613:, enteric fever rates decreased in the past when treatment of municipal water was introduced, human feces were excluded from food production, and pasteurization of dairy products began. In addition, children and adults should be carefully educated about personal hygiene. This would include careful handwashing after defecation and sexual contact, before preparing or eating food, and especially the sanitary disposal of feces. Food handlers should be educated in personal hygiene prior to handling food or utensils and equipment. Infected individuals should be advised to avoid food preparation. Sexually active people should be educated about the risks of sexual practices that permit fecal-oral contact.
153:
1453:
575:
408:
36:
679:
unsafe drinking water, inadequate sewage disposal, and flooding. Occasionally causing epidemics, paratyphoid fever is found in large parts of Asia, Africa, and
Central and South America. Many of those infected get the disease in Asian countries. About 16 million cases occur a year, which result in about 25,000 deaths worldwide.
628:
serotypes A and B. In particular, a reanalysis of data from a trial conducted in Chile showed the Ty21a vaccine was 49% effective (95% CI: 8–73%) in preventing paratyphoid fever caused by the serotype B. Evidence from a study of international travelers in Israel also indicates the vaccine may prevent
561:
After ingestion, if the immune system is unable to stop the infection, the bacteria multiply and then spread to the bloodstream, after which the first signs of disease are observed in the form of fever. They penetrate further to the bone marrow, liver, and bile ducts, from which bacteria are excreted
544:
Humans and, occasionally, domestic animals are the carriers of paratyphoid fever. Members of the same family can be transient or permanent carriers. In most parts of the world, short-term fecal carriers are more common than urinary carriers. The chronic urinary carrier state occurs in those who have
344:
of an infected person. They may occur when a person who prepares food is infected. Risk factors include poor sanitation as is found among poor crowded populations. Occasionally, they may be transmitted by sex. Humans are the only animals infected. Diagnosis may be based on symptoms and confirmed by
640:
Exclusion from work and social activities should be considered for symptomatic, and asymptomatic people who are food handlers, healthcare/daycare staff who are involved in patient care and/or child care, children attending unsanitary daycare centers, and older children who are unable to implement
678:
Factors outside the household, such as unclean food from street vendors and flooding, help distribute the disease from person to person. Because of poverty and poor hygiene and insanitary conditions, the disease is more common in less-industrialized countries, principally owing to the problem of
669:
Those diagnosed with Type A of the bacterial strain rarely die from it except in rare cases of severe intestinal complications. With proper testing and diagnosis, the mortality rate falls to less than 1%. Antibiotics such as azithromycin are particularly effective in treating the disease.
552:
Paratyphi is possible for up to one year, and during this phase, a person is considered to be a carrier. The chronic carrier state may follow acute illness, or mild or even subclinical infections. Chronic carriers are most often women who were infected in their middle age.
399:. Most cases are due to Paratyphi A rather than Paratyphi B or C. In 2015, paratyphoid fever resulted in about 29,200 deaths, down from 63,000 deaths in 1990. The risk of death is between 10% and 15% without treatment, while with treatment, it may be less than 1%.
480:
of an infected person. They may occur when a person who prepares food is infected. Risk factors include poor sanitation as is found among poor crowded populations. Occasionally, they may be transmitted by sex. Humans are the only animals infected.
419:(slow heart rate), and hepatosplenomegaly (an enlargement of the liver and spleen). About 30% of people with light skin colour who are infected develop rosy spots on the central body. In adults, constipation is more common than diarrhea.
1116:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
430:, headache, loss of appetite, cough, weakness, sore throat, dizziness, and muscle pains are frequently present before the onset of fever. Some very rare symptoms are psychosis (mental disorder), confusion, and seizures.
1387:
1532:
1513:
1498:
1212:
Williams, V; Lakshmikantha, KM; Nallasamy, K; Sudeep, KC; Baranwal, AK; Jayashree, M (November 2018). "Subdural empyema due to
Salmonella paratyphi B in an infant: a case report and review of literature".
989:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
764:
415:
Paratyphoid fever resembles typhoid fever. Infection is characterized by a sustained fever, headache, abdominal pain, malaise, anorexia, a nonproductive cough (in early stage of illness), a relative
937:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1165:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
562:
into the bowel contents. In the second phase of the disease, the bacteria penetrate the immune tissue of the small intestine, and the initial symptoms of small-bowel movements begin.
1621:
1391:
1474:"Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever." Public Health Notifiable Disease Management Guidelines. Disease Control and Prevention. Alberta Health and Wellness: June 2013
641:
good standards of personal hygiene. The exclusion applies until two consecutive stool specimens are taken from the infected patient and are reported negative.
746:
321:; however, they are still able to spread the disease to others. Typhoid and paratyphoid are of similar severity. Paratyphoid and typhoid fever are types of
1614:
1475:
357:. Culturing the bacteria can be difficult. Bone-marrow testing is the most accurate. Symptoms are similar to those of many other infectious diseases.
1607:
629:
a fraction of infections by the serotype A, although no trial confirms this. This cross-protection by a typhoid vaccine is most likely due to
1413:
624:(Vivotif), which, in addition to the protection against typhoid fever, may provide some protection against paratyphoid fever caused by the
489:
Paratyphoid B is more frequent in Europe. It can present as a typhoid-like illness, as a severe gastroenteritis or with features of both.
861:
808:
536:
to paratyphoid C are not usually tested and the diagnosis is made with blood cultures. Chloramphenicol therapy is generally effective.
649:
Control requires treatment of antibiotics and vaccines prescribed by a doctor. Major control treatments for paratyphoid fever include
3161:
100:
170:
72:
2787:
2437:
2182:
439:
297:
207:
79:
1863:
1476:
https://web.archive.org/web/20130925214850/http://www.health.alberta.ca/documents/Guidelines-Paratyphoid-Fever-2013.pdf
1304:"Ty21a Live Oral Typhoid Vaccine and Prevention of Paratyphoid Fever Caused by Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B"
53:
1991:
1634:
855:
802:
758:
119:
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can occur. Diagnosis is with isolation of the agent in blood or stool and demonstration of antibodies antiBH in the
2427:
86:
2432:
1973:
2005:
1599:
57:
3095:
68:
1821:
2991:
2315:
1751:
2652:
2646:
2262:
1348:"Rethinking Typhoid Fever Vaccines: Implications for Travelers and People Living in Highly Endemic Areas"
609:
Providing basic sanitation and safe drinking water and food are the keys for controlling the disease. In
17:
585:
395:
Paratyphoid affects about six million people a year. It is most common in parts of Asia and rare in the
2731:
2452:
2287:
2256:
2186:
1967:
1709:
1468:
1459:
1452:
1438:
Rubin, Raphael., David S. Strayer., Emanuel Rubin., Jay M. McDonald. Rubin's
Pathology. 5th ed. 2007
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2709:
2447:
2442:
2326:
2115:
1934:
1857:
1849:
1547:
1417:
1079:
Cunha, BA (March 2004). "Osler on typhoid fever: differentiating typhoid from typhus and malaria".
389:
934:
3131:
3011:
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2913:
2632:
2399:
1835:
1793:
1411:"Water-related Diseases." Communicable Diseases 2001. World Health Organization. 31 Oct 2008 <
1302:
Levine, M. M.; Ferreccio, C.; Black, R. E.; Lagos, R.; Martin, O. S.; Blackwelder, W. C. (2007).
152:
46:
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1713:
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Wain, J; Hendriksen, RS; Mikoleit, ML; Keddy, KH; Ochiai, RL (21 March 2015). "Typhoid fever".
93:
845:
790:
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2751:
2381:
2207:
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1985:
1745:
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1587:
160:
Rose colored spots on the chest of a man with typhoid fever, similar to those of paratyphoid
3125:
3085:
3038:
2920:
2571:
2529:
2509:
2466:
2322:
2121:
1801:
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318:
8:
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2717:
2593:
2538:
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2405:
2348:
2301:
2236:
2084:
2076:
2070:
1787:
1773:
1642:
1536:
1467:"Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever." Communicable Disease Management Protocol. November 2001
610:
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177:
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2601:
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1999:
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1558:
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1325:
1276:
1230:
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1018:
966:
935:
GBD 2015 Disease and Injury
Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016).
