20:
318:
domestic access to the
Internet?" where answers range from "Extremely Often" to "Never or almost Never." Freedom House's Freedom on the Net report also uses expert analysis to assess whether internet shutdowns have occurred, but instead of surveying multiple experts, Freedom House identifies and partners with a single expert to conduct an analysis. Freedom House asks the question "Does the government intentionally disrupt the internet or cellphone networks in response to political or social events, whether temporary or long term, localized or nationwide?" Generally expert analyses are more prone to false positives and fewer false negatives (i.e. identifying shutdowns that other sources cannot confirm), than remote sensing methods with manual oversight.
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1493:
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1822:
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reports from local activists, official government statements, and statements from ISPs. The OpenNet
Initiative has volunteers install software on their computers to check websites from access points around the world, then confirms those results with manual observations. These methods are prone to more false negatives and fewer false positives (i.e. all shutdowns that these sources identify can be confirmed by other sources) than expert analyses.
1071:
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1404:
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883:
674:
348:
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753:
717:
823:
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1223:
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182:
309:, the University of Michigan's Censored Planet Observatory, the Internet Censorship Lab, and the Monash IP Observatory. These organizations use a range of methods to detect shutdowns such as expert analysis, remote sensing, and remote sensing with oversight. Some of these organizations, such as Access Now, maintain active lists of internet shutdowns.
317:
Several organizations use expert analysis to identify internet shutdowns. Some, such as the
Digital Society Project (DSP), send out surveys to experts around the world, and then aggregate the results into a single score. For internet shutdowns, the DSP asks "How often does the government shut down
95:
by a government for a small area or many large areas of its country. Such a shut down is typically used as a means of information control in a brief period of upheaval or transition. In autocracies, internet shutdowns have appeared especially in the context of contested elections and post-electoral
1390:
was shut down by the government. The
Burmese government shut down the internet connection in nine townships of the northern Arakan State and one single township in the Southern Chin State, which was proposed by Burmese Military officers. The shutdown is ongoing, and has become the world's longest
570:
Shortly after the death of pop singer
Michael Jackson, thousands of online media posts and users rapidly attempted results of Michael Jackson on how he died. This resulted in Google blocking Michael Jackson-related searches (after assumption that a DDoS attack was at hand), Twitter and Knowledge
330:
In order to address these concerns, some organizations have implemented various methods of oversight. Organizations such as Access Now and the OpenNet
Initiative use such methods. Access Now uses technological methods to detect shutdowns, but then confirms those shutdowns using news reports,
326:
Other organizations use various remote sensing techniques to identify shutdowns. Some organizations, such as the Open
Observatory of Network Interference, the Internet Censorship Lab and the Monash IP-Observatory use automated remote sensing methods to detect internet shutdowns. The Open
96:
violence. It can impede the ability of protesters or insurgent forces to mobilize and organize. It also serves to prevent real-time information access for foreign people or entities. Reactions from leaders, journalists, observers and others in foreign countries can be delayed.
334:
A comparatively new method for detecting internet shutdowns is remote sensing with automated oversight. These methods have been praised as more ethical and efficient as they do not endanger in-country volunteers. However these methods have yet to produce regular datasets.
1456:, Indonesian authorities imposed an internet blackout on both provinces on 21 August 2019. The blackout continued until the authority partially lifted the blackout on 4 September in several regions, with complete lifting of the restriction only occurring in 9 September.
2836:
Faris, R. & Villeneuve, N. (2008). Measuring Global
Internet Filtering in R. Deibert, J. Palfrey, R. Rohozinski, & J. Zittrain, (Eds.), Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering, Cambridge: MIT Press.
2531:
Coppedge, Michael; Gerring, John; Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Lindberg, Staffan I.; Teorell, Jan; Marquardt, Kyle L.; Medzihorsky, Juraj; Pemstein, Daniel; Pernes, Josefine; von Römer, Johannes; Stepanova, Natalia (2019-04-01). "V-Dem
Methodology V9".
2868:
Raman, R. S., Stoll, A., Dalek, J., Ramesh, R. Scott, W., & Ensafi, R. (2020). Measuring the
Deployment of Network Censorship Filters at Global Scale. Network and Distributed System Security (NDSS) Symposium
1886:
Modern society, especially in developed countries, depends heavily on the Internet not just for communication. There have been some measures taken and possibilities exist for managing and countering a large-scale Internet outage.
327:
Observatory of Network Interference uses software installed on computers of volunteers around the world to detect shutdowns. However these methods are prone to false positives, false negatives, and various technical challenges.
227:
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is used to route traffic on the internet. BGP hijacking is a form of cyber-attack where an attacker alters the routing information in BGP, causing internet traffic to be directed to the wrong place.
1570:. For a short period of time, no Facebook employee could access the building to investigate the issue due to their "keycards not working.". At around 6:30 PM EST, Facebook reported that all their sites were up. Facebook CEO
201:
These attacks target the infrastructure of the internet, specifically the routing systems that direct traffic between different networks. By manipulating or disrupting these systems, attackers can cause widespread outages.
2849:
VanderSloot, B., McDonald, A., Scott, W., Halderman, J.A., & Ensafi, R. (2018). Quack: Scalable Remote Measurement of Application-Layer Censorship. In Proceedings of the 27th USENIX Security
2468:
Niaki, Arian Akhavan; Cho, Shinyoung; Weinberg, Zachary; Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Razaghpanah, Abbas; Christin, Nicolas; Gill, Phillipa (2019-07-09). "ICLab: A Global, Longitudinal Internet Censorship Measurement Platform".
218:
A botnet is a network of compromised computers that are controlled by an attacker. These computers can be used to launch DDoS attacks, spread malware, or perform other malicious actions that can cause internet outages.
