Propaganda - Knowledge

176: 1014: 1171: 38: 1517: 1371:(BBG) to be released within U.S. borders for the Archivist of the United States. The Smith-Mundt Act, as amended, provided that "the Secretary and the Broadcasting Board of Governors shall make available to the Archivist of the United States, for domestic distribution, motion pictures, films, videotapes, and other material 12 years after the initial dissemination of the material abroad (...) Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit the Department of State or the Broadcasting Board of Governors from engaging in any medium or form of communication, either directly or indirectly, because a United States domestic audience is or may be thereby exposed to program material, or based on a presumption of such exposure." Public concerns were raised upon passage due to the relaxation of prohibitions of domestic propaganda in the United States. 797:, a type of clandestine operation in which the identity of the sponsoring government is hidden). In scale, these different types of propaganda can also be defined by the potential of true and correct information to compete with the propaganda. For example, opposition to white propaganda is often readily found and may slightly discredit the propaganda source. Opposition to grey propaganda, when revealed (often by an inside source), may create some level of public outcry. Opposition to black propaganda is often unavailable and may be dangerous to reveal, because public cognizance of black propaganda tactics and sources would undermine or backfire the very campaign the black propagandist supported. 758: 749:"Convention on the Use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace" tried to create the standards for a liberal international public sphere. The Convention encouraged empathetic and neighborly radio broadcasts to other nations. It called for League prohibitions on international broadcast containing hostile speech and false claims. It tried to define the line between liberal and illiberal policies in communications, and emphasized the dangers of nationalist chauvinism. With Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia active on the radio, its liberal goals were ignored, while free speech advocates warned that the code represented restraints on free speech. 1039: 1805: 1117: 1934:) define propaganda as the use of non-rational arguments to either advance or undermine a political ideal, and use disinformation as an alternative name for undermining propaganda. While others consider them to be separate concepts altogether. One popular distinction holds that disinformation also describes politically motivated messaging designed explicitly to engender public cynicism, uncertainty, apathy, distrust, and paranoia, all of which disincentivize citizen engagement and mobilization for social or political change. 1550:. The field includes many theories and approaches to understanding persuasion. For example, communication theory points out that people can be persuaded by the communicator's credibility, expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. The elaboration likelihood model, as well as heuristic models of persuasion, suggest that a number of factors (e.g., the degree of interest of the recipient of the communication), influence the degree to which people allow superficial factors to persuade them. Nobel Prize–winning psychologist 1406: 801:

filling people's minds with approved information, but by preventing people from being confronted with opposing points of view. What sets propaganda apart from other forms of advocacy is the willingness of the propagandist to change people's understanding through deception and confusion rather than persuasion and understanding. The leaders of an organization know the information to be one sided or untrue, but this may not be true for the rank and file members who help to disseminate the propaganda.

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techniques include "name calling" (using derogatory labels), "bandwagon" (expressing the social appeal of a message), or "glittering generalities" (using positive but imprecise language). With the rise of the internet and social media, Renee Hobbs identified four characteristic design features of many forms of contemporary propaganda: (1) it activates strong emotions; (2) it simplifies information; (3) it appeals to the hopes, fears, and dreams of a targeted audience; and (4) it attacks opponents.

936: 805: 5735: 1108: 1063:" used during World War II and the Vietnam War, respectively), avoiding some words or language or by making allegations of enemy atrocities. The goal of this was to demoralize the opponent into thinking what was being projected was actually true. Most propaganda efforts in wartime require the home population to feel the enemy has inflicted an injustice, which may be fictitious or may be based on facts (e.g., the sinking of the passenger ship 1752: 883: 351: 1099:), people will be eager to have them extinguished, and are therefore receptive to the reassurances of those in power. For this reason, propaganda is often addressed to people who are already sympathetic to the agenda or views being presented. This process of reinforcement uses an individual's predisposition to self-select "agreeable" information sources as a mechanism for maintaining control over populations. 691: 778:, political or commercial purposes through the controlled transmission of one-sided messages (which may or may not be factual) via mass and direct media channels." The definition focuses on the communicative process involved – or more precisely, on the purpose of the process, and allow "propaganda" to be interpreted as positive or negative behavior depending on the perspective of the viewer or listener. 1280: 1156: 1152:

recycled in the media and in the educational system, without the need for direct governmental intervention on the media. Such permeating propaganda may be used for political goals: by giving citizens a false impression of the quality or policies of their country, they may be incited to reject certain proposals or certain remarks or ignore the experience of others.

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democracy or a fascist dictatorship or a Parliament or a Communist dictatorship. The people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. It works the same way in any country.

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protective coloration in such names as 'public relations council,' 'specialist in public education,' 'public relations adviser.' " In 1949, political science professor Dayton David McKean wrote, "After World War I the word came to be applied to 'what you don't like of the other fellow's publicity,' as Edward L. Bernays said...."

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examples of "covert" propaganda because they take on the appearance of objective information rather than the appearance of propaganda, which is misleading. Federal law specifically mandates that any advertisement appearing in the format of a news item must state that the item is in fact a paid advertisement.

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Of all the potential targets for propaganda, children are the most vulnerable because they are the least prepared with the critical reasoning and contextual comprehension they need to determine whether a message is a propaganda or not. The attention children give their environment during development,

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country's industry. Propaganda posters were used because regular general radio broadcasting was yet to commence and TV technology was still under development). The assumption is that, if people believe something false, they will constantly be assailed by doubts. Since these doubts are unpleasant (see

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In the early 20th century, the invention of motion pictures (as in movies, diafilms) gave propaganda-creators a powerful tool for advancing political and military interests when it came to reaching a broad segment of the population and creating consent or encouraging rejection of the real or imagined

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Propaganda has become more common in political contexts, in particular, to refer to certain efforts sponsored by governments, political groups, but also often covert interests. In the early 20th century, propaganda was exemplified in the form of party slogans. Propaganda also has much in common with

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observed that newspapers were not expected to be independent organs of information when they began to play an important part in political life in the late 1700s, but were assumed to promote the views of their owners or government sponsors. In the 20th century, the term propaganda emerged along with

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Haifeng Huang argues that propaganda is not always necessarily about convincing a populace of its message (and may actually fail to do this) but instead can also function as a means of intimidating the citizenry and signalling the regime's strength and ability to maintain its control and power over

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by the German Navy in World War I). The home population must also believe that the cause of their nation in the war is just. In these efforts it was difficult to determine the accuracy of how propaganda truly impacted the war. In NATO doctrine, propaganda is defined as "Information, especially of a

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that "The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country. We are governed,

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the target group. This may begin with a simple transmission, such as a leaflet or advertisement dropped from a plane or an advertisement. Generally, these messages will contain directions on how to obtain more information, via a website, hotline, radio program, etc. (as it is seen also for selling

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released without conditions Latin prisoners that he had treated generously to their native cities, where they helped to disseminate his propaganda. The Romans on the other hand tried to portray Hannibal as a person devoid of humanity and would soon lose the favour of gods. At the same time, led by

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The propagandist seeks to change the way people understand an issue or situation for the purpose of changing their actions and expectations in ways that are desirable to the interest group. Propaganda, in this sense, serves as a corollary to censorship in which the same purpose is achieved, not by

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A wide range of materials and media are used for conveying propaganda messages, which changed as new technologies were invented, including paintings, cartoons, posters, pamphlets, films, radio shows, TV shows, and websites. More recently, the digital age has given rise to new ways of disseminating

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and "fear ideology". The first three (ownership, funding, and sourcing) are generally regarded by the authors as being the most important. Although the model was based mainly on the characterization of United States media, Chomsky and Herman believe the theory is equally applicable to any country

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and the appearance of greater media fluidity, propaganda institutions, practices and legal frameworks have been evolving in the US and Britain. Briant shows how this included expansion and integration of the apparatus cross-government and details attempts to coordinate the forms of propaganda for

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Roderick Hindery argues that propaganda exists on the political left, and right, and in mainstream centrist parties. Hindery further argues that debates about most social issues can be productively revisited in the context of asking "what is or is not propaganda?" Not to be overlooked is the link

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In the journalistic context, advertisements evolved from the traditional commercial advertisements to include also a new type in the form of paid articles or broadcasts disguised as news. These generally present an issue in a very subjective and often misleading light, primarily meant to persuade

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In the Soviet Union during the Second World War, the propaganda designed to encourage civilians was controlled by Stalin, who insisted on a heavy-handed style that educated audiences easily saw was inauthentic. On the other hand, the unofficial rumors about German atrocities were well founded and

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Propaganda against other religions in the same community or propaganda intended to keep political power in the hands of a religious elite can incite religious hate on a global or national scale. It could make use of many propaganda mediums. War, terrorism, riots, and other violent acts can result

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famous Bureau of Public Information (or 'Inflammation') helped to din into the public mind the fact that propaganda existed. ... The public's discovery of propaganda has led to a great of lamentation over it. Propaganda has become an epithet of contempt and hate, and the propagandists have sought

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NOAH ADAMS: The European Center for War, Peace and the News Media, based in London, has received word from Belgrade that no pictures of mass Albanian refugees have been shown at all, and that the Kosovo humanitarian catastrophe is only referred to as the one made up or over-emphasised by Western

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were received as documents in evidence because they document the practices of the Nazis The following is an example of a propagandistic math problem recommended by the National Socialist Essence of Education: "The Jews are aliens in Germany—in 1933 there were 66,606,000 inhabitants in the German

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explains that "Hitler...puts no limit on what can be done by propaganda; people will believe anything, provided they are told it often enough and emphatically enough, and that contradicters are either silenced or smothered in calumny." This was to be true in Germany and backed up with their army

1565:'s 1931 article "A psychological definition of propaganda", "he four principles followed in propaganda are: (1) rely on emotions, never argue; (2) cast propaganda into the pattern of "we" versus an "enemy"; (3) reach groups as well as individuals; (4) hide the propagandist as much as possible." 706:

was originally a neutral term for the dissemination of information in favor of any given cause. During the 20th century, however, the term acquired a thoroughly negative meaning in western countries, representing the intentional dissemination of often false, but certainly "compelling" claims to

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a cyber-strategy was implemented using bots to direct US voters to Russian political news and information sources, and to spread politically motivated rumors and false news stories. At this point it is considered commonplace contemporary political strategy around the world to implement bots in

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and not the more obvious ones used in traditional commercial advertisements. If the reader believes that a paid advertisement is in fact a news item, the message the advertiser is trying to communicate will be more easily "believed" or "internalized". Such advertisements are considered obvious

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Naturally, the common people don't want war; neither in Russia nor in England nor in America, nor for that matter in Germany. That is understood. But, after all, it is the leaders of the country who determine the policy and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a

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what they learn at school, such disinformation will be repeated by journalists as well as parents, thus reinforcing the idea that the disinformation item is really a "well-known fact", even though no one repeating the myth is able to point to an authoritative source. The disinformation is then

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Propaganda can often be recognized by the rhetorical strategies used in its design. In the 1930s, the Institute for Propaganda Analysis identified a variety of propaganda techniques that were commonly used in newspapers and on the radio, which were the mass media of the time period. Propaganda

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is a form of propaganda that refers to the act of an individual convincing themself of something, no matter how irrational that idea may be. Self propaganda makes it easier for individuals to justify their own actions as well as the actions of others. Self-propaganda often works to lessen the

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to reach audiences outside Lebanon. Banners and billboards were commissioned in commemoration of the war, along with various merchandise items with Hezbollah's logo, flag color (yellow), and images of Nasrallah. T-shirts, baseball caps and other war memorabilia were marketed for all ages. The

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markings). The term propaganda may also refer to false information meant to reinforce the mindsets of people who already believe as the propagandist wishes (e.g., During the First World War, the main purpose of British propaganda was to encourage men to join the army, and women to work in the

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defines it as "the deliberate manipulation of representations (including text, pictures, video, speech etc.) with the intention of producing any effect in the audience (e.g. action or inaction; reinforcement or transformation of feelings, ideas, attitudes or behaviours) that is desired by the

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By the 1990s, the topic of propaganda was no longer a part of public education, having been relegated to a specialist subject. Secondary English educators grew fearful of the study of propaganda genres, choosing to focus on argumentation and reasoning instead of the highly emotional forms of

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flanked by children. The text reads: "Children! Learning, at home and in school, the worship of the Fatherland, you will bring all chances of success to life. Only love builds and, strongly loving Brazil, you will lead it to the greatest of destinies among Nations, fulfilling the desires of

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provided a broad definition of the term propaganda, writing it as: "the expression of opinions or actions carried out deliberately by individuals or groups with a view to influencing the opinions or actions of other individuals or groups for predetermined ends and through psychological

245:'s 2011 guidance for military public affairs defines propaganda as "information, ideas, doctrines, or special appeals disseminated to influence the opinion, emotions, attitudes, or behaviour of any specified group in order to benefit the sponsor, either directly or indirectly". 5745: 1627:

framed propaganda in relation to larger themes about the relationship between humans and technology. Media messages did not serve to enlighten or inspire, he argued. They merely overwhelm by arousing emotions and oversimplifying ideas, limiting human reasoning and judgement.

