538:. Ilyan was a subject of Roderic, the Lord of Andalus , who used to reside in Toledo. Tarik put himself in communication with Ilyan, and treated him kindly, until they made peace with each other. Ilyan had sent one of his daughters to Roderic, the Lord of Andalus, for her improvement and education; but she became pregnant by him. Ilyan having heard of this, said, I see for him no other punishment or recompense, than that I should bring the Arabs against him. He sent to Tarik, saying, I will bring thee to Andalus; Tarik being at that time in
944:(1970), a book in which he, in his own words, imagines "the destruction of Spanish mythology, its Catholicism and nationalism, in a literary attack on traditional Spain." He identifies himself "with the great traitor who opened the door to Arab invasion." The narrator in this novel, an exile in Morocco, rages against his beloved Spain, forming an obsessive identification with the fabled Count Julian, dreaming that, in a future invasion, the ethos and myths central to Hispanic identity will be totally destroyed.
130:, appear in the 11th century. The debate concerning Julian's historicity ranges at least to the 19th century; by the 21st century, the academic consensus seemed to lean toward Julian being ahistorical, with most scholars since the 1980s agreeing with Roger Collins that the portions of the story concerning Florinda la Cava are fantastical and that arguments for even Julian's existence are weak, while not entirely excluding the possibility that he was a real personage.
561:
insult to his daughter, although this is not necessarily the exclusive reason, and admits that the timeline is problematic, as
Roderic only became king the same year that Julian is supposed to have betrayed him, and he finds it problematic to interpret the text as implying that the insult occurred before Roderic assumed the kingship. He surmises that Julian sent his daughter to the royal court for her education, where King Roderic forced himself upon her.
1712:
174:, a city on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa that is today an exclave of Spain, was the only place on the coast of the former province that could be sealed off with a small number of troops and held without significant reinforcement. The last securely known commander of Septem is Philagrius, a Byzantine treasurer who was exiled there in 641. Afterwards, the Byzantines may have lost control of the fortress in the chaos of
550:. But Tarik said I cannot trust thee until thou send me a hostage. So be sent his two daughters, having no other children. Tarik allowed them to remain in Tlemsen, guarding them closely. After that Tarik went to Ilyan who - was in Septa on the straits. The latter rejoicing at his coming, said, I will bring thee to Andalus
871:
wicked
Christian woman;" for it is a tradition among them that La Cava, through whom Spain was lost, lies buried at that spot; "cava" in their language meaning "wicked woman," and "rumia" "Christian;" moreover, they count it unlucky to anchor there when necessity compels them, and they never do so otherwise. (
761:
What is unclear is whether Julian hoped to place a son of
Wittiza on the throne and gain power and preference thereby or whether he was intentionally opening up Iberia to foreign conquest. The latter, though unlikely, is possible since Julian may have long been on good terms with the Muslims of North
870:
Meanwhile, the wind having changed we were compelled to head for the land, and ply our oars to avoid being driven on shore; but it was our good fortune to reach a creek that lies on one side of a small promontory or cape, called by the Moors that of the "Cava rumia," which in our language means "the
825:
on July 19, Roderic's army of around 25,000 men was defeated by Tariq's force of approximately 7,000, although some credible sources give Tariq 12,000 soldiers. This occurred largely due to a reversal of fortune when the wings commanded by
Roderic's relatives Sisbert and Osbert deserted or switched
1039:
According to
Patricia Grieve, with important exceptions, including to some extent, Grieve herself, although she is careful to know that she might have her own biases: "While the lack of embellishment suggests to me to keep in mnd that part of every myth is true, and the difficulty lies in figuring
560:
Jones thinks that
Christian writers do not mention Julian either out of ignorance, or as a deliberate choice to avoid scandalising their readers with a tale of state betrayal for personal revenge. Jones also finds no reason to doubt the Arab chronicles' assertion that Julian sought revenge for an
319:
views these army troops as intended to garrison Africa after its reconquest, while the naval and mercenary elements were there only temporarily to help effect it. This view is supported by the fact that the same levels of army troop numbers for Africa (15,000) are still reported in the time of
793:
coast. Legend says that Julian participated as a guide and emissary, arranging for Tarif to be hospitably received by supportive
Christians, perhaps Julian's kinsmen, friends, and supporters, who agreed to become allies in the contemplated battle for the Visigothic throne.