3875:
3805:
2859:
Hoang, P. N., Doreen, S., Polychronakis, M., (2019). Measuring I2P Censorship at a Global Scale. In Proceedings of the 9th USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet.
2926:
440:
failure resulted in corrupt .com and .net zones, which were subsequently released to the DNS root servers. As the root servers were reloaded, they began to return failures for all domains in the .com and .net
132:
can lead to internet outages by either directly destroying local ICT infrastructure or indirectly damaging the local electricity grid. The Monash IP Observatory and KASPR Datahaus have tracked the impact of
962:, which caused major internet platforms and services to be unavailable to large swathes of users in Europe and North America. As a DNS provider, Dyn provides to end-users the service of mapping an Internet
3049:
1807:
The movement was being mobilized utilizing social media networks, and to establish control over the situation government applied a complete internet shutdown to suppress protests throughout the country.
1507:
On October 21st, North Korean internet infrastructure dropped off the internet, including public facing websites and email servers. All servers which were subject to monitoring were found to be offline.
795:(AS29386) of Syrian Telecommunication Establishment (STE) was cut off completely at 10:26 UTC. Five prefixes were reported to have remained up, this is why Dyn reports an outage of 92% of the country.
3003:
1683:
On July 8th, 2022, Rogers reported the largest outage in Canadian history. The outage affected both cable Internet and cellular networks, as well as critical infrastructure that used them, including
281:
Inclement weather such as heavy snow, thunderstorm, and heavy rain can cause outages by damaging the infrastructure or making it difficult for maintenance crews to access and repair the network.
3471:
3497:
3587:
1767:
On July 19, 2024, various IT systems around the world experienced an outage that has led to ongoing disruptions across different industries, including media firms, banks, and airlines.
853:, which resulted in internet connectivity problems for the users of these devices. While TalkTalk later patched their routers, a new variant of Mirai was discovered in TalkTalk routers.
72:
with it having a "hub-like" core structure that makes it robust to random losses of nodes but also fragile to targeted attacks on key components − the highly connected nodes or "hubs".
482:
Three separate incidents of major damage to submarine optical communication cables around the world occurred in 2008. The first incident caused damage involving up to five high-speed
2349:
4213:
2324:
978:(DDoS) attack was accomplished through a large number of DNS lookup requests from tens of millions of IP addresses. The activities are believed to have been executed through a
1278:
3527:
3801:
3359:
2059:
Petersen, Hauke; Baccelli, Emmanuel; Wählisch, Matthias; Schmidt, Thomas C.; Schiller, Jochen (27 October 2014). "The Role of the Internet of Things in Network Resilience".
3558:
2557:
65:
may cause blackouts or slowdowns to large areas. Countries with a less developed Internet infrastructure are more vulnerable due to small numbers of high-capacity links.
3075:
3307:
1691:
on its distribution routers, which caused all possible routes to the internet to pass through the routers, exceeding the capacity of the routers on its core network.
2999:
3389:
2063:. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Vol. 151. Springer, Cham. pp. 283–296.
3830:
3965:
3414:
2918:
3655:
3333:
3045:
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debit payments, hospitals, banks, and 9-1-1 access. The outage occurred during an update to the company's core IP network that resulted in the deletion of a
156:
could cause large-scale global months-long Internet outages. Researchers have described potential mitigation measures and exceptions – such as user-powered
2947:
3153:
3101:
3440:
2171:
Doyle, John C.; Alderson, David L.; Li, Lun; Low, Steven; Roughan, Matthew; Shalunov, Stanislav; Tanaka, Reiko; Willinger, Walter (11 October 2005).
4147:
3463:
3493:
3123:
3176:
3579:
3240:
4045:
4005:
3269:
2518:
Mechkova, V., Daniel P., Brigitte S.,&Steven W. (2020). Digital Society Project Dataset v2.Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project
2295:
1176:, the popular internet transit provider accidentally rerouted IP packages after it wrongly accepted a network misconfiguration from a small
735:
was shut down by the government, whereby approximately 93% of networks were without access in 2011 in an attempt to stop mobilization for
4205:
3919:
3617:
1974:
193:
These attacks flood a website or network with traffic from multiple sources, overwhelming the server and making it unavailable to users.
2119:
4025:
1566:, the latter possibly caused by Facebook users reporting the outage. The outage came less than a day after a whistleblower had been on
1192:, and others, ended up going through DQE and Allegheny, which buckled under the strain, causing traffic to disappear into a black hole.
1736:
globally cutting off its people’s access to the internet, whilst maintaining domestic national internet National Information Network
4063:
3071:
3945:
3851:
3519:
290:
3355:
1241:
was shut down by the government, whereby approximately 96% of networks were without access in an attempt to stop mobilization for
3677:
3550:
1952:
19:
257:
Accidents caused by human error, such as a construction crew cutting through a fiber-optic cable, can cause internet outages.
2094:
1785:
1057:
On January 17, around 20 percent of the people in Cameroon had their internet blocked due to recent anti-government protests.
3291:
3737:
3707:
3210:
355:
1343:
3827:"BGP super-blunder: How Verizon today sparked a 'cascading catastrophic failure' that knackered Cloudflare, Amazon, etc"
4180:
1988:
1306:
975:
3381:
2441:
1661:
510:
3985:
3826:
3802:"How Verizon and a BGP Optimizer caused a major internet outage affecting Amazon, Facebook, CloudFlare among others"
689:
A woman digging for scrap metal damaged land cables and thereby severed most connectivity for the nation of Armenia.
249:
Internet service providers (ISPs) rely on electricity to power their networks, so power failures can cause outages.
