358:, for whom they worked as blacksmiths and jewellers. This relationship came to an end with the droughts of the middle of the 1960s, the ensuing poverty reportedly driving them to prostitution and the provisions of entertainment, which were their chief occupations in the 1970s. Only some of the men played music, but all of the women were engaged in singing, dancing and prostitution. The latter activity was at that time stigmatised and illegal, but unlike many prostitutes in the settled areas, the Baluch women did not try to conceal their identity in public and dressed and behaved in a way that made them immediately recognisable as such. Women received clients in their summer camps, their husbands (or fathers if unmarried) setting the price and collecting the official earnings. Although some women did not like the job, many said they thought it was an easy way to get pleasure and money. The men stated they would have preferred it if their wives did not have to work as prostitutes, but they nonetheless were happy that they themselves did not have to work. Both the men and the women held their clients in "infinite contempt" and often referred to them as "the dogs".
439:), had a population of about 1,500 individuals divided into three descent groups. Their name, literally meaning "monkey-players" in the local Persian variety, reflects their main occupation, which consisted in training monkeys and then using them for performances. As this had started becoming less profitable, the men had increasingly been taking up other occupations like selling cloth, or working as agricultural labourers. The women on the other hand peddled glass and plastic bangles.
87:
singing. Most Jats have a network of clients and customers scattered over a broad region, and they migrate between these known clients clusters, occasionally adding new ones. Secondly, each Jat group specializes in a particular activity, for example the
Ghorbat of western Afghanistan are sieve makers, shoe repairers and animal traders, while the Shadibaz peddle cloth, bangles and haberdashery.
402:(nowadays Pakistan). The Jalali and the Pikraj give successive droughts and famines as the reason for their migration, while the Shadibaz and the Vangawala state that their ancestors were fleeing from blood feuds ultimately triggered by the abduction of kinswomen. All four groups speak closely related varieties of the Indo-Aryan
417:) were found in northeastern Afghanistan and numbered around 500 people divided into four lineages. Some were beggars, the better-off were peddlers of haberdashery. The women commonly sold fruit door to door, while some men were musicians or had monkeys which they trained "to dance and perform tricks".
45:
life. This means they are nomadic and their main occupations centre around providing services to the settled populations they travel among, like peddling particular goods or performing music. In this way, they contrast both with the settled population and with the pastoralist nomads. They are of low
86:
Generally, what defines groups is a nomadic lifestyle, with their main occupation being the provision of services such as the manufacture and sale of agricultural implements, bangles, drums and winnowing trays as well as providing entertainment such as performing bears and monkeys, fortune-telling,
486:
in
Pakistan. The women sold bangles, for which they were well known, while the men had various occupations: in some groups they engaged in small trade, in others they took up seasonal agricultural jobs, in others still they were smugglers, farmers, animal dealers, or performers specialising in
106:
Below is a brief overview of the main known groups of peripatetics. The information in this table, as well as in the rest of this article, is relevant to the situation in the 1970s. This is likely to have changed significantly in the turmoil since then.
378:) are the most widely dispersed peripatetic community, consisting of about 600 nuclear families as of the 1970s. Their origin is ultimately west-Iranian, and they speak local varieties of Persian in addition to
62:
is derogatory and none of the peripatetic groups uses it for itself, although they do employ it in reference to other peripatetic communities. It is unclear how these distinct groups acquired the name Jat.
428:. The major male occupation was trade in donkeys and horses, though some additionally fixed broken porcelain, and other – metal jewellery. In most places, the women peddled haberdashery and trinkets.
555:. The Sheikh Mohammadi claim descent from a legendary Sheikh Mohammad, also referred to as Sheikh Rohāni Bābā, who according to tradition lived in East Afghanistan and had magical powers.
495:
The Jōgī, or Jugī, are found in northern
Afghanistan and are organised into four subgroups. Likely of Central Asian origin, they relate that their ancestors once travelled freely between
543:), and there is disagreement among them about which one can rightfully identify as such. The one thing they do have in common is their secret language
901:
Olesen, A. (1987). "Peddling in East
Afghanistan: Adaptive Strategies of the Peripatetic Sheikh Mohammadi". In Rao, Aparna (ed.).
968:
17:
973:
932:
910:
499:
and
Afghanistan. There are also Jogi groups still living in parts of neighbouring Tajikistan. In addition to
943:
210:
western and northern
Afghanistan, mainly in Heart, Farah, Baghlan, Kunduz, Talogan and Badakhshan provinces
424:) numbered approximately 2,000 people in 1976. They wandered around the whole of Afghanistan north of the
139:
makers of sieves and rums, shoe repairers, animal traders, haberdashery, cloth peddling and bangle selling
350:. Numbering approximately 2,500 individuals in the 1970s, they claim to have ultimately migrated from
391:
395:
31:
390:
These four communities claim descent from ancestors who migrated in the 19th century from the
923:(1986). "Peripatetic Minorities in Afghanistan: Image and Identity". In Orywal, Erwin (ed.).