695:
for education (and as a gauge of Julian's loyalty) and
Roderic subsequently made her pregnant. When Julian learned of the affair he removed his daughter from Roderic's court and, out of vengeance, betrayed Hispania to the Muslim invaders, thus making possible the
178:'s reign. Julian, who held what Kaegi characterizes as the "vague" title of count (quite common in this period, as detailed below), may have, in Kaegi's view, had some Byzantine title or rank for which no documentation exists before falling under the control of
596:
by a mysterious person" who became known to history and legend as Count Julian. Muslim historians have referred to him as Ilyan or Ulyan, "though his real name was probably Julian, the Gothic Uldoin or perhaps Urban or Ulbán or Bulian."
149:, advocated dispersal and retreat back to artificially or naturally fortified places and ambush tactics against a superior foe. This left scattered Byzantine garrisons surrounded by territory already conquered by the Arabs. The
519:: Al-Dhahabi records that "Abu Suleyman-Ayub, Ibn al-Hakim, Ibn Abdallah, Ibn Melka, Ibn Bitro, Ibn Ilyan, was originally a Goth"...Ilyan who conducted the Muslims into Spain was his ancestor. He died in 326 (937-8 )." in
710:
However, it might well be only a legend. Personal power politics were possibly at play, as historical evidence points to a civil war among the
Visigothic aristocracy. Roderic had been appointed to the throne by the
647:
to be occupied by the Arabs: around 708 AD, as Muslim armies approached the city, its
Byzantine governor, Julian (described as "King of the Ghomara"), changed his allegiance and exhorted the Muslims to invade the
1607:
620:
We are not certain whether he was a Berber, a Visigoth, or a Byzantine; as a "count" he may have been the ruler of the fortress of Septem, once part of the Visigoth kingdom; or he may have been an
320:
Maurice, with 5,000 for Byzantine Spain (although after the mutiny against and deposition of Maurice, Africa's troop strength was probably reduced due to Visigothic and Moorish attacks). The
2128:
385:, who had been deposed, mutilated and exiled in 695, only a few years before the Arabs broke through into the province of Africa in 697. For a while, a Byzantine expeditionary force under
700:. Later ballads and chronicles inflated this tale, Muslims making her out an innocent virgin who was ravished, Christians making her a seductress. In Spanish she came to be known as
1675:
762:
Africa and found them to be more tolerant than the Catholic Visigoths. Moreover, if Julian was the Greek commander of the last Byzantine outpost in Africa, he would have had only a
1680:
931:
mostly written while living in that country. These consist of "Legend of Don Roderick," "Legend of the Subjugation of Spain," and "Legend of Count Julian and His Family."
829:
Afterwards, Julian was apparently granted the lands he was promised by the Muslims but, as the story goes, he lived on friendless and full of guilt for having become a
2014:
1040:
out which parts, I am also aware that for me, Florinda La Cava became real through the tellings of her story, and quite simply, I may be loath to let her go."
386:
1690:
530:
The governor of the straits between this district and Andalus was a foreigner called Ilyan, Lord of Septa. He was also the governor of a town called
624:
or a governor ruling in the name of the Byzantine Empire: or, as appears more likely, he may have been a Berber who was the lord and master of the
1787:
1817:
1457:
2179:
1934:
1924:
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The Arab conquest of North Africa was quite rapid. The Umayyads faced an internally weakened Byzantine state, one of whose emperors,
389:
was able to re-supply coastal garrisons and in some cases aid in the reconquest of lost territory, especially the important city of
1597:
507:
on Julian's part; Jones replies that these only seem true if one consults Christian sources, and names both Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam and
2184:
1979:
511:
as 9th-century historians who mention both Julian and his rift with Roderic. Jones also cites the 13th-century Arabic annalist
17:
1685:
1959:
1954:
349:) in battle, and up to 520 at fully authorized garrison strength (excluding officers' servants, and, in cavalry regiments,
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name, Hispania) or to topple a king and his religious allies, Julian provided military intelligence, troops and ships.