4237:
3896:
3410:
2904:
2591:"Comparing Measures of Internet Censorship: Analyzing the Tradeoffs between Expert Analysis and Remote Measurement"
1979:
951:
3639:
3329:
2682:
241:
Floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, and other natural disasters can damage internet infrastructure, causing outages.
2374:
605:
592:
470:
4181:"Bangladesh has erupted over jobs reserved for the children of 'freedom fighters.' Here's what you need to know"
2880:
2495:
497:
from 23 January to 4 February 2008, causing internet disruptions and slowdowns for users in the Middle East and
4265:
3149:
2399:
2032:
1896:
1754:
1713:
1215:
486:
62:
3097:
3436:
379:
4275:
2955:
1109:
792:
2838:
1313:. In order to prevent protests and outrage on social media, various state governments including those of
736:
4089:
2978:
3127:
1242:
3787:
3180:
1920:
1867:
4280:
1177:
210:
Malicious software can infect and damage computer systems and networks, leading to internet outages.
104:
The temporary disconnection of civilian internet access by military forces is an important aspect of
92:
2619:
2197:
3232:
546:
2424:
Jyothi, Sangeetha Abdu (9 August 2021). "Solar superstorms: Planning for an internet apocalypse".
849:
and produced by Arcadyan, were crashed due to failed TR-064 exploitation attempts by a variant of
501:. In late February there was another outage, this time affecting a fiber optic connection between
3261:
2303:
2005:
165:
153:
2192:
1626:
797:
Responsibility for the outage has somewhat speculatively been blamed on various organizations.
4114:
3609:
2537:
2157:
273:
Scheduled maintenance or unexpected repairs on the internet infrastructure can cause outages.
4270:
2750:
2606:
1957:
1453:
157:
3773:
1843:
Internet outages can be prevented by a more resilient, decentralized Internet architecture.
636:
line. Both the incidents had caused the internet disruptions and slowdowns for users in the
265:
The failure of equipment such as servers, routers, and switches can cause internet outages.
3024:
2184:
2074:
1946:
1578:
1528:
8:
3880:
1445:
1422:
1302:
995:
987:
359:
105:
86:
51:
4006:"Facebook whistleblower says company incentivizes "angry, polarizing, divisive content""
2188:
2078:
2819:
2470:
2447:
2277:
2225:
2172:
2145:
2120:"'Many lives have been lost': five-month internet blackout plunges Kashmir into crisis"
2100:
2064:
2011:
1629:
was shut down on account of anti-government protests against sudden energy price rises.
1016:
1007:
983:
955:
925:
842:
306:
134:
113:
4155:
4122:
3647:
3640:"DDoS attack that disrupted internet was largest of its kind in history, experts say"
3299:
2811:
2772:
2633:
2533:
2451:
2437:
2281:
2269:
2230:
2212:
2127:
2090:
1993:
1387:
1326:
1184:, systems around the planet were automatically updated, and connections destined for
732:
490:
457:
437:
129:
2104:
791:
On 29 November 2012 the Syrian internet was cut off from the rest of the world. The
4090:"Iran's sweeping internet blackouts are a serious cause for concern | CNN Business"
2823:
2803:
2594:
2429:
2261:
2220:
2202:
2082:
1449:
1238:
846:
833:
24:
3920:"Half a dozen North Korean domains offline after apparent server outage | NK News"
2375:"Computer scientist warns global internet is not prepared for a large solar storm"
2265:
3729:
3699:
3202:
2086:
1688:
1571:
1003:
897:
859:
850:
302:
142:
109:
47:
2249:
3759:
2791:
2177:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1172:
On June 24, 2019, many parts of the Internet faced an unprecedented outage as
4259:
4159:
4126:
3946:"Internet Outage Live Updates: AOC blasts Facebook's "monopolistic" behavior"
3730:"Google coding champion whose Cameroon hometown is cut off from the internet"
3651:
3303:
2815:
2807:
2681:
Mechkova, Valeriya; Pemstein, Daniel; Seim, Brigitte; Wilson, Steven (2021).
2273:
2216:
2131:
2038:
1975:
Decentralization § Centralization and redecentralization of the Internet
1334:
1159:
1131:
959:
943:
938:
560:
298:
189:
attack in February 2020, showing an error message in place of website content
2790:
Pearce, Paul; Ensafi, Roya; Li, Frank; Feamster, Nick; Paxson, Vern (2018).
2433:
2207:
1112:(AS131279) of Star JV was cut off completely, due to alleged US cyber attack
4245:
3000:"GO submarine cable fault part of wider disruption between Italy and Egypt"
2598:
2296:"The Monash IP Observatory - Hurricane Florence's impact on local internet"
2234:
1999:
1962:
1591:
BGP Withdrawal of IP Address (Facebook), Server overwhelming (other sites)
1555:
1181:
999:
161:
138:
4206:"Takeaways from Egypt: Kill the kill switch and decentralize the Internet"
2350:"Real-time Mapping of Hurricane Laura's Impact on Internet Infrastructure"
4148:"Record number of countries enforced internet shutdowns in 2022 – report"
3876:"India's Internet shutdown in Kashmir is the longest ever in a democracy"
1968:
1542:
On October 4, 2021, at around 11:45 AM EST, the online social media site
1498:
1330:
1099:
1010:, the attack is, according to experts, the largest DDoS attack on record.