5744: 1905:... were circulated during the late 1930s) and contained depictions of Jews as devils, child molesters and other morally charged figures. Slogans such as "Judas the Jew betrayed Jesus the German to the Jews" were recited in class. During the Nuremberg Trial, 1331:(GAO), an arm of the United States Congress, refers to as "covert propaganda." Propaganda is divided into two in political situations, they are preparation, meaning to create a new frame of mind or view of things, and operational, meaning they instigate actions. 1689: – to other businesses (advertisers) and that benefit from access to information from government and corporate sources to produce their content. The theory postulates five general classes of "filters" that shape the content that is presented in news media: 1071:

biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view." Within this perspective, the information provided does not need to be necessarily false but must be instead relevant to specific goals of the "actor" or "system" that performs it.

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disseminated over one million books to Soviet readers over the span of 15 years, including novels by George Orwell, Albert Camus, Vladimir Nabakov, James Joyce, and Pasternak in an attempt to promote anti-communist sentiment and sympathy of Western values.

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campaigns by governments, which are intended to encourage or discourage certain forms of behavior (such as wearing seat belts, not smoking, not littering, and so forth). Again, the emphasis is more political in propaganda. Propaganda can take the form of

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approach. Richard Alan Nelson provides a definition of the term: "Propaganda is neutrally defined as a systematic form of purposeful persuasion that attempts to influence the emotions, attitudes, opinions, and actions of specified target audiences for

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propagandist." The same author explains the importance of consistent terminology across history, particularly as contemporary euphemistic synonyms are used in governments' continual efforts to rebrand their operations such as 'information support' and

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in Britain: Writing in 1928, Lasswell observed, "In democratic countries the official propaganda bureau was looked upon with genuine alarm, for fear that it might be suborned to party and personal ends. The outcry in the United States against Mr.

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as "things that must be disseminated", in some cultures the term is neutral or even positive, while in others the term has acquired a strong negative connotation. The connotations of the term "propaganda" can also vary over time. For example, in

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argues that, "Propaganda is making puppets of us. We are moved by hidden strings which the propagandist manipulates." In the 1920s and 1930s, propaganda was sometimes described as all-powerful. For example, Bernays acknowledged in his book

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was formed to introduce methods of instruction for high school and college students, helping learners to recognize and desist propaganda by identifying persuasive techniques. This work built upon classical rhetoric and it was informed by

1718:, a digital learning platform for teaching and learning about contemporary propaganda. The study of contemporary propaganda is growing in secondary education, where it is seen as a part of language arts and social studies education. 1475:

frequently appeared on postage stamps in Germany and some of the occupied nations. A British program to parody these, and other Nazi-inspired stamps, involved airdropping them into Germany on letters containing anti-Nazi literature.

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accuse the leaders of what they consider cults of using propaganda extensively to recruit followers and keep them. Hadden argued that ex-members of cults and the anti-cult movement are committed to making these movements look bad.

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Some time has been spent analyzing the means by which the propaganda messages are transmitted. That work is important but it is clear that information dissemination strategies become propaganda strategies only when coupled with

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is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using

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and create hatred toward a supposed enemy, either internal or external, by creating a false image in the mind of soldiers and citizens. This can be done by using derogatory or racist terms (e.g., the racist terms

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throughout Europe, and in particular within Germany, caused new ideas, thoughts, and doctrine to be made available to the public in ways that had never been seen before the 16th century. During the era of the

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and critiqued by some scholars. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 (section 1078 (a)) amended the US Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948 (popularly referred to as the

556:(1943) features one segment meant to dispel Americans' mistrust of the Soviets, and another to dispel their bigotry against the Chinese. Polish filmmakers in Great Britain created the anti-Nazi color film 1186:

convincing. Stalin was a Georgian who spoke Russian with a heavy accent. That would not do for a national hero so starting in the 1930s all new visual portraits of Stalin were retouched to erase his

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blamed each other for obscure and degrading origins, cruelty, cowardice, oratorical and literary incompetence, debaucheries, luxury, drunkenness and other slanders. This defamation took the form of

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The term is essentially contested and some have argued for a neutral definition, arguing that ethics depend on intent and context, while others define it as necessarily unethical and negative.

4211: 343:). Academic Barbara Diggs-Brown conceives that the negative connotations of the term "propaganda" are associated with the earlier social and political transformations that occurred during the 4408: 1238:, each of which can be thought of as propaganda that promotes a commercial product or shapes the perception of an organization, person, or brand. For example, after claiming victory in the 1864:

as one of their special audience for its propaganda messages. Schools and texts mirrored what the Nazis aimed of instilling in German youth through the use and promotion of racial theory.

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and social scientific studies of propaganda and persuasion. In the 1950s, propaganda theory and education examined the rise of American consumer culture, and this work was popularized by

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purposes among other goals). The strategy intends to initiate the individual from information recipient to information seeker through reinforcement, and then from information seeker to

742:. Other scholars also see benefits to acknowledging that propaganda can be interpreted as beneficial or harmful, depending on the message sender, target audience, message, and context. 7194: 7114: 2981: 789:, propaganda is defined as either white, grey or black. White propaganda openly discloses its source and intent. Grey propaganda has an ambiguous or non-disclosed source or intent. 1271:

Edmund McGarry illustrates that advertising is more than selling to an audience but a type of propaganda that is trying to persuade the public and not to be balanced in judgement.

5475: 4473: 1503:. The company initially denied breaking laws but later admitted breaking UK law, the scandal provoking a worldwide debate on acceptable use of data for propaganda and influence. 1226:

Simply enough the covenant specifically is not defining the content of propaganda. In simplest terms, an act of propaganda if used in a reply to a wartime act is not prohibited.

175: 1677: 4986: 8976: 314:, stir up patriotic feelings in the population of his empire (he was the first ruler who utilized one-sided battle reports – the early predecessors of modern newspapers or 8986: 8981: 347:

movement of 1789 to 1799 between the start and the middle portion of the 19th century, in a time where the word started to be used in a nonclerical and political context.

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due to the process of developing their understanding of the world, causes them to absorb propaganda indiscriminately. Also, children are highly imitative: studies by

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society; by investing significant resources into propaganda, the regime can forewarn its citizens of its strength and deterring them from attempting to challenge it.

7219: 426:. Goebbels mentions propaganda as a way to see through the masses. Symbols are used towards propaganda such as justice, liberty and one's devotion to one's country. 59:

to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is being presented. Propaganda can be found in a wide variety of different contexts.

7055: 7050: 7045: 4523: 1651:. It argues that the way in which commercial media institutions are structured and operate (e.g. through advertising revenue, concentration of media ownership, or 1010:

Post–World War II usage of the word "propaganda" more typically refers to political or nationalist uses of these techniques or to the promotion of a set of ideas.

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In the 1980s, academics recognized that news and journalism could function as propaganda when business and government interests were amplified by mass media. The

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During the 1930s, educators in the United States and around the world became concerned about the rise of anti-Semitism and other forms of violent extremism. The

311: 1327:. In the case of the United States, there is also an important legal (imposed by law) distinction between advertising (a type of overt propaganda) and what the 6738: 4239:"Algorithms, bots, and political communication in the US 2016 election: The challenge of automated political communication for election law and administration" 1883: 1874:, headed a publishing house that disseminated anti-Semitic propaganda picture books in schools during the Nazi dictatorship. This was accomplished through the 6511: 300:(Roman rhetorical genre of the invective) which was decisive for shaping the Roman public opinion at this time. Another early example of propaganda was from 304:. The emperor would send some of his men ahead of his army to spread rumors to the enemy. In many cases, his army was actually smaller than his opponents'. 7380: 5033: 4542: 1202: 4292: 1734:

felt by individuals when their personal actions or the actions of their government do not line up with their moral beliefs. Self-propaganda is a type of

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In the wake of this, the internet has become a prolific method of distributing political propaganda, benefiting from an evolution in coding called bots.

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activities. In English, the cognate began taking a pejorative or negative connotation in the mid-19th century, when it was used in the political sphere.

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External Communication in Social Media During Asymmetric Conflicts A Theoretical Model and Empirical Case Study of the Conflict in Israel and Palestine

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Poster in a North Korean primary school targeting the United States military. The Korean text reads: "Are you playing the game of catching these guys?"

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had been coupled with psychological profiling using illegally obtained social media data for political campaigns in the United States in 2016 to aid

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Williamson, Samuel R.; Balfour, Michael (Winter 1980). "Propaganda in War, 1939–1945: Organisations, Policies and Publics in Britain and Germany".

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David Goodman, "Liberal and Illiberal Internationalism in the Making of the League of Nations Convention on Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace."

2301: 1623: 828:. Caption reads: "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears." 419: 3821:

Eksteins, Modris; Balfour, Michael (October 1980). "Propaganda in War, 1939–1945: Organisations, Policies and Publics in Britain and Germany".

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about the history of certain groups or foreign countries may be encouraged or tolerated in the educational system. Since few people actually

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Auerbach, Jonathan, and Russ Castronovo: "Thirteen Propositions about Propaganda." The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies, December 2013.

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Kunczic, Michael (9 August 2016). "Public Relations in Kriegzeiten – Die Notwendigkeit von Lüge und Zensur". In Preußer, Heinz-Peter (ed.).

7226: 1558:. That is, in a society of mass information, people are forced to make decisions quickly and often superficially, as opposed to logically. 869:

from it. It can also conceal injustices, inequities, exploitation, and atrocities, leading to ignorance-based indifference and alienation.

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Propaganda is sometimes evaluated based on the intention and goals of the individual or institution who created it. According to historian

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is treated as a more neutral or positive term, though it can be used pejoratively through protest or other informal settings within China.

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is viewed by most historians as an early example of propaganda. Another striking example of propaganda during ancient history is the last

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Propaganda can also be turned on its makers. For example, postage stamps have frequently been tools for government advertising, such as

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Identifying propaganda has always been a problem. The main difficulties have involved differentiating propaganda from other types of

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The 20th century has been characterized by three developments of great political importance: the growth of democracy, the growth of

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in the early 1940s were designed to create a patriotic mindset and convince viewers that sacrifices needed to be made to defeat the

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Kosar, Kevin R., Public Relations and Propaganda: Restrictions on Executive Branch Activities, CRS Report RL32750, February 2005.

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as well as some similar non-English terms retain neutral or positive connotations. For example, in official party discourse,

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approach, but historically, propaganda had been a neutral descriptive term of any material that promotes certain opinions or

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nations. Through a front organization called the Bedford Publishing Company, the CIA through a covert department called the

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Outside the realm of official discourse, however, propaganda (xuanchuan), is occasionally used in a negative way...(p. 195)

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Propaganda was often used to influence opinions and beliefs on religious issues, particularly during the split between the

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Garcia, Hugo. "Reluctant liars? Public debates on propaganda and democracy in twentieth-century Britain (ca. 1914–1950)",

4446: 409:(1925) Hitler expounded his theory of propaganda, which provided a powerful base for his rise to power in 1933. Historian 9036: 7189: 6592: 6399: 5509:, 6th edn. California: Sage Publications, 2014. A detailed overview of the history, function, and analyses of propaganda. 5386:, eds. P. Rennick, S. Cunningham, & R.H. Johnson. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2010, pp. 83–96. 3874: 2010: 1013: 7964: 7095: 6660: 5678: 5607: 5410:

Modern Propaganda : The art of influencing society, individuals, and the news media through digital communication.

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Le conflit propagandiste entre Octavien et Marc Antoine: De l'usage politique de la uituperatio entre 44 et 30 a. C. n.

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Le conflit propagandiste entre Octavien et Marc Antoine. De l'usage politique de la uituperatio entre 44 et 30 a. C. n

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of the medium, reliance on advertising revenue, access to news sources, threat of litigation and commercial backlash (

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the rise of mass media, including newspapers and radio. As researchers began studying the effects of media, they used

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Briant, Emma Louise (April 2015). "Allies and Audiences Evolving Strategies in Defense and Intelligence Propaganda".

4152: 3953: 3517: 3450: 3253: 3217: 2263: 2213: 1791: 1605: 993: 922: 687:, the word "propaganda" usually refers to the most common manipulative media in business terms – "advertising". 78:

propaganda, for example, bots and algorithms are currently being used to create computational propaganda and fake or

9145: 8740: 8557: 8461: 7430: 6775: 4982: 3900: 1738:. Self-propaganda can have a negative impact on those who perpetuate the beliefs created by using self-propaganda. 1456:. Identifying these messages is a necessary prerequisite to study the methods by which those messages are spread. 1328: 1000: 307: 4593: 4428:"Facebook knew Cambridge Analytica was misusing users' data three years ago and only banned the company this week" 3913: 8094: 7248: 6577: 6545: 6050: 5258: 4844: 4001:(1947). In an interview with Gilbert in Göring's jail cell during the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials (18 April 1946) 3855:

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO Standardization Agency AAP-6 – Glossary of terms and definitions, 2-P-9.