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1208:
1180:
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army of 1,7000 men. Julian approached Musa to negotiate the latter's assistance in an effort to topple Roderic.
1903:
1635:
1399:
119:
801:. Julian also briefed Tariq, their general. The latter left Julian behind among the merchants and crossed the
1665:
86:
before secretly allying with the Muslims. According to Arab chroniclers, Julian had an important role in the
106:
As a historical figure, little is known about Count Julian. The earliest extant source describing Julian is
1984:
1670:
1640:
810:
697:
457:). Its 19th-century translator into English, John Harris Jones, noted that Julian is usually called يليان (
123:
87:
401:
outside the walls, the expeditionary force retreated to its island naval bases to re-group, whereupon the
369:. In the case of an exarchate like Africa, ultimate civil and military command were joined in the exarch.
2159:
2154:
1939:
359:
sizes in the field — the better to confuse the enemy. In battle, the counts normally reported to a
664:
in 740 AD, but Christian Berbers remained there (even if harshly persecuted in the next centuries). in
324:
reports that the army troops in Africa under Maurice comprised about 5,000 cavalry and 10,000 infantry.
2164:
1974:
1964:
1908:
909:
884:
500:
485:
1539:[Legend and nationalism: allegories concerning defeat in La Malinche and Florinda "La Cava"].
311:(marines), 1,000 mercenaries, and various members of Belisarius' own personal retinue to fight in the
2169:
2009:
1989:
516:
2133:
290:) and numerous staff officers in addition to the counts in charge of each legion under his command.
2083:
1969:
398:
1893:
1949:
1888:
1660:
853:. Despite having multiple variants, they tend to begin with the phrase "Amores trata Rodrigo..."
849:
poetry, with extant copies dating to the early modern period, shortly before Cervantes wrote his
361:
393:, but the next year the Arabs sent in their own reinforcements after an appeal to the caliph by
327:
A count/tribune from this time period could command anywhere from 200 to 400 men in a regiment (
2019:
1873:
1737:
1700:
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246:
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1883:
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1645:
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1016:
889:
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168:, this strategy was designed to protect the key towns and communications routes, and did so.
1144:
Kitāb futuḥ misr wa akbārahā: The History of the Conquests of Egypt, North Africa, and Spain
508:
90:, a key event in the history of Islam, and in the subsequent history of what were to become
2073:
1777:
1695:
1615:
1367:
1201:
The Eve of Spain: Myths of Origins in the History of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Conflict
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1008:
940:
901:
684:
461:) by later Arabic authors, while in the manuscripts available to Jones he is called بليان (
442:
233:
107:
28:
469:, who in his critical edition of the Arabic text, gave the least corrupt form as بؙلْيان (
8:
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863:
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tribes also resisted either in concert with the Byzantines, or under native leaders like
2088:
1812:
652:. After Julian's death, the Arabs took direct control of the city, which the indigenous
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and "most Spanish critics", who held that Julian was a fictional character, as well as
1929:
1822:
1792:
1772:
1625:
1602:
1451:
397:, and forced the Byzantines to yield most of the province. After losing the subsequent
278:
150:
616:. But Valdeavellano notes other possibilities, arguing that he probably was a Berber.
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chieftains had greatly extended their African dominions, and as early as the year 682
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1797:
1767:
1537:"Leyenda y nacionalismo: alegorías de la derrota en La Malinche y Florinda "La Cava""
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stated that confusing the two could only be the action of a "fairly drunken scribe".
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sides. Legend would later attribute that to a deliberate plan developed by Julian.