967:
963:
641:
609:
522:
518:
494:
55:
28:
1909:
1855:
2250:"Election-related internet-shutdowns in autocracies and hybrid regimes"
1827:
1798:
1648:
1616:
1567:
1554:. Around 4:00 PM EST, people reported other sites were not working via
1189:
971:
637:
613:
294:
91:
A government internet blackout is the deliberate shut down of civilian
2839:
http://opennet.net/sites/opennet.net/files/Deibert_02_Ch01_005-028.pdf
2657:
2325:"Visualising Tropical Cyclone Fani's Path of Destruction in Real-Time"
950:
The cyberattack took place on October 21, 2016, and involved multiple
2588:
1547:
1475:
1435:
1322:
991:
633:
502:
117:
3551:"Many sites including Twitter, Shopify and Spotify suffering outage"
3292:"Snowden: NSA accidentally caused Syria's internet blackout in 2012"
2590:
2519:
1982: – Infrastructure without which the Internet would not function
289:
A variety of organizations measure internet shutdowns including the
4241:
4010:
3970:
3950:
3852:"Kashmir Internet Shutdown Continues, Despite Supreme Court Ruling"
2773:"Toward Automated Worldwide Monitoring of Network-level Censorship"
2725:
2475:
1551:
1543:
1309:
which caused huge controversy and mass protest in various parts of
1185:
1076:
1046:
483:
453:
164:
applications and new protocols – and the robustness of the current
108:. This tactic is common today, and is often used in concert with a
69:
3897:"Presiden & Menkominfo Diputus Bersalah Blokir Internet Papua"
3356:"German leaders angry at cyberattack, hint at Russian involvement"
2069:
4026:"Facebook says sorry for mass outage and reveals why it happened"
3966:"Facebook blames 'faulty configuration change' for major outages"
3464:"Unprecedented cyber attack takes Liberia's entire internet down"
2979:"Severed Cables in Mediterranean Disrupt Communication (Update4)"
2792:"Toward Continual Measurement of Global Network-Level Censorship"
2017:
1684:
1563:
1409:
1377:
1318:
1173:
1164:
901:
888:
828:
679:
625:
506:
3610:"What We Know About Friday's Massive East Coast Internet Outage"
23:
Electronic information stand without an internet connection, at
2058:
1890:
1674:
979:
181:
176:
3678:"Cameroon's Internet outage is damaging the country's economy"
3494:"DDoS attack from Mirai malware 'killing business' in Liberia"
2530:
2014: – Reduced quality of service due to high network traffic
571:
crashed, and AOL Instant Messenger collapsing for 40 minutes.
4250:
4064:"Internet disrupted in Kazakhstan amid energy price protests"
2701:
2118:
Ellis-Petersen, Hannah; correspondent, a local (2020-01-05).
1900:
1559:
1314:
1310:
1291:
782:
758:
722:
629:
617:
498:
3025:"Mediterranean submarine cables are cut, affecting internet"
2702:"OONI Explorer - Open Data on Internet Censorship Worldwide"
1996: – Vital infrastructure of the networks of the Internet
58:, disasters, police or security services actions or errors.
4046:"Zuckerberg Loses $ 6 Billion in Hours as Facebook Plunges"
4030:
2117:
2023:
1726:
1265:
1228:
608:
cut off on 25 December 2011. The first cut off occurred to
514:
186:
3774:"North Korea's Internet Comes Back on After About 9 Hours"
3760:"Sony hack: North Korea back online after internet outage"
3580:"The Possible Vendetta Behind the East Coast Web Slowdown"
3520:"Massive cyber-attack grinds Liberia's internet to a halt"
3437:"German internet outage was failed botnet attempt: report"
3124:"du alerts customers over disruption in Internet services"
2680:
2558:"Shutdown Tracker Optimization Project (STOP) Methodology"
1949: – Single shut off mechanism for all Internet traffic
222:
3990:
2749:
Yadav, Tarun Kumar; Chakravarty, Sambuddho (2018-04-18).
2658:"#KeepItOn: Fighting internet shutdowns around the world"
2428:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 692–704.
1145:
645:
621:
16:
Loss of internet functionality over a small or large area
3150:"Georgian woman cuts off web access to whole of Armenia"
2400:"A Bad Solar Storm Could Cause an 'Internet Apocalypse'"
2028:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1984:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3549:
Etherington, Darrell; Conger, Kate (21 October 2016).
3203:"Egypt severs internet connection amid growing unrest"
2789:
2589:
Fletcher, Terry; Hayes-Birchler, Andria (2020-07-30).
2008: – Halt to communication abilities or utilization
1546:
went down, as well as Facebook subsidiaries including
3411:"Hackers suspected as 900,000 hit by internet outage"
3233:"77 networks out in Syria - Internet Events Bulletin"
2751:"Trends and patterns of internet censorship in india"
2467:
4115:"The Challenge of Cracking Iran's Internet Blockade"
3382:"New Mirai Variant Embeds in TalkTalk Home Routers"
3046:"Deep sea cable snap will make Internet slower: du"
2976:
2426:
Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference
2170:
3548:
2173:"The "robust yet fragile" nature of the Internet"
2041: – Attack on Internet routing infrastructure
4257:
3986:"After a bad day, Facebook suffers major outage"
3126:. gulftoday.ae. 27 December 2011. Archived from
2748:
2254:Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties
579:Multiple subjects on MJ's death results online.
3788:"North Korea Gets New Internet Link via Russia"
2248:Eichhorn, Kristin; Linhart, Eric (2022-06-23).
2247:
2919:"Cable damage hits one million Internet Users"
1965: – Use of digital attacks against a state
123:
2977:Fried, Malcolm; Klemming, Lars (2008-12-19).
2911:
2555:
1448:that occurred in the Indonesian provinces of
1006:malware. With an estimated throughput of 1.2
954:(DDoS attacks) targeting systems operated by
380:Internet censorship § Internet shutdowns
185:Screenshot of the Knowledge website during a
3330:"New Mirai Worm Knocks 900K Germans Offline"
3327:
3038:
2035: – Series of protests from 2011 to 2012
1891:Temporary alternative forms of communication
904:'s internet infrastructure in November 2016.
177:Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks
3064:
1574:lost around $ 7B dollars after the outage.
