of
2809:) with a final seventh filled 1
2250:415 U.S. dry gal
2141:2.9 U.S. dry gal
1296:~40.889 sq ft, or
981:lieue des Ponts et des Chaussées
442:, custody of which was given to
130:
75:
34:
4022:. Geneva: Les heretiers Cramer.
3339:
3236:
3200:
1580:Table of (liquid) volume units
1390:The French acre is a square 10
438:of near-identical length – the
53:or discuss these issues on the
3777:Encyclopédie des gens du monde
3771:Encyclopédie des gens du monde
3682:. W. W. Norton & Company.
3189:
3172:
3111:
3014:had 16 of their own, lighter,
2664:). The fractional parts of an
1982:when measuring liquid volume.
1385:~6108 sq yd, or
1207:, measured 12 Didot points or
774:, a traditional English unit.
728:, a traditional English unit.
542:metres (about 0.3248 m).
13:
1:
4244:US customary units (USCS/USC)
4135:Cardarelli, François (2003).
4116:Revue d'histoire des sciences
4110:Lavagne, François-G. (1971).
3717:Daumas, Maurice, ed. (1970).
3069:
3033:International System of Units
2920:Furthermore, there were also
2652:. Conversely, there were 100
2617:or "mark weight" pound) of 2
1151:This perch was used locally.
4086:. Musée des Arts et Métiers.
3705:(in French). Ville de Beaune
3119:fr:Droit coutumier en France
2848:(the number of grains in 50
2640:could be sub-divided into 2
2571:Charlemagne's system had 12
2335:(approximations per source)
2290:
2263:
2235:
2214:
2193:
2170:
2126:
2083:
2034:
1994:Table of (dry) volume units
1960:
1932:
1901:
1882:
1854:
1828:
1807:
1767:
1738:
1700:
1680:A measure equal to a half a
1656:
1624:
1542:
1519:
1496:
1455:
1432:
1409:
1364:
1335:
1312:
1284:
1262:
1155:
1136:
1106:
1080:
1050:
1015:
988:
962:
935:
910:
869:
817:
778:
732:
686:
682:of the smaller French foot.
612:
7:
3865:. Librairie Droz: 402–450.
3773:. Paris: Treuttel et Würtz.
3025:
2990:the weight of the Parisian
2625:. The Charlemagne 12-ounce
2564:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2470:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2310:
2295:
2279:
2240:
2219:
2198:
2177:
2131:
1965:
1937:
1906:
1897:
1887:
1859:
1833:
1812:
1772:
1743:
1707:
1661:
1629:
1552:
1524:
1501:
1465:
1437:
1414:
1378:
1342:
1317:
1289:
1267:
1160:
1141:
1111:
1085:
1055:
1020:
993:
967:
940:
917:
874:
824:
783:
739:
693:
619:
573:
218:French units of measurement
10:
5100:
4168:. Bordeaux: Lavigne jeune.
3886:Harkness, William (1888).
3847:Encyclopédie du commerçant
3829:Encyclopédie du commerçant
3643:
3349:, ed. (1992). "Esterlin".
3018:and so forth, Rouen had a
2892:was 1.274 g, and the
2700:(Apothecary, c.f. English
2680:(Apothecary, c.f. English
1973:
1971:
1968:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1558:
1555:
1530:
1527:
1507:
1504:
1471:
1468:
1443:
1440:
1420:
1417:
1384:
1381:
1348:
1345:
1323:
1320:
1295:
1292:
1273:
1270:
1166:
1163:
1147:
1144:
1117:
1114:
1091:
1088:
1069:. It was created in 1737.
1061:
1058:
1026:
1023:
1011:. It was created in 1737.
999:
996:
973:
970:
946:
943:
923:
920:
880:
877:
840:. This corresponds to the
830:
827:
797:, this corresponds to the
789:
786:
770:. This corresponds to the
753:
750:
724:. This corresponds to the
707:
704:
633:
630:
516:loi du 19 frimaire an VIII
353:Tables of units of measure
299:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
284:
5040:
5014:
4958:
4898:
4852:
4771:
4660:
4463:
4429:
4422:
4391:
4360:
4353:
4306:
4297:English Engineering Units
4264:
4226:
4219:
3928:Peuchet, Jacques (1801).
