Intelligence quotient

3101:, p. 5 "As mental testing expanded to the evaluation of adolescents and adults, however, there was a need for a measure of intelligence that did not depend upon mental age. Accordingly the intelligence quotient (IQ) was developed. ... The narrow definition of IQ is a score on an intelligence test ... where 'average' intelligence, that is the median level of performance on an intelligence test, receives a score of 100, and other scores are assigned so that the scores are distributed normally about 100, with a standard deviation of 15. Some of the implications are that: 1. Approximately two-thirds of all scores lie between 85 and 115. 2. Five percent (1/20) of all scores are above 125, and one percent (1/100) are above 135. Similarly, five percent are below 75 and one percent below 65." 1232:(1896–1934) during his last two years of his life. According to Vygotsky, the maximum level of complexity and difficulty of problems that a child is capable to solve under some guidance indicates their level of potential development. The difference between this level of potential and the lower level of unassisted performance indicates the child's zone of proximal development. Combination of the two indexes—the level of actual and the zone of the proximal development—according to Vygotsky, provides a significantly more informative indicator of psychological development than the assessment of the level of actual development alone. His ideas on the zone of development were later developed in a number of psychological and educational theories and practices, most notably under the banner of 1110:" to refer to people who did not perform well on the test. He argued that "feeble-mindedness" was caused by heredity, and thus feeble-minded people should be prevented from giving birth, either by institutional isolation or sterilization surgeries. At first, sterilization targeted the disabled, but was later extended to poor people. Goddard's intelligence test was endorsed by the eugenicists to push for laws for forced sterilization. Different states adopted the sterilization laws at different paces. These laws, whose constitutionality was upheld by the Supreme Court in their 1927 ruling 1284:'s earlier work on neuropsychological processes led to the PASS theory (1997). It argued that only looking at one general factor was inadequate for researchers and clinicians who worked with learning disabilities, attention disorders, intellectual disability, and interventions for such disabilities. The PASS model covers four kinds of processes (planning process, attention/arousal process, simultaneous processing, and successive processing). The planning processes involve decision making, problem solving, and performing activities and require goal setting and self-monitoring. 9031:'Human biodiversity' proponents sometimes assert that alleged differences in the mean value of IQ when measured in different populations – such as the claim that IQ in some sub-Saharan African countries is measurably lower than in European countries – are caused by genetic variation, and thus are inherent. . . . Such tales, and the claims about the genetic basis for population differences, are not scientifically supported. In reality for most traits, including IQ, it is not only unclear that genetic variation explains differences between populations, it is also unlikely. 1632:. Reliability represents the measurement consistency of a test. A reliable test produces similar scores upon repetition. On aggregate, IQ tests exhibit high reliability, although test-takers may have varying scores when taking the same test on differing occasions, and may have varying scores when taking different IQ tests at the same age. Like all statistical quantities, any particular estimate of IQ has an associated standard error that measures uncertainty about the estimate. For modern tests, the confidence interval can be approximately 10 points and reported 2008:. Further research will be needed to determine nature, extent and duration of the proposed transfer. Among other questions, it remains to be seen whether the results extend to other kinds of fluid intelligence tests than the matrix test used in the study, and if so, whether, after training, fluid intelligence measures retain their correlation with educational and occupational achievement or if the value of fluid intelligence for predicting performance on other tasks changes. It is also unclear whether the training is durable for extended periods of time. 6281: 1978:, with genetic effects causing bright children to seek out more stimulating environments that then further increase their IQ. In Dickens' model, environment effects are modeled as decaying over time. In this model, the Flynn effect can be explained by an increase in environmental stimulation independent of it being sought out by individuals. The authors suggest that programs aiming to increase IQ would be most likely to produce long-term IQ gains if they enduringly raised children's drive to seek out cognitively demanding experiences. 6052: 4947: 8248: 6601: 4784: 9262: 6064: 2719:

review article published in 2012 by leading scholars on human intelligence reached a similar conclusion, after reviewing the prior research literature, that group differences in IQ are best understood as environmental in origin. More recently, geneticist and neuroscientist Kevin Mitchell has argued, on the basis of basic principles of population genetics, that "systematic genetic differences in intelligence between large, ancient populations" are "inherently and deeply implausible".

5635:, p. . "The concerns associated with SEMs are actually substantially worse for scores at the extremes of the distribution, especially when scores approach the maximum possible on a test ... when students answer most of the items correctly. In these cases, errors of measurement for scale scores will increase substantially at the extremes of the distribution. Commonly the SEM is from two to four times larger for very high scores than for scores near the mean (Lord, 1980)." 2155:

prevailing view among academics is that it is largely through the quicker acquisition of job-relevant knowledge that higher IQ mediates job performance. This view has been challenged by Byington & Felps (2010), who argued that "the current applications of IQ-reflective tests allow individuals with high IQ scores to receive greater access to developmental resources, enabling them to acquire additional capabilities over time, and ultimately perform their jobs better."

105: 2857: 12713: 3779:

which demonstrates that financial success is difficult to predict by any variable. This assertion is further corroborated by the meta-analysis of Ng et al. (2005) where the best predictor of salary was educational level with a correlation of only .29. It should also be noted that the correlation of .23 is about the size of the average meta-analytic result in psychology(Hemphill, 2003) and cannot, therefore, be treated as insignificant.

1297: 49: 1004:, who worked with major hereditarians of American psychometrics—including Terman, Goddard—to write the test. The testing generated controversy and much public debate in the United States. Nonverbal or "performance" tests were developed for those who could not speak English or were suspected of malingering. Based on Goddard's translation of the Binet–Simon test, the tests had an impact in screening men for officer training: 6781:

Control Consortium 2 (WTCCC2); Jaddoe VW, Starr JM, Verhulst FC, Pennell C, Tiemeier H, Iacono WG, Palmer LJ, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Boomsma DI, Posthuma D, McGue M, Wright MJ, Davey Smith G, Deary IJ, Plomin R, Visscher PM. Childhood intelligence is heritable, highly polygenic and associated with FNBP1L. Mol Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;19(2):253-8. doi: 10.1038/mp.2012.184. Epub 2013 Jan 29. PMID 23358156; PMCID: PMC3935975.

1008:...the tests did have a strong impact in some areas, particularly in screening men for officer training. At the start of the war, the army and national guard maintained nine thousand officers. By the end, two hundred thousand officers presided, and two- thirds of them had started their careers in training camps where the tests were applied. In some camps, no man scoring below C could be considered for officer training. 888: 3797:"What do the above IQ's imply in such terms as feeble-mindedness, border-line intelligence, dullness, normality, superior intelligence, genius, etc.? When we use these terms two facts must be born in mind: (1) That the boundary lines between such groups are absolutely arbitrary, a matter of definition only; and (2) that the individuals comprising one of the groups do not make up a homogeneous type." 1039:

the single score from the Binet. Wechsler's ten or more subtests provided this. Another is that the Stanford–Binet test reflected mostly verbal abilities, while the Wechsler test also reflected nonverbal abilities. The Stanford–Binet has also been revised several times and is now similar to the Wechsler in several aspects, but the Wechsler continues to be the most popular test in the United States.

1189:, which is a hierarchical model with three levels. The bottom stratum consists of narrow abilities that are highly specialized (e.g., induction, spelling ability). The second stratum consists of broad abilities. Carroll identified eight second-stratum abilities. Carroll accepted Spearman's concept of general intelligence, for the most part, as a representation of the uppermost, third stratum. 1288:

integration of stimuli into serial order. The planning and attention/arousal components comes from structures located in the frontal lobe, and the simultaneous and successive processes come from structures located in the posterior region of the cortex. It has influenced some recent IQ tests, and been seen as a complement to the Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory described above.

649: 2275:

confounding factors that prohibit simple causal interpretation. A recent meta-analysis has shown that the relationship is only observed in higher risk populations such as those in poverty without direct effect, but without any causal interpretation. A nationally representative longitudinal study has shown that this relationship is entirely mediated by school performance.

2748:, many researchers have found that there are no significant sex differences in general intelligence, though ability in particular types of intelligence does vary. Thus, while some test batteries show slightly greater intelligence in males, others show greater intelligence in females. In particular, studies have shown female subjects performing better on tasks related to 2271:

confounded by a measure of concentrated disadvantage that captures the effects of race, poverty, and other social disadvantages of the county." However, this study is limited in that it extrapolated Add Health estimates to the respondent's counties, and as the dataset was not designed to be representative on the state or county level, it may not be generalizable.

1735:

indicate an effect of DIF. It does not count as differential item functioning if both groups have an equally valid chance of giving different responses to the same questions. Such bias can be a result of culture, educational level and other factors that are independent of group traits. DIF is only considered if test-takers from different groups

914:, which focused on verbal abilities. It was intended to identify "mental retardation" in school children, but in specific contradistinction to claims made by psychiatrists that these children were "sick" (not "slow") and should therefore be removed from school and cared for in asylums. The score on the Binet–Simon scale would reveal the child's 6771:

Rietveld CA, Tiemeier H, van Duijn CM, Posthuma D. Genome-wide association meta-analysis of 78,308 individuals identifies new loci and genes influencing human intelligence. Nat Genet. 2017 Jul;49(7):1107-1112. doi: 10.1038/ng.3869. Epub 2017 May 22. Erratum in: Nat Genet. 2017 Sep 27;49(10 ):1558. PMID 28530673; PMCID: PMC5665562.

1013:

culture rather than intelligence. After the war, positive publicity promoted by army psychologists helped to make psychology a respected field. Subsequently, there was an increase in jobs and funding in psychology in the United States. Group intelligence tests were developed and became widely used in schools and industry.

884:. He set up the first mental testing center in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories. After gathering data on a variety of physical variables, he was unable to show any such correlation, and he eventually abandoned this research. 1175:(Gc) was hypothesized as a knowledge-based ability that was very dependent on education and experience. In addition, fluid intelligence was hypothesized to decline with age, while crystallized intelligence was largely resistant to the effects of aging. The theory was almost forgotten, but was revived by his student 2065:

strains the child's metabolism and prevents full brain development. Hassel postulated that it is by far the most important factor in determining population IQ. However, they also found that subsequent factors such as good nutrition and regular quality schooling can offset early negative effects to some extent.

5583:

test scores in clinical assessments. Another factor that must be considered is the extent to which subtest scores reflect portions of true score variance due to a hierarchical general intelligence factor and variance due to specific group factors because these sources of true score variance are conflated.

918:. For example, a six-year-old child who passed all the tasks usually passed by six-year-olds—but nothing beyond—would have a mental age that matched his chronological age, 6.0. (Fancher, 1985). Binet and Simon thought that intelligence was multifaceted, but came under the control of practical judgment. 2188:

stated that IQ scores accounted for about a quarter of the social status variance and one-sixth of the income variance. Statistical controls for parental SES eliminate about a quarter of this predictive power. Psychometric intelligence appears as only one of a great many factors that influence social

1935:

Although parents treat their children differently, such differential treatment explains only a small amount of nonshared environmental influence. One suggestion is that children react differently to the same environment because of different genes. More likely influences may be the impact of peers and

1758:

test may contain cultural influences that reduce the validity of the WAIS-R as a measure of cognitive ability for Mexican American students," indicating a weaker positive correlation relative to sampled white students. Other recent studies have questioned the culture-fairness of IQ tests when used in

1639:

Outside influences such as low motivation or high anxiety can occasionally lower a person's IQ test score. For individuals with very low scores, the 95% confidence interval may be greater than 40 points, potentially complicating the accuracy of diagnoses of intellectual disability. By the same token,

851:

categories by observing their behavior in daily life. Those other forms of behavioral observation are still important for validating classifications based primarily on IQ test scores. Both intelligence classification by observation of behavior outside the testing room and classification by IQ testing

9094:

he claims that genetics defines racial groups and makes them different, that IQ and cultural differences among racial groups are caused by genes, and that racial inequalities within and between nations are the inevitable outcome of long evolutionary processes are neither new nor supported by science

5363:

When we come to quantities like IQ or g, as we are presently able to measure them, we shall see later that we have an even lower level of measurement—an ordinal level. This means that the numbers we assign to individuals can only be used to rank them—the number tells us where the individual comes in

3778:

The correlation with income is considerably lower, perhaps even disappointingly low, being about the average of the previous meta-analytic estimates (.15 by Bowles et al., 2001; and .27 by Ng et al., 2005). But...other predictors, studied in this paper, are not doing any better in predicting income,

2782:

The existence of differences between male and female performance on math-related tests is contested, and a meta-analysis focusing on average gender differences in math performance found nearly identical performance for boys and girls. Currently, most IQ tests, including popular batteries such as the

2162:

In establishing a causal direction to the link between IQ and work performance, longitudinal studies by Watkins and others suggest that IQ exerts a causal influence on future academic achievement, whereas academic achievement does not substantially influence future IQ scores. Treena Eileen Rohde and

2150:

is above zero for all work studied to date, but varies with the type of job and across different studies, ranging from 0.2 to 0.6. The correlations were higher when the unreliability of measurement methods was controlled for. While IQ is more strongly correlated with reasoning and less so with motor

2060:

Health is important in understanding differences in IQ test scores and other measures of cognitive ability. Several factors can lead to significant cognitive impairment, particularly if they occur during pregnancy and childhood when the brain is growing and the blood–brain barrier is less effective.

1944:

A very large proportion of the over 17,000 human genes are thought to have an effect on the development and functionality of the brain. While a number of individual genes have been reported to be associated with IQ, none have a strong effect. Deary and colleagues (2009) reported that no finding of a

1868:

effect rather than a true aging effect. A variety of studies of IQ and aging have been conducted since the norming of the first Wechsler Intelligence Scale drew attention to IQ differences in different age groups of adults. Both cohort effects (the birth year of the test-takers) and practice effects

1855:

remains intact. However, the exact peak age of fluid intelligence or crystallized intelligence remains elusive. Cross-sectional studies usually show that especially fluid intelligence peaks at a relatively young age (often in the early adulthood) while longitudinal data mostly show that intelligence

1792:

Researchers have been exploring the issue of whether the Flynn effect is equally strong on performance of all kinds of IQ test items, whether the effect may have ended in some developed nations, whether there are social subgroup differences in the effect, and what possible causes of the effect might

8765:

Intelligence science has undoubtedly been dogged by ugly prejudice. Historical measurements of skull volume and brain weight were done to advance claims of the racial superiority of white people. More recently, the (genuine but closing) gap between the average IQ scores of groups of black and white

5582:

Reliability estimates in Table 4.1 and standard errors of measurement in Table 4.4 should be considered best-case estimates because they do not consider other major sources of error, such as transient error, administration error, or scoring error (Hanna, Bradley, & Holen, 1981), which influence

2105:

states that wherever it has been studied, children with high scores on tests of intelligence tend to learn more of what is taught in school than their lower-scoring peers. The correlation between IQ scores and grades is about .50. This means that the explained variance is 25%. Achieving good grades

1926:

Family members have aspects of environments in common (for example, characteristics of the home). This shared family environment accounts for 0.25–0.35 of the variation in IQ in childhood. By late adolescence, it is quite low (zero in some studies). The effect for several other psychological traits

1648:

Reliability and validity are very different concepts. While reliability reflects reproducibility, validity refers to whether the test measures what it purports to measure. While IQ tests are generally considered to measure some forms of intelligence, they may fail to serve as an accurate measure of

6780:

Benyamin B, Pourcain B, Davis OS, Davies G, Hansell NK, Brion MJ, Kirkpatrick RM, Cents RA, Franić S, Miller MB, Haworth CM, Meaburn E, Price TS, Evans DM, Timpson N, Kemp J, Ring S, McArdle W, Medland SE, Yang J, Harris SE, Liewald DC, Scheet P, Xiao X, Hudziak JJ, de Geus EJ; Wellcome Trust Case

6770:

Sniekers S, Stringer S, Watanabe K, Jansen PR, Coleman JRI, Krapohl E, Taskesen E, Hammerschlag AR, Okbay A, Zabaneh D, Amin N, Breen G, Cesarini D, Chabris CF, Iacono WG, Ikram MA, Johannesson M, Koellinger P, Lee JJ, Magnusson PKE, McGue M, Miller MB, Ollier WER, Payton A, Pendleton N, Plomin R,

2718:

have argued that there are insufficient data to conclude that the black–white gap is due to genetic influences. Dickens and Flynn argued more positively that their results refute the possibility of a genetic origin, concluding that "the environment has been responsible" for observed differences. A

2683:

since the modern concept of race was first introduced. Despite the tremendous amount of research done on the topic, no scientific evidence has emerged that the average IQ scores of different population groups can be attributed to genetic differences between those groups. Growing evidence indicates

2274:

It has also been shown that the effect of IQ is heavily dependent on socioeconomic status and that it cannot be easily controlled away, with many methodological considerations being at play. Indeed, there is evidence that the small relationship is mediated by well-being, substance abuse, and other

2270:

A study of the relationship between US county-level IQ and US county-level crime rates found that higher average IQs were very weakly associated with lower levels of property crime, burglary, larceny rate, motor vehicle theft, violent crime, robbery, and aggravated assault. These results were "not

2262:

stated that reviews have found that around eight IQ points, or 0.5 SD, separate criminals from the general population, especially for persistent serious offenders. It has been suggested that this simply reflects that "only dumb ones get caught" but there is similarly a negative relation between IQ

2236:

was −0.2. This association is generally regarded as small and prone to disappearance or a substantial reduction after controlling for the proper covariates, being much smaller than typical sociological correlates. It was −0.19 between IQ scores and the number of juvenile offenses in a large Danish

2041:

Several neurophysiological factors have been correlated with intelligence in humans, including the ratio of brain weight to body weight and the size, shape, and activity level of different parts of the brain. Specific features that may affect IQ include the size and shape of the frontal lobes, the

2022:

Musical training in childhood correlates with higher than average IQ. However, a study of 10,500 twins found no effects on IQ, suggesting that the correlation was caused by genetic confounders. A meta-analysis concluded that "Music training does not reliably enhance children and young adolescents'

1215:

was earlier often subdivided into only Gf and Gc, which were thought to correspond to the nonverbal or performance subtests and verbal subtests in earlier versions of the popular Wechsler IQ test. More recent research has shown the situation to be more complex. Modern comprehensive IQ tests do not

1038:

produced the first version of his test in 1939. It gradually became more popular and overtook the Stanford–Binet in the 1960s. It has been revised several times, as is common for IQ tests, to incorporate new research. One explanation is that psychologists and educators wanted more information than

2868:

IQ classification is the practice used by IQ test publishers for designating IQ score ranges into various categories with labels such as "superior" or "average". IQ classification was preceded historically by attempts to classify human beings by general ability based on other forms of behavioral

1971:, such that the heritability was high in high-SES families, but much lower in low-SES families. In the US, this has been replicated in infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Outside the US, studies show no link between heritability and SES. Some effects may even reverse sign outside the US. 2241:

accounts for 4% of the total variance. The causal links between psychometric ability and social outcomes may be indirect. Children with poor scholastic performance may feel alienated. Consequently, they may be more likely to engage in delinquent behavior, compared to other children who do well.