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688:
644:
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421:. The only serious resistance the Arabs encountered after this was the fortress of
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272:
203:
202:" (present-day Ceuta), and according to some scholars, possibly the last Byzantine
127:
83:
41:
1762:
687:, writing a century and a half after the events, Julian sent one of his daughters—
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was himself deposed and mutilated, to be replaced by Apsimar, now calling himself
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1802:
1620:
1371:
996:
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751:
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At that time, the surrounding area of the Maghreb had recently been conquered by
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503:'s assertion that no sources prior to the 11th century mention any quarrel with
49:
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731:(Septem), the Pillar of Hercules in North Africa on the northern shore of the
723:, who died or was killed in 710. Thus, Wittiza's relatives and partisans fled
182:. In Kaegi's view, if Julian had a daughter in Spain, it would have been in a
133:
2148:
2118:
2055:
1807:
1443:
1387:
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643:(then called "Septem") and the surrounding territories were the last area of
581:
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142:
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Musa was initially unsure of Julian's project and so, in July 710, directed
1727:
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897:
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The next summer Julian provided the ships to carry Muslim troops across to
774:
418:
382:
381:, was assassinated in his bath in the midst of an army revolt and another,
312:
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237:
214:
165:
1373:
Dhikr Fatḥ Al-Andalus: Ibn Abd-el-Hakem's History of the Conquest of Spain
2108:
2049:
1742:
980:
858:
402:
378:
302:
175:
146:
2041:
1827:
770:
512:
430:
298:
1085:“Amroes trata Rodrigo” is translated as “Rodrigo’s in love” by Grieve.
908:
handle the legends associated with these events poetically: Scott in "
2063:
1944:
1853:
1511:]. Translated by Helen R. Lane. New York: The Viking Press, Inc.
1345:. Translated by Joan Hussey. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
806:
681:
657:
531:
294:
138:
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Some later scholars would posit that one Julian was the same as one
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situation, used as a check on his loyalty on the part of the Goths.
2068:
2035:
1546:
1019:, as a copying error. 'Abd al-Hakam gives him the title صاحب سبتة (
736:
716:
613:
609:
547:
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414:
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95:
79:
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254:. The Exarchate of Africa was divided into ducates led by a duke (
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732:
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605:
589:
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1394:. Oxford & Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell, Ltd.
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but that is the way he is referred to in the mediaeval Spanish
798:
712:
621:
601:
410:
350:
1376:. Translated by John Harris Jones. Gottingen: W. Fr. Kaestner.
773:(the Arab name for the area the Visigoths still called by its
703:
353:): Byzantine strategy at the time dictated varying regimental
293:
The Army of Africa initially had 15,000 troops: the historian
126:. Other details, such as the existence of a daughter known as
116:
The History of the Conquests of Egypt, North Africa, and Spain
1711:
1583:
1050:
1023:
755:
728:
678:
640:
426:
373:
Disintegration and Mauretanisation of the Byzantine exarchate
340:
227:
218:
199:
171:
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91:
75:
70:
1473:
809:(Jebel Tariq in Arabic) on April 30, 711 and thus began the
305:) took with him to Africa 15,000 soldiers, as well as 2,000
1062:
766:
with the Kingdom of the Visigoths and not been part of it.