4238:The Internet could crash. We need a Plan B
2634:"The draconian rise of internet shutdowns"
46:is the complete or partial failure of the
4087:
3917:
3894:
3116:
3098:"Cable cuts could slow Emirates Internet"
3090:
2496:"Freedom on the Net Research Methodology"
2474:
2224:
2206:
2196:
2068:
2002: – Loss of electric power to an area
301:, the Digital Society Project (using the
116:. It could also be used in advance of an
4178:
3700:"Why has Cameroon blocked the internet?"
3461:
3289:
3168:
2770:
841:At the end of November 2016 0.9 million
291:Open Observatory of Network Interference
180:
18:
3100:. finance.yahoo.com. 26 December 2011.
2556:Anthonio, Felicia; Cheng, Sage (2021).
2061:Internet of Things. IoT Infrastructures
223:Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Hijacking
4258:
4145:
3072:"Cable cut slows down Internet in UAE"
3048:. khaleejtimes.com. 27 December 2011.
2878:
2423:
1953:Internet censorship in the Arab Spring
1337:decided to shut down internet access.
80:
4216:from the original on 20 February 2017
3740:from the original on 21 February 2017
3710:from the original on 21 February 2017
3675:
3637:
3601:
3530:from the original on 21 November 2016
3500:from the original on 22 November 2016
3474:from the original on 21 November 2016
3443:from the original on 20 February 2017
3417:from the original on 20 February 2017
3336:from the original on 20 December 2016
3074:. emirates247.com. 26 December 2011.
3052:from the original on 27 December 2011
3006:from the original on 25 December 2008
2766:
2764:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2463:
2461:
1786:2024 Bangladesh Quota Reform Movement
1051:South-West and North-West of Cameroon
952:distributed denial-of-service attacks
305:methodology and infrastructure), the
3455:
3213:from the original on 23 January 2012
3078:from the original on 22 January 2013
2929:from the original on 9 February 2008
1904:
1850:
966:—when, for instance, entered into a
342:
276:
260:
236:
99:
4088:Thorbecke, Catherine (2022-09-24).
3362:from the original on 5 January 2017
3262:"How Syria Turned Off the Internet"
3156:from the original on 25 August 2013
2881:"Human Error Cripples the Internet"
2755:IIIT-Delhi Institutional Repository
2718:
2626:
900:has also been used in an attack on
620:and the second cut off occurred to
13:
4112:
3918:Weisensee, Nils (23 August 2021).
3607:
3542:
3462:McGoogan, Cara (4 November 2016).
2761:
2567:
2544:
2524:
2483:
2458:
2342:
2317:
2288:
1989:Critical infrastructure protection
1605:2022 Kazakhstan internet shutdown
1355:Various State governments of India
1180:in Pennsylvania, US. According to
576:Search Engines & Social Media
312:
196:
68:A line of research finds that the
14:
4292:
4231:
4203:
3328:Krebs, Brian (30 November 2016).
3174:
3104:from the original on 5 March 2016
2520:http://digitalsocietyproject.org/
1002:—that had been infected with the
475:Middle East and Mediterranean Sea
321:
244:
3290:Ackerman, Spencer (2014-08-13).
3027:. Telecompaper. 19 December 2008
3002:. timesofmalta.com. 2008-12-19.
1980:Critical Internet infrastructure
1908:
1854:
1820:
1791:
1719:
1667:
1641:
1609:
1491:
1468:
1428:
1402:
1370:
1284:
1258:
1221:
1152:
1124:
1092:
1069:
1039:
982:consisting of a large number of
931:
881:
821:
775:
751:
715:
672:
553:
399:Number of affected users (rough)
346:
4197:
4172:
4139:
4106:
4081:
4056:
4038:
4018:
3998:
3978:
3958:
3938:
3911:
3888:
3868:
3844:
3833:from the original on 2019-06-26
3819:
3808:from the original on 2019-06-26
3794:
3780:
3766:
3752:
3722:
3692:
3669:
3658:from the original on 2016-10-27
3631:
3620:from the original on 2016-10-22
3590:from the original on 2016-10-22
3572:
3561:from the original on 2016-10-21
3512:
3486:
3429:
3403:
3392:from the original on 2016-12-22
3374:
3348:
3321:
3310:from the original on 2018-09-13
3283:
3272:from the original on 2019-01-08
3254:
3243:from the original on 2019-01-07
3225:
3195:
3142:
3017:
2992:
2970:
2948:"Internet capacity down to 10%"
2940:
2897:
2872:
2862:
2853:
2843:
2830:
2783:
2742:
2694:
2684:Digital Society Survey Codebook
2674:
2650:
2512:
2417:
1366:2019 Burmese internet shutdown
1307:Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019
1054:20% of the country's population
606:submarine communications cables
593:2011 submarine cable disruption
487:submarine communications cables
471:2008 submarine cable disruption
171:
148:
63:submarine communications cables
4179:Zulfaqar, Samra (2024-07-21).
3895:Briantika, Adi (3 June 2020).
3152:. The Guardian. 6 April 2011.
2392:
2367:
2241:
2164:
2111:
2052:
2033:Protests against SOPA and PIPA
1897:Emergency communication system
1755:July 2024 global cyber outages
284:
268:
252:
1:
3439:. Reuters. 29 November 2016.
2266:10.1080/17457289.2022.2090950
2046:
1846:
1838:
1764:~8.5 million Windows devices
976:distributed denial-of-service
3829:. The Register. 2019-06-24.
3496:. PCWorld. 3 November 2016.
2954:. 2008-02-29. Archived from
2879:Wayner, Peter (1997-07-17).