1840:. The use of propaganda in schools was highly prevalent during the 1930s and 1940s in Germany in the form of the 1588:

was revealed to have applied them with millions of people's breached Facebook data to encourage them to vote for

1420:

Common media for transmitting propaganda messages include news reports, government reports, historical revision,

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government sponsored the Russian film industry with the purpose of making propaganda films (e.g., the 1925 film

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Lasswell, Harold. Propaganda Technique in the World War. K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company, Limited, 1927.

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The first large-scale and organised propagation of government propaganda was occasioned by the outbreak of the

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Primitive forms of propaganda have been a human activity as far back as reliable recorded evidence exists. The

1836:, formal education and standardized television programming can be seen as using propaganda for the purpose of 464:

ideals). In WWII, Nazi filmmakers produced highly emotional films to create popular support for occupying the

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revealed advances in digital propaganda techniques showing that online human intelligence techniques used in

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say his "majestic new image was devised appropriately to depict the leader of all times and of all peoples."

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prohibits any propaganda for war as well as any advocacy of national or religious hatred that constitutes

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Fox, J. C., 2007, "Film propaganda in Britain and Nazi Germany : World War II cinema.", Oxford:Berg.

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Callanan, James D. The Evolution of The CIA's Covert Action Mission, 1947–1963. Durham University. 1999.

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Books as Weapons: Propaganda, Publishing, and the Battle for Global Markets in the Era of World War II.

4216:'Anti-Propaganda' Ban Repealed, Freeing State Dept. To Direct Its Broadcasting Arm at American Citizens 3316: 1428:, radio, television, and posters. Some propaganda campaigns follow a strategic transmission pattern to 1284: 948: 396: 179: 118: 67: 5277: 5022:. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. 31 August 1979. Archived from the original on 24 May 2001. 2083: 1572:

have become significant in understanding and planning propaganda campaigns, these include for example

1129:(1992–95) presented as an actual photograph from the scene of, as stated in report below the image, a 1082:

operations in which the identity of the operatives is depicted as those of an enemy nation (e.g., The

239:

our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of."

41:

A poster that was used to encourage Americans to car-share in order to conserve oil for the US during

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became popular, especially for winning over youthful audiences and aiding the U.S. war effort, e.g.,

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and make him a more generalized Soviet hero. Only his eyes and famous moustache remained unaltered.

979:, extensive campaigns of propaganda were carried out by both sides. To dissolve the Roman system of 793:

purports to be published by the enemy or some organization besides its actual origins (compare with

9103: 9081: 8961: 8884: 8271: 7743: 7390: 7204: 7072: 6201: 5771: 1931: 335:

had a flourishing network of newspapers and printers who specialized in the topic on behalf of the

4293:"North Korea's America-hating postage stamps are mini-masterpieces of anti-imperialist propaganda" 3568: 3031: 2692: 1930:

Whether and to what degree disinformation and propaganda overlap is subject to debate. Some (like

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stressed the importance of propaganda. Propaganda was used extensively by Communist forces in the

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propaganda found in advertising and political campaigns. In 2015, the European Commission funded

1448:, since propagandists use arguments that, while sometimes convincing, are not necessarily valid. 1348: 893: 817: 739: 456: 1246:

campaigned for broader popularity among Arabs by organizing mass rallies where Hezbollah leader

9046: 8909: 8837: 8802: 8519: 8236: 8119: 7989: 7502: 7013: 6975: 6940: 6665: 6406: 6322: 6040: 6010: 5960: 5885: 5798: 4879: 3969: 1584:. Behavioural methodologies then became subject to great controversy in 2016 after the company 561: 319: 3943: 3930:

had his likeness softened on propaganda posters to reduce his Georgian facial characteristics.

3734: 3617: 3590: 3507: 2590: 2556: 2455: 2449: 2423:

Kuehl, Dan (10 March 2014). "Chapter 1: Propaganda in the Digital Age". In Snow, Nancy (ed.).

1685:

analyses commercial mass media as businesses that sell a product – access to readers and

1020:

propaganda poster encouraging men in the United States to enlist and fight Germany as part of

542:. Others were intended to help Americans understand their Allies in general, as in films like 9009: 8889: 8777: 8767: 8750: 8706: 8604: 8524: 8484: 8340: 8335: 8074: 7921: 7916: 7717: 7358: 7163: 6952: 6748: 6670: 6655: 6550: 6482: 6474: 6411: 6367: 6337: 6302: 6228: 6035: 6000: 5950: 5930: 5787: 5635: 4390:"Exposing Cambridge Analytica: 'It's been exhausting, exhilarating, and slightly terrifying'" 3651: 3440: 2769: 2136: 2020: 1975: 1492: 1400: 1320: 1264: 1075: 1046:" posters, this iconic piece of propaganda tries to warn citizens against giving out secrets. 1043: 838: 655:

and other non-Serbs). Serb media made a great effort in justifying, revising or denying mass

526: 359: 254: 209: 5092:

The Black Game: British Subversive Operations Against the German During the Second World War

4620:"Review of Alex Carey, Taking the Risk out of Democracy: Propaganda in the US and Australia" 4113: 3465: 310:

was the first ruler to utilize the power of the printing press for propaganda – in order to

9026: 8929: 8832: 8772: 8681: 8676: 8572: 8514: 8499: 8370: 8302: 8124: 8114: 8109: 8089: 8034: 7984: 7077: 6645: 5965: 5875: 5600:

Illusions of Freedom: Thomas Merton and Jacques Ellul on Technology and the Human Condition

5565:

The Discourse of Propaganda: Case Studies from the Persian Gulf War and the 'War on Terror'

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research are used to generate propaganda. Many of these same techniques can be found under

1293: 1096: 1083: 604: 363: 260: 4929: 4559:

Huang, Haifeng. "Propaganda as signaling." Comparative Politics 47, no. 4 (2015): 419–444.

318:– targeting the mass.) and influence the population of his enemies. Propaganda during the 8: 9130: 8939: 8869: 8375: 8136: 8059: 7994: 7959: 7873: 7736: 7654: 7481: 7405: 7140: 6970: 6758: 6675: 6612: 6362: 6065: 5895: 5870: 5820: 5764: 5382:

Cunningham Stanley B. "Reflections on the Interface Between Propaganda and Religion", in

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invented one kind of psychological warfare targeting the enemies. During his war against

680: 486: 328: 228: 187: 126: 4784:

Critical Thinking in Clinical Practice: Improving the Quality of Judgments and Decisions

2409: 1881:

The League encouraged the teaching of racial theory. Picture books for children such as

1694: 400: 143:. Its activity was aimed at "propagating" the Catholic faith in non-Catholic countries. 9140: 9014: 8757: 8735: 8730: 8648: 8643: 8599: 8350: 8307: 8246: 8148: 8024: 7878: 7545: 6846: 6836: 6650: 6504: 6377: 6352: 6191: 6025: 6020: 6005: 5830: 5027: 4856: 4825: 4692: 4657: 4193: 4144: 4140: 4061: 3838: 3803: 3708: 3412: 3259: 3223: 3185: 3136: 3128: 2860: 2825: 2750: 2537: 2529: 2075: 1569: 1383: 1315: 1251: 1159: 857: 517: 447: 355: 274: 203:

to explain how people could be influenced by emotionally-resonant persuasive messages.

2725:

Cole, Richard G. (1975). "The Reformation in Print: German Pamphlets and Propaganda".

2191: 1116: 667:

In the early 20th century the term propaganda was used by the founders of the nascent

8934: 8894: 8847: 8671: 8653: 8541: 8385: 8330: 8158: 8029: 7969: 7862: 7783: 7577: 7562: 7489: 7283: 6965: 6446: 6426: 6394: 6275: 6253: 6208: 6176: 6075: 5990: 5920: 5815: 5674: 5645: 5621: 5603: 5485: 5413: 5395: 5210: 5191: 5172: 5150: 5128: 5109: 5067: 5061: 5046: 4817: 4788: 4758: 4731: 4696: 4647: 4260: 4197: 4158: 4148: 4085: 3949: 3740: 3712: 3688: 3657: 3623: 3513: 3472: 3446: 3419: 3377: 3356:"Teaching about Propaganda: An Examination of the Historical Roots of Media Literacy" 3249: 3213: 3189: 3140: 3060: 2948: 2775: 2754: 2742: 2698: 2664: 2630: 2596: 2562: 2541: 2521: 2484: 2459: 2428: 2336: 2314: 2283: 2259: 2227: 2146: 2051: 2015: 1856:, the education system was thoroughly co-opted to indoctrinate the German youth with 1804: 1703: 1652: 1610: 1562: 1535: 1480: 1441: 1175: 956: 853: 746: 628: 583:, television, and radio programming to influence their own citizens, each other, and 367: 332: 278: 234: 200: 6114: 1815: 1219: 8956: 8852: 8842: 8614: 8531: 8345: 8241: 8168: 8143: 8104: 7949: 7906: 7837: 7707: 7599: 6565: 6540: 6389: 6357: 6282: 6090: 6045: 5905: 5840: 5825: 5422: 5365: 5164: 4845:"Poisoning young minds in Nazi Germany: children and propaganda in the Third Reich" 4684: 4619: 4504: 4319: 4250: 4185: 4053: 3830: 3795: 3700: 3367: 3177: 3124: 3120: 2852: 2817: 2734: 2513: 2365:"Are We Victims of Propaganda, Our Invisible Masters: A Debate with Edward Bernays" 2219: 2142: 2036: 2031: 1865: 1682: 1636: 1632: 1551: 1336: 1255: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1134: 1025: 790: 668: 609: 501: 477: 473: 380: 285: 5043:

Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic

4948:

The Menace of Unreality: How the Kremlin Weaponizes Information, Culture and Money

4255: 4238: 2912:

Philip M. Taylor, 1990, "Munitions of the mind: A history of propaganda", Pg. 170.

2626:

Six Centuries of Master Prints: Treasures from the Herbert Greer French Collection

1706:

structure, and the model has subsequently been applied by other scholars to study

1659:

that make them act as propaganda for powerful political and commercial interests:

430:

saw continued use of propaganda as a weapon of war, building on the experience of

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Taking the Risk out of Democracy: Corporate Propaganda versus Freedom and Liberty

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Publicity and Diplomacy: With Special Reference to England and Germany, 1890–1914

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Cengage Advantage Books: Strategic Public Relations: An Audience-Focused Approach

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Taylor, Philip M. (2002). "Strategic Communications or Democratic Propaganda?".

2403: 786: 639:. Propaganda was used to create fear and hatred, and particularly to incite the 8904: 8819: 8809: 8797: 8713: 8686: 8631: 8577: 8360: 8281: 8173: 8039: 8019: 8009: 7820: 7494: 7253: 7135: 6763: 6416: 6196: 6186: 6149: 6145: 5970: 5880: 5865: 5810: 5689:

Toxic Sludge Is Good for You! Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry

5299: 5142: 4885: 4312:"Stalin on Stamps and other Philatelic Materials: Design, Propaganda, Politics" 3704: 3372: 3355: 2517: 2399: 2046: 2000: 1990: 1837: 1825: 1735: 1698: 1527: 1484: 1434: 1375: 1144: 1051: 1042:

Soviet "Ne Boltai" poster. Translates to "Don't Chatter". Similar to American "

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McCombs, M. E. & D. L. Shaw. "The agenda-setting function of mass media",

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Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present

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DISTINGUISHING DISINFORMATION FROM PROPAGANDA, MISINFORMATION, AND "FAKE NEWS"

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Yourman, Julius (November 1939). "Propaganda Techniques Within Nazi Germany".

1870: 1522: 1107: 9124: 9004: 8951: 8879: 8725: 8536: 8412: 8251: 8206: 8153: 8069: 7974: 7830: 7395: 7353: 6743: 6347: 6287: 5915: 5910: 5666: 5522: 5432: 5230: 5099: 4910:. Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. p. 119. 4821: 4597: 4387: 4264: 4189: 3974:

United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights

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Doob, L.W. (1949), Public Opinion and Propaganda, London: Cresset Press p 240

2746: 2525: 2079: 1833: 1829: 1644: 1614: 1352: 1288: 1148: 1064: 968: 842: 825: 824:. Title: Kissing the Pope's Feet. German peasants respond to a papal bull of 821: 684: 624: 593: 492: 451: 414:

making it difficult to allow other propaganda to flow in. Most propaganda in

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Manipulating the Masses: Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of American Propaganda

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Propaganda may be administered in insidious ways. For instance, disparaging

30:

This article is about the biased form of communication. For other uses, see

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Propaganda in Twentieth Century War and Politics: An Annotated Bibliography

5327: 5081:

Hindery, Roderick. "The Anatomy of Propaganda within Religious Terrorism".

4661: 4641: 4543:"Facebook and Cambridge Analytica face mounting pressure over data scandal" 3303:

The Case Against the Modern World: A Crash Course in Traditionalist Thought

2986: 2738: 2309:. Trans. Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner from original 1962 French edition 1995: 1955: 1889: 1857: 1853: 1841: 1640: 1589: 1573: 1496: 1468: 1429: 1421: 1379: 1356: 1195: 1133:. The image is derived from an 1879 "Orphan on mother's grave" painting by 935: 804: 721: 695: 613: 608:

portray the use of propaganda in fictional dystopian societies. During the

572: 568: 481: 469: 427: 415: 410: 384: 301: 42: 8453: 4675:

Fleming, David (2019). "Fear of persuasion in the English language arts".