577:
134:
Byzantine and native resistance and the importance of Ceuta
1015:, the latter is treated by the editor of the Arabic text,
409:, Apsimar, seized control of the fleet's remnants after a
740:
534:, situated on the same side of the straits of Andalus as
365:
who commanded 2,000–3,000 men, and in turn reported to a
1552:
1545:(Spanish-language article comparing La Cava and Mexican
1173:
Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa
522:
The first full passage on Ilyan in Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakam's
436:
34:
Possible 8th-century Byzantine governor in North Africa
1426:
Narratives of the Islamic conquest from medieval Spain
1343:
History of the Byzantine State (Revised Edition, 1969)
441:
The earliest extant source for Julian is a chapter in
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1138:
564:
Luis García de Valdeavellano writes that, during the
473:), which he supposed should be corrected to يُلْيان (
2015:
Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in Ceuta and Melilla
1414:
see Slane's Translation, Appendix II, p. 346, Note 2
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1021:
816:
465:). A better manuscript with vowels was available to
58:
1318:
1316:
667:
189:
1500:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1330:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
27:"Count Julian" redirects here. For the novel, see
1123:
526:reads (in the 19th-century English translation):
198:Julian was reportedly a count, the "Commander of
2146:
1491:
1489:
1469:
1467:
1366:
1313:
1061:Again, the forerunner of the mediaeval title of
719:church, snubbing the sons of the previous king,
515:and refers readers to an English translation by
1103:
1101:
118:), which claims that Julian first resisted the
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1110:"Spanish 591, Romancero: Seducción de la Cava"
600:Julian is sometimes regarded as having been a
315:; they were ferried there by 30,000 oarsmen..
1568:
1486:
1464:
805:with a force of some 17000 men. He landed at
1328:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1194:
1192:
1098:
592:, for he was forced to turn back toward the
250:, was analogous to the title and dignity of
1935:Ceuta (Spanish Congress Electoral District)
1285:
1217:
1150:
656:resented. They destroyed Septem during the
429:), which held out until 711, and the local
1575:
1561:
1456:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1260:
82:who subsequently submitted to the king of
1423:
1322:
1238:
1189:
780:
1534:
1108:(Anonymous). Suzanne H. Peterson (ed.).
845:, are the subject of numerous mediaeval
769:Perhaps, then, in exchange for lands in
691:in later accounts—to Roderic's court at
141:strategy at the time, as articulated by
1386:
1107:
14:
2147:
1980:Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta
1925:2007 Morocco–Spain diplomatic conflict
1621:Cathedral of St Mary of the Assumption
1198:
836:
1556:
1474:Luis García de Valdeavellano (1968).
1266:
1167:
1142:(1922). Charles Cutler Torrey (ed.).
1960:Movement for Dignity and Citizenship
1955:Democratic and Social Party of Ceuta
1543:. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
887:recounts Julian's story in his play
672:
64:) was, according to some sources, a
1482:] (in Spanish). Madrid: Alanza.
1291:
1146:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1000:
53:
24:
2180:8th-century people from al-Andalus
1424:Geraldine, Hazbun (8 April 2016).
1392:The Arab Conquest of Spain 710-797
841:Julian and his putative daughter,
25:
2201:
1528:
947:In 2000, Julian's story became a
929:Legends of the Conquest of Spain,
817:Battle of Guadalete and aftermath
568:, in "their struggle against the
232:) was applied to the leader of a
2129:Medalla de la Autonomía de Ceuta
1710:
1686:Parque Marítimo del Mediterráneo
1244:Byzantium and Its Army: 284-1081
1049:The ancestor of the noble title
927:retells the legends in his 1835
912:" (1811), Landor in his tragedy
750:, who established his governor,
668:Role in the conquest of Hispania
566:Umayyad conquest of North Africa
524:Chapter on the Conquest of Spain
455:Chapter on the Conquest of Spain
1879:Roman Catholic Diocese of Ceuta
1417:
1304:
1276:
1079:
1067:
1055:
918:Roderick, the Last of the Goths
488:. Disputing this in the 1980s,
413:by naval officers. The emperor
2185:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
1175:. Cambridge University Press.
1043:
1033:
989:
967:
588:, but he was unable to occupy
584:had reached the shores of the
276:(στρατηγός). According to the
120:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
101:
13:
1:
1666:Military Museum of the Legion
1246:. Stanford University Press.
1092:
301:(a general under the emperor
282:, each duke would have had a
1985:Statute of Autonomy of Ceuta
1671:Monumento del Llano Amarillo
1641:Shrine of Our Lady of Africa
1199:Grieve, Patricia E. (2009).