1012:

In total 1.75 million men were tested, making the results the first mass-produced written tests of intelligence, though considered dubious and non-usable, for reasons including high variability of test implementation throughout different camps and questions testing for familiarity with American

975:

between the tests. He observed that children's school grades across seemingly unrelated school subjects were positively correlated, and reasoned that these correlations reflected the influence of an underlying general mental ability that entered into performance on all kinds of mental tests. He

2652:

Among the most controversial issues related to the study of intelligence is the observation that IQ scores vary on average between ethnic and racial groups, though these differences have fluctuated and in many cases steadily decreased over time. While there is little scholarly debate about the

2109:

It has been found that the correlation of IQ scores with school performance depends on the IQ measurement used. For undergraduate students, the Verbal IQ as measured by WAIS-R has been found to correlate significantly (0.53) with the grade point average (GPA) of the last 60 hours (credits). In

2064:

Since about 2010, researchers such as Eppig, Hassel, and MacKenzie have found a very close and consistent link between IQ scores and infectious diseases, especially in the infant and preschool populations and the mothers of these children. They have postulated that fighting infectious diseases

1734:

give different answers to specific questions on the same IQ test. DIF analysis measures such specific items on a test alongside measuring participants' latent abilities on other similar questions. A consistent different group response to a specific question among similar types of questions can

1117:

California's sterilization program was so effective that the Nazis turned to the government for advice on how to prevent the birth of the "unfit". While the US eugenics movement lost much of its momentum in the 1940s in view of the horrors of Nazi Germany, advocates of eugenics (including Nazi

2154:

That said, for highly qualified activities (research, management) low IQ scores are more likely to be a barrier to adequate performance, whereas for minimally-skilled activities, athletic strength (manual strength, speed, stamina, and coordination) is more likely to influence performance. The

1778:

Since the early 20th century, raw scores on IQ tests have increased in most parts of the world. When a new version of an IQ test is normed, the standard scoring is set so performance at the population median results in a score of IQ 100. The phenomenon of rising raw score performance means if

1145: 1287:

The attention/arousal process involves selectively attending to a particular stimulus, ignoring distractions, and maintaining vigilance. Simultaneous processing involves the integration of stimuli into a group and requires the observation of relationships. Successive processing involves the

1016:

The results of these tests, which at the time reaffirmed contemporary racism and nationalism, are considered controversial and dubious, having rested on certain contested assumptions: that intelligence was heritable, innate, and could be relegated to a single number, the tests were enacted

5382:"In the jargon of psychological measurement theory, IQ is an ordinal scale, where we are simply rank-ordering people. ... It is not even appropriate to claim that the 10-point difference between IQ scores of 110 and 100 is the same as the 10-point difference between IQs of 160 and 150" 1031:

argued for a model of intelligence that included seven unrelated factors (verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, reasoning, and induction). While not widely used, Thurstone's model influenced later theories.

4336:

As an applied science, thus, the practice of eugenics referred to everything from prenatal care for mothers to forced sterilization and euthanasia. Galton divided the practice of eugenics into two types—positive and negative—both aimed at improving the human race through selective

775:

Scores from intelligence tests are estimates of intelligence. Unlike, for example, distance and mass, a concrete measure of intelligence cannot be achieved given the abstract nature of the concept of "intelligence". IQ scores have been shown to be associated with such factors as

8699: 2643:

There is considerable variation within and overlap among these categories. People with high IQs are found at all levels of education and occupational categories. The biggest difference occurs for low IQs with only an occasional college graduate or professional scoring below 90.

1085:. In 1883, Galton first used the word eugenics to describe the biological improvement of human genes and the concept of being "well-born". He believed that differences in a person's ability were acquired primarily through genetics and that eugenics could be implemented through 1665:

must be carefully qualified, and not be overstated. According to Weiten, "IQ tests are valid measures of the kind of intelligence necessary to do well in academic work. But if the purpose is to assess intelligence in a broader sense, the validity of IQ tests is questionable."

1816:. A study of Norwegian military conscripts' test records found that IQ scores have been falling for generations born after the year 1975, and that the underlying cause of both initial increasing and subsequent falling trends appears to be environmental rather than genetic. 1435:

IQ scores can differ to some degree for the same person on different IQ tests, so a person does not always belong to the same IQ score range each time the person is tested. (IQ score table data and pupil pseudonyms adapted from description of KABC-II norming study cited in

921:

In Binet and Simon's view, there were limitations with the scale and they stressed what they saw as the remarkable diversity of intelligence and the subsequent need to study it using qualitative, as opposed to quantitative, measures (White, 2000). American psychologist

2653:

continued existence of some of these differences, the current scientific consensus is that they stem from environmental rather than genetic causes. The existence of differences in IQ between the sexes has been debated, and largely depends on which tests are performed.

2163:

Lee Anne Thompson write that general cognitive ability, but not specific ability scores, predict academic achievement, with the exception that processing speed and spatial ability predict performance on the SAT math beyond the effect of general cognitive ability.

8997:

The available evidence reviewed by several authors in this volume provides, as Richard E. Nisbett puts it, 'no evidence for genetic superiority of either race while providing strong evidence for a substantial environmental contribution to the black-white IQ

959:

The many different kinds of IQ tests include a wide variety of item content. Some test items are visual, while many are verbal. Test items vary from being based on abstract-reasoning problems to concentrating on arithmetic, vocabulary, or general knowledge.

1991:

have not produced lasting gains in IQ scores. Even when students improve their scores on standardized tests, they do not always improve their cognitive abilities, such as memory, attention and speed. More intensive, but much smaller projects, such as the

1917:

in infancy are as low as 0.2, around 0.4 in middle childhood, and as high as 0.9 in adulthood. One proposed explanation is that people with different genes tend to reinforce the effects of those genes, for example by seeking out different environments.

5230:

Bain, Sherry K.; Jaspers, Kathryn E. (1 April 2010). "Test Review: Review of Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (2004). Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition. Bloomington, MN: Pearson, Inc".

2068:

Developed nations have implemented several health policies regarding nutrients and toxins known to influence cognitive function. These include laws requiring fortification of certain food products and laws establishing safe levels of pollutants (e.g.

2207:

says that although the correlation between IQ and income averages a moderate 0.4 (one-sixth or 16% of the variance), the relationship increases with age, and peaks at middle age when people have reached their maximum career potential. In the book,

1763:

children; the alternative of using developmental or adaptive skills measures are relatively poor measures of intelligence in autistic children, and may have resulted in incorrect claims that a majority of autistic children are of low intelligence.

2026:

It is popularly thought that listening to classical music raises IQ. However, multiple attempted replications (e.g.) have shown that this is at best a short-term effect (lasting no longer than 10 to 15 minutes), and is not related to IQ-increase.

7898:

Warner, Molly; Ernst, John; Townes, Brenda; Peel, John; Preston, Michael (1987). "Relationships Between IQ and Neuropsychological Measures in Neuropsychiatric Populations: Within-Laboratory and Cross-Cultural Replications Using WAIS and WAIS-R".

2083:

is a field of research that examines the associations between intelligence test scores and health. Researchers in the field argue that intelligence measured at an early age is an important predictor of later health and mortality differences.

2196:

Some studies assert that IQ only accounts for (explains) a sixth of the variation in income because many studies are based on young adults, many of whom have not yet reached their peak earning capacity, or even their education. On pg 568 of

8478:

Ttofi, Maria M.; Farrington, David P.; Piquero, Alex R.; Lösel, Friedrich; DeLisi, Matthew; Murray, Joseph (1 June 2016). "Intelligence as a protective factor against offending: A meta-analytic review of prospective longitudinal studies".

5917:

Shuttleworth-Edwards, Ann; Kemp, Ryan; Rust, Annegret; Muirhead, Joanne; Hartman, Nigel; Radloff, Sarah (2004). "Cross-cultural Effects on IQ Test Performance: AReview and Preliminary Normative Indications on WAIS-III Test Performance".

1420:

is 15 points, and two SDs are 30 points, and so on, this does not imply that mental ability is linearly related to IQ, such that IQ 50 would mean half the cognitive ability of IQ 100. In particular, IQ points are not percentage points.

1801:, noted the Flynn effect demolishes the fears that IQ would be decreased. He also asks whether it represents a real increase in intelligence beyond IQ scores. A 2011 psychology textbook, lead authored by Harvard Psychologist Professor 2158:

Newer studies find that the effects of IQ on job performance have been greatly overestimated. The current estimates of the correlation between job performance and IQ are about 0.23 correcting for unreliability and range restriction.

2193:(1998) showed a more substantial effect of IQ on income independent of family background. In a meta-analysis, Strenze (2006) reviewed much of the literature and estimated the correlation between IQ and income to be about 0.23. 8708:, pp. 788–789, "There is an emerging consensus about racial and gender equality in genetic determinants of intelligence, most researchers, including ourselves, agree that genes do not explain between-group differences". 12318:

This practitioner's handbook includes chapters by L.G. Weiss, J.G. Harris, A. Prifitera, T. Courville, E. Rolfhus, D.H. Saklofske, J.A. Holdnack, D. Coalson, S.E. Raiford, D.M. Schwartz, P. Entwistle, V. L. Schwean, and T.

2178:

It has been suggested that "in economic terms it appears that the IQ score measures something with decreasing marginal value" and it "is important to have enough of it, but having lots and lots does not buy you that much".

8347:

Beaver, Kevin M.; Schwartz, Joseph A.; Nedelec, Joseph L.; Connolly, Eric J.; Boutwell, Brian B.; Barnes, J.C. (September 2013). "Intelligence is associated with criminal justice processing: Arrest through incarceration".

6286: 6284: 4312: 2883:

There are social organizations, some international, which limit membership to people who have scores as high as or higher than the 98th percentile (two standard deviations above the mean) on some IQ test or equivalent.

3013: 1216:

stop at reporting a single IQ score. Although they still give an overall score, they now also give scores for many of these more restricted abilities, identifying particular strengths and weaknesses of an individual.

5961:

Cronshaw, Steven F.; Hamilton, Leah K.; Onyura, Betty R.; Winston, Andrew S. (2006). "Case for Non-Biased Intelligence Testing Against Black Africans Has Not Been Made: A Comment on Rushton, Skuy, and Bons (2004)".

7226: 2219:

A 2002 study further examined the impact of non-IQ factors on income and concluded that an individual's location, inherited wealth, race, and schooling are more important as factors in determining income than IQ.

1986:

In general, educational interventions, as those described below, have shown short-term effects on IQ, but long-term follow-up is often missing. For example, in the US, very large intervention programs such as the

1274:(1967) model of intelligence used three dimensions, which, when combined, yielded a total of 120 types of intelligence. It was popular in the 1970s and early 1980s, but faded owing to both practical problems and 2699:(2006) showed the gap between black and white Americans to have closed dramatically during the period between 1972 and 2002, suggesting that, in their words, the "constancy of the Black–White IQ gap is a myth". 867:

and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean

2837:

which incorporated an intelligence test has been used from 1945 to decide, at eleven years of age, which type of school a child should go to. They have been much less used since the widespread introduction of

2003:

may increase IQ. A study on young adults published in April 2008 by a team from the Universities of Michigan and Bern supports the possibility of the transfer of fluid intelligence from specifically designed

1945:

strong single gene effect on IQ has been replicated. Recent findings of gene associations with normally varying intellectual differences in adults and children continue to show weak effects for any one gene.

1859:

For decades, practitioners' handbooks and textbooks on IQ testing have reported IQ declines with age after the beginning of adulthood. However, later researchers pointed out this phenomenon is related to the

1706:

do not dispute the capacity of IQ test scores to predict some kinds of achievement, but argue that basing a concept of intelligence on IQ test scores alone neglects other important aspects of mental ability.

823:

between it and other variables. Raw scores on IQ tests for many populations have been rising at an average rate that scales to three IQ points per decade since the early 20th century, a phenomenon called the

12323:

Wicherts, Jelte M.; Dolan, Conor V.; Carlson, Jerry S.; van der Maas, Han L.J. (2010). "Raven's test performance of sub-Saharan Africans: Average performance, psychometric properties, and the Flynn Effect".

2145:

According to Schmidt and Hunter, "for hiring employees without previous experience in the job the most valid predictor of future performance is general mental ability." The validity of IQ as a predictor of

1779:

test-takers are scored by a constant standard scoring rule, IQ test scores have been rising at an average rate of around three IQ points per decade. This phenomenon was named the Flynn effect in the book

1122:) continued to work and promote their ideas in the United States. In later decades, some eugenic principles have made a resurgence as a voluntary means of selective reproduction, with some calling them " 10158:

There is an emerging consensus about racial and gender equality in genetic determinants of intelligence; most researchers, including ourselves, agree that genes do not explain between-group differences.

2255:

cited data which showed that, regardless of race, people with IQs between 70 and 90 have higher crime rates than people with IQs below or above this range, with the peak range being between 80 and 90.

1869:(test-takers taking the same form of IQ test more than once) must be controlled to gain accurate data. It is unclear whether any lifestyle intervention can preserve fluid intelligence into older ages. 1196:

as the top of the hierarchy, ten broad abilities below, and further subdivided into seventy narrow abilities on the third stratum. CHC Theory has greatly influenced many of the current broad IQ tests.

7462:

Mosing, Miriam A.; Madison, Guy; Pedersen, Nancy L.; Ullén, Fredrik (1 May 2015). "Investigating cognitive transfer within the framework of music practice: genetic pleiotropy rather than causality".

3403:

Markus Jokela; G. David Batty; Ian J. Deary; Catharine R. Gale; Mika Kivimäki (2009). "Low Childhood IQ and Early Adult Mortality: The Role of Explanatory Factors in the 1958 British Birth Cohort".

3504:"The Complex Interaction between Home Environment, Socioeconomic Status, Maternal IQ and Early Child Neurocognitive Development: A Multivariate Analysis of Data Collected in a Newborn Cohort Study" 11637: 9443:

Shuttleworth-Edwards, Ann B.; Van der Merwe, Adele S. (2002). "WAIS-III and WISC-IV South African Cross-Cultural Normative Data Stratified for Quality of Education". In Ferraro, F. Richard (ed.).

6069: 6067: 6342:

Tucker-Drob, Elliot M; Briley, Daniel A (2014), "Continuity of Genetic and Environmental Influences on Cognition across the Life Span: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Twin and Adoption Studies",

3289:

Poh, Bee Koon; Lee, Shoo Thien; Yeo, Giin Shang; Tang, Kean Choon; Noor Afifah, Ab Rahim; Siti Hanisa, Awal; Parikh, Panam; Wong, Jyh Eiin; Ng, Alvin Lai Oon; SEANUTS Study Group (13 June 2019).

2182:

The link from IQ to wealth is much less strong than that from IQ to job performance. Some studies indicate that IQ is unrelated to net worth. The American Psychological Association's 1995 report

3809:, p. 37 "The earliest classifications of intelligence were very rough ones. To a large extent they were practical attempts to define various patterns of behavior in medical-legal terms." 9382:"Why genetic IQ differences between 'races' are unlikely: The idea that intelligence can differ between populations has made headlines again, but the rules of evolution make it implausible" 9679:

Nisbett, Richard E.; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy; Dickens, William; Flynn, James; Halpern, Diane F.; Turkheimer, Eric (2012). "Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments".

9107:

Kaplan, Jonathan Michael (January 2015). "Race, IQ, and the search for statistical signals associated with so-called "X"-factors: environments, racism, and the "hereditarian hypothesis"".

8663:

Nisbett, Richard E.; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy; Dickens, William; Flynn, James; Halpern, Diane F.; Turkheimer, Eric (2012). "Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments".

1244:

for its putative assumption or acceptance of "fixed and immutable" characteristics of intelligence or cognitive functioning). Dynamic assessment has been further elaborated in the work of

6032:

Ulric Neisser; James R. Flynn; Carmi Schooler; Patricia M. Greenfield; Wendy M. Williams; Marian Sigman; Shannon E. Whaley; Reynaldo Martorell; et al. (1998). Neisser, Ulric (ed.).

1106:

Unlike Galton, who promoted eugenics through selective breeding for positive traits, Goddard went with the US eugenics movement to eliminate "undesirable" traits. Goddard used the term "

1743:

have a different chance of giving specific responses. Such questions are usually removed in order to make the test equally fair for both groups. Common techniques for analyzing DIF are

976:

suggested that all mental performance could be conceptualized in terms of a single general ability factor and a large number of narrow task-specific ability factors. Spearman named it

6148:

Zhou, Xiaobin; Grégoire, Jacques; Zhu, Jianjin (2010). "The Flynn Effect and the Wechsler Scales". In Weiss, Lawrence G.; Saklofske, Donald H.; Coalson, Diane; Raiford, Susan (eds.).