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The New Cambridge Modern History: volume XII The Era of Violence 1890–1945

2223: 387:

came to echo this view, believing that it had been a primary cause of the

8862: 8792: 8626: 8504: 8442: 8397: 7911: 7847: 7667: 7557: 7527: 7288: 6768: 6753: 6597: 6312: 6263: 6233: 6080: 6030: 5945: 5935: 5890: 5845: 4688: 4324: 4026: 2967:"Franciszka and Stefan Themerson: Calling Mr. Smith (1943) – artincinema" 2108: 2041: 1488: 1460: 1126: 1021: 940: 734: 617: 598: 584: 539: 505: 465: 383:

suggested that British propaganda had been instrumental in their defeat.

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in 1914. After the defeat of Germany, military officials such as General

293: 79: 5756: 5360:

The New Propaganda: The Dictatorship of Palaver in Contemporary Politics

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Davison, W. Phillips (1971). "Some Trends in International Propaganda".

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Propaganda is a powerful weapon in war; in certain cases, it is used to

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A History of Japanese Journalism: State of Affairs and Affairs of State

4447:"Cambridge Analytica denies breaking any laws in Facebook data scandal" 4065: 3842: 3807: 3132: 2829: 2533: 1985: 1980: 1776: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1707: 1539: 1324: 1298: 1206: 1079: 976: 907: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 766: 656: 509: 405: 350: 270: 217: 213: 151: 7450: 6901: 2864: 996:, they organized elaborate religious rituals to protect Roman morale. 8762: 8696: 8663: 8427: 7853: 7810: 7793: 7789: 7644: 7624: 7532: 7507: 7410: 7400: 7119: 6810: 6332: 6248: 6223: 6218: 5593:

Propaganda without Propagandists? Six Case Studies in U.S. Propaganda

5481: 5306:. New York: H. Liveright, 1928. (See also version of text at website 4524:"Barack Obama to bring Whitehall's 'nudge' theory to the White House" 4508: 2255: 1970: 1690: 1686: 1323:, posters, TV, and radio broadcasts and can also extend to any other 1243: 1163: 675: 652: 461: 163: 100: 4640:

Pedro-Carañana, Joan; Broudy, Daniel; Klaehn, Jeffery, eds. (2018).

4466:"Cambridge Analytica's parent pleads guilty to breaking UK data law" 4348: 4057: 3834: 3799: 2821: 1751: 1382:

can be used for many things, including populating social media with

882: 9091: 8718: 8636: 8432: 7890: 7697: 7677: 7629: 7614: 7552: 7512: 7435: 7425: 7321: 7150: 5985: 5850: 5127:(4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc. 5063:

Berlin Calling: American Broadcasters in Service to the Third Reich

4808:

Goutam, Urvashi (2014). "Pedagogical Nazi Propaganda (1939–1945)".

4388:

Carole Cadwalladr, as told to Lee Glendinning (29 September 2018).

4044:

McGarry, Edmund D. (1958). "The Propaganda Function in Marketing".

2856: 1945: 988: 846: 775: 644: 576: 535: 289: 71: 4495:

Biddle, W. W. (1931). "A psychological definition of propaganda".

2506:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

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in a way that he hoped would make Americans angry and support the

683:

and some Spanish language speaking countries, particularly in the

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Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests

6980: 6851: 6270: 6243: 6181: 5975: 5835: 5749:

How does propaganda change our beliefs? Lecture by Etienne Augé (

4409:"Research on Leave.EU and Cambridge Analytica strategy published" 3565:"The Religious Movements Page: Conceptualizing "Cult" and "Sect"" 2660:

Marketing Maximilian: The Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor

1950: 1445: 1179: 972: 707:

support or justify political actions or ideologies. According to

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industry to refer to their people. Literally translated from the

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and attacking Poland. The 1930s and 1940s, which saw the rise of

220:

through the development and cultivation of propaganda materials.

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Lasswell, Harold D. (1928). "The Function of the Propagandist".

8437: 8402: 8004: 7842: 7639: 7634: 7619: 7517: 7420: 6070: 5207:

Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941

4237:

Howard, Philip N.; Woolley, Samuel; Calo, Ryan (3 April 2018).

3583: 1472: 1464: 1004: 984: 964: 690: 648: 531: 281: 117:. Originally this word derived from a new administrative body ( 5703:

Information Politics and Propaganda in Authoritarian Societies

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Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media

4643:

The Propaganda Model Today: Filtering Perception and Awareness

4413:

UK Parliamentary Committee on Digital, Culture Media and Sport

4137:

Indoctrination and self-deception or free and critical thought

3317:"This WWII Cartoon Taught Soldiers How to Avoid Certain Death" 1678:

Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media

1131:"Serbian boy whose whole family was killed by Bosnian Muslims" 7979: 7798: 7728: 7214: 6060: 3487:

In Latin, the title reads "Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur"

1832:

and Sheila A. Ross in the 1960s indicated that, to a degree,

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A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States

5188:

A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States

3342:

A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States

1878:, of which 97% of all German teachers were members in 1937. 1155: 963:

as well as other mythical images to incite feelings against

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Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion

5567:. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. 5429:, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1963, 537 pages. 4541:

Cadwalladr, Carole; Graham-Harrison, Emma (19 March 2018).

3897:

Motherland in Danger: Soviet Propaganda during World War II

1671:

as a means of protecting corporate power against democracy.

1647:

exist in mass media that are shaped by structural economic

1343: 1060: 960: 770: 640: 242: 146:

From the 1790s, the term began being used also to refer to

5586:

Weapons of Mass Persuasion: Marketing the War Against Iraq

4639: 2982:"Is Literature 'the Most Important Weapon of Propaganda'?" 2451:

The Ancient World: Readings in Social and Cultural History

5339:

Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda

5322:

Techniques of Persuasion: From Propaganda to Brainwashing

4540: 4316:

The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies

1259:

uniformity of messaging helped define Hezbollah's brand.

1056: 959:, the Athenians exploited the figures from stories about 5641:

Propaganda, Inc.: Selling America's Culture to the World

2299:

Ellul, Jacques (1965). Introduction by Konrad Kellen in

2218:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 22–24, 195. 2138:

Strategic Public Relations: An Audience-Focused Approach

1166:

symbolizes the British-American alliance in World War I.

4712:

Mind Over Media: Propaganda Education for a Digital Age

4633: 4371:"10 WWII Stamp Forgeries Used as Psychological Warfare" 3760: 2447: 2113:

Mind Over Media: Propaganda Education for a Digital Age

1847: 3970:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" 3941: 3212:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 9. 1907:

Trust No Fox on his Green Heath and No Jew on his Oath

1884:

Trust No Fox on his Green Heath and No Jew on his Oath

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After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News

6144: 4081:

How to Be a Spy: The World War II SOE Training Manual

3032:"Vietnamese propaganda reflections from 1945 to 2000" 1621:. European theologian Jacques Ellul's landmark work, 1386:

and posts with a range of sophistication. During the

62:

Beginning in the twentieth century, the English term

7381:

Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act

6709: 4031:

The Hizbullah Phenomenon: Politics and Communication

3689:"Politische parolen und propaganda im Hannibalkrieg" 3509:

Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46

3467:

Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46

2592:

Images of Nations and International Public Relations

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foreign and domestic audiences, with new efforts in

1203:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

939:

A famous example of propaganda, this poster made by

216:

are linked as humans use communication as a form of

5579:

Endless Propaganda: The Advertising of Public Goods

5519:. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1997. 5427:

Propagande et pressions en politique internationale

5122: 4965: 2330: 2252:

Red Tourism in China: Commodification of Propaganda

1554:won the Nobel prize for his theory that people are 484:, created one of the best-known propaganda movies, 6484:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy 4954:, Institute of Modern Russia, 2014, archived from 3411: 1917: 1599: 1511: 1335:between propaganda, indoctrination, and terrorism/ 1291:that influence mass audiences. An example was the 1263:rather than inform. Normally they use only subtle 1234:Propaganda shares techniques with advertising and 534:and advocates the value of freedom. Some American 7036:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 6588:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 5045:. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. 4880:"Propaganda and Children during the Hitler Years" 4236: 3785: 3049: 3029: 3007: 2623:Museum, Cincinnati Art; Becker, David P. (1993). 2119: 1814:(New State) regime depicting Brazilian president 1467:on numerous Soviet stamps is another example. In 1209:to discrimination, hostility or violence by law. 9122: 6931:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos 5529:. Orchard Park, New York: Broadview Press, 2002. 5032:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4776: 4774: 4646:. Vol. 8. University of Westminster Press. 4243:Journal of Information Technology & Politics 4013:American Thought and Culture in the 21st Century 3087:"English translation of Portuguese 'propaganda'" 2427:. Louisiana State University Press. p. 12. 1479:In 2018 a scandal broke in which the journalist 1351:. These were subject to contestation within the 971:was even portrayed as an Athenian, whose mother 5549:Moran, T. "Propaganda as Pseudocommunication", 4341:"Propaganda & Espionage Philately – Part I" 3820: 3203: 3201: 3199: 2843:Cantril, Hadley (1938). "Propaganda Analysis". 1901:were widely circulated (over 100,000 copies of 476:, are arguably the "Golden Age of Propaganda". 420:Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda 5581:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (2000) 5123:Jowett, Garth S.; O'Donnell, Victoria (2006). 5020:Psychological Operations Field Manual No. 33-1 4727:A Mask for Privilege: Anti-Semitism in America 3771:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFüssel202010–12 ( 2448:Nagle, D. Brendan; Stanley M Burstein (2009). 1074:Propaganda is also one of the methods used in 109:, meaning 'to spread' or 'to propagate', thus 8469: 7744: 7466: 7244:Election denial movement in the United States 6130: 6106: 5772: 5588:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004. 4771: 4497:The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 4084:. Toronto: Dundurn Press. 2004. p. 192. 3535:"Trouvère Poets: Reflectors of Societal Zeal" 3239: 3237: 1819:exaltation nestled in every Brazilian heart." 1520:Public reading of the anti-Semitic newspaper 5691:. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995. 5473: 5437:Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes 5226:"Psychological warfare waged in Afghanistan" 5171:. Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press. 4277:Garth S. Jowett and Victoria J.: O'Donnell, 3439:Oberman, Heiko Augustinus (1 January 1994). 3196: 2622: 2302:Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes 1925:Disinformation § Comparisons with propaganda 1860:ideology. From the 1920s on, the Nazi Party 1624:Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes 659:committed by Serb forces during these wars. 575:both used propaganda extensively during the 512:, referring the song's name to the Soviet's 354:A 1918 Finnish propaganda leaflet signed by 8967:Political polarization in the United States 8483: 6464: 5574:. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1992. 5505:Jowett, Garth S. & Victoria O'Donnell. 4178:The International Journal of Press/Politics 3766: 3248:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2767: 2663:. Princeton University Press. p. 235. 2331:Jowett, Garth; O'Donnell, Victoria (2012). 2134: 620:as means of controlling people's opinions. 104: 8476: 8462: 7751: 7737: 7473: 7459: 6916:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines 6137: 6123: 5779: 5765: 5724:, vol. 33, no. 3 (2019), pp. 383–404. 5715:"Two Ways of Looking at Propaganda" (2006) 5701:Rosenfeld, Bryn; Wallace, Jeremy (2024). " 5292:Altheide, David L. & John M. Johnson. 5163: 4922:Can public diplomacy survive the internet? 4810:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 4309: 3911: 3682: 3680: 3656:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 68. 3234: 2979: 2321:(1973 edition by Vintage Books, New York). 2070: 2068: 1914:Reich, of whom 499,682 (.75%) were Jews." 643:population against the other ethnicities ( 99:is a modern Latin word, the neuter plural 9020:Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal 8212:Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder 5786: 5570:Pratkanis, Anthony & Elliot Aronson. 5560:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1996. 5527:Propaganda & The Ethics of Persuasion 4323: 4254: 3616:Magill, Frank Northen (23 January 2003). 3499: 3459: 3371: 3314: 3158:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1949. 2398: 1792:Learn how and when to remove this message 923:Learn how and when to remove this message 339:(and to a lesser extent on behalf of the 7269:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection 5733: 5389: 5377:The Idea of Propaganda: A Reconstruction 5355:. 3 vols. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1998. 4780: 4750: 4568: 3110: 2172:. Oxford University Press. December 2020 1803: 1515: 1404: 1278: 1169: 1154: 1037: 1012: 934: 803: 756: 689: 349: 174: 36: 7480: 7068:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies 5665: 5662:. Bloomington, IN: EDINFO Press. (1994) 5059: 5040: 4971: 4842: 4836: 4674: 4425: 4134: 4043: 3914:"10 Facts You Didn't Know About Stalin" 3686: 3677: 3505: 3438: 3432: 3045:. Thailand: Mahidol University: 87–116. 2842: 2807: 2588: 2554: 2503: 2478: 2335:(5th ed.). Sage Publications Inc. 2290:New York: Barnes and Noble Books (1949) 2215:The Globalization of Chinese Propaganda 2135:Diggs-Brown, Barbara (12 August 2011). 2065: 27:Communication used to influence opinion 14: 9123: 7195:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election 6986:Soviet influence on the peace movement 6583:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war 5695: 5204: 5185: 5147:The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind 5141: 5098: 4807: 4521: 4494: 4406: 4175: 4033:. Oxford University Press. p. 84. 4025: 3739:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 275. 3649: 3615: 3532: 3243: 3207: 3167: 2690: 2656: 2355: 1297:(Journal) news cast, which criticised 137:Congregation for Propagating the Faith 9062:Psychological effects of Internet use 8457: 7732: 7454: 7342: 6920:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign 6708: 6621: 6529: 6463: 6160: 6118: 6105: 5760: 5687:Stauber, John & Sheldon Rampton. 5223: 4754:Propaganda in the Helping Professions 4751:Gambrill, Eileen (20 February 2012). 4709: 4476:from the original on 21 February 2021 4463: 4444: 4290: 3732: 3622:. Taylor & Francis. p. 422. 3597:. Union of International Associations 3442:The Impact of the Reformation: Essays 3409: 3394: 3353: 3315:McNearney, Allison (29 August 2018). 2629:. Cincinnati Art Museum. p. 68. 2422: 2211: 2107: 2074: 1463:'s extensive issues. The presence of 662: 190:title: "Together we will crush him!". 184:27th SS Volunteer Division Langemarck 115:the things which are to be propagated 8200:Right-wing authoritarian personality 5634: 5613: 5362:. White Plains, N.Y. Longman. (1993) 5089: 4522:Wright, Oliver (16 September 2015). 4338: 4110:Propaganda and Critical Thought Blog 3030:Sophana Srichampa (30 August 2007). 2794:Robert Ensor in David Thomson, ed., 2724: 2694:Gutenberg and the Impact of Printing 2103: 2101: 1848:Anti-Semitic propaganda for children 1774:adding citations to reliable sources 1745: 905:adding citations to reliable sources 876: 9037:Digital media use and mental health 7190:1995 CIA disinformation controversy 6400:State-sponsored Internet propaganda 5446:. Louisiana State University Press. 5080: 4908:Genocide and the Politics of Memory 4571:Propaganda Technique in World War I 4426:Merelli, Annalisa (17 March 2018). 3403: 3360:Journal of Media Literacy Education 3057:"Serbian Propaganda: A Closer Look" 2691:Füssel, Stephan (29 January 2020). 2380:. Forum Publishing Company: 142–150 2249: 2011:Overview of 21st century propaganda 1287:can be found in television, and in 745:David Goodman argues that the 1936 564:and about lies of Nazi propaganda. 24: 6661:Misinformation related to abortion 5707:Annual Review of Political Science 5334:. New York: Pantheon Books. (1988) 5252: 1876:National Socialist Teachers League 1721: 1580:then adopted by the UK Government 446:enemy. In the years following the 25: 9162: 9042:Effects of violence in mass media 8746:Smartphones and pedestrian safety 6878:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea 6491:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation 5644:. New York: Seven Stories Press. 5617:Propaganda and American Democracy 5379:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002. 5190:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 4992:from the original on 7 April 2022 4877: 4781:Gambrill, Eileen (6 March 2006). 4464:Lomas, Natasha (9 January 2019). 3912:Smithfield, Brad (30 July 2015). 3008:prudentiapolitica (20 May 2014). 2561:(in German). BRILL. p. 242. 2425:Propaganda and American Democracy 2243: 2205: 2098: 1899:The Poodle-Pug-Dachshund-Pinscher 1606:Institute for Propaganda Analysis 208:manipulations." Garth Jowett and 9015:2021 Facebook company files leak 8741:Mobile phones and driving safety 7431:United States Information Agency 6710:Operations and events by country 5358:Combs James E. & Nimmo Dan, 5296:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1980. 4983:National Endowment for Democracy 4939: 4913: 4900: 4871: 4843:Corelli, Marie (May–June 2002). 4801: 4757:. Oxford University Press, USA. 4744: 4730:. Transaction Publishers. 1949. 4718: 4703: 4668: 4010: 3653:Word And Image In Ancient Greece 3354:Hobbs, Renee (9 November 2014). 3246:Propaganda and Counter-terrorism 3210:Propaganda and Counter-terrorism 2810:Journal of Educational Sociology 2774:. Cengage Learning. p. 48. 2280:Politics and the Press 1780-1850 1923:This section is an excerpt from 1750: 1440:A number of techniques based in 1329:Government Accountability Office 1115: 1106: 999:In the early sixteenth century, 881: 8987:2020 U.S. presidential election 8982:2016 U.S. presidential election 7031:Information war against Ukraine 6578:International Jewish conspiracy 6546:Congo Free State propaganda war 5470:Cornell University Press, 2010. 5324:. Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1963. 5224:Young, Emma (10 October 2001). 4612: 4591:, Australian social scientist, 4577: 4562: 4553: 4534: 4515: 4488: 4457: 4438: 4419: 4400: 4381: 4363: 4332: 4303: 4284: 4271: 4230: 4204: 4169: 4128: 4098: 4072: 4037: 4019: 4004: 3988: 3962: 3942:Zhores A. Medvedev and (2003). 3935: 3905: 3889: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3814: 3779: 3726: 3650:Rutter, Keith (31 March 2020). 3643: 3609: 3557: 3526: 3512:. Fortress Press. p. 199. 3490: 3481: 3388: 3347: 3334: 3308: 3295: 3279: 3270: 3161: 3148: 3113:International Journal of Ethics 3104: 3079: 3059:. 12 April 1999. Archived from 3023: 3001: 2973: 2959: 2941: 2915: 2906: 2880: 2871: 2836: 2801: 2788: 2761: 2727:Archive for Reformation History 2718: 2684: 2650: 2616: 2589:Kunczik, Michael (6 May 2016). 2582: 2548: 2497: 2472: 2441: 2416: 2392: 2349: 2324: 1918:Comparisons with disinformation 1761:needs additional citations for 1600:Propaganda theory and education 1512:Persuasion in social psychology 1414:Industrial Workers of the World 1369:Broadcasting Board of Governors 1250:combined elements of the local 1188:Georgian facial characteristics 1018:Destroy this Mad Brute: Enlist— 892:needs additional citations for 862:Christian counter-cult movement 856:has argued that members of the 728: 490:. In 1942, the propaganda song 438:, as well as the United States 308:Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I 223:In a 1929 literary debate with 125:created in 1622 as part of the 82:and spread it on social media. 8195:Authoritarian leadership style 7758: 7343: 7259:Information Operations Roadmap 7169:Psychological Warfare Division 6739:Chinese information operations 6688:Water fluoridation controversy 5673:. Princeton University Press. 5602:. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock. 5016:"Appendix I: PSYOP Techniques" 4583:"Letter from Noam Chomsky" to 4445:Musil, Steven (9 April 2018). 4407:Briant, Emma (16 April 2018). 4310:Kolchinsky, Alexander (2013). 4011:Snow, Nacny. "US PROPAGANDA". 3823:The American Historical Review 3445:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 3125:10.1086/intejethi.38.3.2378152 2293: 2272: 2184: 2159: 2027:Category:Propaganda by country 1675:First presented in their book 1542:. Social psychologists can be 1229: 975:would avenge Troy. During the 633:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 434:, by Goebbels and the British 389:collapse of morale and revolts 322:, helped by the spread of the 212:theorize that propaganda and 170: 132:Congregatio de Propaganda Fide 13: 1: 9136:Barriers to critical thinking 8558:Betteridge's law of headlines 8100:Social construction of gender 7366:Active Measures Working Group 7024:during the Russo-Georgian War 6991:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B 5614:Snow, Nancy (10 March 2014). 5209:. New York: Albert A. Knopf. 5186:Nelson, Richard Alan (1996). 5060:Edwards, John Carver (1991). 4256:10.1080/19331681.2018.1448735 3736:A Companion to the Punic Wars 3733:Hoyos, Dexter (26 May 2015). 3619:Dictionary of World Biography 2768:Diggs-Brown, Barbara (2011). 2697:. Routledge. pp. 10–12. 2454:. Pearson Education. p. 2408:. Liveright: Horace. p. 2192:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 2058: 1394: 1029: 808:Woodcuts (1545) known as the 715:in the United States and the 589:Office of Policy Coordination 264: 9072:Social aspects of television 8972:Social media use in politics 8622:Missing white woman syndrome 8095:Rally 'round the flag effect 7249:The Freedom Fighter's Manual 6926:Fake news in the Philippines 6530: 6298:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt 6051:Rally 'round the flag effect 5926:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt 5751:Erasmus University Rotterdam 5721:Contemporary British History 5546:(London: John Gifford, 1938) 5474:Hirschberger, Bernd (2021). 