3921:Catalogue des collections
2752:defined the weight of 50
2587:). Between 1076 and 1093
2327:
2054:0.1745 imp gal
1559:~5048 sq yd, or
1498:perche (ordinaire) carrée
1472:~4089 sq yd, or
1301:The French square fathom
658:was also in use. It was
395:
297:in the covered market at
3807:"Un historique du mètre"
3764:. Brussels: l ́académie.
3459:Savary & Savary 1742
3353:. Larousse. p. 265.
3347:Greimas, Algirdas Julien
3086:"History of measurement"
2998:comprised 13, 14, or 15
2844:, and thus 230 400
2205:16.76 imp gal
2103:0.698 imp gal
1575:Volume – liquid measures
793:Commonly abbreviated to
557:. This makes the Quebec
404:, and in particular the
233:. Based on contemporary
4336:Quantum chromodynamical
3892:. Judd & Detweiler.
3871:10.3406/bec.1906.460058
2876:was 30.594 g, the
2668:had different names in
2314:~2,092 cu in
2286:The French cubic inch.
2283:~1.211 cu in
2226:33.5 imp gal
2184:8.38 imp gal
1956:The French cubic inch.
1508:~50.48 sq yd
1421:~40.89 sq yd
1324:~61.08 sq yd
1298:~4.543 sq yd
1274:~1.136 sq ft
1221:
1095:This perch was used in
231:Carolingian Renaissance
225:were established under
160:more precise citations.
4449:centimetre–gram–second
4213:Systems of measurement
3088:. Métrologie française
3058:Systems of measurement
2956:, country weight, and
2884:was 3.824 g, the
2868:367.129 g, and a
2615:livre de poids de marc
2482:) in the parts of the
2247:402 imp gal
2138:2.8 imp gal
1531:~1262 sq yd
1444:~1022 sq yd
1349:~1527 sq yd
1314:perche d'arpent carrée
950:This is an old French
854:
848:
569:Table of length units
434:was replaced by a new
381:
362:
308:
275:
261:
255:
250:
239:ancient Roman measures
211:
4971:Biblical and Talmudic
4437:metre–kilogram–second
4128:10.3406/rhs.1971.3211
3559:, pp. 1355–1356.
3155:Darcy-Bertuletti 2005
2964:or even as low as 13
2488:Jean-Charles de Borda
1989:Volume – dry measures
1690:poisson de eau de vie
368:
360:
292:
209:
3673:. Lea & Febiger.
3063:Weights and measures
3038:Jean-Antoine Chaptal
2854:Louis Lefèvre‑Gineau
2629:became known as the
1411:perche du roi carrée
1227:Table of area units
1065:This league is 2400
1017:lieue de 25 au degré
1003:This league is 2200
406:toise de l'Écritoire
369:Flood levels at the
335:to 5.849 km in
295:Pernes-les-Fontaines
3914:. Paris: Bachelier.
3740:Débarbat, Suzanne.
3650:Adler, Ken (2002).
3583:, pp. 116–117.
3309:, pp. 114–115.
3209:The Physics Teacher
2790:pile de Charlemagne
2746:pile de Charlemagne
2490:
2484:pile de Charlemagne
2336:
1995:
1581:
1474:~0.8448 acres
1228:
570:
377:in both metres and
92:improve the article
4443:metre–tonne–second
4239:UK imperial system
4004:. Paris: Hachette.
3919:Morin, A. (1864).
3654:. London: Abacus.
3006:weights, and both
2940:of 14, 18, and 20
2896:was 0.053 g.