4748:

Lubinski, David (2004). "Introduction to the Special Section on Cognitive Abilities: 100 Years After Spearman's (1904) "'General Intelligence,' Objectively Determined and Measured"".

1730:

Differential item functioning (DIF), sometimes referred to as measurement bias, is a phenomenon when participants from different groups (e.g. gender, race, disability) with the same

6435:

Panizzon, Matthew S.; Vuoksimaa, Eero; Spoon, Kelly M.; Jacobson, Kristen C.; Lyons, Michael J.; Franz, Carol E.; Xian, Hong; Vasilopoulos, Terrie; Kremen, William S. (March 2014).

1433: 5874:

Verney, SP; Granholm, E; Marshall, SP; Malcarne, VL; Saccuzzo, DP (2005). "Culture-Fair Cognitive Ability Assessment: Information Processing and Psychophysiological Approaches".

1179:(1966) who later argued Gf and Gc were only two among several factors, and who eventually identified nine or ten broad abilities. The theory continued to be called Gf-Gc theory. 2801:

and laws regarding military service, education, public benefits, capital punishment, and employment incorporate an individual's IQ into their decisions. However, in the case of

1357: 1312:(WISC) for school-age test-takers. Other commonly used individual IQ tests (some of which do not label their standard scores as "IQ" scores) include the current versions of the 3019: 2042:

amount of blood and chemical activity in the frontal lobes, the total amount of gray matter in the brain, the overall thickness of the cortex, and the glucose metabolic rate.

8506:

McGloin, Jean Marie; Pratt, Travis C.; Maahs, Jeff (1 September 2004). "Rethinking the IQ-delinquency relationship: A longitudinal analysis of multiple theoretical models".

2675:, discussions of a purported relationship between race and intelligence, as well as claims of genetic differences in intelligence along racial lines, have appeared in both 1812:

Research has suggested that the Flynn effect has slowed or reversed course in some Western countries beginning in the late 20th century. The phenomenon has been termed the

5530: 2726:

have been proposed as an explanation for differences in IQ test performance between racial groups, as have issues related to cultural difference and access to education.

2166:

However, large-scale longitudinal studies indicate an increase in IQ translates into an increase in performance at all levels of IQ: i.e. ability and job performance are

5801:

Sternberg, Robert J., and Richard K. Wagner. "The g-ocentric view of intelligence and job performance is wrong." Current directions in psychological science (1993): 1–5.

4874:

Chaiklin, S. (2003). "The Zone of Proximal Development in Vygotsky's analysis of learning and instruction". In Kozulin, A.; Gindis, B.; Ageyev, V.; Miller, S. (eds.).

3057: 2830:

is the categorization of individuals of below-average cognitive ability (an IQ of 71–85), although not as low as those with an intellectual disability (70 or below).

1017:

systematically, and test questions actually tested for innate intelligence rather than subsuming environmental factors. The tests also allowed for the bolstering of

9948:. Publications of the Training School at Vineland New Jersey Department of Research. Vol. 11. Translated by E. S. Kite. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins 6488:

Huguet, Guillaume; Schramm, Catherine; Douard, Elise; Jiang, Lai; Labbe, Aurélie; Tihy, Frédérique; Mathonnet, Géraldine; Nizard, Sonia; et al. (May 2018).

4371: 5839:

Zumbo, B.D. (2007). "Three generations of differential item functioning (DIF) analyses: Considering where it has been, where it is now, and where it is going".

1640:

high IQ scores are also significantly less reliable than those near to the population median. Reports of IQ scores much higher than 160 are considered dubious.

12128:

The Measurement of Intelligence: An Explanation of and a Complete Guide to the Use of the Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet–Simon Intelligence Scale

4414:

Eugenics is the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race; also with those that develop them to the utmost advantage.

740:

score, obtained by administering an intelligence test, by the person's chronological age, both expressed in terms of years and months. The resulting fraction (

1192:

In 1999, a merging of the Gf-Gc theory of Cattell and Horn with Carroll's Three-Stratum theory has led to the Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory (CHC Theory), with

10057: 8300:

Cullen, Francis T.; Gendreau, Paul; Jarjoura, G. Roger; Wright, John Paul (October 1997). "Crime and the Bell Curve: Lessons from Intelligent Criminology".

5478:, p. 169 "after the age of 8–10, IQ scores remain relatively stable: the correlation between IQ scores from age 8 to 18 and IQ at age 40 is over 0.70." 1058:

by excluding people and groups judged to be inferior and promoting those judged to be superior, played a significant role in the history and culture of the

12424: 11658: 7234: 8185: 4697: 1711:, another significant critic of IQ as the main measure of human cognitive abilities, argued that reducing the concept of intelligence to the measure of 1304:

There are a variety of individually administered IQ tests in use in the English-speaking world. The most commonly used individual IQ test series is the

7075:"Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Children's Intelligence (IQ): In a UK-Representative Sample SES Moderates the Environmental, Not Genetic, Effect on IQ" 6626: 2283:

Multiple studies conducted in Scotland have found that higher IQs in early life are associated with lower mortality and morbidity rates later in life.

1000:

During World War I, the Army needed a way to evaluate and assign recruits to appropriate tasks. This led to the development of several mental tests by

11357:

Johnson, Wendy (2012). "How Much Can We Boost IQ? An Updated Look at Jensen's (1969) Question and Answer". In Slater, Alan M.; Quinn, Paul C. (eds.).

6883:

Turkheimer, E.; Haley, A.; Waldron, M.; D'Onofrio, B.; Gottesman, I. I. (2003). "Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children".

4568: 804:

has been investigated for nearly a century, there is still debate about the significance of heritability estimates and the mechanisms of inheritance.

2927: 1317: 876:

theories of particulate inheritance). He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other observable traits such as

11294:"Book Review: Jensen, A. R. (2006). Clocking the mind: Mental chronometry and individual differences. Amsterdam: Elsevier. (ISBN 978-0-08-044939-5)" 4965:

Feuerstein, R., Feuerstein, S., Falik, L & Rand, Y. (1979; 2002). Dynamic assessments of cognitive modifiability. ICELP Press, Jerusalem: Israel

4944:

Sternberg, R.J. & Grigorenko, E.L. (2002). Dynamic testing: The nature and measurement of learning potential. Cambridge: University of Cambridge

11854:; Boodoo, Gwyneth; Bouchard, Thomas J.; Boykin, A. Wade; Brody, Nathan; Ceci, Stephen J.; Halpern, Diane F.; Loehlin, John C.; et al. (1996). 8949: 837: 5120:"Taxonomies and Compendia of Cognitive Ability and Personality Constructs and Measures Relevant to Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology" 12028: 10317:

Detterman, D.K.; Daniel, M.H. (1989). "Correlations of mental tests with each other and with cognitive variables are highest for low IQ groups".

4891: 12345:

Wicherts, Jelte M.; Dolan, Conor V.; van der Maas, Han L.J. (2010). "A systematic literature review of the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans".

10879:

Gottfredson, Linda S. (2009). "Chapter 1: Logical Fallacies Used to Dismiss the Evidence on Intelligence Testing". In Phelps, Richard F. (ed.).

4249:

Katzell, Raymond A.; Austin, James T. (1992). "From then to now: The development of industrial-organizational psychology in the United States".

3692:"The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings" 80: 1690:, "our tendency to convert abstract concepts into entities". Gould's argument sparked a great deal of debate, and the book is listed as one of 9381: 10037:

Campbell, Jonathan M. (2006). "Chapter 3: Mental Retardation/Intellectual Disability". In Campbell, Jonathan M.; Kamphaus, Randy W. (eds.).

1373: 679: 992:-loaded" composite score of an IQ test battery appears to involve a common strength in abstract reasoning across the test's item content. 11547: 5119: 2247: 2199: 11926:

Perleth, Christoph; Schatz, Tanja; Mönks, Franz J. (2000). "Early Identification of High Ability". In Heller, Kurt A.; Mönks, Franz J.;

11763:

McIntosh, David E.; Dixon, Felicia A.; Pierson, Eric E. "Chapter 25: Use of Intelligence Tests in the Identification of Giftedness". In

7185: 4723: 11954:

a gifted sample gathered using IQ > 132 using the old SB L-M in 1985 does not contain the top 2% of the population but the best 10%.

8576:

Batty, G. David; Deary, Ian J.; Gottfredson, Linda S. (2007). "Premorbid (early life) IQ and Later Mortality Risk: Systematic Review".

2134: 1636:

can be as low as about three points. Reported standard error may be an underestimate, as it does not account for all sources of error.

1241: 9324: 8907:

Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (February 2017).

8793: 7994:"Revisiting meta-analytic estimates of validity in personnel selection: Addressing systematic overcorrection for restriction of range" 7499:"When the music's over. Does music skill transfer to children's and young adolescents' cognitive and academic skills? A meta-analysis" 12169: 6962: 6791:

Rowe, D. C.; Jacobson, K. C. (1999). "Genetic and environmental influences on vocabulary IQ: parental education level as moderator".

5067:

Naglieri, J.A.; Das, J.P. (2002). "Planning, attention, simultaneous, and successive cognitive processes as a model for assessment".

3350:"Determinants of cognitive development of low SES children in Chile: a post-transitional country with rising childhood obesity rates" 3691: 1309: 389: 11398: 7628: 5005:

Das, J.P.; Kirby, J.; Jarman, R.F. (1975). "Simultaneous and successive synthesis: An alternative model for cognitive abilities".

12417: 10366: 1351: 1321: 10687:

Georgas, James; Weiss, Lawrence; van de Vijver, Fons; Saklofske, Donald (2003). "Preface". In Georgas, James; Weiss, Lawrence;

5541: 4401: 2917: 2869:

observation. Those other forms of behavioral observation are still important for validating classifications based on IQ tests.

1313: 935: 896: 616: 9644:

Hyde, Janet S.; Fennema, Elizabeth; Lamon, Susan J. (1990). "Gender differences in mathematics performance: A meta-analysis".

12311: 12285: 12009: 11969: 11947: 11841: 11790: 11715: 11691: 11652: 11557: 11515: 11492: 11466: 11366: 11275: 11229: 11167: 11100: 11055: 11017: 10995: 10976: 10949: 10910: 10888: 10869: 10838: 10700: 10604: 10570: 10517: 10487: 10439: 10416: 10393: 10189: 10108: 10074: 10046: 10027: 9899: 9872: 9853: 9296: 7823: 6157: 6043: 5575: 5356: 5317: 5289: 5139: 4441: 4322: 4233: 828:. Investigation of different patterns of increases in subtest scores can also inform current research on human intelligence. 812: 8375:

Beaver, Kevin M.; Wright, John Paul (January 2011). "The association between county-level IQ and county-level crime rates".

6926:

Harden, K. P.; Turkheimer, E.; Loehlin, J. C. (2005). "Genotype environment interaction in adolescents' cognitive ability".

4990:

Kozulin, A. (2014). "Dynamic assessment in search of its identity". In Yasnitsky, A.; van der Veer, R.; Ferrari, M. (eds.).

3760:

Strenze, Tarmo (September 2007). "Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research".

2888:

is perhaps the best known of these. The largest 99.9th percentile (three standard deviations above the mean) society is the

1089:

in order for the human race to improve in its overall quality, therefore allowing for humans to direct their own evolution.

10355: 10243: 9577: 9048:"How White nationalists mobilize genetics: From genetic ancestry and human biodiversity to counterscience and metapolitics" 5997:

Edelson, M. G. (2006). "Are the Majority of Children With Autism Mentally Retarded?: A Systematic Evaluation of the Data".

2190: 1368: 12047:. Educational psychology monographs. Vol. 13. Translated by Guy Montrose Whipple. Baltimore, MD: Warwick & York. 11808: 11377: 8439:"The relationship between lower intelligence, crime and custodial outcomes: a brief literary review of a vulnerable group" 5200: 2993: 2077:, and organochlorides). Improvements in nutrition, and in public policy in general, have been implicated in IQ increases. 1099:, and cordially promoted the test. He quickly extended the use of the scale to the public schools (1913), to immigration ( 12615: 12610: 12526: 11980: 2827: 2702:

The problem of determining the causes underlying racial variation has been discussed at length as a classic question of "

2106:

depends on many factors other than IQ, such as "persistence, interest in school, and willingness to study" (p. 81).

1153: 1139: 764:

15. This results in approximately two-thirds of the population scoring between IQ 85 and IQ 115 and about 2 percent each

9795: 6265: 12410: 11293: 11119: 10466: 9929: 9585: 9554: 9503: 9472: 9427: 6194: 5514: 4889:

Zaretskii, V.K. (November–December 2009). "The Zone of Proximal Development What Vygotsky Did Not Have Time to Write".

4153:

Richardson, John T. E. (2003). "Howard Andrew Knox and the origins of performance testing on Ellis Island, 1912-1916".

3077: 2808: 2688: 2137:

scores, with the explained variance ranging "from 58.6% in Mathematics and 48% in English to 18.1% in Art and Design".

2098: 1907: 869: 17: 11378:"(Review) Developmental Psychology: Revisiting the Classic Studies, [ed.] by Alan M. Slater and Paul C. Quinn" 8953: 7963:"Revisiting the design of selection systems in light of new findings regarding the validity of widely used predictors" 6490:"Measuring and Estimating the Effect Sizes of Copy Number Variants on General Intelligence in Community-Based Samples" 5762: 12480: 12217: 12161:

Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale: Manual for the Third Revision Form L-M with Revised IQ Tables by Samuel R. Pinneau

12052: 11114:. Harvard Educational Review Reprint Series. Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Educational Review. pp. 1–123. 9746: 8990: 4841: 4814: 3120: 2922: 2184: 1755: 1305: 797: 12099:"The Stanford revision of the Binet–Simon scale and some results from its application to 1000 non-selected children" 12021:"Tracking the IQ Elite : TERMAN'S KIDS: The Groundbreaking Study of How the Gifted Grow Up, By Joel N. Shurkin" 10099:

Carroll, John B. (1998). "Human Cognitive Abilities: A Critique". In McArdle, John J.; Woodcock, Richard W. (eds.).

9246: 6537:

Bouchard, TJ Jr. (1998). "Genetic and environmental influences on adult intelligence and special mental abilities".

2771:

in male scores in certain areas compared to female scores, which results in slightly more males than females in the

863:(1822–1911) made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of 12678: 12635: 12620: 12470: 9735: 9601:

Hyde, J. S.; Linn, M. C. (27 October 2006). "DIVERSITY: Enhanced: Gender Similarities in Mathematics and Science".

9288: 8039:

Watkins, M; Lei, P; Canivez, G (2007). "Psychometric intelligence and achievement: A cross-lagged panel analysis".

2051: 1884:

factors play a role in determining IQ. Their relative importance has been the subject of much research and debate.

1405: 1271: 753: 672: 596: 10803: 9022: 5124:

The SAGE Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology: Personnel Psychology and Employee Performance

1910:

report, is 0.45 for children, and rises to around 0.75 for late adolescents and adults. Heritability measures for

12698: 12651: 12373: 11533:"Ungifted: Intelligence Redefined: The Truth about Talent, Practice, Creativity, and the Many Paths to Greatness" 10080: 9822: 5450:, Figure 5.1 IQs earned by preadolescents (ages 12–13) who were given three different IQ tests in the early 2000s 5108:, chapters 8–13, 15–16 (discussing Wechsler, Stanford–Binet, Kaufman, Woodcock–Johnson, DAS, CAS, and RIAS tests) 2912: 2735: 2237:

sample; with social class controlled for, the correlation dropped to −0.17. A correlation of 0.20 means that the

2061:

Such impairment may sometimes be permanent, or sometimes be partially or wholly compensated for by later growth.

1379: 1362: 1339: 54: 10823: 6722:

Benyamin B, Pourcain B, Davis OS, Davies G, Hansell NK, Brion MJ, Kirkpatrick RM, Cents RA, et al. (2013).

12741: 9467:

Barbara P. Uzzell, Marcel Ponton, Alfredo Ardila International Handbook of Cross-Cultural Neuropsychology book

9452: 7863:

Hunter, John E.; Hunter, Ronda F. (1984). "Validity and utility of alternative predictors of job performance".

7789: 6836:"Emergence of a Gene x Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Infant Mental Ability Between 10 Months and 2 Years" 4519: 2792: 2783:

WAIS and the WISC-R, are constructed so that there are no overall score differences between females and males.

2023:

cognitive or academic skills, and that previous positive findings were probably due to confounding variables."

1927:

is similar. These studies have not looked at the effects of extreme environments, such as in abusive families.

591: 419: 63: 9770: 8103:

Coward, W. Mark; Sackett, Paul R. (1990). "Linearity of ability-performance relationships: A reconfirmation".

2767:

are minimized when controlling for socioeconomic factors. Other research has concluded that there is slightly

2233: 1167:(1941) proposed two types of cognitive abilities in a revision of Spearman's concept of general intelligence. 12751: 12716: 12686: 12484: 12436: 12149:

Measuring Intelligence: A Guide to the Administration of the New Revised Stanford–Binet Tests of Intelligence

10271: 8541:

Gottfredson, Linda S.; Deary, Ian J. (22 June 2016). "Intelligence Predicts Health and Longevity, but Why?".

8189: 7656: 6990: 3348:

Galván, Marcos; Uauy, Ricardo; Corvalán, Camila; López-Rodríguez, Guadalupe; Kain, Juliana (September 2013).

2807:

in 1971, for the purpose of minimizing employment practices that disparately impacted racial minorities, the

2036: 1633: 1126:". As it becomes possible to test for and correlate genes with IQ (and its proxies), ethicists and embryonic 1074: 911: 621: 188: 10670:

Freides, David (1972). "Review of Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale, Third Revision". In Oscar Buros (ed.).