5341:. Seven Stories Press, 1997. 5278:Resources in other libraries 5041:Bytwerk, Randall L. (2004). 4291:Quito, Anne (30 June 2017). 3948:. I.B. Tauris. p. 248. 3533:Fisher, Lane (7 July 2022). 3244:Briant, Emma Louise (2015). 3208:Briant, Emma Louise (2015). 2888:"Fono.fi – Äänitetietokanta" 1893:(translated into English as 1568:More recently, studies from 1125:Serbian propaganda from the 832: 560:(1943) about Nazi crimes in 85: 7: 8583:Least objectionable program 8298:Asch conformity experiments 8015:Identification (psychology) 7376:Counter Misinformation Team 7371:Counter disinformation unit 6821:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht 6308:Forgery as covert operation 5368:, Culbert, and Welch, eds. 5205:Shirer, William L. (1942). 4279:Propaganda & Persuasion 3788:Political Science Quarterly 3156:Party and Pressure Politics 2980:Nick Romeo (17 June 2014). 2006:Music and political warfare 1966:Central Intelligence Agency 1938: 1741: 1391:achieving political goals. 1307:emotive and loaded language 1274: 694:Poster of the 19th-century 627:, propaganda was used as a 514:Minister of Foreign Affairs 436:Political Warfare Executive 345:French Revolutionary period 32:Propaganda (disambiguation) 10: 9167: 8918:Algorithmic radicalization 8313:Stanford prison experiment 8055:Normative social influence 7386:The Disinformation Project 6816:Propaganda in Nazi Germany 6172:Algorithmic radicalization 5620:. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. 5536:36, no. 2 (1972): 176–187. 5390:De Lange, William (2023). 5353:Encyclopedia of Propaganda 5348:. London: Scarecrow, 1996. 5317:. Brussels: Latomus, 2016. 5085:(March–April 2003): 16–19. 5007: 4928:, May 2017, archived from 4594:"Letter from Noam Chomsky" 4375:Best Masters in Psychology 4135:Hindery, Roderick (2001). 4015:: 97–98 – via JSTOR. 3875:"Pravda za Uroša Predića!" 3705:10.1524/klio.2006.88.2.397 3373:10.23860/jmle-2016-06-02-5 2595:. Routledge. p. 158. 2518:10.1177/000271627139800102 1922: 1398: 872: 596:'s contemporaneous novels 252: 248: 89: 29: 9032:Cultural impact of TikTok 8997: 8903: 8818: 8662: 8550: 8495: 8321: 8290: 8262:Normalization of deviance 8224: 8190:Authoritarian personality 8182: 7942: 7899: 7773: 7766: 7653: 7600:Parsimony (Occam's razor) 7488: 7349: 7338: 7309: 7303:Bolivarian Army of Trolls 7297: 7279:Tobacco industry playbook 7210:CIA Kennedy assassination 7182: 7128: 7102: 7090: 7004: 6951: 6939: 6908: 6896: 6884: 6872: 6860: 6829: 6803: 6791: 6731: 6719: 6715: 6704: 6536: 6525: 6470: 6459: 6343:Manipulation (psychology) 6167: 6161: 6156: 6112: 6107:Links to related articles 5794: 5507:Propaganda and Persuasion 5442:Hamilton, John M. (2020) 5273:Resources in your library 5125:Propaganda and Persuasion 5105:Brave New World Revisited 4787:. John Wiley & Sons. 4569:Lasswell, Harold (1927). 3541:. Truvere. Archived from 3522:– via Google Books. 3506:Edwards, Mark U. (2004). 3455:– via Google Books. 3182:10.1080/14616700220145641 2923:"Calling Mr. Smith – LUX" 2798:(1st edition 1960), p 84. 2333:Propaganda and Persuasion 2170:Oxford English Dictionary 1808:A 1938 propaganda of the 1582:Behavioural Insights Team 1506: 1078:, which may also involve 480:, a filmmaker working in 440:Office of War Information 288:(44–30 BCE) during which 66:became associated with a 9104:Violence and video games 9082:Social impact of YouTube 8962:Knowledge gap hypothesis 8885:Social-desirability bias 8783:Information–action ratio 8272:Preference falsification 7391:East StratCom Task Force 7205:9/11 conspiracy theories 6202:List of cognitive biases 5534:Public Opinion Quarterly 5308:www.historyisaweapon.com 5286: 4855:(4): 228. Archived from 4585:Covert Action Quarterly, 4218:. Techdirt. 15 July 2013 4190:10.1177/1940161214552031 4106:"About Roderick Hindery" 3767:Füssel, 2020 & 10–12 3287:Journal of World History 2212:Edney, Kingsley (2014). 2115:. New York: W.W. Norton. 1932:U.S. Department of State 1635:is a theory advanced by 1437:through indoctrination. 1303:Polish People's Republic 814:Depictions of the Papacy 752: 530:(1942), which ridicules 366:to surrender during the 273:) detailing the rise of 157:Non-English cognates of 139:), or informally simply 9146:Political communication 9057:Mass shooting contagion 8510:Evolutionary psychology 7934:Tyranny of the majority 7317:Public opinion brigades 7274:Niger uranium forgeries 7264:Litter boxes in schools 6634:COVID-19 misinformation 6556:Free energy suppression 6465:Books and documentaries 6239:Euphemistic misspeaking 5856:Cartographic propaganda 5460:4 December 2020 at the 5330:& Herman Edward S. 5294:Bureaucratic Propaganda 3901:excerpt and text search 3469:By Mark U. Edwards, Jr. 2084:Encyclopædia Britannica 1961:Cartographic propaganda 1454:propagandistic messages 1349:strategic communication 740:strategic communication 717:Ministry of Information 544:Know Your Ally: Britain 457:The Battleship Potemkin 9047:Fascination with death 8910:Political polarization 8838:Availability heuristic 8803:Television consumption 8237:Communal reinforcement 7990:False consensus effect 7063:2016 Brexit referendum 6412:Scientific fabrication 6323:Historical negationism 6041:Propaganda of the deed 6011:New generation warfare 5961:Historical negationism 5799:Accusation in a mirror 5754: 5660:Channels of Propaganda 5595:. Hampton Press, 2001. 5556:Nelson, Richard Alan. 5384:The Future of Religion 5375:Cunningham Stanley B. 5165:Linebarger, Paul M. A. 4972:Jackson, Dean (2018), 3591:"Religious propaganda" 3471:Fortress Press, 2004. 3410:Zeman, Zbynek (1978). 3289:31.1 (2020): 165-193. 2739:10.14315/arg-1975-jg07 2657:Silver, Larry (2008). 2479:Borgies, Loïc (2016). 2250:Lin, Chunfeng (2023). 1895:The Poisonous Mushroom 1820: 1702:that shares the basic 1673: 1655:) creates an inherent 1578:Obama Campaign in 2008 1576:which was used by the 1538:includes the study of 1531: 1417: 1310: 1301:in the then-communist 1224: 1182: 1167: 1047: 1035: 952: 829: 762: 699: 562:German-occupied Europe 372: 191: 105: 46: 9010:Criticism of Facebook 8890:Social influence bias 8778:Information pollution 8768:Information explosion 8751:Texting while driving 8707:Low information voter 8605:Pink-slime journalism 8341:Anti-social behaviour 8336:Anti-authoritarianism 8075:Pluralistic ignorance 7922:National conservatism 7917:Left-wing nationalism 7900:Governmental pressure 7655:Theories of deduction 7359:Fact-checking website 7164:Operation Mass Appeal 7146:Clockwork Orange plot 6656:Mental illness denial 6551:Climate change denial 6368:Psychological warfare 6338:Internet manipulation 6303:Firehose of falsehood 6229:Disinformation attack 6036:Psychological warfare 6001:Monumental propaganda 5951:Glittering generality 5931:Firehose of falsehood 5788:Propaganda techniques 5748: 5591:Shanahan, James, ed. 5484:: transcript Verlag. 5169:Psychological Warfare 5066:. New York: Praeger. 4710:Hobbs, Renee (2020). 4339:Friedman, Herbert A. 3395:Hobbs, Renee (2020). 3340:Richard Alan Nelson, 3091:collinsdictionary.com 2224:10.1057/9781137382153 2021:Psychological warfare 1976:Firehose of falsehood 1862:targeted German youth 1807: 1661: 1619:The Hidden Persuaders 1519: 1493:psychological warfare 1408: 1401:Propaganda techniques 1399:Further information: 1282: 1265:propaganda techniques 1211: 1173: 1158: 1076:psychological warfare 1044:Loose Lips Sink Ships 1041: 1016: 938: 839:Roman Catholic Church 807: 760: 693: 353: 255:History of propaganda 178: 40: 9027:Criticism of Netflix 8833:Availability cascade 8773:Information overload 8682:Attention management 8677:Attention inequality 8573:Human-interest story 8515:Behavioral modernity 8500:Cognitive psychology 8303:Breaching experiment 8090:Operant conditioning 8035:Mere exposure effect 6498:Who's Who in the CIA 5876:Demonizing the enemy 5671:How Propaganda Works 5658:Sproule J. Michael, 5515:Lohrey, Andrew, ed. 5108:. New York: Harper. 5090:Howe, Ellic (1982). 4689:10.58680/ce201930223 4325:10.5195/cbp.2013.184 4046:Journal of Marketing 3687:Stepper, R. (2006). 3595:Encyclopedia.uia.org 3418:. Orbis Publishing. 3305:, 2016, pp. 202–204. 3010:"Prudentia Politica" 2483:. Éditions Latomus. 2361:Leach, Henry Goddard 2357:Martin, Everett Dean 2078:(17 February 2016). 1770:improve this article 1732:cognitive dissonance 1710:in other countries. 1669:corporate propaganda 1667:, and the growth of 1657:conflict of interest 1442:social psychological 1097:cognitive dissonance 1084:Bay of Pigs Invasion 901:improve this article 605:Nineteen Eighty-Four 504:, making fun of the 418:was produced by the 261:Behistun Inscription 18:Political propaganda 8940:Post-truth politics 8870:Mean world syndrome 8183:Individual pressure 8060:Passing (sociology) 7995:Fear of missing out 7960:Closure (sociology) 7874:Enemy of the people 7482:Philosophical logic 7200:Conspiracy theories 7141:Double-Cross System 7110:Conspiracy theories 6971:Operation INFEKTION 6759:Internet Water Army 6613:Strategy of tension 6478:by Ion Mihai Pacepa 6363:Post-truth politics 6066:Shooting and crying 5896:Emotive conjugation 5871:Cult of personality 5821:Atrocity propaganda 5696:Essays and articles 5408:DelHagen, Jacob M. 5366:Cull, Nicholas John 5238:on 13 February 2002 4859:on 21 February 2021 3895:Karel C. Berkhoff, 3301:Daniel J Schwindt, 2845:The English Journal 2558:Krieg in den Medien 2313:. Knopf, New York. 1586:Cambridge Analytica 1501:Cambridge Analytica 1424:, books, leaflets, 843:Protestant churches 487:Triumph of the Will 399:in 1918 (see also: 329:American Revolution 229:Everett Dean Martin 127:Counter-Reformation 8758:Influence-for-hire 8736:Media multitasking 8731:Human multitasking 8649:Tabloid television 8600:Media manipulation 8351:Civil disobedience 8308:Milgram experiment 8247:Creeping normality 8149:Social integration 8085:Psychosocial issue 8025:Invented tradition 7879:Enemy of the state 7546:Unity of opposites 7096:HIV/AIDS denialism 7073:Trolls from Olgino 6847:Paid news in India 6837:Fake news in India 6651:HIV/AIDS denialism 6505:Merchants of Doubt 6378:Military deception 6353:Media manipulation 6192:Circular reporting 6026:Oversimplification 6006:Moralistic fallacy 5755: 5638:(4 January 2011). 5584:Rutherford, Paul, 5577:Rutherford, Paul, 5553:2 (1979): 181–197. 5449:Hale, Oron James. 5351:Cole, Robert, ed. 4961:on 3 February 2019 4351:on 7 February 2020 4145:Edwin Mellen Press 4141:Lewiston, New York 4116:on 2 December 2020 3945:The Unknown Stalin 3571:on 7 February 2006 3344:(1996) pp. 232–233 3170:Journalism Studies 2949:"Calling Mr Smith" 1821: 1704:political economic 1617:in his 1957 book, 1570:behavioral science 1532: 1418: 1388:2016 U.S. election 1384:automated messages 1316:public information 1311: 1201:Article 20 of the 1183: 1168: 1090:planes painted in 1048: 1036: 953: 858:anti-cult movement 830: 820:, commissioned by 763: 700: 663:Public perceptions 631:by governments of 553:Stage Door Canteen 527:Der Fuehrer's Face 518:Vyacheslav Molotov 508:'s failure in the 448:October Revolution 373: 358:circulated by the 356:General Mannerheim 210:Victoria O'Donnell 192: 47: 9118: 9117: 9112: 9111: 8935:Fake news website 8895:Spiral of silence 8848:Confirmation bias 8672:Attention economy 8654:Yellow journalism 8542:Social psychology 8451: 8450: 8331:Alternative media 8220: 8219: 8159:Spiral of silence 8030:Memory conformity 7970:Consensus reality 7863:Persona non grata 7784:Damnatio memoriae 7726: 7725: 7578:List of fallacies 7563:Explanatory power 7490:Critical thinking 7448: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7284:Operation Shocker 7086: 7085: 6966:K-1000 battleship 6797:Operation Neptune 6700: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6521: 6520: 6455: 6454: 6447:Yellow journalism 6395:counterpropaganda 6276:List of fallacies 6209:Conspiracy theory 6177:Alternative facts 6099: 6098: 5991:Managing the news 5816:Appeal to emotion 5746: 5651:978-1-60980-082-6 5627:978-0-8071-5415-1 5598:Shaw Jeffrey M., 5563:Oddo, J. (2018). 5491:978-3-8394-5509-8 5259:Library resources 5216:978-5-9524-0081-8 5197:978-0-313-29261-3 5178:978-0-405-04755-8 5156:978-0-14-004531-4 5149:. Penguin Books. 5134:978-1-4129-0897-9 5115:978-0-06-080984-3 5094:. London: Futura. 5073:978-0-275-93905-2 5052:978-0-87013-710-5 4906:Hirsch, Herbert. 4794:978-0-471-78112-7 4764:978-0-19-532500-3 4737:978-1-4128-1615-1 4212:"Smith-Mundt Act" 4091:978-1-55002-505-7 3746:978-1-119-02550-4 3663:978-0-7486-7985-0 3629:978-1-57958-040-7 3477:978-0-8006-3735-4 3425:978-0-85613-312-1 3039:Mon-Khmer Studies 2781:978-0-534-63706-4 2704:978-1-351-93187-8 2670:978-0-691-13019-4 2636:978-0-931537-15-8 2602:978-1-136-68902-4 2568:978-94-012-0230-5 2490:978-90-429-3459-7 2465:978-0-205-69187-6 2434:978-0-8071-5416-8 2400:Bernays L, Edward 2319:978-0-394-71874-3 2278:Arthur Aspinall, 2233:978-1-349-47990-0 2152:978-0-534-63706-4 2052:Spin (propaganda) 2016:Political warfare 1802: 1801: 1794: 1653:access to sources 1611:suggestion theory 1563:William W. Biddle 1536:social psychology 1487:and the academic 1481:Carole Cadwalladr 1446:logical fallacies 1412:propaganda (1911 1176:Winston Churchill 1174:Poster depicting 957:Peloponnesian War 949:Revolutionary War 933: 932: 925: 854:Jeffrey K. Hadden 769:, and avoiding a 747:League of Nations 629:military strategy 558:Calling Mr. Smith 393:German home front 368:Finnish Civil War 333:American colonies 201:suggestion theory 16:(Redirected from 9158: 8957:Knowledge divide 8853:Crowd psychology 8843:Bandwagon effect 8615:Public relations 8532:Media psychology 8478: 8471: 8464: 8455: 8454: 8376:Devil's advocate 8346:Auto-segregation 8242:Countersignaling 8169:Toxic positivity 8144:Social influence 8105:Social contagion 7950:Bandwagon effect 7907:Authoritarianism 7771: 7770: 7753: 7746: 7739: 7730: 7729: 7708:Platonic realism 7475: 7468: 7461: 7452: 7451: 7340: 7339: 7159:MMR autism fraud 7042:On US elections 6976:Operation Toucan 6949: 6948: 6717: 6716: 6706: 6705: 6671:anti-vaccination 6619: 6618: 6566:Holocaust denial 6541:Bermuda Triangle 6527: 6526: 6461: 6460: 6390:black propaganda 6358:Potemkin village 6283:False accusation 6259:list of websites 6158: 6157: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6116: 6115: 6103: 6102: 6091:White propaganda 6046:Public relations 6021:Overcomplication 5906:False accusation 5841:Black propaganda 5831:Beautiful people 5826:Bandwagon effect 5781: 5774: 5767: 5758: 5757: 5747: 5684: 5655: 5631: 5540:Mackenzie, A. J. 5502: 5500: 5498: 5423:Dimitri Kitsikis 5405: 5401:978-94-92722-393 5310:: "Propaganda.") 