2864:244.753 g, a
2805:, and 4, 2, and 1
2670:Apothecary measure
2477:
2332:
1993:
1843:~1.68 gallon
1840:~2.01 gallon
1822:~0.42 gallon
1579:
1566:perches ordinaires
1561:~1.043 acres
1536:perches ordinaires
1521:vergée (ordinaire)
1387:~1.262 acres
1226:
1172:perches ordinaires
1157:arpent (ordinaire)
568:
382:
363:
309:
212:
5066:
5065:
4954:
4953:
4418:
4417:
4409:Foot–pound–second
4349:
4348:
4326:Heaviside–Lorentz
4154:978-1-85233-682-0
3945:Missing or empty
3938:cite encyclopedia
3610:, poids de table.
3224:Missing or empty
2783:Cour des monnaies
2722:. This makes 384
2644:(half-pounds), 4
2569:
2568:
2475:
2474:
2325:
2324:
1986:
1985:
1819:~0.5 gallon
1648:One quarter of a
1572:
1571:
1183:typographic point
1178:
1177:
1062:2.907 miles
1027:2.764 miles
1000:2.664 miles
974:2.422 miles
947:2.018 miles
849:Toise du Chatelet
831:6.394 ft, or
605:
596:
425:toise du Châtelet
267:French Revolution
204:
203:
196:
186:
185:
178:
124:
123:
116:
68:
16:(Redirected from
5091:
5079:Systems of units
4533:Mesures usuelles
4427:
4426:
4358:
4357:
4224:
4223:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4176:Internet Archive
4169:
4158:
4142:
4131:
4106:
4087:
4072:
4043:
4023:
4012:Internet Archive
4005:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3966:. Archived from
3954:
3948:
3943:
3941:
3933:
3924:
3915:
3902:
3893:
3882:
3851:Internet Archive
3844:
3833:Internet Archive
3826:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3805:Février, Denis.
3799:Internet Archive
3792:
3781:Internet Archive
3774:
3765:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3736:
3724:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3693:
3674:
3665:
3638:
3637:, poids de soie.
3632:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3596:
3593:Guilhiermoz 1906
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3492:
3486:
3477:
3471:
3462:
3456:
3447:
3441:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3387:
3381:
3372:
3366:
3355:
3354:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3248:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3082:
3048:Mesures usuelles
3020:poids de vicomté
2989:
2988:
2984:
2968:in the Parisian
2775:livres esterlins
2773:
2772:
2768:
2762:livres actuelles
2491:
2476:
2446:poids de vicomté
2337:
2331:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2048:
2047:
2043:
1996:
1992:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1782:~1.68 pint
1779:~2.01 pint
1761:~0.84 pint
1752:
1751:
1747:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1582:
1578:
1544:acre (ordinaire)
1229:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1138:perche ordinaire
990:lieue des Postes
901:
900:
896:
893:
857:
851:
812:
808:
804:
765:
764:
760:
748:
747:
743:
719:
718:
714:
708:88.81 thou
702:
701:
697:
681:
680:
676:
667:
666:
662:
645:
644:
640:
634:7.401 thou
628:
627:
623:
603:
594:
571:
567:
565:used in France.
541:
539:
538:
535:
532:
304:of southeastern
280:
277:mesures usuelles
264:
258:
199:
192:
181:
174:
170:
167:
161:
156:this article by
147:inline citations
134:
133:
126:
119:
112:
108:
105:
99:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5036:
5010:
4950:
4894:
4848:
4767:
4656:
4459:
4414:
4387:
4345:
4302:
4260:
4215:
4210:
4155:
4103:
4082:
4079:
4077:Further reading
4061:
4040:
3989:
3987:
3973:
3971:
3958:Rowlett, Russ.
3946:
3944:
3935:
3934:
3932:. Paris: Testu.
3812:
3810:
3751:
3749:
3733:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3690:
3662:
3646:
3641:
3633:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3571:, p. 1447.
3567:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3536:
3532:, p. 1355.
3528:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3495:
3487:
3480:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3450:
3442:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3413:, p. 1356.
3409:
3405:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3375:
3367:
3358:
3344:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3251:
3241:
3237:
3225:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3190:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3116:
3112:
3108:, pp. 2–3.
3104:
3100:
3091:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3028:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2817:(filled mark).