3291:"Low socioeconomic status and severe obesity are linked to poor cognitive performance in Malaysian children" 12690: 12666: 12038: 10849: 9573:

Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology: Volume 1: Gender Research in General and Experimental Psychology

6304: 5161: 1897: 1715:

does not fully account for the different skills and knowledge types that produce success in human society.

1385: 1225: 1119: 881: 712: 631: 544: 12097:

Terman, Lewis M.; Lyman, Grace; Ordahl, George; Ordahl, Louise; Galbreath, Neva; Talbert, Wilford (1915).

11645:

Identification: The Theory and Practice of Identifying Students for Gifted and Talented Education Services

12625: 11137: 2668: 2122: 1629: 1329: 1325: 853: 665: 12020: 4276:

Kevles, D. J. (1968). "Testing the Army's Intelligence: Psychologists and the Military in World War I".

12670: 10296:

Deary, I. J.; Strand, S.; Smith, P.; Fernandes, C. (2007). "Intelligence and educational achievement".

10066: 7689:"The Role of Stress in Brain Development: The Gestational Environment's Long-Term Effects on the Brain" 4858: 2691:

concluded that there were significant variations in IQ across races. However, a systematic analysis by

820: 135: 11773: 8204: 8130:

Robertson, Kimberley Ferriman; Smeets, Stijn; Lubinski, David; Benbow, Camilla P. (14 December 2010).

5647:, p. 20 " is just one of the reasons to be suspicious of reported IQ scores much higher than 160" 12275: 6675:"Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic" 5779: 2752:, and males performing better on tasks related to rotation of objects in space, often categorized as 1877: 1852: 1172: 586: 577: 499: 319: 200: 11028: 10921: 10770: 10750: 8590: 8053: 7439: 7392: 7153: 6673:

Davies G, Tenesa A, Payton A, Yang J, Harris SE, Liewald D, Ke X, Le Hellard S, et al. (2011).

3711: 3250:

Qian, Ming; Wang, Dong; Watkins, William E.; Gebski, Val; Yan, Yu Qin; Li, Mu; Chen, Zu Pei (2005).

2113:

Some measures of educational aptitude correlate highly with IQ tests – for instance,

12531: 10714: 2803: 1911: 1759:

South Africa. Standard intelligence tests, such as the Stanford–Binet, are often inappropriate for

1345: 1157: 1130:

companies are attempting to understand the ways in which the technology can be ethically deployed.

988:

is the composite score that has the highest correlations with all the item scores. Typically, the "

951: 210: 178: 12227:

Wasserman, John D. "Chapter 1: A History of Intelligence Assessment: The Unfinished Tapestry". In

10506: 9204: 9151: 8131: 3794: 3252:"The effects of iodine on intelligence in children: a meta-analysis of studies conducted in China" 730: 12674: 12465: 12460: 12450: 10181: 8766:

people in the United States has been falsely attributed to genetic differences between the races.

8230: 7073:

Hanscombe, K. B.; Trzaskowski, M.; Haworth, C. M.; Davis, O. S.; Dale, P. S.; Plomin, R. (2012).

5597:"Error in the estimation of intellectual ability in the low range using the WISC-IV and WAIS-III" 5175: 2823: 2776: 2772: 2749: 2005: 1829: 1718:

Despite these objections, clinical psychologists generally regard IQ scores as having sufficient

1022: 769: 765: 611: 509: 280: 245: 230: 225: 215: 164: 124: 10960: 8402:

Mears, Daniel P.; Cochran, Joshua C. (November 2013). "What is the effect of IQ on offending?".

819:. They are also used to study distributions of psychometric intelligence in populations and the 12756: 12682: 12455: 12302:

Weiss, Lawrence G.; Saklofske, Donald H.; Prifitera, Aurelio; Holdnack, James A., eds. (2006).

11939: 11159: 10765: 10560: 10408: 10347: 9280: 8585: 8048: 7434: 7425:

Glenn Schellenberg, E. (2006). "Long-term positive associations between music lessons and IQ".

7387: 7148: 6031: 4593: 4457: 3706: 2906: 2768: 2696: 2672: 2080: 2055: 1253: 1078: 811:, and evaluating job applicants. In research contexts, they have been studied as predictors of 626: 559: 449: 359: 314: 290: 265: 195: 183: 149: 12209: 11563: 10679: 10019: 10006: 9571: 9540: 9527: 9489: 8891:

Templeton, A. (2016). "Evolution and Notions of Human Race". In Losos, J.; Lenski, R. (eds.).

8879: 8859: 5500: 5348: 5324:

An IQ score is not an equal-interval score, as is evident in Table A.4 in the WISC-III manual.

5281: 5275: 2864:. When asked his IQ, he replied: "I have no idea. People who boast about their IQ are losers." 1952:

conducted on approximately 78,000 subjects identified 52 genes associated with intelligence.

12746: 12694: 9256: 7208: 7026:"Large Cross-National Differences in Gene × Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Intelligence" 6275: 5664: 5392: 5379: 4431: 3138:"The Role of Nutrition in Brain Development: The Golden Opportunity of the 'First 1000 Days'" 2947: 2662: 1719: 1687: 1671: 873: 847:

Historically, even before IQ tests were devised, there were attempts to classify people into

606: 601: 519: 384: 349: 324: 220: 119: 114: 12387: 12201: 11931: 11855: 11454: 10671: 10339: 7739:"Food Fortification: The Advantages, Disadvantages and Lessons from Sight and Life Programs" 5340: 4221: 3819:

Bulmer, M (1999). "The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity".

1974:

Dickens and Flynn (2001) have argued that genes for high IQ initiate an environment-shaping

1856:

is stable until mid-adulthood or later. Subsequently, intelligence seems to decline slowly.

12630: 11592: 11484: 11248: 10556: 10458: 9316: 8785: 8730: 7585: 7328: 7269: 7086: 6226: 5783: 5406: 4383: 4008: 3639: 3561:

Johnson, Wendy; Turkheimer, Eric; Gottesman, Irving I.; Bouchard, Thomas J. (August 2009).

3515: 3069: 2901: 2839: 2745: 1968: 1786: 1744: 1676: 1186: 1182: 1028: 781: 504: 429: 339: 174: 159: 12306:. Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional. Burlington, MA: Academic Press. 11265: 7790:"How Adding Iodine To Salt Resulted In A Decade's Worth Of IQ Gains For The United States" 5126:, 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 366–407, 4479:

University of Virginia: Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library

1996:, have reported lasting effects, often on socioeconomic status variables, rather than IQ. 1956:

is reported to be the single gene most associated with both adult and child intelligence.

1789:, the author who did the most to bring this phenomenon to the attention of psychologists. 1669:

Some scientists have disputed the value of IQ as a measure of intelligence altogether. In

8: 12475: 11701: 11677: 10964: 9943: 6896: 4475:"Origins of Eugenics: From Sir Francis Galton to Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924" 2889: 2885: 2798: 1993: 1865: 1798: 1748: 1692: 1658: 1409: 1401: 931: 757: 434: 424: 409: 374: 369: 354: 334: 329: 205: 144: 31: 12086:

Die psychologischen Methoden der Intelligenzprüfung: und deren Anwendung an Schulkindern

11596: 8734: 8554: 8076:

Rohde, T; Thompson, L (2007). "Predicting academic achievement with cognitive ability".

7727:

Eppig. Christopher. Scientific American."Why is average IQ higher in some places?" 2011.

7589: 7332: 7273: 7090: 6569:"Why are children in the same family so different? Nonshared environment a decade later" 6230: 6121:

Flynn, James R. (1987). "Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure".

5410: 4387: 3732: 3643: 3519: 3402: 3073: 2815:. Internationally, certain public policies, such as improving nutrition and prohibiting 2110:

contrast, Performance IQ correlation with the same GPA was only 0.22 in the same study.

984:. In any collection of test items that make up an IQ test, the score that best measures 12720: 12656: 12433: 11886: 11752: 11735: 11624: 11504: 11426: 11316: 11206: 11198: 11005: 10688: 10658: 10284: 10225: 10200: 10149: 9987: 9962: 9704: 9626: 9312: 9235: 9182: 9132: 9085: 9072: 9047: 8978: 8933: 8908: 8781: 8756: 8558: 8523: 8460: 8419: 8317: 8154: 8021: 7880: 7765: 7738: 7705: 7688: 7669: 7609: 7351: 7316: 7292: 7257: 7109: 7074: 7050: 7025: 7003: 6943: 6908: 6860: 6835: 6816: 6748: 6723: 6699: 6674: 6514: 6489: 6465: 6436: 6417: 6364: 6249: 6214: 6103: 6014: 5979: 5943: 5899: 5856: 5788: 5739: 5704: 5430: 5256: 5049: 4908: 4773: 4673: 4648: 4474: 4293: 3965: 3887: 3844: 3724: 3665: 3587: 3562: 3538: 3503: 3428: 3385: 3325: 3290: 3227: 3194: 3170: 3137: 2703: 2292:

Average adult combined IQs associated with real-life accomplishments by various tests:

2238: 2167: 1988: 1893: 1848: 1825: 1662: 1650: 1417: 1413: 1233: 1168: 1086: 1082: 848: 801: 761: 705: 529: 474: 469: 404: 344: 305: 235: 10939: 10779: 10733: 10388:. Problems in the Behavioural Sciences No. 12. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10374: 10330: 7962: 7737:

Olson, Rebecca; Gavin-Smith, Breda; Ferraboschi, Chiara; Kraemer, Klaus (April 2021).

7133: 3018:. Philadelphia, PA: National Council on Measurement in Education. 2016. Archived from 3002:, pp. 70–84 (1914 English translation), pp. 48–58 (1912 original German edition). 2811:

banned the use of IQ tests in employment, except when linked to job performance via a

1682:

compared IQ testing with the now-discredited practice of determining intelligence via

1021:

in the context of increased immigration, which may have influenced the passing of the

980:

for "general factor" and labeled the specific factors or abilities for specific tasks

12511: 12307: 12281: 12244: 12213: 12202: 12066: 12058: 12048: 12005: 11985: 11965: 11943: 11932: 11878: 11837: 11786: 11711: 11687: 11681: 11648: 11628: 11616: 11608: 11580: 11553: 11511: 11488: 11462: 11431: 11417: 11362: 11345: 11320: 11271: 11235: 11225: 11210: 11163: 11125: 11115: 11096: 11051: 11013: 10991: 10972: 10945: 10935: 10906: 10898: 10884: 10865: 10834: 10783: 10737: 10710: 10696: 10672: 10650: 10646: 10600: 10566: 10513: 10483: 10462: 10435: 10412: 10389: 10383: 10351: 10340: 10276: 10230: 10185: 10153: 10141: 10104: 10070: 10042: 10023: 10015: 9992: 9925: 9895: 9878: 9868: 9849: 9771:

Estimating AFQT Scores for National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS) Respondents

9742: 9696: 9661: 9618: 9581: 9550: 9499: 9468: 9448: 9423: 9355: 9347: 9292: 9282: 9227: 9223: 9174: 9170: 9124: 9089: 9077: 8986: 8938: 8824: 8816: 8748: 8688: 8680: 8603: 8527: 8464: 8423: 8321: 8025: 8013: 7993: 7916: 7819: 7770: 7710: 7661: 7601: 7555: 7539: 7520: 7479: 7407: 7402: 7375: 7356: 7297: 7166: 7114: 7055: 6995: 6947: 6900: 6865: 6808: 6753: 6704: 6643: 6590: 6546: 6519: 6505: 6470: 6409: 6369: 6254: 6190: 6153: 6152:. Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional. Amsterdam: Academic Press. 6039: 6033: 6018: 5975: 5935: 5891: 5744: 5726: 5596: 5571: 5510: 5422: 5397: 5352: 5341: 5313: 5285: 5260: 5248: 5155: 5135: 5053: 4912: 4837: 4810: 4765: 4678: 4547: 4437: 4427: 4318: 4229: 4170: 4012: 3957: 3922: 3879: 3836: 3657: 3592: 3578: 3543: 3420: 3377: 3369: 3330: 3312: 3271: 3263: 3232: 3214: 3175: 3157: 3116: 2975: 2967: 2909:(EI), also known as emotional quotient (EQ) and emotional intelligence quotient (EIQ) 2851: 2760:

observes, "even though men and women are essentially equal in general intelligence".

2723: 2680: 2074: 1679: 1249: 1237: 1171:(Gf) was hypothesized as the ability to solve novel problems by using reasoning, and 808: 701: 653: 454: 379: 285: 270: 154: 75: 11960:

Plomin, Robert; DeFries, John C.; Knopik, Valerie S.; Neiderhiser, Jenae M. (2013).

11890: 11532: 10662: 9630: 9281:

Bernie Devlin; Stephen E. Fienberg; Daniel P. Resnick; Kathryn Roeder, eds. (1997).

9136: 8599: 8562: 8158: 7884: 7134:"Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved" 6912: 6820: 6421: 6107: 5983: 5947: 5903: 5860: 3969: 3891: 3848: 3728: 3432: 3389: 907: 12354: 12333: 12197: 12110: 11927: 11870: 11747: 11600: 11455: 11421: 11413: 11337: 11308: 11190: 11074: 10775: 10729: 10642: 10545: 10540: 10528: 10326: 10305: 10288: 10266: 10258: 10220: 10212: 10131: 9982: 9974: 9708: 9688: 9653: 9610: 9546: 9495: 9339: 9320: 9239: 9219: 9186: 9166: 9116: 9067: 9059: 8928: 8920: 8905:

That this view reflects the consensus among American anthropologists is stated in:

8896: 8808: 8789: 8760: 8738: 8672: 8595: 8550: 8515: 8492: 8488: 8450: 8411: 8384: 8357: 8309: 8280: 8146: 8112: 8085: 8058: 8005: 7943: 7908: 7872: 7760: 7750: 7700: 7673: 7651: 7643: 7593: 7551: 7510: 7471: 7444: 7397: 7346: 7336: 7287: 7277: 7200: 7158: 7104: 7094: 7045: 7037: 7007: 6985: 6977: 6935: 6892: 6855: 6847: 6834:

Tucker-Drob, E. M.; Rhemtulla, M.; Harden, K. P.; Turkheimer, E.; Fask, D. (2011).

6800: 6743: 6735: 6694: 6686: 6635: 6580: 6509: 6501: 6460: 6452: 6399: 6359: 6351: 6322: 6312: 6244: 6234: 6130: 6095: 6006: 5971: 5927: 5883: 5848: 5734: 5716: 5608: 5506: 5434: 5414: 5336: 5240: 5127: 5080: 5076: 5041: 5014: 4979:. By Haywood, H. Carl; Lidz, Carol S. Cambridge University Press. pp. xiii–xv. 4900: 4777: 4757: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4391: 4285: 4258: 4162: 4135: 4081: 4004: 3949: 3914: 3871: 3828: 3769: 3716: 3669: 3647: 3582: 3574: 3533: 3523: 3412: 3361: 3320: 3302: 3222: 3206: 3165: 3149: 2959: 2834: 2264: 1930: 1708: 1261: 1199:

Modern tests do not necessarily measure all of these broad abilities. For example,

1092: 1055: 964: 923: 459: 414: 399: 394: 275: 250: 11219: 10615: 7934:

Byington, Eliza; Felps, Will (2010). "Why do IQ scores predict job performance?".

7613: 6724:"Childhood intelligence is heritable, highly polygenic and associated with FNBP1L" 5296:

The I.Q. is essentially a rank; there are no true "units" of intellectual ability.

4068:

Nicolas, S.; Andrieu, B.; Croizet, J.-C.; Sanitioso, R. B.; Burman, J. T. (2013).

12564: 12358: 12337: 12042: 11705: 11476: 11450: 11341: 11090: 10477: 10450: 10309: 9867:. Perspectives on Individual Differences (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum Press. 9205:"Black Americans Reduce the Racial IQ Gap: Evidence from Standardization Samples" 9152:"Black Americans Reduce the Racial IQ Gap: Evidence from Standardization Samples" 9018: 8388: 8361: 8188:. American Scientist. pp. 4 (Nonlinearities in Intelligence). Archived from 8089: 8062: 7992:

Sackett, Paul R.; Zhang, Charlene; Berry, Christopher M.; Lievens, Filip (2022).

7961:

Sackett, Paul R.; Zhang, Charlene; Berry, Christopher M.; Lievens, Filip (2023).

7515: 7498: 7099: 6456: 6038:. APA Science Volume Series. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 6010: 5721: 5418: 4831: 4804: 4698:"Eugenics 2.0: We're at the Dawn of Choosing Embryos by Health, Height, and More" 4086: 4069: 3773: 3528: 2878: 2861: 2753: 2707: 2692: 2676: 2343: 2333: 2213: 2147: 1802: 1738: 1703: 1281: 1164: 1149: 1127: 1063: 968: 777: 716: 255: 11999: 11906: 11249:"A Balance Sheet on Persistence: Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor" 10120:"Should scientists study race and IQ? YES: The scientific truth must be pursued" 9657: 9542:

Learning and Memory: Basic Principles, Processes, and Procedures, Fourth Edition

8948: 8313: 7204: 7162: 6963:"Childhood Socioeconomic Status Amplifies Genetic Effects on Adult Intelligence" 6134: 6086:

Flynn, James R. (1984). "The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978".

3720: 3153: 2819:, have as one of their goals raising, or preventing a decline in, intelligence. 852:

depend on the definition of "intelligence" used in a particular case and on the

12236: 11851: 11816: 11389: 11110:

Jensen, Arthur (1969). "How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?".

10824:"Chapter 9: Suppressing Intelligence Research: Hurting Those We Intend to Help" 10633:

Frey, Meredith C.; Detterman, Douglas K. (2004). "Scholastic Assessment org?".