5247: 5245: 5243: 5234:. Archived from 5220: 5201: 5182: 5160: 5138: 5119: 5095: 5086: 5077: 5056: 5037: 5031: 5023: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4991: 4980: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4953: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4935:on 30 March 2019 4934: 4927: 4917: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4849:Social Education 4840: 4834: 4833: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4778: 4769: 4768: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4596:. Archived from 4581: 4575: 4574: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4509:10.1037/h0074944 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4347:. 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Simon 1337:counterterrorism 1256:classical Arabic 1248:Hassan Nasrallah 1240:2006 Lebanon War 1236:public relations 1222: 1189: 1180:British Bulldog" 1162:arm-in-arm with 1119: 1110: 1034: 1031: 994:Q.Fabius Maximus 928: 921: 917: 914: 908: 885: 877: 852:The sociologist 791:Black propaganda 669:public relations 610:Cuban Revolution 548:Our Greek Allies 502:Continuation War 478:Leni Riefenstahl 474:Second World War 401:Dolchstoßlegende 381:Erich Ludendorff 286:Roman civil wars 269: 266: 108: 21: 9166: 9165: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9156: 9155: 9121: 9120: 9119: 9114: 9113: 9108: 8993: 8908: 8899: 8875:Negativity bias 8823: 8814: 8702:Cognitive miser 8658: 8551:Media practices 8546: 8491: 8482: 8452: 8447: 8418:Insubordination 8366:Culture jamming 8356:Cosmopolitanism 8317: 8286: 8257:Internalization 8216: 8178: 7938: 7929:Totalitarianism 7895: 7762: 7757: 7727: 7722: 7693:Logical atomism 7649: 7542:Socratic method 7493: 7484: 7479: 7449: 7440: 7345: 7326: 7305: 7293: 7178: 7174:Zinoviev letter 7124: 7098: 7082: 7006:Post-Soviet era 7000: 6961:Active Measures 6944: 6935: 6904: 6892: 6880: 6868: 6856: 6825: 6799: 6787: 6727: 6725:Jihadunspun.com 6711: 6692: 6617: 6593:New World Order 6561:Genocide denial 6532: 6517: 6466: 6451: 6373:Memetic warfare 6163: 6152: 6143: 6108: 6100: 6095: 5981:Loaded language 5790: 5785: 5734: 5698: 5681: 5652: 5628: 5544:Propaganda Boom 5496: 5494: 5492: 5466:Hench, John B. 5462:Wayback Machine 5402: 5337:Chomsky, Noam. 5313:Borgies, Loïc. 5300:Bernays, Edward 5289: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5253:Further reading 5250: 5241: 5239: 5217: 5198: 5179: 5157: 5143:Le Bon, Gustave 5135: 5116: 5074: 5053: 5025: 5024: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5004: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4958: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4841: 4837: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4708: 4704: 4677:College English 4673: 4669: 4654: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4600:on 10 July 2012 4592: 4582: 4578: 4573:. 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Press. 4567: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4539: 4535: 4528:The Independent 4520: 4516: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4462: 4458: 4443: 4439: 4424: 4420: 4405: 4401: 4386: 4382: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4337: 4333: 4308: 4304: 4289: 4285: 4276: 4272: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4174: 4170: 4155: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4058:10.2307/1247829 4042: 4038: 4024: 4020: 4009: 4005: 3999:Nuremberg Diary 3995:Gustave Gilbert 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3923: 3921: 3910: 3906: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3835:10.2307/1868905 3819: 3815: 3800:10.2307/2150639 3784: 3780: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3685: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3545:on 5 April 2023 3531: 3527: 3520: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3414:Selling the War 3408: 3404: 3397:Mind Over Media 3393: 3389: 3352: 3348: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3313: 3309: 3300: 3296: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3256: 3242: 3235: 3220: 3206: 3197: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3149: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3066: 3064: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3034: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2978: 2974: 2969:. 21 June 2015. 2965: 2964: 2960: 2953:Centre Pompidou 2947: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2841: 2837: 2822:10.2307/2262307 2806: 2802: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2766: 2762: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2553: 2549: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2421: 2417: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2367: 2354: 2350: 2343: 2329: 2325: 2298: 2294: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2153: 2133: 2120: 2106: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2076:Smith, Bruce L. 2073: 2066: 2061: 2056: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1928: 1920: 1850: 1798: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1767: 1755: 1744: 1727:Self-propaganda 1724: 1722:Self-propaganda 1716:Mind Over Media 1665:corporate power 1645:systemic biases 1602: 1530:, Germany, 1935 1514: 1509: 1410:Anti-capitalist 1403: 1397: 1376:Software agents 1365:Smith-Mundt Act 1283:Propaganda and 1277: 1232: 1223: 1218: 1192:Zhores Medvedev 1187: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1112: 1111: 1092:Cuban Air Force 1032: 967:. For example, 945:Boston Massacre 929: 918: 912: 909: 898: 886: 875: 835: 816:in English, by 810:Papstspotbilder 795:black operation 755: 731: 713:Creel Committee 709:Harold Lasswell 665: 472:states and the 424:Joseph Goebbels 377:First World War 312:build his image 267: 257: 251: 205:Harold Lasswell 196:Arthur Aspinall 180:Nazi Propaganda 173: 123:Catholic Church 94: 92:Propaganda Fide 88: 57:loaded language 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9164: 9154: 9153: 9151:Public opinion 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9116: 9115: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9095: 9094: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9023: 9022: 9017: 9007: 9001: 8999: 8998:Related topics 8995: 8994: 8992: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8942: 8932: 8927: 8926: 8925: 8914: 8912: 8905:Digital divide 8901: 8900: 8898: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8860: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8829: 8827: 8820:Cognitive bias 8816: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8810:Sticky content 8807: 8806: 8805: 8800: 8798:Binge-watching 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8728: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8714:Digital zombie 8711: 8710: 8709: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8687:Attention span 8684: 8679: 8674: 8668: 8666: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8632:Sensationalism 8629: 8624: 8619: 8618: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8597: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8578:Junk food news 8575: 8565: 8560: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8507: 8502: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8481: 8480: 8473: 8466: 8458: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8361:Counterculture 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8327: 8325: 8323:Anticonformity 8319: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8284: 8282:Social reality 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8203: 8202: 8197: 8186: 8184: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8174:Untouchability 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8112: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8040:Milieu control 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8020:Indoctrination 8017: 8012: 8010:Herd mentality 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7946: 7944: 7943:Group pressure 7940: 7939: 7937: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7909: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7866: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7850: 7840: 7835: 7834: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7821:Cancel culture 7818: 7808: 7801: 7796: 7787: 7779: 7777: 7768: 7764: 7763: 7756: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7733: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7663:Constructivism 7659: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7499: 7497: 7495:informal logic 7486: 7485: 7478: 7477: 7470: 7463: 7455: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7254:Habbush letter 7251: 7246: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7229: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7197: 7192: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7136:Bell Pottinger 7132: 7130: 7129:United Kingdom 7126: 7125: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7099: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7010: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6946: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6800: 6795: 6793: 6792:Czechoslovakia 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6778: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6764:PLA Unit 61398 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6721: 6713: 6712: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6639:by governments 6631: 6625: 6623: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6476:Disinformation 6471: 6468: 6467: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6197:Cognitive bias 6194: 6189: 6187:Cherry picking 6184: 6179: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6154: 6153: 6150:misinformation 6146:Disinformation 6142: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5971:Indoctrination 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5881:Disinformation 5878: 5873: 5868: 5866:Cherry picking 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5811:Appeal to fear 5808: 5801: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5784: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5761: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5716: 5713:Brown, John H. 5710: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5685: 5680:978-0691173429 5679: 5667:Stanley, Jason 5663: 5656: 5650: 5632: 5626: 5611: 5608:978-1625640581 5596: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5537: 5530: 5523:Marlin, Randal 5520: 5513: 5510: 5503: 5490: 5471: 5464: 5447: 5440: 5433:Ellul, Jacques 5430: 5420: 5406: 5400: 5394:. Toyo Press. 5387: 5380: 5373: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5344:Cole, Robert. 5342: 5335: 5325: 5320:Brown, J.A.C. 5318: 5311: 5297: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5221: 5215: 5202: 5196: 5183: 5177: 5161: 5155: 5139: 5133: 5120: 5114: 5100:Huxley, Aldous 5096: 5087: 5078: 5072: 5057: 5051: 5038: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4964: 4938: 4912: 4899: 4886:Nizkor Project 4870: 4835: 4800: 4793: 4770: 4763: 4743: 4736: 4717: 4714:. W.W. Norton. 4702: 4683:(6): 508–541. 4667: 4652: 4632: 4611: 4576: 4561: 4552: 4533: 4514: 4503:(3): 283–295. 4487: 4456: 4437: 4418: 4399: 4380: 4362: 4331: 4302: 4283: 4281:(5th ed. 2011) 4270: 4229: 4203: 4184:(2): 145–165. 4168: 4153: 4127: 4097: 4090: 4071: 4052:(2): 131–132. 4036: 4018: 4003: 3987: 3961: 3954: 3934: 3920:. Timera Media 3904: 3888: 3877:. e-novine.com 3866: 3857: 3848: 3813: 3778: 3759: 3745: 3725: 3699:(2): 397–407. 3676: 3662: 3642: 3628: 3608: 3582: 3556: 3525: 3518: 3498: 3489: 3480: 3458: 3451: 3431: 3424: 3402: 3387: 3346: 3333: 3307: 3294: 3278: 3269: 3254: 3233: 3218: 3195: 3176:(3): 437–441. 3160: 3147: 3119:(3): 258–268. 3103: 3078: 3063:on 4 June 2013 3048: 3022: 3000: 2972: 2958: 2940: 2914: 2905: 2879: 2870: 2857:10.2307/806063 2851:(3): 217–221. 2835: 2816:(3): 148–163. 2800: 2787: 2780: 2760: 2717: 2703: 2683: 2669: 2649: 2635: 2615: 2601: 2581: 2567: 2547: 2496: 2489: 2471: 2464: 2440: 2433: 2415: 2391: 2359:(March 1929). 2348: 2342:978-1412977821 2341: 2323: 2292: 2271: 2264: 2242: 2232: 2204: 2183: 2158: 2151: 2118: 2097: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2047:Smear campaign 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 2001:Misinformation 1998: 1993: 1991:Internet troll 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1929: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1849: 1846: 1838:indoctrination 1826:Albert Bandura 1816:Getúlio Vargas 1800: 1799: 1758: 1756: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1736:self deception 1723: 1720: 1699:anti-communism 1601: 1598: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1485:whistleblowers 1435:opinion leader 1396: 1393: 1360:Public Affairs 1355:, resisted by 1276: 1273: 1231: 1228: 1220:Hermann Göring 1216: 1145:disinformation 1124: 1123: 1114: 1113: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1026:Harry R. Hopps 983:and the Greek 931: 930: 889: 887: 880: 874: 871: 845:or during the 834: 831: 754: 751: 730: 727: 664: 661: 324:printing press 316:neue zeitungen 253:Main article: 250: 247: 225:Edward Bernays 172: 169: 90:Main article: 87: 84: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9163: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9093: 9090: 9089: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9005:Computer rage 9003: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8977:United States 8975: 8974: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8952:Filter bubble 8950: 8946: 8945:United States 8943: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8906: 8902: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8880:Peer pressure 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8821: 8817: 8811: 8808: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8726:Doomscrolling 8724: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8705: 8704: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8537:Media studies 8535: 8533: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8494: 8490: 8489:human factors 8486: 8479: 8474: 8472: 8467: 8465: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8413:Individualism 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8252:Herd behavior 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8223: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8207:Control freak 8205: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8181: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8154:Socialization 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8070:Peer pressure 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8050:Normalization 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7975:Culture shock 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7941: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7855: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7831:Deplatforming 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7749: 7747: 7742: 7740: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7476: 7471: 7469: 7464: 7462: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7396:FactCheck.org 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7354:Fact-checking 7352: 7351: 7348: 7341: 7337: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7183:United States 7181: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7127: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6744:50 Cent Party 6742: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6703: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6348:Media culture 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6288:False dilemma 6286: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6133: 6128: 6126: 6121: 6120: 6117: 6111: 6104: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5916:False dilemma 5914: 5912: 5911:False balance 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5777: 5775: 5770: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5752: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5418:9780998315607 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5328:Chomsky, Noam 5326: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5231:New Scientist 5227: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5012: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4976: 4968: 4957: 4950: 4949: 4942: 4931: 4924: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4903: 4888: 4887: 4881: 4878:Mills, Mary. 4874: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4816:: 1018–1026. 