2770:
2766:
2765:
2650:demi-quarterons
2504:
2503:Error in actual
2495:
2486:as measured by
2372:Bourg-en-Bresse
2334:
2330:
2311:~34.28 dm
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2280:~19.84 cm
2274:
2270:
2269:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2152:was defined as
2114:
2110:
2109:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1991:
1949:~19.84 ml
1943:
1939:
1938:
1874:, or two cubic
1795:
1791:
1790:
1776:~952.1 ml
1755:~476.1 ml
1749:
1745:
1744:
1722:~0.5 pint
1713:
1709:
1708:
1694:poisson de lait
1667:
1663:
1662:
1641:~29.75 ml
1635:
1631:
1630:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1591:
1589:
1577:
1560:
1547:
1483:(square) arpent
1473:
1460:
1434:vergée (du roi)
1386:
1371:
1297:
1254:
1249:
1238:
1236:
1224:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1108:arpent (du roi)
1052:lieue tarifaire
898:
894:
891:
889:
871:perche d'arpent
845:
832:
810:
806:
802:
762:
758:
757:
745:
741:
740:
716:
712:
711:
699:
695:
694:
678:
674:
673:
664:
660:
659:
642:
638:
637:
625:
621:
620:
602:
600:
593:
591:
580:
578:
536:
533:
530:
529:
527:
398:
355:
317:Imperial System
287:
200:
189:
188:
187:
182:
171:
165:
162:
152:Please help to
151:
135:
131:
120:
109:
103:
100:
89:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5097:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5048:Absolute scale
5044:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4433:
4431:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4209:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4159:
4153:
4132:
4122:(3): 213–232.
4107:
4101:
4088:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4059:
4044:
4038:
4024:
4015:
3995:
3979:
3955:
3925:
3916:
3903:
3894:
3883:
3854:
3836:
3818:
3802:
3784:
3766:
3757:
3737:
3731:
3714:
3694:
3688:
3675:
3666:
3660:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3624:
3622:, p. 294.
3612:
3597:
3595:, p. 402.
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3534:
3522:
3520:, p. 427.
3518:Doursther 1840
3510:
3508:, p. 171.
3493:
3491:, p. 207.
3478:
3476:, p. 249.
3463:
3448:
3446:, p. 116.
3427:
3425:, p. 248.
3415:
3403:
3388:
3386:, p. 115.
3373:
3371:, p. 635.
3369:Du Mersan 1833
3356:
3338:
3326:
3324:, p. 116.
3311:
3299:
3297:, p. 114.
3282:
3280:, p. lix.
3270:
3268:, p. 712.
3249:
3235:
3199:
3188:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3110:
3098:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3008:poids de table
2958:poids de ville
2950:poids de table
2870:livre actuelle
2866:livre esterlin
2760:, and thus 25
2660:(c.f. English
2638:livre actuelle
2631:livre esterlin
2611:livre actuelle
2567:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2501:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2439:101–102
2437:
2433:
2432:
2431:101–102
2429:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2223:152.3 dm
2221:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:76.17 dm
2200:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:38.09 dm
2179:
2176:
2168:
2167:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2100:3.174 dm
2098:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2051:793.5 cm
2049:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2000:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1969:~34.28 L
1967:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1910:~274.2 L
1908:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1891:~137.1 L
1889:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1863:~68.55 L
1861:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1837:~7.617 L
1835:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1816:~1.904 L
1814:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1686:poisson de vin
1678:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1586:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:on each side.
1562:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1540:
1539:
1538:on each side.
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1515:on each side.
1509:
1506:
1505:~42.21 m
1503:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1479:perches du roi
1475:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1453:
1452:
1451:on each side.
1449:perches du roi
1445:
1442:
1441:~854.7 m
1439:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1428:on each side.
1422:
1419:
1418:~34.19 m
1416:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1362:
1361:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1331:on each side.