917:
851:
798:
754:
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234:
229:
165:
2520:
2477:
2372:
1541:
1288:
1242:
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986:
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Those who travel to countries with poor sanitation should receive a live attenuated
517:
Paratyphoid C is a rare infection, generally seen in the Far East. It presents as a
340:. They are usually spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the
3067:
2982:
2773:
2620:
2607:
2422:
2039:
2021:
1928:
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1359:
1315:
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1222:
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1176:
1135:
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1088:
1065:
1045:
1008:
1000:
956:
948:
907:
899:
494:
1388:"Medical Conditions and Medical Information: ADAM Medical Library of Health Condi"
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They are usually spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the
3017:
2938:
2892:
2797:
2737:
2672:
2614:
2583:
2575:
2278:
2248:
2242:
2125:
1954:
1878:
1705:
1552:
1113:
617:
502:
490:
396:
369:
1629:
3117:
2767:
2761:
2624:
2362:
1893:
1660:
1630:
1563:
506:
373:
301:. Symptoms usually begin 6–30 days after exposure and are the same as those of
1526:
1522:
1226:
317:
spots. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. Other people may
3155:
3113:
3029:
2856:
2811:
2552:
2544:
2387:
2154:
2065:
1919:
1725:
1691:
1666:
1651:
1507:
650:
529:
322:
302:
493:, rare in true typhoid fever, is frequently seen in paratyphoid B. Rarely a
3109:
2883:
2090:
2030:
1977:
1962:
1907:
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1329:
1280:
1234:
1198:
1149:
1100:
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1022:
970:
921:
385:
314:
27:
Bacterial infection caused by one of the three types of
Salmonella enterica
2683:
2638:
2589:
2293:
2045:
1346:
Whitaker, J. A.; Franco-Paredes, C.; Del Rio, C.; Edupuganti, S. (2009).
1163:
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators (17 December 2014).
841:
654:
518:
427:
416:
377:
354:
332:
of the serotypes
Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, or Paratyphi C growing in the
260:
242:
219:
574:
2057:
1582:
1345:
987:
GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators (8 October 2016).
658:
522:
498:
381:
1490:
1259:
Bhan MK, Bahl R, Bhatnagar S (2005). "Typhoid and paratyphoid fever".
2871:
2723:
2391:
2332:
2213:
751:
CDC health information for international travel 2014: the yellow book
630:
333:
1211:
1114:
Global Burden of
Disease Study 2013 Collaborators (22 August 2015).
35:
2307:
1320:
1303:
903:
533:
310:
292:
1469:
https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/cdc/protocol/typhoid.pdf
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2844:
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to a number of other previously effective antibiotics is common.
365:
1457:
Knowledge's health care articles can be viewed offline with the
1676:
1517:
1502:
358:
850:(9th ed.). London: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 568–572.
621:
477:
341:
337:
306:
212:
407:
1035:
847:
Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases
795:
Communicable disease control and health protection handbook
313:
also commonly occur. Some people develop a skin rash with
309:
occurs over several days. Weakness, loss of appetite, and
1301:
350:
238:
438:
Paratyphoid fever is caused by any of three serovars of
422:
Only 20 to 40% of people initially have abdominal pain.
411:
Rose spots on the abdomen of a man with typhoid fever
1480:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
291:, is a bacterial infection caused by one of three
1258:
797:(3rd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
3153:
3075:
888:"Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever"
1341:
1339:
368:is available specifically for paratyphoid, the
372:may provide some benefit. Prevention includes
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740:
738:
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982:
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871:
1622:
1608:
1295:
885:
532:is possible in the course of the disease.