4815: 4811: 4804: 4796: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4747: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4721: 4713: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4653:9781912656172 4649: 4645: 4644: 4636: 4621: 4615: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4572: 4565: 4556: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4154:0-7734-7407-2 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3957: 3955:9781860647680 3951: 3947: 3946: 3938: 3931: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3876: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3774: 3768: 3763: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3729: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3681: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3646: 3631: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3612: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3521: 3519:9781451413984 3515: 3511: 3510: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3468: 3462: 3454: 3452:9780802807328 3448: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3427: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3406: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3255:9780719091056 3251: 3247: 3240: 3238: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3219:9780719091056 3215: 3211: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3157: 3151: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3075: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3026: 3011: 3004: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2976: 2968: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2909: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2791: 2783: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2706: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2687: 2672: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2653: 2638: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2619: 2604: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2585: 2570: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2492: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2467: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2444: 2436: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2411: 2407: 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1717: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1643:which argues 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1615:Vance Packard 1612: 1607: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1561:According to 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548:psychologists 1545: 1541: 1537: 1534:The field of 1529: 1525: 1524: 1518: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1353:US Government 1350: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1289:news programs 1286: 1281: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1118: 1109: 1100: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 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Both sides 578: 574: 570: 565: 563: 559: 555: 554: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 528: 523: 520:. In the US, 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 494: 493:Niet Molotoff 489: 488: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 458: 453: 450:of 1917, the 449: 443: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 412: 408: 407: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 352: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 280: 276: 272: 262: 256: 246: 244: 240: 237: 236: 230: 226: 221: 219: 215: 211: 206: 202: 197: 189: 185: 181: 177: 168: 166: 165: 160: 155: 153: 149: 144: 142: 138: 134: 133: 129:, called the 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 107: 102: 98: 93: 83: 81: 75: 73: 69: 65: 60: 58: 53: 49: 44: 39: 33: 19: 9099:Technophobia 9087:Technophilia 8930:Echo chamber 8788:Rage farming 8609: 8568:Infotainment 8423:Pueblo clown 8408:Idiosyncrasy 8393:Eccentricity 8277:Social proof 8079: 7985:Echo chamber 7965:Collectivism 7955:Brainwashing 7886:Scapegoating 7869:Public enemy 7861: 7852: 7816:Blacklisting 7803: 7782: 7775:Proscription 7688:Intuitionism 7673:Fictionalism 7609: 7156: 7091:South Africa 7078:Web brigades 7014:Cyberwarfare 6996:Useful idiot 6945:Soviet Union 6890:Fintas Group 6782:Global Times 6780: 6749:cyberwarfare 6510: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6483: 6475: 6442:Whataboutism 6437:Urban legend 6407:Quote mining 6384: 6086:Whataboutism 6056:Scapegoating 6016:Obscurantism 5996:Minimisation 5901:Exaggeration 5803: 5719: 5706: 5688: 5670: 5659: 5640: 5616: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5533: 5526: 5516: 5506: 5495:. 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Retrieved 2080:"Propaganda" 2023:(aka Psyops) 1996:Mind control 1956:Brainwashing 1911:Der Giftpilz 1910: 1906: 1903:Trust No Fox 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890:Der Giftpilz 1888: 1882: 1880: 1869: 1858:anti-Semitic 1854:Nazi Germany 1851: 1842:Hitler Youth 1822: 1809: 1788: 1782:January 2009 1779: 1768:Please help 1763:verification 1760: 1725: 1712: 1681:(1988), the 1676: 1674: 1662: 1641:Noam Chomsky 1630: 1622: 1618: 1603: 1594: 1590:Donald Trump 1574:nudge theory 1567: 1560: 1544:sociologists 1533: 1521: 1499:by the firm 1497:Donald Trump 1478: 1469:Nazi Germany 1458: 1453: 1450: 1439: 1430:indoctrinate 1422:junk science 1419: 1373: 1341: 1333: 1312: 1292: 1285:manipulation 1270: 1261: 1233: 1225: 1212: 1200: 1196:Roy Medvedev 1184: 1149:double-check 1142: 1137:(alongside). 1130: 1073: 1066: 1049: 1017: 1009: 1001:Maximilian I 998: 954: 919: 910: 899:Please help 894:verification 891: 867: 851: 836: 813: 809: 799: 787:Zbyněk Zeman 784: 780: 764: 744: 732: 729:Contestation 703: 702:In English, 701: 696:Scandinavist 666: 622: 614:Fidel Castro 603: 597: 573:Soviet Union 566: 557: 551: 547: 543: 525: 496:was made in 491: 485: 482:Nazi Germany 470:totalitarian 455: 444: 428:World War II 416:Nazi Germany 411:Robert Ensor 404: 385:Adolf Hitler 374: 315: 306: 302:Genghis Khan 297: 258: 241: 233: 222: 193: 188:anti-semitic 162: 158: 156: 147: 145: 140: 136: 130: 119:congregation 114: 110: 96: 95: 76: 68:manipulative 63: 61: 51: 50: 48: 43:World War II 8863:Moral panic 8793:Screen time 8627:News values 8563:Gatekeeping 8505:Externality 8443:Shock value 8398:Eclecticism 8291:Experiments 7912:Nationalism 7848:Civil death 7767:Enforcement 7668:Dialetheism 7558:Explanation 7528:Credibility 7289:Yellow rain 6909:Philippines 6769:Spamouflage 6754:Little Pink 6608:Rothschilds 6598:Red mercury 6313:Gaslighting 6264:Lying press 6234:Doublespeak 6081:Weasel word 6031:Plain folks 5946:Gish gallop 5936:Flag-waving 5891:Doublespeak 5886:Dog whistle 5846:Blood libel 5636:Snow, Nancy 4892:22 February 4863:22 February 4662:j.ctv7h0ts6 3980:2 September 3145:pp. 260–261 3074:propaganda. 3067:21 December 2993:28 February 2892:www.fono.fi 2384:22 February 2311:Propagandes 2042:Sharp power 1871:Der Stürmer 1811:Estado Novo 1523:Der Stürmer 1489:Emma Briant 1461:North Korea 1230:Advertising 1135:Uroš Predić 1127:Bosnian War 1033: 1917 941:Paul Revere 776:ideological 735:Emma Briant 623:During the 618:Vietnam War 599:Animal Farm 585:Third World 540:Axis Powers 500:during the 466:Sudetenland 362:urging the 320:Reformation 298:uituperatio 294:Mark Antony 171:Definitions 80:biased news 9131:Propaganda 9125:Categories 9077:Social bot 9067:Sealioning 8825:Conformity 8610:Propaganda 8595:Media bias 8588:Soft media 8232:Compliance 8225:Conformity 8125:Hysterical 8115:Behavioral 8080:Propaganda 8065:Patriotism 8000:Groupthink 7826:Censorship 7805:Homo sacer 7760:Conformity 7713:Pragmatism 7703:Nominalism 7610:Propaganda 7585:Hypothesis 7538:Antithesis 7416:PolitiFact 7344:Opposition 7220:Sandy Hook 7019:on Estonia 6953:Soviet era 6866:Team Jorge 6842:Godi-media 6603:Reptilians 6573:Illuminati 6432:Truthiness 6422:Social bot 6385:Propaganda 6318:Half-truth 6293:False flag 5956:Half-truth 5861:Censorship 5805:Ad hominem 5497:11 October 5304:Propaganda 5264:Propaganda 4589:Alex Carey 4480:24 October 4470:TechCrunch 4345:PsyWar.Org 4120:4 December 3829:(4): 876. 3794:(4): 715. 3752:7 February 3718:7 February 3669:7 February 3635:7 February 3601:9 November 3575:4 December 2933:30 January 2733:: 93–102. 2710:7 February 2676:7 February 2642:7 February 2608:7 February 2574:7 February 2405:Propaganda 2059:References 1986:Incitement 1981:Hate media 1708:media bias 1540:persuasion 1483:, several 1395:Techniques 1299:capitalism 1207:incitement 1080:false flag 1052:dehumanize 977:Punic Wars 913:April 2021 767:persuasion 704:propaganda 681:Portuguese 657:war crimes 510:Winter War 460:glorifies 406:Mein Kampf 268: 515 235:Propaganda 218:soft power 214:persuasion 194:Historian 182:poster of 159:propaganda 148:propaganda 141:Propaganda 111:propaganda 97:Propaganda 72:ideologies 64:propaganda 52:Propaganda 9141:Deception 8763:Infodemic 8697:Clickbait 8664:Attention 8520:Cognition 8428:Rebellion 8386:Political 8267:Obedience 8137:Emotional 8110:Addiction 7854:Vogelfrei 7811:Ostracism 7794:Dissenter 7790:Dissident 7683:Formalism 7645:Vagueness 7625:Relevance 7620:Reasoning 7533:Dialectic 7508:Ambiguity 7411:NewsGuard 7406:Logically 7401:Full Fact 7298:Venezuela 7232:Fake news 7120:AK Trolls 6811:Funkspiel 6333:Infodemic 6249:Fake news 6224:Denialism 6219:Deception 5966:Ideograph 5921:Fake news 5551:Et Cetera 5482:Bielefeld 5439:. (1965). 5028:cite book 4822:2249-1937 4697:201379873 4265:1933-1681 4198:145697213 3713:190002621 3399:. Norton. 3382:2167-8715 3190:144546254 3141:145021449 3096:2 January 2755:163518886 2747:0003-9381 2542:145332403 2526:0002-7162 2373:The Forum 2256:Routledge 1971:Fake news 1691:ownership 1687:audiences 1244:Hezbollah 1164:Uncle Sam 1160:Britannia 1067:Lusitania 1065:RMS 833:Religious 676:gerundive 653:Albanians 581:used film 536:war films 522:animation 462:Communist 341:Loyalists 164:xuanchuan 121:) of the 106:propagare 101:gerundive 86:Etymology 9092:Neophile 8719:Phubbing 8637:Hot take 8525:Mismatch 8433:Red team 8371:Deviance 7891:Shunning 7698:Logicism 7678:Finitism 7630:Rhetoric 7615:Prudence 7553:Evidence 7513:Argument 7503:Analysis 7436:USAFacts 7426:StopFake 7322:Force 47 7227:COVID-19 7151:Euromyth 6902:Peñabots 6776:COVID-19 6681:COVID-19 6666:Vaccines 6531:Examples 6417:Smearing 5986:Newspeak 5851:Buzzword 5669:(2016). 5458:Archived 5242:5 August 5167:(1948). 5145:(1895). 5102:(1958). 5083:Humanist 4987:archived 4830:44158487 4587:quoting 4474:Archived 4318:(2301). 4163:45784333 4029:(2014). 3924:23 April 3326:29 March 3154:p. 113, 2898:13 March 2512:: 1–13. 2402:(1928). 2176:20 April 2111:(2020). 2090:23 April 1946:Agitprop 1939:See also 1742:Children 1357:Pentagon 1321:leaflets 1294:Dziennik 1275:Politics 1217:— 989:Hannibal 847:Crusades 841:and the 698:movement 645:Bosniaks 577:Cold War 571:and the 506:Red Army 337:Patriots 290:Octavian 275:Darius I 103:form of 9052:Griefer 8858:Mobbing 8692:Chumbox 8644:Spiking 8381:Dissent 8164:Teasing 8130:Suicide 8045:Mobbing 7838:Outcast 7718:Realism 7605:Premise 7595:Opinion 7590:Inquiry 7573:Fallacy 7310:Vietnam 6981:Seat 12 6852:OpIndia 6804:Germany 6271:Fallacy 6244:Factoid 6182:Big lie 5976:Lawfare 5941:Framing 5836:Big lie 5453:(1940) 5008:Sources 4625:6 March 4604:1 April 4066:1247829 3899:(2012) 3843:1868905 3808:2150639 3539:Truvere 3321:HISTORY 3291:excerpt 3133:2378152 3015:6 March 2830:2262307 2534:1038915 2363:(ed.). 2282:, p. v 2197:6 March 1951:Big lie 1697:), and 1416:poster) 1252:dialect 1059:" and " 973:Nemesis 955:In the 873:Wartime 722:Creel's 637:Croatia 498:Finland 391:in the 279:Persian 277:to the 249:History 152:secular 8438:Satire 8403:Hermit 8005:Hazing 7843:Outlaw 7640:Theory 7518:Belief 7421:Snopes 7237:online 7157:Lancet 7103:Turkey 6941:Russia 6897:Mexico 6885:Kuwait 6861:Israel 6720:Canada 6676:autism 6622:Health 6254:online 6071:Slogan 5709:27(1). 5677: 5648: 5624: 5610:(2014) 5606: 5488: 5455:online 5416: 5398: 5372:(2003) 5261:about 5213: 5194: 5175: 5153: 5131: 5112: 5070: 5049: 4996:31 May 4828: 4820: 4791: 4761: 4734: 4695: 4660: 4650: 4432:Quartz 4355:1 July 4297:Quartz 4263: 4222:1 June 4196: 4161: 4151: 4088: 4064: 3952: 3841: 3806: 3743: 3711: 3660: 3626: 3516: 3475: 3449: 3422: 3380: 3262: 3252: 3226: 3216: 3188: 3139: 3131: 2865:806063 2863: 2828: 2778: 2753: 2745: 2701: 2667: 2633: 2599: 2565: 2540: 2532: 2524: 2487: 2462: 2431: 2339: 2317: 2307:xi–xii 2305:, pp. 2286: 2262: 2230: 2149: 1909:, and 1897:) and 1649:causes 1507:Models 1473:Hitler 1465:Stalin 1426:movies 1342:Since 1325:medium 1305:using 1178:as a " 1005:Venice 985:poleis 965:Sparta 771:biased 649:Croats 532:Hitler 452:Soviet 422:under 403:). 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