1325:
1322:
1321:~51.07 m
1319:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1293:~3.799 m
1291:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1271:~1055 cm
1269:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1233:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1167:71.05 yd
1165:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:7.105 yd
1146:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1123:perches du roi
1119:
1118:63.94 yd
1116:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1093:
1092:6.394 yd
1090:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1059:4.678 km
1057:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1028:
1025:
1024:4.448 km
1022:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1001:
998:
997:4.288 km
995:
992:
986:
985:
975:
972:
971:3.898 km
969:
966:
964:lieue de Paris
960:
959:
948:
945:
944:3.248 km
942:
939:
937:lieue ancienne
933:
932:
925:
924:78.15 yd
922:
919:
916:
908:
907:
882:
881:7.815 yd
879:
876:
873:
867:
866:
860:
859:
855:Toise du Perou
834:
833:2.131 yd
829:
826:
823:
815:
814:
791:
790:1.066 ft
788:
787:32.48 cm
785:
782:
776:
775:
755:
754:1.066 in
752:
751:27.07 mm
749:
738:
730:
729:
709:
706:
705:2.256 mm
703:
692:
684:
683:
656:Fournier point
635:
632:
631:0.188 mm
629:
618:
610:
609:
606:
597:
586:
575:
440:Toise du Pérou
397:
394:
354:
351:
315:(or the later
286:
283:
202:
201:
184:
183:
138:
136:
129:
122:
121:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5096:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:List articles
5013:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:South America
4897:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:North America
4851:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4834:South African
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Luxembourgian
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4455:gravitational
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4272:Apothecaries'
4270:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4202:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4177:
4174: at the
4173:
4167:
4166:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4102:9782877410649
4098:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4060:9780871691866
4056:
4052:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4039:9789004353718
4035:
4031:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4013:
4010: at the
4009:
4003:
4002:
3996:
3985:
3980:
3970:on 2012-12-24
3969:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3939:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3852:
3849: at the
3848:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3831: at the
3830:
3824:
3819:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3797: at the
3796:
3790:
3785:
3782:
3779: at the
3778:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3732:9780517520376
3728:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3689:9780393082043
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3621:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3594:
3589:
3582:
3577:
3570:
3569:Garnier 1841b
3565:
3558:
3557:Garnier 1841a
3553:
3547:, p. 74.
3546:
3541:
3539:
3531:
3530:Garnier 1841a
3526:
3519:
3514:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3475:
3474:Witthöft 2018
3470:
3468:
3461:, p. 26.
3460:
3455:
3453:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3411:Garnier 1841a
3407:
3401:, p. 73.
3400:
3395:
3393:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3336:, p. 30.
3335:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3308:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3279:
3278:Harkness 1888
3274:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3247:
3246:(8th edition)
3245:
3239:
3231:
3218:
3210:
3203:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3144:
3139:
3132:
3127:
3120:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Réaumur scale
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3012:poids de soie
3009:
3005:
3004:poids de marc
3001:
2997:
2993:
2979:
2978:poids de soie
2975:
2971:
2970:poids de marc
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:poids de pays
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2662:hundredweight
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:poids de marc
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2320:
2316:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2244:1.828 m
2243:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2135:12.7 dm
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1904:
1900:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1788:
1784:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1758:~1 pint
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1719:~238 ml
1705:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1692:(brandy), or
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:~119 ml
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1567:
1563:
1556:~4221 m
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:~1055 m
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:~3419 m
1463:
1458:
1457:acre (du roi)
1454:
1450:
1446:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:North America
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:~5107 m
1376:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:~1277 m
1340:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1206:
1202:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1164:64.97 m
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:6.497 m
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:58.47 m
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:5.847 m