75:
338:), or with one of the subgroups of the peripatetic Vangawala. The Baluch were also known as
42:
8:
928:
906:
528:
407:
335:
197:
382:(also known as Magadi or Qāzulāgi), a secret language with a heavy Persian base.
531:, where they provided their labour during the busy late spring harvest season.
500:
355:
255:
962:
552:
504:
403:
331:
309:
259:
156:
peddling cloth, haberdashery or bangles; leading performing bears and monkeys
889:
564:
944:"Marginality and language use: the example of peripatetics in Afghanistan"
399:
351:
330:) should not be confused with either the much larger ethnic group of the
38:
544:
172:
eastern and central
Afghanistan including Uruzgan, Bamiyan and Dai Kundi
74:
refers to a large cluster of agriculture castes, some especially in the
920:
91:
67:
50:, a derogatory term that none of the groups use as a self-designation.
903:
The Other Nomads: Peripatetic
Minorities in Cross-Cultural Perspective
425:
251:
begging, preparing and selling herbal medicines, agricultural labour
175:
peddling bangles, cloth or haberdashery; jugglery and snake charming
547:, which is used in the presence of strangers. Otherwise they speak
483:
371:
359:
496:
479:
548:
291:
458:. Comprising 3,000 people spread across five descent groups (
95:
235:
216:
213:
musicians, leading performing monkeys, occasionally begging
178:
159:
482:
valley. Some families used to spend the winter in or near
385:
71:
539:
There are several unrelated groups of Sheikh
Mohammadi (
853:
841:
742:
817:
805:
771:
769:
793:
781:
706:
694:
636:
634:
354:. For a long time they were in association with the
577:
865:
829:
766:
754:
730:
718:
658:
682:
670:
646:
631:
594:
592:
960:
78:are connected with camel breeding and herding.
619:
589:
478:), they lived south of Hindukush and east of
507:, they speak a language of their own called
46:social status and are known to outsiders as
927:. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert. pp. 254–83.
527:The Mussali were concentrated in parts of
194:prostitution, occasionally music and dance
191:northern, western and southern Afghanistan
519:, which appears to be a secret language.
81:
14:
961:
900:
887:
859:
652:
640:
614:
386:Jalali, Pikraj, Shadibaz and Vangawala
941:
925:Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistans
919:
905:. Cologne: Böhlau. pp. 35–63.
871:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
775:
760:
748:
736:
724:
712:
700:
688:
676:
664:
625:
610:
598:
583:
534:
487:juggling, magic or snake-charming.
37:There are several ethnic groups in
24:
25:
985:
948:Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society
406:, which is likely related to the
229:northern and western Afghanistan
153:eastern and northern Afghanistan
101:
881:
604:
232:animal trade; peddling bangles
13:
1:
570:
969:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
136:found throughout Afghanistan
7:
558:
435:), also known as Shadiwan (
312:, secret language: Adurgari
41:which traditionally lead a
10:
990:
522:
410:of their areas of origin.
365:
29:
27:Nomadic ethnic populations
974:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
888:Hanifi, M. Jamil (2012).
511:, alternatively known as
446:) are known in Pashto as
362:was common in the group.
321:
334:(even though they speak
145:mostly Shia, some Sunni
32:Jat people in South Asia
30:Not to be confused with
490:
53:
303:throughout Afghanistan
122:Economy (in the 1970s)
90:These communities are
82:Social characteristics
119:Region (in the 1970s)
942:Rao, Aparna (1995).
894:Encyclopædia Iranica
850:, pp. 73, 85–6.
751:, pp. 74, 85–6.
248:northern Afghanistan
275:agricultural labour
272:eastern Afghanistan
112:
18:Jats of Afghanistan
110:
862:, pp. 35–36.
826:, p. 272–73.
814:, p. 269–71.
790:, pp. 267–8.
715:, pp. 262–3.
703:, pp. 260–1.
586:, pp. 255–6.
398:areas of eastern
336:the same language
319:
318:
16:(Redirected from
981:
955:
938:
916:
897:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
802:, p. 268–9.
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
680:
674:
668:
667:, pp. 71–2.