211:spread by food or water contaminated with
151:
1363:
1319:
1188:
1139:
1029:
1012:
960:
928:
911:
815:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
747:"3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel"
689:
545:schistosomiasis (parasitic blood fluke).
319:carry the bacteria without being affected
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1249:
977:
886:Crump, JA; Mintz, ED (15 January 2010).
868:
406:
328:Paratyphoid is caused by the bacterium
14:
3154:
1156:
864:from the original on 8 September 2017.
840:
811:from the original on 8 September 2017.
788:
771:
744:
2788:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
1603:
1078:
402:
2173:Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
569:
224:Poor sanitation, crowded populations
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1414:"WHO | Water-related Diseases"
380:. Treatment of the disease is with
305:. Often, a gradual onset of a high
24:
1635:Gram-negative bacterial infections
1445:
556:
25:
3183:
1992:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
767:from the original on 2 July 2015.
2208:Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
2183:Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome
1451:
1390:. Healthatoz.com. Archived from
1365:10.1111/j.1708-8305.2008.00273.x
661:for 14 days, or aziththromycin.
573:
512:
484:
376:, better sanitation, and better
34:
1974:Human granulocytic anaplasmosis
1432:
1405:
1380:
1205:
673:
501:. The disease responds well to
471:
182:Fever, headache, rash, weakness
45:needs additional citations for
3162:Intestinal infectious diseases
2006:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
1107:
1072:
13:
1:
1822:Flinders Island spotted fever
1273:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67181-4
1181:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
1132:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4
1093:10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00094-1
1050:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7
1005:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
953:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
682:
644:
604:
2992:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
2316:Burkholderia cepacia complex
1752:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
1308:Clinical Infectious Diseases
892:Clinical Infectious Diseases
664:
565:
7:
2653:Far East scarlet-like fever
2647:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
2263:Chromobacteriosis infection
1081:Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am
539:
464:Paratyphi C (invalid alias
456:Paratyphi B (invalid alias
349:or detecting the bacterial
10:
3188:
1352:Journal of Travel Medicine
3066:
3028:
3001:
2981:
2937:
2882:
2855:
2810:
2784:
2748:
2680:
2671:
2563:
2528:
2519:
2476:
2453:Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
2371:
2356:
2347:
2288:Burkholderia pseudomallei
2277:
2257:Chromobacterium violaceum
2224:
2197:
2187:Meningococcal septicaemia
2162:
2153:
2144:
2056:
2029:
2020:
1968:Anaplasma phagocytophilum
1953:
1918:
1877:
1735:
1724:
1675:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1573:
1484:
1227:10.1007/s00381-018-3825-7
633:shared between different
274:
266:
256:
248:
228:
218:
202:
194:
186:
176:
164:
159:
150:
142:
137:
2928:Plesiomonas shigelloides
2710:Brazilian purpuric fever
2327:Bordetella parapertussis
2116:Bartonella bacilliformis
1935:Flea-borne spotted fever
1865:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
1858:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
1850:American tick bite fever
745:Newton, Anna E. (2014).
433:
361:is a different disease.
353:in the blood, stool, or
252:Handwashing, clean water
241:in the blood, stool, or
3096:Guillain–Barré syndrome
3012:Cardiobacterium hominis
2972:Acinetobacter baumannii
2914:Vibrio parahaemolyticus
2633:Yersinia enterocolitica
2400:Klebsiella granulomatis
1836:African tick bite fever
1794:North Asian tick typhus
789:Hawker, Jeremy (2012).
287:, also known simply as
190:6–30 days post-exposure
2948:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
2866:Francisella tularensis
2825:Legionella longbeachae
2821:Legionella pneumophila
2463:Enterobacter aerogenes
2108:Bacillary angiomatosis
1902:Orientia tsutsugamushi
1808:Queensland tick typhus
1780:Japanese spotted fever
1714:Flying squirrel typhus
1215:Child's Nervous System
582:This section is empty.