1083:
1082:perche du roi
1079:
1076:
1075:North America
1072:
1068:
1064:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:nautical mile
1033:
1029:
1021:~13 692
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
991:
987:
984:
982:
976:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:71.46 m
915:
914:
909:
905:
887:
883:
878:7.146 m
872:
868:
865:
861:
856:
850:
843:
839:
835:
828:1.949 m
822:
821:
816:
800:
796:
792:
781:
777:
773:
769:
756:
737:
736:
731:
727:
723:
710:
691:
690:
685:
671:
657:
653:
652:Truchet point
649:
636:
617:
616:
611:
607:
598:
590:
587:
584:
576:
572:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:
492:
491:perch or rood
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
449:Although the
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:In 1747 this
428:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
393:
391:
390:Ancien régime
387:
380:
376:
372:
367:
359:
350:
348:
347:
342:
338:
334:
330:
324:
322:
318:
314:
313:English units
307:
303:
300:
296:
291:
282:
279:
278:
272:
271:metric system
268:
263:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:
208:
198:
195:
180:
177:
169:
166:December 2016
159:
155:
149:
148:
142:
137:
128:
127:
118:
115:
107:
104:December 2016
97:
93:
87:
84:This article
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4996:Mesopotamian
4890:Puerto Rican
4527:
4287:Astronomical
4164:
4138:
4119:
4115:
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4029:
4019:
4000:
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3972:. Retrieved
3968:the original
3947:|title=
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3788:
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3750:. Retrieved
3720:
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3679:
3670:
3651:
3635:Peuchet 1801
3615:
3608:Peuchet 1801
3588:
3576:
3564:
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3513:
3418:
3406:
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3266:Expilly 1768
3243:
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3226:|title=
3217:cite journal
3208:
3202:
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3019:
3015:
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3007:
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2933:
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2925:
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2480:marcs moyens
2479:
2457:
2456:Strasbourg (
2445:
2423:94–95
2412:Montepellier
2391:87–88
2343:93–94
2318:
2291:
2264:
2257:
2236:
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2171:
2163:
2149:
2127:
2119:
2084:
2074:
2070:
2035:
2007:
1977:
1961:
1933:
1926:
1919:pieds du roi
1918:
1917:Eight cubic
1902:
1883:
1876:pieds du roi
1875:
1871:
1855:
1847:
1829:
1808:
1800:
1768:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
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1625:
1593:
1565:
1564:A square 10
1553:40 000
1549:arpent carré
1548:
1543:
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1525:10 000
1520:
1513:pieds du roi
1512:
1497:
1490:
1478:
1477:A square 10
1466:32 400
1462:arpent carré
1461:
1456:
1448:
1433:
1426:pieds du roi
1425:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1379:48 400
1374:arpent carré
1372:
1365:
1353:
1343:12 100
1336:
1329:pieds du roi
1328:
1313:
1306:
1286:toise carrée
1285:
1263:
1241:pieds carrés
1240:
1204:
1171:
1156:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1107:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1056:14 400
1051:
1043:
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1004:
994:13 200
989:
980:
978:
968:12 000
963:
955:
941:10 000
936:
928:
911:
903:
886:perch or rod
870:
863:
838:pieds du roi
837:
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340:
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325:
310:
216:traditional
215:
213:
190:
172:
163:
144:
110:
101:
90:Please help
85:
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48:
47:Please help
44:
4860:Costa Rican
4824:Seychellois
4733:Singaporean
4528:Traditional
4383:Metrication
4321:Geometrised
4277:Avoirdupois
3581:Saigey 1834
3545:Crease 2011
3489:Daumas 1970
3399:Crease 2011
3384:Saigey 1834
3322:Saigey 1834
3307:Saigey 1834
3295:Saigey 1834
2756:, i.e. 400
2642:demi-livres
2458:petit poids
2436:La Rochelle
2164:pied du roi
2162:of a cubic
1801:pied du roi
1799:of a cubic
1534:A square 5
1447:A square 5
1352:A square 5
1279:square foot
1277:The French
1189:point, was
1181:The French
811:French foot
780:pied du roi
768:pied du roi
537:27 706
410:Charlemagne
371:pont Wilson
341:pied du Roi
321:Magna Carta
251:pied du Roi
229:during the
227:Charlemagne
223:metrication
158:introducing
5073:Categories
4946:Venezuelan
4931:Paraguayan
4885:Nicaraguan
4763:Vietnamese
4738:Sri Lankan
4723:Philippine
4683:Indonesian
4607:Portuguese
4501:Winchester
4404:Comparison
4354:Background
4292:Electrical
3990:2011-02-10
3974:2011-02-28
3813:2011-03-10
3752:2011-03-01
3709:2011-02-25
3661:0349115079
3620:Kelly 1811
3444:Zupko 1990
3423:Morin 1864
3106:Adler 2002
3092:2011-02-06
3070:References
2972:, and the
2900:conflated
2826:marc creux
2822:marc plein
2815:marc plein
2799:marc creux
2779:François I
2646:quarterons
2621:, i.e. 16
2404:Marseilles
2265:pouce cube
1934:pouce cube
1884:feuillette
1264:pied carré
888:(which is
807:royal foot
803:Paris foot
379:pied royal
243:his empire
141:references
50:improve it
4941:Uruguayan
4926:Colombian
4916:Brazilian
4906:Argentine
4844:Tanzanian
4814:Mauritian
4784:Ethiopian
4748:Taiwanese
4718:Pakistani
4698:Mongolian
4673:Cambodian
4592:Norwegian
4562:Icelandic
4557:Hungarian
4550:Byzantine
4506:Exchequer
4254:Hong Kong
4069:0065-9738
4032:. BRILL.