10431: 10039:

Psychodiagnostic Assessment of Children: Dimensional and Categorical Approaches

9043: 8285: 8268: 8116: 7947: 7448: 6585: 6568: 5612: 5208: 4904: 4367: 4262: 3623: 3502:

Ronfani, Luca; Vecchi Brumatti, Liza; Mariuz, Marika; Tognin, Veronica (2015).

2764: 2573:

Semi-skilled workers (operatives, service workers, including private household)

2000: 1781: 1754:

A 2005 study found that "differential validity in prediction suggests that the

1257: 1236:, which seeks to measure developmental potential (for instance, in the work of 1035: 860: 789: 12274:

Weiner, Irving B.; Graham, John R.; Naglieri, Jack A., eds. (2 October 2012).

11907:"Racial politics and the elusive quest for excellence and equity in education" 11874: 10262: 10168:. Genetic Studies of Genius Volume 2. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 9978: 9120: 8743: 8718: 8519: 7967:

Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice

7912: 7876: 7687:

Buss, Claudia; Entringer, Sonja; Swanson, James M.; D. Wadhwa, Pathik (2012).

7258:"From the Cover: Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory" 6939: 6099: 5931: 5852: 5679:"Gould on Morton, Redux: What can the debate reveal about the limits of data?" 5677:

Kaplan, Jonathan Michael; Pigliucci, Massimo; Banta, Joshua Alexander (2015).

5310:

The WISC-III Companion: A Guide to Interpretation and Educational Intervention

5131: 4761: 4166: 3940:

Fancher, R. E. (1983). "Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology".

3918: 3832: 3365: 3307: 3210: 1114:, forced over 60,000 people to go through sterilization in the United States. 68: 12735: 12661: 12594: 12589: 12516: 11882: 11612: 11349: 11312: 11239: 11047: 10787: 10741: 10504:

Flint, Jonathan; Greenspan, Ralph J.; Kendler, Kenneth S. (28 January 2010).

10216: 9921: 9913: 9909: 9351: 9128: 9014: 8820: 8684: 8415: 8150: 7524: 7041: 6981: 6851: 5887: 5730: 5252: 5244: 4569:"America's Hidden History: The Eugenics Movement | Learn Science at Scitable" 3995:

Gillham, Nicholas W. (2001). "Sir Francis Galton and the birth of eugenics".

3373: 3316: 3267: 3218: 3161: 2971: 2715: 2252: 2204: 2017: 1964: 1949: 1393: 1267: 1107: 1059: 1001: 864: 793: 564: 524: 444: 439: 12402: 11981:"The Eugenic Origins of IQ Testing: Implications for Post-Atkins Litigation" 11397:

Johnson, Wendy; Turkheimer, E.; Gottesman, Irving; Bouchard, Thomas (2009).

11328:

Jensen, Arthur R. (2011). "The Theory of Intelligence and Its Measurement".

10693:

Culture and Children's Intelligence: Cross-Cultural Analysis of the WISC-III

9614: 7341: 7282: 6804: 6317: 6239: 6150:

WAIS-IV Clinical Use and Interpretation: Scientist-Practitioner Perspectives

5045: 4926:

Sternberg, R.S.; Grigorenko, E.L. (2001). "All testing is dynamic testing".

4433:

Popular Eugenics: National Efficiency and American Mass Culture in the 1930s

3349: 3251: 2856: 1042: 12156: 12144: 12122: 12070: 11620: 11435: 11086: 10654: 10280: 10234: 10145: 9996: 9939: 9700: 9622: 9359: 9231: 9178: 9081: 8942: 8900: 8828: 8752: 8692: 8607: 8455: 8438: 8017: 7774: 7714: 7665: 7605: 7483: 7411: 7360: 7301: 7170: 7118: 7059: 6999: 6904: 6869: 6812: 6757: 6708: 6647: 6594: 6523: 6474: 6413: 6373: 6258: 5939: 5895: 5748: 5678: 5426: 4769: 4682: 4349: 4174: 4016: 3926: 3905:

Burbridge, D (2001). "Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class".

3883: 3840: 3596: 3547: 3424: 3416: 3381: 3334: 3275: 3236: 3179: 2979: 2812: 2711: 1903: 1861: 1773: 1731: 1229: 1176: 1123: 1111: 1100: 1067: 927: 903: 892: 825: 785: 726: 709: 549: 240: 10581: 9665: 7920: 7227:"Study: High Standardized Test Scores Don't Translate to Better Cognition" 6550: 3961: 3661: 2963: 2405:

High school graduates, skilled workers (e.g., electricians, cabinetmakers)

2151:

function, IQ-test scores predict performance ratings in all occupations.

938:(1916). It became the most popular test in the United States for decades. 12583: 12126: 9010: 4093: 4070:"Sick? Or slow? On the origins of intelligence as a psychological object" 2816: 2684:

that environmental factors, not genetic ones, explain the racial IQ gap.

1683: 1275: 972: 464: 169: 10852:[Social consequences of group differences in cognitive ability] 9325:"Group differences in IQ are best understood as environmental in origin" 8794:"Group differences in IQ are best understood as environmental in origin" 6961:

Bates, Timothy C.; Lewis, Gary J.; Weiss, Alexander (3 September 2013).

6739: 6404: 6387: 4724:"Polygenic Risk Scores and Genomic Prediction: Q&A with Stephen Hsu" 2561:

Clerical workers, sales workers, skilled workers, craftsmen, and foremen

12521: 11202: 10850:"Conseqüências sociais das diferenças de grupo na capacidade cognitiva" 9063: 8924: 8009: 7755: 7475: 6690: 6621: 6437:"Genetic and environmental influences on general cognitive ability: Is 6327: 5686:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences

4499:

Norrgard, K. (2008). "Human testing, the eugenics movement, and IRBs".

4297: 3875: 1654: 1397: 1185:(1993), after a comprehensive reanalysis of earlier data, proposed the 915: 749: 737: 364: 260: 96: 11224:. Human Evolution, Behavior, and Intelligence. Westport, CT: Praeger. 10831:

Destructive Trends In Mental Health: The Well-Intentioned Path to Harm

10457:. Essentials of Psychological Assessment (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: 9284:

Intelligence, Genes, and Success: Scientists Respond to the Bell Curve

7844: 7576:

Chabris, C. F. (1999). "Prelude or requiem for the 'Mozart effect'?".

12549: 12539: 12506: 12495: 12114: 11782: 11549:

Assessing Intelligence in Children and Adolescents: A Practical Guide

10173: 9692: 9343: 8812: 8676: 6355: 5018: 4977:

Dynamic Assessment in Practice: Clinical And Educational Applications

4833:

Dynamic Assessment in Practice: Clinical and Educational Applications

4396: 4314:

Politics of Eugenics: Productionism, Population, and National Welfare

4139: 1806: 1245: 514: 12098: 11736:"Wechsler's Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence, 5th ed" 11604: 10136: 10119: 9769:

Kilburn, M. Rebecca; Hanser, Lawrence M.; Klerman, Jacob A. (2009).

9445:

Minority and cross-cultural aspects of neuropsychological assessment

8634: 8632: 7647: 6833: 6639: 5916: 4289: 4123: 104: 12554: 11194: 11078: 9945:

The development of intelligence in children (The Binet–Simon Scale)

8895:. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 346–361. 6882: 6185:

Schacter, Daniel L.; Gilbert, Daniel T.; Wegner, Daniel M. (2011).

5705:"Morton, Gould, and Bias: A Comment on "The Mismeasure of Science"" 4097: 3953: 1975: 1881: 1828:, the mean IQ scores of tests at ages 17 and 18 were correlated at 1760: 1051: 1047: 1018: 741: 539: 534: 494: 12397: 11396: 11138:"Jensen A R. How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement?" 10864:]. Porto Alegre, Brazil: ArtMed Publishers. pp. 433–456. 10686: 7736: 7597: 7256:

Jaeggi, S. M.; Buschkuehl, M.; Jonides, J.; Perrig, W. J. (2008).

3862:

Cowan, R. S. (1972). "Francis Galton's contribution to genetics".

3652: 3627: 3560: 3501: 1837:

with the mean scores of tests at ages five, six, and seven and at

1824:

IQ can change to some degree over the course of childhood. In one

1300:

Normalized IQ distribution with mean 100 and standard deviation 15

1296: 1144: 995: 12579: 12001:

Terman's Kids: The Groundbreaking Study of How the Gifted Grow Up

10428:

Contemporary Intellectual Assessment: Theories, tests, and issues

9442: 8629: 6654: 5804: 5566:

Kaufman, Alan S.; Raiford, Susan Engi; Coalson, Diane L. (2016).

3985:, p. 21 "Galton's so-called intelligence test was misnamed." 3347: 2687:

A 1996 task force investigation on intelligence sponsored by the

2267:

have lower IQ than their peers "strongly argues" for the theory.

12322: 12248: 12062: 11267:

Clocking the Mind: Mental Chronometry and Individual Differences

11129: 10881:

Correcting Fallacies about Educational and Psychological Testing

9894:(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. 9889: 9882: 7072: 6388:"The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age" 1931:

Non-shared family environment and environment outside the family

12569: 12559: 12301: 12269:(4th ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation. 12260:(3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation. 8337:; Lee Ellis, Kevin M. Beaver, John Wright; 2009; Academic Press 6215:"Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused" 2317: 1953: 1661:. For this reason, psychologist Wayne Weiten argues that their 887: 877: 816: 48: 12196:

Urbina, Susana (2011). "Chapter 2: Tests of Intelligence". In

11959: 11836:. Essentials of Psychological Assessment. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 11065:

Hunt, Earl (2001). "Multiple Views of Multiple Intelligence".

10059:

Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies

7024:

Tucker-Drob, Elliot M.; Bates, Timothy C. (15 December 2015).

6434: 5873: 5004: 4876:

Vygotsky's educational theory and practice in cultural context

4425: 4067: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 12574: 11010:

The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do

10597:

Are We Getting Smarter? Rising IQ in the Twenty-First Century

8893:

How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society

8346: 8186:"The Role of Intelligence in Modern Society (July–Aug, 1995)" 8129: 7686: 7255: 5960: 4621: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 2216:

cites an IQ income correlation of 0.5 (25% of the variance).

2129:

scores; another research found a correlation of 0.81 between

1725: 926:

published a translation of it in 1910. American psychologist

736:

Historically, IQ was a score obtained by dividing a person's

12131:. Riverside Textbooks in Education. Boston: Houghton Mifflin 8299: 8165: 6166: 6035:

The Rising Curve: Long-Term Gains in IQ and Related Measures

8719:"Intelligence research should not be held back by its past" 8477: 6721: 5099: 4354:

Unified Medical Language System (Psychological Index Terms)

2070: 744:) was multiplied by 100 to obtain the IQ score. For modern 554: 11727:

Wechsler's Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence

11399:"Beyond Heritability: Twin Studies in Behavioral Research" 10103:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 5–23. 9678: 9399: 9311: 9009: 8906: 8780: 8662: 8619: 8617: 7832: 7461: 4226:

Military Psychology: Clinical and Operational Applications

3454: 2492:

Elementary school dropouts (completed 0–7 years of school)

2468:

Semi-skilled workers (e.g. truck drivers, factory workers)

1628:

Psychometricians generally regard IQ tests as having high

1207:

may be seen as measures of school achievement and not IQ.

12344: 11638:"Chapter 12: Ability Testing & Talent Identification" 10919: 10295: 7850: 7538:

Stough, C.; Kerkin, B.; Bates, T. C.; Mangan, G. (1994).

4103: 3444: 3442: 3136:

Cusick, Sarah E.; Georgieff, Michael K. (1 August 2017).

2435:

1–3 years of high school (completed 9–11 years of school)

2126: 1851:

generally declines with age after early adulthood, while

1095:

was a eugenicist. In 1908, he published his own version,

1043:

IQ testing and the eugenics movement in the United States

856:

and error of estimation in the classification procedure.

12277:

Handbook of Psychology, Volume 10: Assessment Psychology

11359:

Developmental Psychology: Revisiting the Classic Studies

11044:

Educational and Psychological Measurement and Evaluation

10862:

Introduction to the psychology of individual differences

10526: 8909:"Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics" 7991: 7960: 7816:

Clinical assessment of child and adolescent intelligence

6487: 5096:, Table 2.1 Major Examples of Current Intelligence Tests 4992:

The Cambridge Handbook of Cultural-Historical Psychology

4878:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–64. 3039: 3037: 1643: 1228:

of children, originated in the writings of psychologist

1050:, a set of beliefs and practices aimed at improving the 12243:(1st ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Witkins. 10856:. In Flores-Mendoza, Carmen E.; Colom, Roberto (eds.). 10338:

Dumont, Ron; Willis, John O.; Elliot, Colin D. (2009).

8644: 8614: 7537: 6925: 5066: 4310: 3193:

Saloojee, Haroon; Pettifor, John M (15 December 2001).

1999:

Recent studies have shown that training in using one's

1224:

An alternative to standard IQ tests, meant to test the

1211:

may be difficult to measure without special equipment.

936:

Stanford revision of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale

12170:"A Better Way to Use Twins for Developmental Research" 11729:(5th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Witkins. 11177:

Scarr, Sandra (1981). "Implicit Messages: A Review of

10944:(Rev. and expanded ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. 10883:. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 10829:. In Wright, Rogers H.; Cummings, Nicholas A. (eds.). 9715: 6672: 6428: 4124:"The new clinical psychology and the psycho-clinicist" 3603: 3439: 3015:

Glossary of Important Assessment and Measurement Terms

1844:

with the mean scores of tests at ages 11, 12, and 13.

53:

One kind of IQ test item, modelled after items in the

10695:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. xvx–xxxii. 10503: 10118:

Ceci, Stephen; Williams, Wendy M. (1 February 2009).

9892:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

9447:. Exton, PA: Swets & Zeitlinger. pp. 72–75. 8575: 7897: 7317:"Increasing fluid intelligence is possible after all" 6296: 6184: 5565: 4181: 3249: 3034: 2946:

Braaten, Ellen B.; Norman, Dennis (1 November 2006).

2763:

Some research indicates that male advantages on some

2228:

The American Psychological Association's 1995 report

1805:, noted that humans' inherited intelligence could be 1066:, from the late 19th century until US involvement in 934:

revised the Binet–Simon scale, which resulted in the

12273: 11762: 11546:

Kranzler, John H.; Floyd, Randy G. (1 August 2013).

11475: 10476:

Fletcher, Richard B.; Hattie, John (11 March 2011).

10426:

Flanagan, Dawn P.; Harrison, Patti L., eds. (2012).

10241: 10012:

Handbook of Understanding and Measuring Intelligence

9768: 9315:; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy; Dickens, William; 8784:; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy; Dickens, William; 8638: 8231:"You Don't Have To Be Smart To Be Rich, Study Finds" 7901:

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

7629:"The neuroscience of human intelligence differences" 6660: 5999:

Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities

5920:

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

5676: 5176:"Primary Mental Abilities Test | psychological test" 2480:

Elementary school graduates (completed eighth grade)

910:, had more success in 1905, when they published the 11583:(2009). "Let's celebrate human genetic diversity". 10242:Deary, I. J.; Johnson, W.; Houlihan, L. M. (2009). 10007:"Chapter 26: To g or Not to g—That Is the Question" 9736:

Determinants of Productivity for Military Personnel

9487: 9420:

Stereotype Threat: Theory, Process, and Application

6379: 5703:Weisberg, Michael; Paul, Diane B. (19 April 2016). 5453: 5032:Das, J.P. (2000). "A better look at intelligence". 4925: 3621: 12208:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 11925: 11635: 11503: 11026: 10858:Introdução à Psicologia das Diferenças Individuais 10505: 10337: 10005: 7497:Sala, Giovanni; Gobet, Fernand (1 February 2017). 7424: 7373: 6627:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 6539:Human Biology; an International Record of Research 5632: 5469: 5395:(1946). "On the Theory of Scales of Measurement". 5087: 4356:. National Library of Medicine. 26 September 2010. 4269: 3800: 12090:The Psychological Methods of Testing Intelligence 12044:The Psychological Methods of Testing Intelligence 11710:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10272:20.500.11820/c3e0a75b-dad6-4860-91c6-b242221af681 8505: 8038: 7657:20.500.11820/9b11fac3-47d0-424c-9d1c-fe6f9ff2ecac 7626: 7125: 6991:20.500.11820/52797d10-f0d4-49de-83e2-a9cc3493703d 6619: 6341: 6212: 5964:International Journal of Selection and Assessment 5441: 5347:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 5201:"Defining and Measuring Psychological Attributes" 4974: 4311:Spektorowski, Alberto; Ireni-Saban, Liza (2013). 1097:The Binet and Simon Test of Intellectual Capacity 27:Score from a test designed to assess intelligence 12733: 12228: 12143: 11764: 11042:Hopkins, Kenneth D.; Stanley, Julian C. (1981). 10751:"Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life" 10715:"Mainstream Science on Intelligence (editorial)" 10425: 10101:Human Cognitive Abilities in Theory and Practice 10010:. In Wilhelm, Oliver; Engle, Randall W. (eds.). 9643: 9569: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9422:. Oxford University Press. pp. 5, 141–143. 9023:"Race, genetics and pseudoscience: an explainer" 8958:American Association of Physical Anthropologists 8950:American Association of Physical Anthropologists 8540: 7023: 6827: 6566: 6303:Desjardins, Richard; Warnke, Arne Jonas (2012). 6302: 6213:Bratsberg, Bernt; Rogeberg, Ole (26 June 2018). 6189:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 384. 5105: 4622:"The Horrifying American Roots of Nazi Eugenics" 3784: 3195:"Iron deficiency and impaired child development" 3192: 2263:and self-reported offending. That children with 1967:reported an interaction of genetic effects with 1686:, arguing that both are based on the fallacy of 838:History of the race and intelligence controversy 12018: 11934:International Handbook of Giftedness and Talent 10594: 10448: 10316: 9836: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8171: 7321:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7262:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6960: 6219:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6147: 4994:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 126–147. 4892:Journal of Russian and East European Psychology 4860:The Collected Works of L. S. Vygotsky, Volume 5 4458:"Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era" 4366: 4224:. In Kennedy, Carrie H.; Zillmer, Eric (eds.). 4220:Kennedy, Carrie H.; McNeil, Jeffrey A. (2006). 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 3135: 2826:is in part based on the results of IQ testing. 2618:Adults can harvest vegetables, repair furniture 1959: 996:United States military selection in World War I 11938:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Pergamon. pp. 11850: 11636:Lohman, David F.; Foley Nicpon, Megan (2012). 11041: 10562:What Is Intelligence?: Beyond the Flynn Effect 10475: 9908: 9741:(Report). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. 8977: 7066: 6562: 6560: 5810: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 3976: 3755: 3753: 3489: 3115:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19. 1133: 807:IQ scores are used for educational placement, 12432: 12418: 12155: 12096: 11578: 11545: 10920:Christopher Lehmann-Haupt (21 October 1981). 10678:. Highland Park, NJ: Gryphon Press. pp. 10632: 10579: 9512: 9203:Dickens, William T.; Flynn, James R. (2006). 9150:Dickens, William T.; Flynn, James R. (2006). 9042: 8102: 8075: 7933: 7838: 7184:Dickens, William T.; Flynn, James R. (2002). 7132:Dickens, William T.; Flynn, James R. (2001). 6715: 4857:Vygotsky, L.S. (1934). "The Problem of Age". 4248: 4219: 4109: 3689: 3288: 2945: 2928:Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities 2114: 1335:There are various other IQ tests, including: 1318:Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities 673: 11733: 10985: 10971:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. pp. 260–266. 10364: 10205:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 10117: 9776:(Report). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation 9563: 9483: 9481: 9202: 9149: 8985:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 503. 8871: 8869: 8867: 8842: 8705: 8401: 8374: 8266: 7862: 7627:Deary, I.J.; Penke, L.; Johnson, W. (2010). 7183: 7131: 6790: 6025: 5702: 5670: 5060: 4750:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4741: 4548:"The birth of American intelligence testing" 4419: 4304: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 1921: 720: 11481:Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence 11406:Current Directions in Psychological Science 11221:The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability 10922:"Books Of The Times: The Mismeasure of Man" 10878: 10847: 10821: 10801: 10748: 10709: 10244:"Genetic foundations of human intelligence" 9052:American Journal of Biological Anthropology 8543:Current Directions in Psychological Science 8205:"Brains don't make you rich IQ study finds" 8139:Current Directions in Psychological Science 7249: 6666: 6557: 5343:Measuring Intelligence: Facts and Fallacies 5335: 5229: 5034:Current Directions in Psychological Science 4953: 4829: 4646: 4372:"Eugenics: Its Definition, Scope, and Aims" 4228:. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 1–17. 4023: 3750: 3690:Schmidt, Frank L.; Hunter, John E. (1998). 3567:Current Directions in Psychological Science 3043: 2518:Average IQ of various occupational groups: 1872: 1699:s "25 Greatest Science Books of All Time". 1424: 842: 12425: 12411: 12167: 11700: 11676: 10833:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 155–186. 10198: 9938: 9405: 8855: 6172: 6114: 6079: 6058: 5475: 5375: 5117: 4728:Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News 4360: 4152: 3907:British Journal for the History of Science 3609: 3448: 3256:Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1747:(IRT) based methods, Mantel-Haenszel, and 1726:Test bias or differential item functioning 708:. The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by the 680: 666: 47: 12226: 11751: 11724: 11425: 11095:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11035:(Interview). Interviewed by Jonah Lehrer. 10769: 10599:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10565:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10544: 10385:Genius: The Natural History of Creativity 10270: 10224: 10135: 9986: 9890:American Psychiatric Association (2013). 9848:(3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 9478: 9071: 8932: 8913:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8890: 8864: 8742: 8589: 8454: 8284: 8202: 8052: 7856: 7764: 7754: 7704: 7655: 7514: 7496: 7438: 7401: 7391: 7350: 7340: 7314: 7291: 7281: 7152: 7108: 7098: 7049: 6989: 6859: 6747: 6698: 6584: 6513: 6464: 6403: 6363: 6326: 6316: 6248: 6238: 5738: 5720: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5118:Stanek, Kevin C.; Ones, Deniz S. (2018), 5031: 4888: 4836:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. 4830:Haywood, H. Carl; Lidz, Carol S. (2006). 4672: 4395: 4085: 3904: 3710: 3676: 3651: 3586: 3537: 3527: 3324: 3306: 3226: 3169: 3092: 2504:Have 50/50 chance of reaching high school 700:) is a total score derived from a set of 30:"IQ" redirects here. For other uses, see 12304:WISC-IV Advanced Clinical Interpretation 12267:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 12264: 12255: 12235: 12092:] (in German). Leipzig: J. A. Barth. 11831: 11647:. Waco, TX: Prufrock. pp. 287–386. 10613: 10527:Debby Tsuang; Andrew David (June 2011). 10036: 9960: 9920:(7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: 9733: 9600: 9417: 9379: 9046:; Dasgupta, Kushan (28 September 2020). 8267:Bowles, Samuel; Gintis, Herbert (2002). 7813: 6536: 6385: 5594: 5570:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 683–702. 4873: 4856: 4747: 4616: 4614: 4498: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 3806: 3615: 3049: 2855: 2286: 1702:Along these same lines, critics such as 1374:Das–Naglieri cognitive assessment system 1310:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 1295: 1143: 886: 11997: 11905:Noguera, Pedro A. (30 September 2001). 11904: 11501: 11449: 11356: 11112:Environment, Heredity, and Intelligence 10958: 10822:Gottfredson, Linda S. (11 March 2005). 10669: 10402: 10381: 10199:Deary, Ian J.; Batty, G. David (2007). 10178:Intelligence: A Very Short Introduction 10166:The Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses 10098: 10055: 9820: 9532: 9252: 9198: 9196: 8776: 8774: 8650: 8623: 8436: 7575: 7224: 6290: 6271: 5996: 5763:"25 Greatest Science Books of All Time" 5650: 5463: 5459: 5447: 5391: 5233:Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 5025: 4998: 4989: 4790: 4721: 4436:. Ohio University Press. pp. 2–3. 4056: 3994: 3982: 3939: 3759: 3055: 2599:Type of work that can be accomplished: 2278: 2117:reported a correlation of 0.82 between 1437: 1352:Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales 1322:Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children 14: 12734: 12204:The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence 12195: 12121: 11771: 11740:British Journal of Industrial Medicine 11479:; Lichtenberger, Elizabeth O. (2006). 11327: 11263: 11217: 11153: 11147:(Review). No. 41. 9 October 1978. 11109: 11046:(6th ed.). Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: 11004: 10582:"The Domestication of the Savage Mind" 9865:Assessment of Intellectual Functioning 9802:. U. S. Social Security Administration 9721: 9106: 9027:Ewan's Blog: Bioinformatician at large 8254: 7544:Personality and Individual Differences 7367: 7019: 7017: 6607: 6567:Plomin, R; Asbury, K; Dunn, J (2001). 6208: 6206: 5824:Item Response Theory for Psychologists 5822:Embretson, S. E., Reise, S. P. (2000). 5644: 5601:Personality and Individual Differences 5498: 5481: 5273: 5093: 4809:. Merrill/Prentice Hall. p. 158. 4802: 4647:Vizcarrondo, Felipe E. (August 2014). 4517: 4275: 4121: 4009:10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.090055 3818: 3790: 2087: 1936:other experiences outside the family. 1103:, 1914) and to a court of law (1914). 12406: 12398:Classics in the History of Psychology 12241:The Measurement of Adult Intelligence 12037: 12031:from the original on 8 November 2012. 11978: 10934: 10897: 10555: 10479:Intelligence and Intelligence Testing 10365:Dumont, Ron; Willis, John O. (2013). 10172: 10003: 9862: 9843: 9821:Solomon, Deborah (12 December 2004). 9578:Springer Science & Business Media 9538: 9268: 9143: 7787: 6784: 6386:Bouchard, Thomas J. (7 August 2013). 6120: 6085: 6073: 5838: 5834: 5832: 5660: 5656: 5307: 4649:"Human Enhancement: The New Eugenics" 4611: 4542: 4540: 4208: 4193: 4187: 3861: 3110: 3058:"Rising Scores on Intelligence Tests" 2999: 2092: 1809:while acquired intelligence goes up. 1644:Validity as a measure of intelligence 941: 12125:(1916). Ellwood P. Cubberley (ed.). 11502:Kaufman, Scott Barry (1 June 2013). 11085: 11064: 10990:(5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 10988:Handbook of Psychological Assessment 10674:Seventh Mental Measurements Yearbook 10367:"Range of DAS Subtest Scaled Scores" 9963:"The attack of the psychometricians" 9846:Psychological Testing and Assessment 9672: 9523: 9373: 9193: 9021:; Scally, Aylwyn (24 October 2019). 8875: 8771: 8183: 6897:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1475.x 4975:Dodge, Kenneth A. (2006). Foreword. 4695: 3098: 2872: 2757: 2647: 1369:Multidimensional Aptitude Battery II 1358:Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities 725:, his term for a scoring method for 12616:Fluid and crystallized intelligence 12527:Fluid and crystallized intelligence 12326:Learning and Individual Differences 11856:"Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns" 11686:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11027:Judith Rich Harris (9 April 2009). 10163: 9594: 9461: 9100: 8954:"AAPA Statement on Race and Racism" 8656: 8555:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01301001.x 7936:Research in Organizational Behavior 7721: 7225:Bidwell, Allie (13 December 2013). 7014: 6203: 5568:Intelligent testing with the WISC-V 5531:"WISC-V Interpretive Report Sample" 4863:(published 1998). pp. 187–205. 3111:Haier, Richard (28 December 2016). 2828:Borderline intellectual functioning 2714:. Researchers such as statistician 1939: 1154:fluid and crystallized intelligence 1023:Immigration Restriction Act of 1924 24: 11964:(6th ed.). Worth Publishers. 11264:Jensen, Arthur R. (10 July 2006). 10969:Encyclopedia of human intelligence 9961:Borsboom, Denny (September 2006). 9488:Plotnik R, Kouyoumdjian H (2013). 6661:Deary, Johnson & Houlihan 2009 5829: 5312:. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. p. 35. 4722:LeMieux, Julianna (1 April 2019). 4537: 4222:"A history of military psychology" 4096:article, made freely available by 2918:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales 2740:With the advent of the concept of 2689:American Psychological Association 2140: 2099:American Psychological Association 1908:American Psychological Association 1314:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales 872:, although he did develop several 809:assessment of intellectual ability 745: 25: 12768: 12367: 12258:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 12103:Journal of Educational Psychology 11461:. New York: Springer Publishing. 10804:"The general intelligence factor" 9570:Chrisler JC, McCreary DR (2010). 8443:Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion 8203:Henderson, Mark (25 April 2007). 8132:"Beyond the Threshold Hypothesis" 7427:Journal of Educational Psychology 5502:Psychology: Themes and Variations 4376:The American Journal of Sociology 4317:. London: Routledge. p. 24. 4128:Journal of Educational Psychology 3864:Journal of the History of Biology 3821:Journal of the History of Biology 3354:Maternal and Child Health Journal 2923:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 2845: 2230:Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns 2185:Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns 2103:Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns 1306:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 1219: 906:, together with Victor Henri and 12711: 11506:Ungifted: Intelligence Redefined 11418:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01639.x 10961:"Classification of Intelligence" 10647:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00687.x 10455:Essentials of WISC-IV Assessment 10342:Essentials of DAS-II® Assessment 9823:"The Science of Second-Guessing" 9814: 9788: 9762: 9727: 9637: 9436: 9411: 9305: 9274: 9224:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01802.x 9171:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01802.x 9036: 9003: 8971: 8884: 8711: 8639:Kaufman & Lichtenberger 2006 8569: 8534: 8499: 8471: 8430: 8395: 8368: 8340: 8328: 8293: 8273:Journal of Economic Perspectives 8260: 8223: 8196: 8177: 8123: 8096: 8069: 8032: 7985: 7954: 7927: 7891: 7807: 7781: 7730: 7680: 7620: 7569: 7531: 7490: 7455: 7418: 7403:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00711.x 7308: 7218: 7186:"The IQ Paradox: Still Resolved" 7177: 6954: 6919: 6876: 6774: 6764: 6613: 6530: 6506:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0039 6481: 6392:Twin Research and Human Genetics 6335: 6178: 6141: 5990: 5976:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2006.00346.x 5954: 5910: 5867: 5364:the rank order and nothing else. 5280:. Lexington, MA: Heath. p. 3579:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01639.x 3113:The Neuroscience of Intelligence 2786: 2234:correlation between IQ and crime 2052:Impact of health on intelligence 2030: 1981: 1291: 647: 103: 12712: 12652:Evolution of human intelligence 12200:; Kaufman, Scott Barry (eds.). 12168:Turkheimer, Eric (April 2008). 12163:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. 12019:Frederic Golden (31 May 1992). 11807:Loury, Glenn C. (18 May 1998). 10580:Cosma Shalizi (27 April 2009). 8600:10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.07.010 8437:Freeman, James (January 2012). 8269:"The Inheritance of Inequality" 7374:Glenn Schellenberg, E. (2004). 6624:(2010). "Genes and cognition". 5826:. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. 5816: 5795: 5773: 5755: 5696: 5638: 5626: 5588: 5559: 5523: 5385: 5369: 5329: 5301: 5267: 5223: 5193: 5168: 5111: 4983: 4968: 4959: 4938: 4919: 4882: 4867: 4850: 4823: 4796: 4715: 4689: 4640: 4586: 4561: 4511: 4492: 4467: 4450: 4342: 4278:The Journal of American History 4242: 4213: 4146: 4115: 4061: 3988: 3933: 3898: 3855: 3812: 3554: 3495: 3396: 3341: 3282: 3243: 2756:. These differences remain, as 2736:Sex differences in intelligence 1887: 1767: 1675:(1981, expanded edition 1996), 1380:Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test 1363:Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test 1081:ideas of the British Scientist 704:or subtests designed to assess 12229:Flanagan & Harrison (2012) 11765:Flanagan & Harrison (2012) 10848:Gottfredson, Linda S. (2006). 10802:Gottfredson, Linda S. (1998). 10749:Gottfredson, Linda S. (1997). 