412:
347:culturing the bacteria
235:Culturing the bacteria
2965:Moraxella catarrhalis
2831:Legionnaires' disease
2752:Pasteurella multocida
2382:Klebsiella pneumoniae
2179:Meningococcal disease
1986:Ehrlichia chaffeensis
1746:Rickettsia rickettsii
1710:Brill–Zinsser disease
1700:Rickettsia prowazekii
1460:Medical Knowledge app
410:
3126:Helicobacter cinaedi
3086:Campylobacter jejuni
3039:Aeromonas hydrophila
2921:Vibrio alginolyticus
2572:Shigella dysenteriae
2510:Citrobacter freundii
2467:Enterobacter cloacae
2323:Bordetella pertussis
1802:Rickettsia australis
999:(10053): 1459–1544.
947:(10053): 1545–1602.
424:Nonspecific symptoms
374:drinking clean water
54:improve this article
3104:Helicobacter pylori
2594:Bacillary dysentery
2539:Salmonella enterica
2487:Serratia marcescens
2406:Granuloma inguinale
2302:Burkholderia mallei
2237:Eikenella corrodens
2085:Bartonella quintana
2077:Cat-scratch disease
2071:Bartonella henselae
1788:Rickettsia sibirica
1774:Rickettsia japonica
1044:(9973): 1136–1145.
611:developed countries
548:Continuing to shed
441:Salmonella enterica
330:Salmonella enterica
298:Salmonella enterica
208:Salmonella enterica
69:"Paratyphoid fever"
3092:Campylobacteriosis
3003:Cardiobacteriaceae
2504:Citrobacter koseri
2414:Klebsiella oxytoca
1844:Rickettsia parkeri
1830:Rickettsia africae
1760:Rickettsia conorii
1574:External resources
413:
403:Signs and symptoms
171:Infectious disease
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3077:Campylobacterales
3062:
3061:
3043:Aeromonas veronii
2907:Vibrio vulnificus
2839:Coxiella burnetii
2806:
2805:
2732:H. parainfluenzae
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2602:Proteus mirabilis
2549:Paratyphoid fever
2438:Enterohemorrhagic
2358:Enterobacteriales
2343:
2342:
2273:
2272:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2122:Carrion's disease
2016:
2015:
2000:Ehrlichia ewingii
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1766:Boutonneuse fever
1597:
1596:
1588:Paratyphoid fever
1221:(11): 2317–2320.
1126:(9995): 743–800.
602:
601:
458:S. schottmuelleri
285:Paratyphoid fever
282:
281:
237:or detecting its
230:Diagnostic method
138:Paratyphoid fever
132:Medical condition
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3179:
3073:
3072:
2983:Xanthomonadaceae
2791:
2774:Actinobacillosis
2755:
2688:
2678:
2677:
2608:Proteus vulgaris
2526:
2525:
2423:Escherichia coli
2369:
2368:
2354:
2353:
2229:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2040:Brucella abortus
2027:
2026:
2022:Hyphomicrobiales
1929:Rickettsia felis
1888:Rickettsia akari
1816:Rickettsia honei
1733:
1732:
1686:Rickettsia typhi
1673:
1672:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1482:
1481:
1455:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1416:. Archived from
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1267:(9487): 749–62.
1256:
1247:
1246:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1175:(9963): 117–71.
1160:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1016:
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594:
584:You can help by
577:
570:
495:subdural empyema
426:such as chills,
155:
135:
134:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3141:
3058:
3024:
2997:
2977:
2939:Pseudomonadales
2933:
2893:Vibrio cholerae
2878:
2851:
2802:
2785:
2780:
2749:
2744:
2681:
2659:
2615:Yersinia pestis
2559:
2515:
2472:
2428:Enterotoxigenic
2360:
2339:
2279:Burkholderiales
2269:
2243:Kingella kingae
2225:
2220:
2193:
2132:
2126:Verruga peruana
2052:
2012:
1955:Anaplasmataceae
1941:
1914:
1873:
1727:
1720:
1706:Epidemic typhus
1664:
1637:
1628:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1569:
1568:
1493:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1446:Further reading
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1344:
1337:
1300:
1296:
1257:
1250:
1210:
1206:
1161:
1157:
1112:
1108:
1077:
1073:
1034:
1030:
985:
978:
933:
929:
884:
869:
858:
842:Magill, Alan J.