934:Expatriate Spanish novelist
811:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
735:. There, they gathered with
698:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
164:(Caecilius). In the view of
145:, a Byzantine general under
124:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
112:Kitāb futuḥ misr wa akbārahā
88:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
68:governor, possibly a former
7:
1940:Ceuta (Senate constituency)
1899:Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)
1681:Palace of Assembly of Ceuta
1341:George Ostrogorsky (1999).
1022:
727:for Julian's protection at
59:
10:
2206:
1965:List of governors of Ceuta
1909:COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta
1904:Siege of Ceuta (1790–1791)
1609:Bienes de interés cultural
1301:XII B preface, VIII.2 (85)
910:The Vision of Don Roderick
856:In Part I, Chapter 41, of
501:Pascual de Gayangos y Arce
486:Mozarabic Chronicle of 754
437:Identification of "Julian"
341:
228:
46:Don Julián, Conde de Ceuta
26:
2101:
2028:
2010:Ceuta Football Federation
2005:
1998:
1990:Union of Muslims of Ceuta
1917:
1836:
1720:
1707:
1590:
1582:
1273:I.15.ii & III.ii.2-19
517:William McGuckin de Slane
267:
1970:Mayor-President of Ceuta
1676:Mosque of Muley El Mehdi
1203:. Baltimore: JHU Press.
960:
938:takes up the legends in
896:The British writers Sir
431:Moorish tribes (Berbers)
236:(a successor to the old
74:in Byzantine service in
1975:People's Party of Ceuta
1950:Ceutan Democratic Union
1889:Treaty of Lisbon (1668)
1661:Punta Almina Lighthouse
1636:Church of San Francisco
916:(1812), and Southey in
789:to lead a probe of the
2134:Radio Televisión Ceuta
2020:Estadio Alfonso Murube
1874:Kingdom of the Algarve
1849:Julian, Count of Ceuta
1738:Isla de Santa Catalina
1701:Marinid Walls of Ceuta
1651:Estadio Alfonso Murube
781:Umayyad reconnaissance
634:
558:
332:
259:
211:Byzantine North Africa
194:in the late Roman army
122:, and then joined the
45:
38:Julian, Count of Ceuta
18:Julian, count of Ceuta
2114:Coat of arms of Ceuta
1894:Vidal Marín del Campo
1884:Siege of Ceuta (1419)
1864:Daniel and Companions
1646:Ermita de San Antonio
754:, at Tangier with an
639:Indeed, historically
618:
528:
497:Juan Francisco Masdeu
451:Dhikr Fatḥ Al-Andalus
240:), and, according to
1844:Septem (Roman Ceuta)
1778:Playa El Desnarigado
1696:Royal Walls of Ceuta
1616:Casa de los Dragones
1030:, "Lord of Ceuta").
923:The American writer
902:Walter Savage Landor
628:Berber tribe of the
433:in the hinterlands.
29:Count Julian (novel)
1758:Pillars of Hercules
1748:Peninsula of Almina
1005:Youliān Kont Sabteh
864:Miguel de Cervantes
837:Literary treatments
823:Battle of Guadalete
662:Maysara al-Matghari
484:who appears in the
395:Hasan ibn al-Nu'man
2160:8th-century deaths
2155:7th-century births
1930:Caballas Coalition
1823:Tingitan Peninsula
1793:Playa de la Ribera
1773:Playa del Chorillo
1626:Ceuta border fence
1476:Historia de España
890:All's Lost by Lust
847:chivalric romances
803:Strait of Hercules
715:of the Visigothic
555:Ibn Abd-el Hakem,
399:Battle of Carthage
387:John the Patrician
279:Notitia Dignitatum
2165:People from Ceuta
2142:
2141:
2097:
2096:
1869:Conquest of Ceuta
1798:Playa del Sarchal
1768:Playa Calamocarro
1324:Treadgold, Warren
1269:Wars of Justinian
1240:Treadgold, Warren
1140:Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam
1009:Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam
925:Washington Irving
764:military alliance
685:Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam
677:According to the
673:Rift with Roderic
660:rebellion led by
650:Iberian Peninsula
443:Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam
407:Cibyrrhaeot Theme
108:Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam
16:(Redirected from
2197:
2170:History of Ceuta
2084:Imperio de Ceuta
2079:Ceuta 6 de Junio
2058:
2044:
2003:
2002:
1783:Playa El Tarajal
1715:
1714:
1656:Hotel Tryp Ceuta
1577:
1570:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1523:
1522:
1506:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1480:History of Spain
1471:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1447:
1428:. New York, NY.