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
629:
623:
617:
608:
602:
596:
587:
581:
535:Sheikh Mohammadi
529:Laghman Province
392:Dera Ismail Khan
300:Shaikh Mohammadi
113:
109:
96:secret languages
66:In neighbouring
21:
989:
988:
984:
983:
982:
980:
979:
978:
959:
958:
935:
913:
884:
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620:
613:, p. 254;
609:
605:
597:
590:
582:
578:
573:
561:
537:
525:
493:
454:and in Dari as
442:The Vangawala (
396:Dera Ghazi Khan
388:
368:
324:
104:
84:
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
987:
977:
976:
971:
957:
956:
939:
933:
917:
911:
898:
883:
880:
877:
876:
874:, p. 274.
864:
852:
840:
838:, p. 273.
828:
816:
804:
792:
780:
778:, p. 267.
765:
763:, p. 266.
753:
741:
739:, p. 265.
729:
727:, p. 264.
717:
705:
693:
691:, p. 260.
681:
679:, p. 270.
669:
657:
645:
630:
618:
603:
588:
575:
574:
572:
569:
568:
567:
560:
557:
541:Šayx Mohammadi
536:
533:
524:
521:
492:
489:
431:The Shadibaz (
387:
384:
367:
364:
356:Jamshidi tribe
323:
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94:and some have
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26:
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4:
3:
2:
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934:3-88226-360-1
930:
926:
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912:3-412-08085-3
908:
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891:
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457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
418:
416:
411:
409:
405:
404:Inku language
401:
397:
393:
383:
381:
377:
373:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:Baluch people
329:
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102:Ethnic groups
99:
97:
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88:
79:
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73:
69:
64:
61:
51:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
951:
947:
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893:
882:Bibliography
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843:
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516:
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508:
494:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
441:
436:
432:
430:
421:
420:The Pikraj (
419:
414:
413:The Jalali (
412:
389:
379:
375:
369:
347:
343:
339:
327:
326:The Baluch (
325:
116:Ethnic Group
111:Main groups
105:
89:
85:
65:
59:
57:
47:
36:
954:(2): 69–95.
921:Rao, Aparna
860:Olesen 1987
653:Olesen 1987
641:Hanifi 2012
615:Hanifi 2012
452:Banguḍifruš
400:Balochistan
352:Balochistan
254:Mogatibey,
76:Balochistan
70:, the term
43:peripatetic
39:Afghanistan
963:Categories
571:References
348:Jat-Baluch
92:endogamous
68:South Asia
509:Mogatibey
448:Bangṛiwāl
444:Vaŋgāwālā
426:Hindukush
169:Vangawala
128:Religion
58:The term
872:Rao 1986
848:Rao 1995
836:Rao 1986
824:Rao 1986
812:Rao 1986
800:Rao 1986
788:Rao 1986
776:Rao 1986
761:Rao 1986
749:Rao 1995
737:Rao 1986
725:Rao 1986
713:Rao 1986
701:Rao 1986
689:Rao 1986
677:Rao 1986
665:Rao 1995
626:Rao 1995
611:Rao 1986
599:Rao 1986
584:Rao 1986
559:See also
545:Ādurgari
517:Ghurbati
513:Qāzulāgi
484:Peshawar
456:Čurifrūš
380:Ghorbati
360:Polygyny
306:peddlers
150:Shadibaz
142:Ghorbati
125:Language
523:Mussali
497:Bukhara
480:Helmand
472:Pešāwri
437:Šādiwān
433:Šādibāz
408:Saraiki
372:Ghorbat
366:Ghorbat
269:Mussali
198:Balochi
133:Ghorbat
931:
909:
549:Pashto
474:, and
422:Pikrāj
415:Jalāli
376:Ġorbat
344:Herātī
322:Baluch
315:Sunni
292:Pashto
284:Kutana
264:Sunni
240:Sunni
226:Pikraj
221:Sunni
207:Jalali
202:Sunni
188:Baloch
183:Sunni
164:Sunni
950:. 5.
890:"Jāt"
565:Dalak
501:Uzbek
468:Malek
464:Čenār
460:Baluč
340:Chalu
328:Baluč
256:Uzbek
929:ISBN
907:ISBN
553:Dari
551:and
515:and
505:Dari
503:and
491:Jogi
476:Rati
394:and
370:The
346:and
310:Dari
260:Dari
258:and
245:Jogi
236:Inku
217:Inku
179:Inku
160:Inku
54:Name
48:Jats
450:or
72:Jat
60:Jāt
965::
946:.
892:.
768:^
633:^
591:^
470:,
466:,
462:,
342:,
98:.
952:5
937:.
915:.
896:.
655:.
643:.
628:.
601:.
374:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.