2732:monetary
2579:) to the
2562:1 (plein)
2554:1 (creux)
2340:Abbeville
2319:boisseaux
2292:pied cube
2008:boisseaux
1962:pied cube
1203:, called
1101:Louisiana
858:in 1766.
604:(approx.)
595:(approx.)
235:Byzantine
221:prior to
56:talk page
5027:Obsolete
5022:Humorous
4976:Egyptian
4936:Peruvian
4911:Bolivian
4875:Honduran
4839:Tunisian
4819:Moroccan
4809:Malagasy
4794:Eritrean
4789:Egyptian
4779:Algerian
4708:Nepalese
4688:Japanese
4622:Scottish
4612:Romanian
4513:Estonian
4423:Historic
4399:Overview
4368:Overview
4265:Specific
3879:43004870
3167:Débarbat
3026:See also
3022:system.
2934:esterlin
2930:actuelle
2906:actuelle
2902:esterlin
2708:, and 1
2698:scruples
2589:Philip I
2468:Toulouse
2364:Bordeaux
2356:Beaucare
2150:boisseau
2128:boisseau
2120:boisseau
2018:Imperial
2002:Relative
1856:quartaut
1696:(milk).
1688:(wine),
1626:roquille
1614:Imperial
1588:Relative
1253:Imperial
1235:Relative
599:Imperial
577:Relative
499:and the
337:Provence
5058:Modulor
5032:Unusual
5001:Persian
4959:Ancient
4921:Chilean
4880:Mexican
4870:Haitian
4799:Guinean
4703:Myanmar
4642:Swedish
4637:Spanish
4627:Serbian
4617:Russian
4597:Ottoman
4587:Maltese
4577:Latvian
4572:Italian
4518:Finnish
4496:English
4476:Cypriot
4471:Cornish
4378:History
4373:Outline
4308:Natural
4249:Chinese
4227:General
4220:Current
3644:Sources
3143:Février
3131:Rowlett
2985:⁄
2976:in the
2948:in the
2890:scruple
2882:drachme
2769:⁄
2764:, or 33
2748:. This
2739:deniers
2724:deniers
2716:was 24
2710:scruple
2706:deniers
2702:scruple
2690:drachme
2678:drachme
2658:quintal
2648:, or 8
2607:Jean II
2494:Nominal
2444:Rouen (
2380:Dunkirk
2348:Avignon
2304:⁄
2273:⁄
2157:⁄
2113:⁄
2093:⁄
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1979:amphora
1942:⁄
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1748:⁄
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1732:chopine
1712:⁄
1703:demiard
1682:demiard
1666:⁄
1658:poisson
1650:poisson
1634:⁄
1392:perches
1354:perches
1212:⁄
1194:⁄
1009:arpents
929:perches
897:⁄
761:⁄
744:⁄
715:⁄
698:⁄
677:⁄
663:⁄
641:⁄
624:⁄
540:
528:
493:), the
485:), the
386:coutume
346:savants
285:History
154:improve
5053:N-body
4991:Indian
4966:Arabic
4829:Somali
4804:Libyan
4772:Africa
4743:Syrian
4693:Korean
4678:Indian
4668:Afghan
4632:Slovak
4602:Polish
4540:German
4523:French
4486:Danish
4464:Europe
4430:Metric
4361:Metric
4341:Stoney
4331:Planck
4316:Atomic
4151:
4099:
4067:
4057:
4036:
3877:
3746:French
3729:
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3658:
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3180:lignes
3043:Mansus
2996:livres
2938:livres
2922:livres
2886:denier
2846:grains
2719:grains
2714:denier
2696:was 3
2676:was 8
2654:livres
2577:ounces
2507:grains
2428:Nantes
2328:Weight
2216:setier
2146:bushel