10546:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010097 10533:American Journal of Psychiatry 10529:"How Genes Influence Behavior" 10346:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 9796:"12.00-Mental Disorders-Adult" 9380:Mitchell, Kevin (2 May 2018). 8983:The Black-White Test Score Gap 8981:; Phillips, Meredith (2011) . 8729:(7655): 385–386. 25 May 2017. 8493:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.02.003 6573:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 5633:Lohman & Foley Nicpon 2012 5595:Whitaker, Simon (April 2010). 5081:10.1080/02796015.1990.12087349 4665:10.1179/2050854914Y.0000000021 3622:Devlin, B.; Daniels, Michael; 3186: 3129: 3104: 3012:"intelligence quotient (IQ)". 3005: 2939: 2797:In the United States, certain 2793:Intelligence and public policy 1847:The current consensus is that 1429: 1242:criticized standard IQ testing 967:in 1904 made the first formal 13: 1: 12717:Outline of human intelligence 12621:Multiple-intelligences theory 12004:. Boston, MA: Little, Brown. 11725:Matarazzo, Joseph D. (1972). 11483:(3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: 11183:American Journal of Education 10780:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90014-3 10734:10.1016/s0160-2896(97)90011-8 10331:10.1016/s0160-2896(89)80007-8 8404:Criminal Justice and Behavior 8105:Journal of Applied Psychology 7998:Journal of Applied Psychology 6309:OECD Education Working Papers 5841:Language Assessment Quarterly 4251:Journal of Applied Psychology 2037:Neuroscience and intelligence 1634:standard error of measurement 912:Binet–Simon Intelligence test 733:he advocated in a 1912 book. 390:Industrial and organizational 12667:Intelligence and environment 12359:10.1016/j.intell.2009.05.002 12338:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.12.001 12159:; Merrill, Maude A. (1960). 12147:; Merrill A., Maude (1937). 11930:; Subotnik, Rena F. (eds.). 11834:Essentials of CAS Assessment 11643:. In Hunsaker, Scott (ed.). 11376:Gamboa, Camille (May 2013). 11342:10.1016/j.intell.2011.03.004 11012:(2nd ed.). Free Press. 10811:Scientific American Presents 10691:; Saklofske, Donald (eds.). 10614:Winerman, Lea (March 2013). 10508:How Genes Influence Behavior 10310:10.1016/j.intell.2006.02.001 9837:General and cited references 8389:10.1016/j.intell.2010.12.002 8362:10.1016/j.intell.2013.05.001 8335:Handbook of Crime Correlates 8090:10.1016/j.intell.2006.05.004 8063:10.1016/j.intell.2006.04.005 7556:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90145-7 7516:10.1016/j.edurev.2016.11.005 7231:U.S. News & World Report 7100:10.1371/journal.pone.0030320 6457:10.1016/j.intell.2014.01.008 6011:10.1177/10883576060210020301 5722:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002444 5540:. p. 18. Archived from 5419:10.1126/science.103.2684.677 5106:Flanagan & Harrison 2012 4594:"Social Origins of Eugenics" 4087:10.1016/j.intell.2013.08.006 3774:10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.004 3529:10.1371/journal.pone.0127052 2933: 2913:Raven's Progressive Matrices 2260:Handbook of Crime Correlates 1960:Gene-environment interaction 1898:Environment and intelligence 1722:for many clinical purposes. 1386:Wide Range Intelligence Test 1340:Raven's Progressive Matrices 1240:and his associates, who has 1120:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer 545:Human factors and ergonomics 55:Raven's Progressive Matrices 7: 12611:Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory 12151:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 11734:R. D. Savage (April 1974). 11361:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. 10986:Groth-Marnat, Gary (2009). 10959:Gregory, Robert J. (1995). 10512:. Oxford University Press. 9734:Kavanagh, Jennifer (2005). 9658:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.139 9323:; Turkheimer, Eric (2012). 8792:; Turkheimer, Eric (2012). 8481:Journal of Criminal Justice 8314:10.1177/0011128797043004001 8184:Hunt, Earl B. (July 1995). 8172:Detterman & Daniel 1989 7814:Kamphaus, Randy W. (2005). 7788:Nisen, Max (22 July 2013). 7636:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7503:Educational Research Review 7205:10.1037/0033-295x.109.4.764 7163:10.1037/0033-295X.108.2.346 6135:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.171 5466:. Adapted with permission." 5277:Psychology: An Introduction 5274:Mussen, Paul Henry (1973). 3721:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.262 3154:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.013 2948:"Intelligence (IQ) Testing" 2895: 2833:In the United Kingdom, the 2630:Adults can do domestic work 2549:Managers and administrators 2123:general intelligence factor 2115:Frey & Detterman (2004) 1902:The general figure for the 1653:inclusive of, for example, 1330:Differential Ability Scales 1326:Cognitive Assessment System 1205:reading and writing ability 1140:Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory 1134:Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory 10: 12773: 11832:Naglieri, Jack A. (1999). 11218:Jensen, Arthur R. (1998). 11154:Jensen, Arthur R. (1980). 10905:. New York: W. W. Norton. 10430:(3rd ed.). New York: 10164:Cox, Catherine M. (1926). 10067:Cambridge University Press 9491:Introduction to Psychology 9418:Inzlicht, Michael (2011). 8286:10.1257/089533002760278686 8117:10.1037/0021-9010.75.3.297 7948:10.1016/j.riob.2010.08.003 7449:10.1037/0022-0663.98.2.457 7376:"Music Lessons Enhance IQ" 6586:10.1177/070674370104600302 6441:a valid latent construct?" 5811:Anastasi & Urbina 1997 5613:10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.017 4905:10.2753/RPO1061-0405470604 4263:10.1037/0021-9010.77.6.803 2876: 2849: 2790: 2733: 2660: 2537:Professional and technical 2393:Clerical and sales workers 2210:A Question of Intelligence 2049: 2034: 2015: 1891: 1771: 1308:(WAIS) for adults and the 1137: 1075:American eugenics movement 949: 835: 831: 29: 12707: 12644: 12603: 12494: 12443: 12388:Resources in your library 12280:. John Wiley & Sons. 11875:10.1037/0003-066x.51.2.77 11811:. Hard Questions Column. 11707:IQ and Human Intelligence 11683:IQ and Human Intelligence 11247:Locurto, Charles (1999). 10263:10.1007/s00439-009-0655-4 10056:Carroll, John B. (1993). 9979:10.1007/s11336-006-1447-6 9121:10.1007/s10539-014-9428-0 8744:10.1038/nature.2017.22021 8520:10.1080/07418820400095921 7913:10.1080/01688638708410768 7877:10.1037/0033-2909.96.1.72 7839:Frey & Detterman 2004 7315:Sternberg, R. J. (2008). 6940:10.1007/s10519-005-7287-9 6100:10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.29 5932:10.1080/13803390490510824 5853:10.1080/15434300701375832 5132:10.4135/9781473914940.n14 4762:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.96 4167:10.1037/1093-4510.6.2.143 4122:Wallin, J. E. W. (1911). 3997:Annual Review of Genetics 3919:10.1017/s0007087401004332 3366:10.1007/s10995-012-1121-9 3308:10.1186/s12889-019-6856-4 3211:10.1136/bmj.323.7326.1377 3142:The Journal of Pediatrics 2434: 2407: 2404: 2365: 2362: 2329: 2326: 2173: 2170:linked at all IQ levels. 2045: 1922:Shared family environment 1853:crystallized intelligence 1795:IQ and Human Intelligence 1737:with the same underlying 1173:crystallized intelligence 963:The British psychologist 859:The English statistician 320:Applied behavior analysis 74: 62: 46: 41: 12265:Wechsler, David (2003). 12256:Wechsler, David (1997). 11775:Income Inequality and IQ 11772:Murray, Charles (1998). 11313:10.1177/0016986207310434 10595:Flynn, James R. (2012). 10482:. Taylor & Francis. 10405:Intelligence: A New Look 10217:10.1136/jech.2005.039206 10201:"Cognitive epidemiology" 9863:Aiken, Lewis R. (1996). 9109:Biology & Philosophy 8706:Ceci & Williams 2009 8416:10.1177/0093854813485736 8151:10.1177/0963721410391442 7042:10.1177/0956797615612727 6982:10.1177/0956797613488394 6852:10.1177/0956797610392926 6293:, p. , "Chapter 8". 5888:10.1177/1073191105276674 5245:10.1177/0734282909348217 5160:: CS1 maint: location ( 5069:School Psychology Review 4806:Assessing Young Children 4518:Galton, Francis (1869). 4382:(1): 82, 1st paragraph. 3628:"The heritability of IQ" 3056:Neisser, Ulrich (1997). 2804:Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 2779:of the IQ distribution. 2223: 2011: 1873:Genetics and environment 1425:Reliability and validity 1404:is usually (rank order) 1346:Cattell Culture Fair III 1158:Cattell Culture Fair III 843:Precursors to IQ testing 12084:Stern, William (1912). 11913:. Article # ER010930002 10182:Oxford University Press 9615:10.1126/science.1132154 8302:Crime & Delinquency 7342:10.1073/pnas.0803396105 7283:10.1073/pnas.0801268105 6805:10.1111/1467-8624.00084 6318:10.1787/5k9csvw87ckh-en 6240:10.1073/pnas.1718793115 5180:Encyclopædia Britannica 5046:10.1111/1467-8721.00162 4954:Haywood & Lidz 2006 4598:www.eugenicsarchive.org 3833:10.1023/a:1004608217247 3199:British Medical Journal 2824:intellectual disability 2656: 2006:working memory training 1906:of IQ, according to an 1649:broader definitions of 1630:statistical reliability 510:Behavioral neuroscience 165:Behavioral neuroscience 11998:Shurkin, Joel (1992). 11979:Reddy, Ajitha (2008). 11301:Gifted Child Quarterly 11292:Wai, Jonathan (2008). 11179:Bias in Mental Testing 11156:Bias in mental testing 10409:Transaction Publishers 10403:Eysenck, Hans (1998). 10382:Eysenck, Hans (1995). 10041:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 10004:Brody, Nathan (2005). 9646:Psychological Bulletin 8901:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26 8578:Annals of Epidemiology 8456:10.3402/vgi.v3i0.14834 7865:Psychological Bulletin 7540:"Music and spatial IQ" 6344:Psychological Bulletin 6123:Psychological Bulletin 6088:Psychological Bulletin 5462:, Figure 3.1 "Source: 5007:Psychological Bulletin 4803:Mindes, Gayle (2003). 3699:Psychological Bulletin 3449:Deary & Batty 2007 3417:10.1542/peds.2009-0334 2907:Emotional intelligence 2865: 2729: 2667:While the concept of " 2081:Cognitive epidemiology 2056:Cognitive epidemiology 1819: 1677:evolutionary biologist 1301: 1272:Structure of Intellect 1254:multiple intelligences 1201:quantitative knowledge 1161: 1079:biological determinist 1010: 899: 895:, co-developer of the 721: 560:Psychology of religion 500:Behavioral engineering 184:Cognitive neuroscience 150:Affective neuroscience 12742:Intelligence quotient 12545:Intelligence quotient 12379:Intelligence quotient 11863:American Psychologist 10941:The Mismeasure of Man 10903:The Mismeasure of Man 10711:Gottfredson, Linda S. 10635:Psychological Science 10620:Monitor on Psychology 10407:. New Brunswick, NJ: 10014:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 9942:; Simon, Th. (1916). 9918:Psychological Testing 9844:Aiken, Lewis (1979). 9681:American Psychologist 9332:American Psychologist 9212:Psychological Science 9159:Psychological Science 8801:American Psychologist 8665:American Psychologist 7464:Developmental Science 7380:Psychological Science 7030:Psychological Science 6970:Psychological Science 6885:Psychological Science 6840:Psychological Science 5782:(14 September 2007). 5337:Bartholomew, David J. 5308:Truch, Steve (1993). 4653:The Linacre Quarterly 4155:History of Psychology 3563:"Beyond Heritability" 2964:10.1542/pir.27-11-403 2859: 2840:comprehensive schools 2704:nature versus nurture 2663:Race and intelligence 2287:Other accomplishments 2016:Further information: 1814:negative Flynn effect 1793:be. A 2011 textbook, 1672:The Mismeasure of Man 1299: 1147: 1006: 890: 798:perinatal environment 731:University of Breslau 694:intelligence quotient 654:Psychology portal 42:Intelligence quotient 12752:Intelligence by type 12631:Three-stratum theory 12198:Sternberg, Robert J. 11928:Sternberg, Robert J. 11819:on 24 September 2015 11029:"Do Parents Matter?" 10965:Sternberg, Robert J. 10616:"Smarter than ever?" 9498:. pp. 282–283. 9095:(either old or new). 7193:Psychological Review 7141:Psychological Review 5784:"The Waning of I.Q." 2952:Pediatrics in Review 2902:Emotional competence 2746:general intelligence 2363:1–3 years of college 2279:Health and mortality 1969:socioeconomic status 1745:item response theory 1720:statistical validity 1226:proximal development 1187:three stratum theory 902:French psychologist 782:socioeconomic status 12604:Models and theories 11962:Behavioral Genetics 11767:, pp. 623–642. 11597:2009Natur.461..726L 11392:on 10 October 2014. 11388:(9). Archived from 11033:Scientific American 11006:Harris, Judith Rich 10689:van de Vijver, Fons 10449:Flanagan, Dawn P.; 9313:Nisbett, Richard E. 8979:Jencks, Christopher 8782:Nisbett, Richard E. 8735:2017Natur.545R.385. 7590:1999Natur.400..826C 7333:2008PNAS..105.6791S 7274:2008PNAS..105.6829J 7237:on 14 December 2013 7091:2012PLoSO...730320H 6740:10.1038/mp.2012.184 6405:10.1017/thg.2013.54 6305:"Ageing and Skills" 6231:2018PNAS..115.6674B 5813:, pp. 326–327. 5411:1946Sci...103..677S 4928:Issues in Education 4696:Regalado, Antonio. 4520:"Hereditary Genius" 4388:1904Natur..70...82. 3644:1997Natur.388..468D 3520:2015PLoSO..1027052R 3490:Neisser et al. 1995 3205:(7326): 1377–1378. 3074:1997AmSci..85..440N 2890:Triple Nine Society 2886:Mensa International 2706:", for instance by 2600: 2519: 2293: 2088:Social correlations 1994:Abecedarian Project 1749:logistic regression 1659:social intelligence 1441: 1410:normal distribution 1252:and in theories of 1019:jingoist narratives 932:Stanford University 897:Stanford–Binet test 880:, muscle grip, and 758:normal distribution 722:Intelligenzquotient 505:Behavioral genetics 420:Occupational health 160:Behavioral genetics 91:Part of a series on 32:IQ (disambiguation) 12657:Heritability of IQ 12434:Human intelligence 11911:In Motion Magazine 11805: • 11781:. Washington, DC: 11566:on 16 October 2014 11552:. Guilford Press. 11374: • 11290: • 11245: • 11175: • 11092:Human Intelligence 10936:Gould, Stephen Jay 10926:The New York Times 10899:Gould, Stephen Jay 9827:The New York Times 9064:10.1002/ajpa.24150 8925:10.1002/ajpa.23120 8010:10.1037/apl0000994 7756:10.3390/nu13041118 7476:10.1111/desc.12306 6691:10.1038/mp.2011.85 5789:The New York Times 5769:. 7 December 2006. 5211:on 15 October 2018 4404:on 3 November 2007 4110:Terman et al. 1915 3876:10.1007/bf00346665 3080:on 4 November 2016 3062:American Scientist 2866: 2809:U.S. Supreme Court 2769:larger variability 2598: 2517: 2311:MDs, JDs, and PhDs 2291: 2239:explained variance 2093:School performance 1989:Head Start Program 1894:Heritability of IQ 1849:fluid intelligence 1826:longitudinal study 1663:construct validity 1651:human intelligence 1434: 1418:standard deviation 1414:standard deviation 1412:with mean 100 and 1302: 1234:dynamic assessment 1169:Fluid intelligence 1162: 1087:selective breeding 1083:Sir Francis Galton 1077:was rooted in the 900: 802:heritability of IQ 762:standard deviation 760:with mean 100 and 706:human intelligence 702:standardised tests 622:Schools of thought 460:Sport and exercise 306:Applied psychology 18:Intelligence tests 12729: 12728: 12645:Areas of research 12595:Visual processing 12512:Cognitive liberty 12374:Library resources 12313:978-0-12-088763-7 12287:978-0-470-89127-8 12025:Los Angeles Times 12011:978-0-316-78890-8 11986:DePaul Law Review 11971:978-1-4292-4215-8 11949:978-0-08-043796-5 11843:978-0-471-29015-5 11792:978-0-8447-7094-9 11717:978-0-19-958559-5 11702:Mackintosh, N. J. 11693:978-0-19-852367-3 11678:Mackintosh, N. J. 11654:978-1-931280-17-4 11591:(7265): 726–728. 11559:978-1-4625-1121-1 11537:Publishers Weekly 11517:978-0-465-02554-1 11494:978-0-471-73553-3 11468:978-0-8261-0629-2 11368:978-0-85702-757-3 11277:978-0-08-044939-5 11231:978-0-275-96103-9 11169:978-0-02-916430-3 11145:Citation Classics 11102:978-0-521-70781-7 11057:978-0-13-236273-3 11019:978-1-4391-0165-0 10997:978-0-470-08358-1 10978:978-0-02-897407-1 10951:978-0-393-31425-0 10912:978-0-393-30056-7 10890:978-1-4338-0392-5 10871:978-85-363-1418-1 10840:978-0-203-95622-9 10702:978-0-12-280055-9 10606:978-1-107-60917-4 10572:978-0-521-74147-7 10519:978-0-19-955990-9 10489:978-1-136-82321-3 10441:978-1-60918-995-2 10418:978-0-7658-0707-6 10395:978-0-5-2148508-1 10191:978-0-19-289321-5 10130:(7231): 788–789. 10110:978-0-8058-2717-0 10076:978-0-521-38275-5 10048:978-0-471-21219-5 10029:978-0-7619-2887-4 10016:SAGE Publications 9901:978-0-89042-555-8 9874:978-0-306-48431-5 9855:978-0-205-06613-1 9609:(5799): 599–600. 9539:Terry WS (2015). 9321:Halpern, Diane F. 9298:978-0-387-98234-2 8952:(27 March 2019). 8790:Halpern, Diane F. 8508:Justice Quarterly 8410:(11): 1280–1300. 8004:(11): 2040–2068. 7851:Deary et al. 2007 7825:978-0-387-26299-4 7584:(6747): 826–827. 7214:on 19 March 2007. 6976:(10): 2111–2116. 6928:Behavior Genetics 6793:Child Development 6620:Pietropaolo, S.; 6225:(26): 6674–6678. 6175:, pp. 25–27. 6159:978-0-12-375035-8 6045:978-1-55798-503-3 5577:978-1-118-58923-6 5499:Weiten W (2016). 5405:(2684): 677–680. 5358:978-0-521-54478-8 5319:978-0-89079-585-9 5291:978-0-669-61382-7 5205:homepages.rpi.edu 5141:978-1-4462-0721-5 4702:Technology Review 4443:978-0-8214-1691-4 4428:Christina Cogdell 4324:978-0-203-74023-1 4235:978-1-57230-724-7 3295:BMC Public Health 2873:High-IQ societies 2852:IQ classification 2724:stereotype threat 2681:academic research 2648:Group differences 2641: 2640: 2596: 2595: 2585:Unskilled workers 2515: 2514: 2327:College graduates 1864:and is in part a 1693:Discover Magazine 1680:Stephen Jay Gould 1626: 1625: 1250:John D. Bransford 1238:Reuven Feuerstein 1156:and authored the 690: 689: 587:Counseling topics 530:Consumer behavior 271:Psycholinguistics 155:Affective science 86: 85: 16:(Redirected from 12764: 12715: 12714: 12636:Triarchic theory 12427: 12420: 12413: 12404: 12403: 12362: 12341: 12317: 12298: 12296: 12294: 12270: 12261: 12252: 12232: 12231:, pp. 3–55. 