2087:10.1007/978-3-319-19743-2_39
2026: – Type of cyber-attack
771:2012 Syrian internet outage
450:Automation and Human Failure
231:
7:
4146:Harter, Fred (2023-02-28).
3638:Woolf, Nicky (2016-10-26).
3177:"Egypt Leaves the Internet"
2905:"DNS Brownout this morning"
2796:IEEE Security & Privacy
2726:"The Monash IP Observatory"
1939:
128:Extreme weather events and
124:Weather or natural disaster
10:
4297:
3924:NK News - North Korea News
2777:Carnegie Mellon University
2771:Weinberg, Zachary (2018).
2690:. Digital Society Project.
2020: – Malicious software
1894:
1714:2021–2023 Iranian protests
1279:Internet shutdown in India
984:Internet-connected devices
597:South Asia and Middle East
462:All .com and .net domains
377:
213:
205:
84:
3899:(in Indonesian). Tirto.id
3179:. Renesys. Archived from
1216:Iranian internet shutdown
1198:Internet transit provider
624:which took place between
2808:10.1109/MSP.2018.1331018
1536:LAN Internet Connection
1243:anti-government protests
737:anti-government protests
547:Death of Michael Jackson
75:
3680:. MIT Technology Review
3332:. krebsonsecurity.com.
2434:10.1145/3452296.3472916
2208:10.1073/pnas.0501426102
2006:Communications blackout
1627:Internet in Kazakhstan
1444:To curb the escalating
338:
166:Internet infrastructure
2614:Cite journal requires
2599:10.5281/ZENODO.3967397
1917:This section is empty.
1816:Government Censorship
1625:On 4 January 2022 the
1352:government censorship
1115:9 hours and 31 minutes
970:—to its corresponding
190:
50:. It can occur due to
31:
4266:Internet architecture
1971: – Malware agent
1958:Just-in-time blocking
1637:government censorship
1464:government censorship
1398:government censorship
1254:government censorship
1065:government censorship
747:government censorship
184:
22:
3736:. 10 February 2017.
3413:. 28 November 2016.
1947:Internet kill switch
1579:2021 Facebook outage
1060:270 days or 8 months
996:residential gateways
360:adding missing items
4276:Internet censorship
3884:. 16 December 2019.
3881:The Washington Post
3706:. 8 February 2017.
3526:. 3 November 2016.
3388:. 7 December 2016.
3266:The Cloudflare Blog
3209:. 28 January 2011.
2189:2005PNAS..10214497D
2183:(41): 14497–14502.
2079:2014arXiv1406.6614P
1577:For more info, see
1510:At least 14 minutes
1423:2019 Papua protests
1303:Government of India
1008:terabits per second
114:conventional forces
106:information warfare
87:Internet censorship
81:Government blackout
4251:Redecentralize.org
4113:Newman, Lily Hay.
3926:. Korea Risk Group
3676:Condliffe, Jamie.
3608:Newman, Lily Hay.
3358:. Deutsche Welle.
3183:on 29 January 2011
2156:has generic name (
2012:Network congestion
1866:. You can help by
1391:internet shutdown.
1108:On October 1, The
1017:Domain Name System
956:Domain Name System
926:DDoS attack on Dyn
509:. On 19 December,
414:Entity responsible
408:Internet component
358:; you can help by
307:OpenNet Initiative
191:
135:Hurricane Florence
32:
4052:. 4 October 2021.
4034:. 5 October 2021.
4014:. 4 October 2021.
3994:. 4 October 2021.
3974:. 5 October 2021.
3954:. 4 October 2021.
3386:www.incapsula.com
3130:on 8 January 2012
2706:explorer.ooni.org
2096:978-3-319-19742-5
1994:Internet backbone
1937:
1936:
1884:
1883:
1836:
1835:
1388:Internet in Burma
1327:Arunachal Pradesh
1110:autonomous system
793:autonomous system
733:Internet in Egypt
604:Two incidents of
491:Mediterranean Sea
458:Network Solutions
393:Country or region
376:
375:
277:Weather condition
261:Equipment failure
237:Natural disasters
154:Solar superstorms
130:natural disasters
100:Military blackout
48:internet services
44:Internet shutdown
40:Internet blackout
4288:
4281:Internet outages
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2952:The Jakarta Post
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2602:
2586:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2553:
2542:
2541:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2492:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:. 29 August 2020
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2302:. Archived from
2292:
2286:
2285:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2210:
2200:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2072:
2056:
2029:
1985:
1932:
1929:
1919:You can help by
1912:
1905:
1879:
1876:
1858:
1851:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1653:mobile internet
1647:
1645:
1644:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1386:On June 21, the
1376:
1374:
1373:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1239:Internet in Iran
1227:
1225:
1224:
1201:misconfiguration
1158:
1156:
1155:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1045:
1043:
1042:
937:
935:
934:
887:
885:
884:
860:Internet routers
847:Deutsche Telekom
834:Deutsche Telekom
827:
825:
824:
781:
779:
778:
757:
755:
754:
721:
719:
718:
678:
676:
675:
653:submarine cables
559:
557:
556:
530:submarine cables
405:Duration (rough)
384:
383:
371:
368:
350:
349:
343:
25:Schiphol Airport
4296:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4256:
4255:
4234:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4202:
4198:
4189:
4187:
4177:
4173:
4164:
4162:
4144:
4140:
4131:
4129:
4111:
4107:
4098:
4096:
4086:
4082:
4073:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3893:
3889:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3860:
3858:
3856:thediplomat.com
3850:
3849:
3845:
3836:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3811:
3809:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3674:
3670:
3661:
3659:
3636:
3632:
3623:
3621:
3606:
3602:
3593:
3591:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3564:
3562:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3395:
3393:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3326:
3322:
3313:
3311:
3288:
3284:
3275:
3273:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3246:
3244:
3237:b2b.renesys.com
3231:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2984:
2982:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2958:on 3 March 2008
2946:
2945:
2941:
2932:
2930:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2889:
2887:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2835:
2831:
2788:
2784:
2769:
2762:
2747:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2708:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2666:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2642:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2615:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2587:
2568:
2560:
2554:
2545:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2494:
2493:
2484:
2466:
2459:
2444:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2307:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2246:
2242:
2198:10.1.1.218.6287
2169:
2165:
2153:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2116:
2112:
2097:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2027:
1983:
1942:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1903:
1893:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1864:needs expansion
1849:
1841:
1821:
1819:
1792:
1790:
1720:
1718:
1668:
1666:
1642:
1640:
1610:
1608:
1597:Major websites
1588:LAN connection
1572:Mark Zuckerberg
1529:Facebook outage
1492:
1490:
1469:
1467:
1429:
1427:
1403:
1401:
1371:
1369:
1342:Over one year (
1285:
1283:
1259:
1257:
1222:
1220:
1207:Major websites
1153:
1151:
1125:
1123:
1093:
1091:
1070:
1068:
1040:
1038:
1028:Major websites
958:(DNS) provider
932:
930:
882:
880:
822:
820:
776:
774:
752:
750:
716:
714:
673:
671:
554:
552:
438:Ingres database
382:
372:
366:
363:
347:
341:
324:
315:
313:Expert Analysis
303:V-Dem Institute
287:
279:
271:
263:
255:
247:
239:
234:
225:
216:
208:
199:
197:Routing attacks
179:
174:
151:
143:Hurricane Laura
126:
110:ground invasion
102:
93:internet access
89:
83:
78:
61:Disruptions of
36:Internet outage
17:
12:
11:
5:
4294:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4233:
4232:External links
4230:
4228:
4227:
4204:Hiner, Jason.
4196:
4171:
4138:
4105:
4080:
4055:
4037:
4017:
3997:
3977:
3957:
3937:
3910:
3887:
3867:
3843:
3818:
3793:
3779:
3765:
3751:
3721:
3691:
3668:
3630:
3600:
3571:
3541:
3511:
3485:
3454:
3428:
3402:
3373:
3347:
3320:
3282:
3268:. 2012-11-29.
3253:
3224:
3194:
3175:Cowie, James.
3167:
3141:
3115:
3089:
3063:
3037:
3016:
2991:
2969:
2939:
2925:. 2008-02-04.
2910:
2896:
2885:New York Times
2871:
2861:
2852:
2842:
2829:
2782:
2760:
2741:
2730:IP Observatory
2717:
2693:
2673:
2649:
2625:
2616:|journal=
2566:
2543:
2523:
2511:
2482:
2457:
2442:
2416:
2391:
2379:techxplore.com
2366:
2341:
2316:
2300:IP Observatory
2287:
2260:(4): 705–725.
2240:
2163:
2110:
2095:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1986:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1915:
1913:
1892:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1861:
1859:
1848:
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1699:Network Update
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1689:routing filter
1681:
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1539:2,850,000,000
1537:
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1511:
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1121:
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1089:
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1036:
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1023:
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1019:(DNS) provider
1014:
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948:
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893:
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693:
690:
687:
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669:
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662:
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649:
644:in particular
602:
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476:
473:
468:
464:
463:
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451:
448:
445:
442:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:DNS TLD Outage
423:
419:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
396:Affected users
394:
391:
388:
374:
373:
353:
351:
340:
337:
323:
322:Remote Sensing
320:
314:
311:
286:
283:
278:
275:
270:
267:
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259:
254:
251:
246:
245:Power failures
243:
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85:Main article:
82:
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4:
3:
2:
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4264:
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4142:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4069:
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4051:
4050:Bloomberg.com
4047:
4041:
4033:
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4027:
4021:
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4012:
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4001:
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3604:
3589:
3585:
3584:Bloomberg.com
3581:
3575:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3473:
3469:
3468:The Telegraph
3465:
3458:
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3391:
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3198:
3182:
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2571:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2501:
2500:Freedom House
2497:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2443:9781450383837
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2306:on 2021-09-03
2305:
2301:
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2267:
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2255:
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2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2051:
2040:
2039:BGP hijacking
2037:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
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1956:
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1948:
1945:
1944:
1931:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1878:
1875:February 2017
1869:
1865:
1862:This section
1860:
1857:
1853:
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1844:
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1813:
1810:
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1698:
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1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1665:
1663:
1662:Rogers outage
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1639:
1636:
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1413:
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1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1340:Up to 9 days
1339:
1336:
1335:Uttar Pradesh
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1282:
1280:
1277:
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1234:
1232:
1230:
1219:
1217:
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1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1160:United States
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1132:United States
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:baby monitors
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
947:
945:
944:Dyn (company)
942:
940:
939:United States
929:
927:
924:
921:
920:
916:
913:
910:
908:
906:
903:
899:
896:
894:
892:
890:
879:
877:
874:
873:
869:
866:
863:
861:
858:
855:
852:
848:
844:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
819:
817:
814:
813:
810:
807:
804:
802:
800:
798:
794:
790:
788:
786:
784:
773:
770:
767:
766:
762:
760:
749:
746:
743:
741:
738:
734:
730:
728:
726:
724:
713:
711:
708:
707:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
683:
681:
670:
668:
665:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
650:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
588:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
573:
569:
567:
565:
563:
562:
561:United States
550:
548:
545:
542:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
527:
525:were all cut.