1421:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1368:Ibn Abd-el-Hakem
1364:
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1346:
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1028:
1002:
1001:يوليان كونت سبتة
993:
987:
971:
949:West End musical
843:Florinda la Cava
833:to his kingdom.
787:Tarif ibn Malluk
645:Byzantine Africa
556:
544:Musa Ibn Nossevr
344:
343:
270:), also called
269:
231:
230:
204:Exarch of Africa
84:Visigothic Spain
62:
55:
21:
2205:
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2093:
2054:
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2024:
1994:
1913:
1832:
1803:Playa San Amaro
1716:
1709:
1705:
1691:Plaza de África
1586:
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783:
752:Tariq ibn Ziyad
748:Musa ibn Nusair
675:
670:
594:Atlas Mountains
557:
554:
495:Jones disputes
439:
375:
196:
136:
110:'s 9th-century
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15:
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2074:AUGC Deportiva
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2032:
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2026:
2025:
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2017:
2012:
2006:
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1996:
1995:
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1987:
1982:
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1967:
1962:
1957:
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1932:
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1911:
1906:
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1891:
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1866:
1861:
1859:Taifa of Ceuta
1856:
1851:
1846:
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1831:
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1753:Perejil Island
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1633:
1631:Ceuta Heliport
1628:
1623:
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1600:
1594:
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1588:
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1580:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1535:Juan F. Mara.
1530:
1529:External links
1527:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1497:Juan Goytisolo
1485:
1463:
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1388:Collins, Roger
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973:The honorific
965:
964:
962:
959:
936:Juan Goytisolo
906:Robert Southey
885:William Rowley
877:
876:
838:
835:
821:Later, in the
818:
815:
782:
779:
674:
671:
669:
666:
608:, king of the
552:
509:Ibn al-Qūṭiyya
438:
435:
423:Septem Fratres
374:
371:
284:chief of staff
195:
188:
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33:
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2119:Flag of Ceuta
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2090:
2089:Ramón y Cajal
2087:
2085:
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2056:AD Ceuta FC B
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1808:Port of Ceuta
1806:
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1788:Playa Miramar
1786:
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1763:Playa Benítez
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1169:Kaegi, Walter
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654:Berber tribes
651:
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490:Roger Collins
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160:(Kahina) and
159:
155:
152:
151:autochthonous
148:
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143:John Troglita
140:
131:
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117:
113:
109:
99:
97:
93:
89:
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77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
61:
51:
47:
43:
39:
30:
19:
1848:
1818:Punta Blanca
1728:Bay of Ceuta
1608:
1591:Architecture
1540:
1509:Count Julian
1508:
1502:
1479:
1475:
1425:
1419:
1410:
1391:
1382:
1372:
1342:
1336:
1327:
1306:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1268:
1262:
1243:
1200:
1172:
1143:
1113:. Retrieved
1081:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1035:
1020:
1012:
1004:
991:
974:
969:
952:
946:
941:Count Julian
939:
933:
928:
922:
917:
914:Count Julian
913:
898:Walter Scott
895:
888:
878:
873:Spanish text
857:
855:
850:
840:
828:
820:
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784:
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745:
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638:
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619:
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529:
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521:
494:
481:
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458:
454:
450:
446:
440:
422:
419:Tiberius III
383:Justinian II
376:
360:
354:
346:
326:
321:
313:Vandalic War
308:karabisianoi
306:
292:
287:
277:
271:
245:
217:
215:curial title
208:
197:
191:
170:
166:Walter Kaegi
137:
115:
111:
105:
69:
57:
37:
36:
2109:Africa Star
2050:AD Ceuta FC
1743:Monte Hacho
1297:Strategicon
1267:Procopius.