839:
816:
805:
787:
772:
761:
743:
690:
685:
676:
667:
647:
618:typhoid vaccine
607:
598:
592:
589:
568:
559:
557:Pathophysiology
542:
515:
503:chloramphenicol
491:Herpes labialis
487:
474:
466:S. hirschfeldii
436:
405:
397:developed world
370:typhoid vaccine
198:Weeks to months
133:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3185:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3118:Gastric cancer
3100:
3099:
3098:
3081:
3079:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2768:Actinobacillus
2764:
2762:Pasteurellosis
2758:
2756:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2691:
2689:
2675:
2673:Pasteurellales
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2625:Bubonic plague
2611:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Enteroinvasive
2430:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2319:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2062:
2060:
2058:Bartonellaceae
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1894:Rickettsialpox
1883:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1661:Rickettsiaceae
1654:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1631:Pseudomonadota
1627:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1555:
1544:
1529:
1510:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:Classification
1479:
1478:
1472:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1404:
1379:
1335:
1321:10.1086/518141
1294:
1248:
1204:
1155:
1106:
1087:(1): 111–125.
1071:
1028:
976:
927:
904:10.1086/649541
898:(2): 241–246.
867:
856:
814:
803:
770:
759:
687:
686:
684:
681:
675:
672:
666:
663:
646:
643:
606:
603:
600:
599:
580:
578:
567:
564:
558:
555:
541:
538:
514:
511:
507:co-trimoxazole
486:
483:
473:
470:
435:
432:
404:
401:
280:
279:
276:
272:
271:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
250:
246:
245:
232:
226:
225:
222:
216:
215:
204:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
180:
174:
173:
168:
162:
161:
157:
156:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
131:
128:
127:
110:September 2024
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3184:
3173:
3172:Salmonellosis
3170:
3168:
3167:Typhoid fever
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3114:MALT lymphoma
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3030:Aeromonadales
3027:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2857:Thiotrichales
2854:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2812:Legionellales
2809:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2696:H. influenzae
2693:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2553:Salmonellosis
2550:
2546:
2545:Typhoid fever
2543:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2388:Rhinoscleroma
2386:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2066:Bartonellosis
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:Murine typhus
1690:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1667:Rickettsioses
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Rickettsiales
1649:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1435:
1420:on 2008-11-14
1419:
1415:
1408:
1394:on 2009-02-08
1393:
1389:
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1375:
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1366:
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1125:
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1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
981:
972:
968:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
923:
919:
914:
909:
905:
901:
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893:
889:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
863:
859:
857:9781455740437
853:
849:
848:
843:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
810:
806:
804:9781444346947
800:
796:
792:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
766:
762:
760:9780199948499
756:
752:
748:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
688:
680:
671:
662:
660:
656:
653:for 10 days,
652:
651:ciprofloxacin
642:
638:
636:
632:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
596:
587:
583:
579:
576:
572:
571:
563:
554:
551:
546:
537:
535:
531:
530:Cholecystitis
527:
524:
520:
513:Paratyphoid C
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
485:Paratyphoid B
482:
479:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
452:Paratyphi A,
451:
447:
446:
442:
431:
429:
425:
420:
418:
409:
400:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
323:enteric fever
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:typhoid fever
300:
299:
294:
290:
286:
277:
273:
269:
265:
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259:
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247:
244:
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124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3133:Helicobacter
3132:
3124:
3110:Peptic ulcer
3102:
3084:
3049:
3037:
3010:
2990:
2970:
2963:
2954:
2946:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2891:
2884:Vibrionaceae
2864:
2837:
2819:
2786:
2766:
2750:
2730:
2716:
2702:
2694:
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2155:Neisseriales
2114:
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2098:
2091:Trench fever
2083:
2069:
2038:
2031:Brucellaceae
1998:
1984:
1978:Anaplasmosis
1966:
1963:Ehrlichiosis
1927:
1908:Scrub typhus
1900:
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1422:. Retrieved
1418:the original
1407:
1396:. Retrieved
1392:the original
1382:
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386:azithromycin
363:
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315:rose-colored
296:
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220:Risk factors
206:
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64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2955:Pseudomonas
2703:Haemophilus
2684:Haemophilus
2639:Yersiniosis
2590:Shigellosis
2294:Melioidosis
2103:B. quintana
2099:B. henselae
2046:Brucellosis
1314:: S24–S28.