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
481:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
466:
465:
461:
459:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
439:
435:
432:
430:
427:
424:
421:
420:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
385:
381:
370:
367:February 2017
361:
357:
354:This list is
352:
345:
344:
336:
332:
328:
319:
310:
308:
304:
300:
299:Freedom House
296:
292:
282:
274:
266:
258:
250:
242:
229:
220:
211:
203:
194:
188:
183:
169:
167:
163:
159:
158:mesh networks
155:
146:
144:
140:
136:
131:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
97:
94:
88:
73:
71:
66:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
21:
4271:Cyberwarfare
4246:Danny Hillis
4218:. Retrieved
4209:
4199:
4188:. Retrieved
4184:
4174:
4163:. Retrieved
4152:The Guardian
4151:
4141:
4130:. Retrieved
4118:
4108:
4097:. Retrieved
4093:
4083:
4072:. Retrieved
4070:. 2022-01-04
4067:
4058:
4049:
4040:
4029:
4020:
4009:
4000:
3989:
3980:
3969:
3960:
3949:
3940:
3928:. Retrieved
3923:
3913:
3901:. Retrieved
3890:
3879:
3870:
3859:. Retrieved
3855:
3846:
3835:. Retrieved
3821:
3810:. Retrieved
3796:
3782:
3768:
3754:
3742:. Retrieved
3733:
3724:
3712:. Retrieved
3703:
3694:
3682:. Retrieved
3671:
3660:. Retrieved
3644:The Guardian
3643:
3633:
3622:. Retrieved
3613:
3603:
3592:. Retrieved
3583:
3574:
3563:. Retrieved
3554:
3544:
3532:. Retrieved
3524:The Guardian
3523:
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3488:
3476:. Retrieved
3467:
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3431:
3419:. Retrieved
3405:
3394:. Retrieved
3385:
3376:
3364:. Retrieved
3350:
3338:. Retrieved
3323:
3312:. Retrieved
3296:The Guardian
3295:
3285:
3274:. Retrieved
3265:
3256:
3245:. Retrieved
3236:
3227:
3215:. Retrieved
3206:
3197:
3185:. Retrieved
3181:the original
3170:
3158:. Retrieved
3144:
3132:. Retrieved
3128:the original
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3066:
3054:. Retrieved
3040:
3029:. Retrieved
3019:
3008:. Retrieved
2994:
2983:. Retrieved
2972:
2960:. Retrieved
2956:the original
2951:
2942:
2931:. Retrieved
2923:Khaleej News
2922:
2913:
2899:
2888:. Retrieved
2884:
2874:
2864:
2855:
2845:
2832:
2802:(1): 24–33.
2799:
2795:
2785:
2776:
2754:
2744:
2733:. Retrieved
2729:
2720:
2709:. Retrieved
2705:
2696:
2683:
2676:
2665:. Retrieved
2661:
2652:
2641:. Retrieved
2637:
2628:
2607:cite journal
2526:
2514:
2503:. Retrieved
2499:
2425:
2419:
2409:22 September
2407:. Retrieved
2403:
2394:
2384:22 September
2382:. Retrieved
2378:
2369:
2358:. Retrieved
2353:
2344:
2333:. Retrieved
2331:. 4 May 2019
2328:
2319:
2308:. Retrieved
2304:the original
2299:
2290:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2154:|last2=
2135:. Retrieved
2124:The Guardian
2123:
2113:
2060:
2054:
2000:Power outage
1963:Cyberwarfare
1925:
1921:adding to it
1916:
1885:
1872:
1868:adding to it
1863:
1842:
1576:
1575:
1558:, including
1556:Downdetector
1341:
1182:The Register
1144:Verizon and
796:
551:
364:
333:
329:
325:
316:
288:
280:
272:
264:
256:
248:
240:
226:
217:
209:
200:
192:
172:Cyberattacks
162:peer-to-peer
152:
149:Solar storms
139:Cyclone Fani
127:
103:
90:
67:
60:
56:cyberattacks
43:
39:
35:
33:
4220:19 February
3744:20 February
3714:20 February
3684:20 February
3534:21 November
3504:21 November
3478:21 November
3447:19 February
3421:19 February
3340:14 December
3134:27 December
3108:27 December
3082:27 December
3056:27 December
2981:. Bloomberg
1969:Cyberweapon
1733:80 million
1499:North Korea
1331:West Bengal
1305:passed the
1298:50,000,000
1120:cyberattack
1100:North Korea
1022:cyberattack
968:web browser
964:domain name
911:cyberattack
864:cyberattack
695:land cables
642:Middle East
610:SEA-ME-WE 3
523:SEA-ME-WE 4
519:SEA-ME-WE 3
495:Middle East
422:16 Jul 1997
402:Description
285:Measurement
269:Maintenance
253:Human error
29:Netherlands
4260:Categories
4190:2024-07-22
4165:2023-05-15
4132:2023-05-15
4099:2023-05-15
4074:2022-01-06
3930:10 January
3861:2021-02-03
3837:2019-06-26
3812:2019-06-26
3662:2016-10-28
3624:2016-10-21
3594:2016-10-21
3565:2016-10-21
3555:TechCrunch
3396:2016-12-18
3314:2019-01-08
3276:2019-01-08
3247:2019-01-08
3187:28 January
3031:2009-01-12
3010:2009-01-12
2985:2009-01-12
2933:2008-02-04
2890:2021-12-19
2850:Symposium.
2735:2021-09-03
2711:2021-05-27
2667:2021-05-27
2662:Access Now
2643:2021-09-03
2505:2021-05-27
2476:1907.04245
2360:2021-09-03
2335:2021-09-03
2310:2021-09-03
2137:2020-01-24
2047:References
1928:April 2020
1895:See also:
1847:Management
1839:Prevention
1828:Bangladesh
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1568:60 Minutes
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638:South Asia
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433:50,000,000
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356:incomplete
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4214:Archived
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3971:NBC News
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3831:Archived
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