1011:, بؙلْيان,
981:anachronism
893:(c. 1619).
883:playwright
859:Don Quixote
851:Don Quixote
403:Droungarios
379:Constans II
322:Strategicon
303:Justinian I
247:Strategicon
176:Constans II
147:Justinian I
102:Historicity
2149:Categories
2042:AD Ceuta B
1828:Tramaguera
1603:Arab Baths
1503:Don Julián
1401:0631159231
1093:References
979:may be an
771:al-Andalus
570:Byzantines
513:Al-Dhahabi
447:Futuḥ misr
299:Belisarius
297:says that
2064:AgD Ceuta
1945:Ceuta Ya!
1854:Banu Isam
1721:Geography
1452:cite book
1444:922951300
1282:cited in
807:Gibraltar
682:historian
658:Kharijite
610:Visigoths
362:chiliarch
317:Treadgold
295:Procopius
273:strategos
180:Theodoric
139:Byzantine
2069:SD Ceuta
2036:AD Ceuta
1918:Politics
1813:Príncipe
1611:in Ceuta
1547:Malinche
1541:Especulo
1499:(1974).
1390:(1989).
1370:(1858).
1326:(1997).
1310:cited in
1242:(1995).
1171:(2010).
985:romances
920:(1814).
881:Jacobean
866:writes:
862:(1605),
717:Catholic
702:la Cava
679:Egyptian
626:Catholic
614:Hispania
586:Atlantic
572:and the
553:—
536:Tangiers
532:Alchadra
445:'s work
415:Leontius
391:Carthage
288:princeps
234:regiment
96:Portugal
80:Tangiers
66:renegade
2190:Comites
2124:Haketia
1837:History
1293:Maurice
1075:Boutros
995:Modern
954:La Cava
831:traitor
791:Iberian
733:Maghreb
721:Wittiza
713:bishops
689:La Cava
606:Roderic
590:Tangier
574:Berbers
548:Cairwan
540:Tlemsen
505:Roderic
482:Urbanus
449:headed
405:of the
367:merarch
356:tagmata
351:squires
252:tribune
242:Maurice
184:hostage
162:Kusaila
128:La Cava
42:Spanish
2175:Counts
1598:Anyera
1515:
1442:
1432:
1398:
1250:
1207:
1179:
1115:14 May
1026:Sabteh
1017:Torrey
1013:Bulyan
997:Arabic
904:, and
799:Europe
737:Arians
725:Iberia
693:Toledo
630:Gomera
622:exarch
602:vassal
576:, the
475:Yulyan
471:Bulyan
467:Torrey
463:Bilian
411:mutiny
333:bandum
238:legion
200:Septem
154:Berber
50:Arabic
2102:Other
2029:Teams
1999:Sport
1733:Benzú
1584:Ceuta
1507:[
1478:[
1051:count
1024:Sahib
1007:; in
961:Notes
775:Roman
729:Ceuta
704:Rumía
641:Ceuta
459:Ilyan
427:Ceuta
347:tagma
342:τάγμα
337:Greek
329:Latin
264:Greek
256:Latin
229:κόμης
224:Greek
219:comes
192:comes
172:Ceuta
158:Dihya
92:Spain
76:Ceuta
71:comes
60:Īlyan
54:يليان
1513:ISBN
1458:link
1440:OCLC
1430:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1117:2017
1073:Cf.
1063:duke
879:The
756:Arab
741:Jews
739:and
636:in
582:Uqba
578:Arab
542:and
268:δούξ
213:the
190:The
94:and
78:and
976:Don
612:in
604:of
546:in
477:).
260:dux
244:'s
209:In
56:, (
48:,,
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1488:^
1466:^
1454:}}
1450:{{
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1271:.
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1213:.
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1119:.
632:.
453:(
425:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.