753:. Oup USA.
655:ceftriaxone
637:serotypes.
635:S. enterica
626:S. enterica
519:septicaemia
417:bradycardia
382:antibiotics
378:handwashing
355:bone marrow
289:paratyphoid
261:Antibiotics
243:bone marrow
187:Usual onset
146:Paratyphoid
143:Other names
18:Paratyphoid
3156:Categories
3135:cellulitis
2718:H. ducreyi
2705:meningitis
2227:ungrouped:
1920:Flea-borne
1879:Mite-borne
1737:Tick-borne
1583:Patient UK
1559:DiseasesDB
1424:2008-11-15
1398:2011-10-06
1261:The Lancet
1169:The Lancet
1120:The Lancet
1038:The Lancet
993:The Lancet
941:The Lancet
683:References
659:cefotaxime
645:Treatments
631:O antigens
605:Prevention
550:Salmonella
534:Antibodies
523:metastatic
499:Widal test
390:Resistance
334:intestines
249:Prevention
80:newspapers
3052:infection
3050:Aeromonas
2957:infection
2872:Tularemia
2724:Chancroid
2496:infection
2478:Slow/weak
2392:Pneumonia
2333:Pertussis
2214:Gonorrhea
1867:infection
665:Prognosis
593:June 2022
566:Diagnosis
526:abscesses
364:While no
311:headaches
267:Frequency
257:Treatment
166:Specialty
2580:flexneri
2494:Serratia
2308:Glanders
1374:19192128
1330:17582564
1289:28367429
1281:16125594
1243:13689184
1235:29748704
1199:25530442
1150:26063472
1101:15081508
1058:25458731
1023:27733281
971:27733282
922:20014951
862:Archived
844:(2013).
809:Archived
765:Archived
540:Carriers
445:enterica
428:sweating
384:such as
195:Duration
178:Symptoms
2899:Cholera
2845:Q fever
2448:O104:H4
2443:O157:H7
2097:Either
1726:Spotted
1553:D010284
1190:4340604
1141:4561509
1066:1499916
1014:5388903
962:5055577
913:2798017
443:subsp.
366:vaccine
345:either
270:529,000
94:scholar
2621:Plague
2584:boydii
2576:sonnei
1677:Typhus
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278:29,200
275:Deaths
203:Causes
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3018:HACEK
2798:HACEK
2738:HACEK
2249:HACEK
1728:fever
1564:33218
1527:A01.4
1523:A01.1
1429:>.
1285:S2CID
1239:S2CID
1062:S2CID
622:Ty21a
521:with
478:feces
434:Cause
342:feces
338:blood
307:fever
293:types
213:feces
101:JSTOR
87:books
2564:H2S−
2530:H2S+
2521:Lac−
2373:Lac+
1548:MeSH
1537:9-CM
1508:1A08
1370:PMID
1326:PMID
1277:PMID
1231:PMID
1195:PMID
1146:PMID
1097:PMID
1054:PMID
1019:PMID
967:PMID
918:PMID
852:ISBN
799:ISBN
755:ISBN
336:and
73:news
2363:OX−
2101:or
1542:002
1533:ICD
1514:ICD
1499:ICD
1360:doi
1316:doi
1269:doi
1265:366
1223:doi
1185:PMC
1177:doi
1173:385
1136:PMC
1128:doi
1124:386
1089:doi
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1001:doi
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957:PMC
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908:PMC
900:doi
588:.
505:or
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460:),
351:DNA
295:of
239:DNA
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