2073:. The
2036:litron
2030:Notes
2027:value
2020:value
2015:value
1872:veltes
1620:Notes
1617:value
1610:value
1603:value
1594:pintes
1396:arpent
1338:vergée
1258:Notes
1255:value
1250:value
1205:Cicéro
1185:, the
1097:Quebec
1067:toises
1044:toises
1032:lieues
1007:or 60
1005:toises
952:league
913:arpent
904:perche
842:fathom
608:Notes
555:inches
547:Quebec
505:league
496:arpent
487:perche
471:fathom
465:) and
419:had 6
396:Length
333:Beauce
306:France
302:region
247:French
143:, but
5041:Other
5006:Roman
4986:Hindu
4981:Greek
4865:Cuban
4753:Tatar
4713:Omani
4652:Welsh
4647:Swiss
4567:Irish
4545:Greek
4491:Dutch
4481:Czech
4451:(CGS)
4445:(MTS)
4439:(MKS)
4411:(FPS)
4392:UK/US
4147:–83.
3875:JSTOR
3703:(PDF)
3182:in a
3016:onces
3000:onces
2992:livre
2974:livre
2966:onces
2962:onces
2946:livre
2942:onces
2926:onces
2910:livre
2894:grain
2850:marcs
2842:marcs
2803:onces
2795:marcs
2758:onces
2754:marcs
2734:livre
2728:livre
2726:in a
2704:) or
2684:) or
2656:in a
2627:livre
2623:onces
2619:marcs
2599:to a
2597:onces
2585:pound
2581:livre
2573:onces
2565:-1.7
2557:-0.7
2549:-1.0
2541:-2.1
2533:-0.4
2525:+4.5
2517:+1.4
2498:marcs
2420:Nancy
2388:Lille
2258:cubic
2173:minot
2118:of a
2085:quart
2076:litre
2071:quart
2069:of a
2004:value
1999:Unit
1927:cubic
1848:velte
1830:velte
1809:quade
1769:pinte
1590:value
1585:Unit
1491:Local
1438:8100
1394:(one
1307:Paris
1237:value
1232:Unit
1217:inch.
1187:Didot
1131:Local
1040:lieue
956:pieds
864:Paris
820:toise
809:, or
766:of a
735:pouce
722:pouce
720:of a
689:ligne
670:ligne
668:of a
648:ligne
646:of a
615:point
601:value
592:value
583:pieds
579:value
574:Unit
522:, or
520:lines
501:lieue
475:toise
467:toise
451:pouce
436:toise
432:toise
421:pieds
417:toise
402:toise
375:Tours
329:lieue
262:livre
18:Pouce
4758:Thai
4728:Pegu
4661:Asia
4299:(US)
4282:Troy
4149:ISBN
4097:ISBN
4065:ISSN
4055:ISBN
4034:ISBN
3951:help
3727:ISBN
3684:ISBN
3656:ISBN
3230:help
3184:pied
3117:See
3010:and
2932:and
2915:marc
2904:and
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2874:once
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2858:pile
2838:pile
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2241:144
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2195:mine
2024:U.S.
1907:288
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1728:demi
1607:U.S.
1546:, or
1502:400
1459:, or
1415:324
1370:, or
1367:acre
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1318:484
1222:Area
1201:pica
1170:Ten
1161:200
1121:Ten
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918:220
846:The
836:Six
799:foot
795:pied
772:inch
726:line
626:1728
563:pied
559:pied
551:pied
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509:aune
479:aune
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