12223: 12207: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12174: 12164: 12157:Terman, Lewis M. 12152: 12145:Terman, Lewis M. 12140: 12138: 12136: 12123:Terman, Lewis M. 12118: 12115:10.1037/h0075455 12093: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12032: 12015: 11994: 11975: 11956: 11937: 11922: 11920: 11918: 11901: 11899: 11897: 11860: 11847: 11828: 11826: 11824: 11815:. Archived from 11813:The New Republic 11803: 11801: 11799: 11780: 11768: 11757: 11755: 11730: 11721: 11697: 11673: 11671: 11669: 11664:on 15 March 2016 11663: 11657:. Archived from 11642: 11632: 11581:Ebenstein, Lanny 11579:Lahn, Bruce T.; 11575: 11573: 11571: 11562:. Archived from 11540: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11509: 11498: 11477:Kaufman, Alan S. 11472: 11460: 11451:Kaufman, Alan S. 11446: 11444: 11442: 11429: 11403: 11393: 11372: 11353: 11324: 11298: 11288: 11286: 11284: 11260: 11243: 11214: 11173: 11148: 11142: 11133: 11106: 11082: 11061: 11036: 11023: 11001: 10982: 10955: 10929: 10916: 10894: 10875: 10855: 10844: 10828: 10818: 10808: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10773: 10755: 10745: 10719: 10706: 10683: 10677: 10666: 10627: 10610: 10589: 10576: 10550: 10548: 10523: 10511: 10500: 10498: 10496: 10472: 10451:Kaufman, Alan S. 10445: 10422: 10399: 10378: 10377:on 7 April 2014. 10373:. Archived from 10361: 10357:978-0470-22520-2 10345: 10334: 10313: 10292: 10274: 10248: 10238: 10228: 10195: 10169: 10160: 10139: 10114: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10085: 10079:. Archived from 10064: 10052: 10033: 10009: 10000: 9990: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9935: 9905: 9886: 9859: 9831: 9830: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9792: 9786: 9785: 9783: 9781: 9775: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9740: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9713: 9712: 9693:10.1037/a0026699 9676: 9670: 9669: 9641: 9635: 9634: 9598: 9592: 9591: 9567: 9561: 9560: 9547:Psychology Press 9536: 9530: 9521: 9510: 9509: 9496:Cengage Learning 9485: 9476: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9440: 9434: 9433: 9415: 9409: 9403: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9377: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9366: 9344:10.1037/a0029772 9329: 9309: 9303: 9302: 9278: 9272: 9266: 9260: 9250: 9244: 9243: 9209: 9200: 9191: 9190: 9156: 9147: 9141: 9140: 9104: 9098: 9097: 9075: 9040: 9034: 9033: 9019:Rutherford, Adam 9007: 9001: 9000: 8975: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8946: 8936: 8904: 8888: 8882: 8873: 8862: 8853: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8813:10.1037/a0029772 8798: 8778: 8769: 8768: 8746: 8715: 8709: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8677:10.1037/a0026699 8660: 8654: 8648: 8642: 8636: 8627: 8621: 8612: 8611: 8593: 8573: 8567: 8566: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8475: 8469: 8468: 8458: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8399: 8393: 8392: 8372: 8366: 8365: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8264: 8258: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8162: 8136: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8056: 8036: 8030: 8029: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7794:Business Insider 7785: 7779: 7778: 7768: 7758: 7734: 7728: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7708: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7659: 7633: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7518: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7459: 7453: 7452: 7442: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7405: 7395: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7354: 7344: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7295: 7285: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7233:. Archived from 7222: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7207:. Archived from 7190: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7156: 7138: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7112: 7102: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7053: 7021: 7012: 7011: 6993: 6967: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6863: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6788: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6751: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6702: 6685:(10): 996–1005. 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6588: 6564: 6555: 6554: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6517: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6468: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6407: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6367: 6356:10.1037/a0035893 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6320: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6279: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6252: 6242: 6210: 6201: 6200: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6029: 6023: 6022: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5836: 5827: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5793: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5742: 5724: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5683: 5674: 5668: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5547:on 22 April 2022 5546: 5535: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5507:Cengage Learning 5496: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5389: 5383: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5346: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5207:. Archived from 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5159: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5019:10.1037/h0076163 5002: 4996: 4995: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4676: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4628:. September 2003 4618: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4544: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4524: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4501:Nature Education 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4400:. Archived from 4399: 4397:10.1038/070082a0 4364: 4358: 4357: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4217: 4211: 4206: 4191: 4190:, pp. 6–12. 4185: 4179: 4178: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4140:10.1037/h0075544 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4065: 4059: 4054: 4021: 4020: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3757: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3737: 3731:. Archived from 3714: 3696: 3687: 3674: 3673: 3655: 3638:(6641): 468–71. 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3590: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3541: 3531: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3452: 3446: 3437: 3436: 3411:(3): e380–e388. 3400: 3394: 3393: 3360:(7): 1243–1251. 3345: 3339: 3338: 3328: 3310: 3301:(Suppl 4): 541. 3286: 3280: 3279: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3230: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3173: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3076:. Archived from 3053: 3047: 3046:, pp. 31–32 3044:Gottfredson 2009 3041: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2943: 2835:eleven plus exam 2673:social construct 2601: 2597: 2520: 2516: 2294: 2290: 2265:conduct disorder 2232:stated that the 1940:Individual genes 1843: 1835: 1799:N. J. Mackintosh 1732:latent abilities 1709:Robert Sternberg 1698: 1442: 1394:ordinally scaled 1262:Robert Sternberg 1093:Henry H. Goddard 1056:human population 965:Charles Spearman 942:General factor ( 924:Henry H. Goddard 724: 682: 675: 668: 652: 651: 650: 617:Research methods 276:Psychophysiology 136:Basic psychology 107: 88: 87: 51: 39: 38: 21: 12772: 12771: 12767: 12766: 12765: 12763: 12762: 12761: 12732: 12731: 12730: 12725: 12703: 12640: 12599: 12565:Problem solving 12499: 12490: 12439: 12431: 12394: 12393: 12392: 12382: 12381: 12377: 12370: 12365: 12314: 12292: 12290: 12288: 12237:Wechsler, David 12220: 12186: 12184: 12177:LIFE Newsletter 12172: 12134: 12132: 12083: 12082: 12075: 12073: 12055: 12012: 11972: 11950: 11916: 11914: 11895: 11893: 11858: 11852:Neisser, Ulrich 11844: 11822: 11820: 11806: 11804: 11797: 11795: 11793: 11778: 11718: 11694: 11667: 11665: 11661: 11655: 11640: 11605:10.1038/461726a 11569: 11567: 11560: 11531: 11522: 11520: 11518: 11510:. Basic Books. 11495: 11469: 11440: 11438: 11401: 11375: 11373: 11369: 11296: 11291: 11289: 11282: 11280: 11278: 11246: 11244: 11232: 11176: 11174: 11170: 11140: 11136: 11122: 11103: 11058: 11020: 10998: 10979: 10952: 10913: 10891: 10872: 10853: 10841: 10826: 10806: 10792: 10790: 10771:10.1.1.535.4596 10753: 10717: 10703: 10607: 10573: 10557:Flynn, James R. 10520: 10494: 10492: 10490: 10469: 10442: 10419: 10396: 10358: 10246: 10192: 10137:10.1038/457788a 10111: 10089: 10087: 10086:on 14 July 2014 10083: 10077: 10062: 10049: 10030: 9951: 9949: 9932: 9902: 9875: 9856: 9839: 9834: 9819: 9815: 9805: 9803: 9794: 9793: 9789: 9779: 9777: 9773: 9767: 9763: 9753: 9751: 9749: 9738: 9732: 9728: 9720: 9716: 9677: 9673: 9642: 9638: 9599: 9595: 9588: 9580:. p. 302. 9568: 9564: 9557: 9549:. p. 356. 9537: 9533: 9522: 9513: 9506: 9486: 9479: 9466: 9462: 9455: 9441: 9437: 9430: 9416: 9412: 9406:Mackintosh 2011 9404: 9400: 9390: 9388: 9378: 9374: 9364: 9362: 9327: 9310: 9306: 9299: 9289:Springer Verlag 9279: 9275: 9267: 9263: 9251: 9247: 9218:(10): 913–920. 9207: 9201: 9194: 9165:(10): 913–920. 9154: 9148: 9144: 9105: 9101: 9044:Aaron, Panofsky 9041: 9037: 9008: 9004: 8993: 8976: 8972: 8962: 8960: 8889: 8885: 8874: 8865: 8856:Mackintosh 2011 8854: 8843: 8833: 8831: 8796: 8779: 8772: 8717: 8716: 8712: 8704: 8700: 8661: 8657: 8649: 8645: 8637: 8630: 8622: 8615: 8591:10.1.1.693.9671 8574: 8570: 8539: 8535: 8504: 8500: 8476: 8472: 8435: 8431: 8400: 8396: 8373: 8369: 8345: 8341: 8333: 8329: 8298: 8294: 8265: 8261: 8253: 8249: 8239: 8237: 8229: 8228: 8224: 8214: 8212: 8201: 8197: 8192:on 21 May 2006. 8182: 8178: 8170: 8166: 8134: 8128: 8124: 8101: 8097: 8074: 8070: 8054:10.1.1.397.3155 8037: 8033: 7990: 7986: 7976: 7974: 7959: 7955: 7932: 7928: 7896: 7892: 7861: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7837: 7833: 7826: 7812: 7808: 7798: 7796: 7786: 7782: 7735: 7731: 7726: 7722: 7685: 7681: 7648:10.1038/nrn2793 7631: 7625: 7621: 7574: 7570: 7560: 7558: 7536: 7532: 7495: 7491: 7460: 7456: 7440:10.1.1.397.5160 7423: 7419: 7393:10.1.1.152.4349 7372: 7368: 7313: 7309: 7268:(19): 6829–33. 7254: 7250: 7240: 7238: 7223: 7219: 7211: 7188: 7182: 7178: 7154:10.1.1.139.2436 7136: 7130: 7126: 7071: 7067: 7022: 7015: 6965: 6959: 6955: 6924: 6920: 6881: 6877: 6832: 6828: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6720: 6716: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6640:10.1002/wcs.135 6618: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6565: 6558: 6535: 6531: 6494:JAMA Psychiatry 6486: 6482: 6433: 6429: 6384: 6380: 6340: 6336: 6301: 6297: 6289: 6282: 6270: 6266: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6183: 6179: 6173:Mackintosh 2011 6171: 6167: 6160: 6146: 6142: 6119: 6115: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6065: 6059:Mackintosh 1998 6057: 6053: 6046: 6030: 6026: 5995: 5991: 5959: 5955: 5915: 5911: 5872: 5868: 5837: 5830: 5821: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5778: 5774: 5761: 5760: 5756: 5715:(4). e1002444. 5701: 5697: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5655: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5593: 5589: 5578: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5517: 5509:. p. 281. 5497: 5482: 5476:Mackintosh 2011 5474: 5470: 5458: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5390: 5386: 5376:Mackintosh 1998 5374: 5370: 5359: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5272: 5268: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5153: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5116: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5065: 5061: 5030: 5026: 5003: 4999: 4988: 4984: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4924: 4920: 4887: 4883: 4872: 4868: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4694: 4690: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4620: 4619: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4538: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4426:Susan Currell; 4424: 4420: 4407: 4405: 4368:Galton, Francis 4365: 4361: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4309: 4305: 4290:10.2307/1891014 4274: 4270: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4151: 4147: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4024: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3938: 3934: 3903: 3899: 3860: 3856: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3789: 3785: 3758: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3712:10.1.1.172.1733 3694: 3688: 3677: 3624:Roeder, Kathryn 3620: 3616: 3610:Turkheimer 2008 3608: 3604: 3559: 3555: 3514:(5): e0127052. 3500: 3496: 3488: 3455: 3447: 3440: 3401: 3397: 3346: 3342: 3287: 3283: 3248: 3244: 3191: 3187: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3022:on 22 July 2017 3011: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2958:(11): 403–408. 2944: 2940: 2936: 2898: 2881: 2879:High-IQ society 2875: 2862:Stephen Hawking 2854: 2848: 2822:A diagnosis of 2799:public policies 2795: 2789: 2765:cognitive tests 2754:spatial ability 2738: 2732: 2722:The effects of 2708:Alan S. Kaufman 2693:William Dickens 2677:popular science 2665: 2659: 2650: 2289: 2281: 2226: 2214:Daniel Seligman 2176: 2148:job performance 2143: 2141:Job performance 2095: 2090: 2058: 2050:Main articles: 2048: 2039: 2033: 2020: 2014: 1984: 1962: 1942: 1933: 1924: 1900: 1890: 1875: 1838: 1830: 1822: 1803:Daniel Schacter 1776: 1770: 1728: 1704:Keith Stanovich 1696: 1646: 1432: 1427: 1400:of the norming 1294: 1282:Alexander Luria 1222: 1183:John B. Carroll 1165:Raymond Cattell 1150:Raymond Cattell 1142: 1136: 1128:genetic testing 1064:Progressive Era 1054:quality of the 1045: 998: 969:factor analysis 957: 948: 845: 840: 834: 813:job performance 686: 648: 646: 639: 638: 637: 636: 612:Psychotherapies 580: 570: 569: 490: 482: 481: 480: 479: 308: 298: 297: 296: 295: 256:Neuropsychology 138: 58: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12770: 12760: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12723: 12708: 12705: 12704: 12702: 12701: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12648: 12646: 12642: 12641: 12639: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12607: 12605: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12503: 12501: 12500:and constructs 12492: 12491: 12489: 12488: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12447: 12445: 12441: 12440: 12430: 12429: 12422: 12415: 12407: 12401: 12400: 12391: 12390: 12384: 12383: 12372: 12371: 12369: 12368:External links 12366: 12364: 12363: 12342: 12332:(3): 135–151. 12320: 12312: 12299: 12286: 12271: 12262: 12253: 12233: 12224: 12218: 12193: 12165: 12153: 12141: 12119: 12094: 12053: 12039:Stern, William 12035: 12034: 12033: 12010: 11995: 11976: 11970: 11957: 11948: 11923: 11902: 11848: 11842: 11829: 11791: 11769: 11760: 11759: 11758: 11722: 11716: 11698: 11692: 11674: 11653: 11633: 11576: 11558: 11543: 11542: 11541: 11516: 11499: 11493: 11473: 11467: 11457:IQ Testing 101 11447: 11412:(4): 217–220. 11394: 11367: 11354: 11336:(4): 171–177. 11325: 11276: 11261: 11230: 11215: 11195:10.1086/443584 11189:(3): 330–338. 11168: 11151: 11150: 11149: 11121:978-0916690021 11120: 11107: 11101: 11083: 11079:10.1037/002513 11062: 11056: 11039: 11038: 11037: 11018: 11002: 10996: 10983: 10977: 10956: 10950: 10932: 10931: 10930: 10911: 10895: 10889: 10876: 10870: 10845: 10839: 10819: 10799: 10746: 10707: 10701: 10684: 10667: 10630: 10629: 10628: 10605: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10571: 10553: 10552: 10551: 10539:(6): 656–657. 10518: 10501: 10488: 10473: 10468:978-0470189153 10467: 10446: 10440: 10432:Guilford Press 10423: 10417: 10400: 10394: 10379: 10362: 10356: 10335: 10325:(4): 349–359. 10314: 10293: 10257:(1): 215–232. 10251:Human Genetics 10239: 10211:(5): 378–384. 10196: 10190: 10170: 10161: 10115: 10109: 10096: 10075: 10053: 10047: 10034: 10028: 10001: 9973:(3): 425–440. 9958: 9936: 9931:978-0023030857 9930: 9914:Urbina, Susana 9910:Anastasi, Anne 9906: 9900: 9887: 9873: 9860: 9854: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9832: 9813: 9787: 9761: 9747: 9726: 9724:, p. 531. 9714: 9687:(2): 130–159. 9671: 9652:(2): 139–155. 9636: 9593: 9587:978-1441914651 9586: 9562: 9556:978-1317350873 9555: 9531: 9511: 9505:978-1133939535 9504: 9477: 9473:978-0805835854 9460: 9453: 9435: 9429:978-0199732449 9428: 9410: 9408:, p. 348. 9398: 9372: 9338:(6): 503–504. 9304: 9297: 9273: 9261: 9245: 9192: 9142: 9099: 9058:(2): 387–398. 9035: 9015:Raff, Jennifer 9002: 8991: 8970: 8919:(2): 318–327. 8883: 8863: 8841: 8807:(6): 503–504. 8770: 8710: 8698: 8671:(2): 130–159. 8655: 8653:, p. 132. 8643: 8628: 8626:, p. 126. 8613: 8584:(4): 278–288. 8568: 8533: 8514:(3): 603–635. 8498: 8470: 8429: 8394: 8367: 8356:(5): 277–288. 8339: 8327: 8308:(4): 387–411. 8292: 8259: 8247: 8222: 8195: 8176: 8164: 8145:(6): 346–351. 8122: 8111:(3): 297–300. 8095: 8068: 8031: 7984: 7953: 7926: 7890: 7855: 7843: 7831: 7824: 7806: 7780: 7729: 7720: 7679: 7642:(3): 201–211. 7619: 7568: 7530: 7489: 7470:(3): 504–512. 7454: 7433:(2): 457–468. 7417: 7386:(8): 511–514. 7366: 7327:(19): 6791–2. 7307: 7248: 7217: 7199:(4): 764–771. 7176: 7124: 7065: 7036:(2): 138–149. 7013: 6953: 6918: 6891:(6): 623–628. 6875: 6826: 6799:(5): 1151–62. 6783: 6773: 6763: 6734:(2): 253–258. 6728:Mol Psychiatry 6714: 6679:Mol Psychiatry 6665: 6653: 6634:(3): 345–352. 6612: 6600: 6556: 6529: 6500:(5): 447–457. 6480: 6427: 6398:(5): 923–930. 6378: 6350:(4): 949–979, 6334: 6295: 6280: 6264: 6202: 6196:978-0230579835 6195: 6177: 6165: 6158: 6140: 6113: 6078: 6063: 6051: 6044: 6024: 5989: 5953: 5909: 5866: 5847:(2): 223–233. 5828: 5815: 5803: 5794: 5772: 5754: 5695: 5669: 5659:, p. 24. 5649: 5637: 5625: 5607:(5): 517–521. 5587: 5576: 5558: 5522: 5516:978-1305856127 5515: 5480: 5468: 5464:Kaufman (2009) 5452: 5440: 5393:Stevens, S. S. 5384: 5368: 5357: 5328: 5318: 5300: 5290: 5266: 5239:(2): 167–174. 5222: 5192: 5167: 5140: 5110: 5098: 5086: 5075:(4): 423–442. 5059: 5024: 4997: 4982: 4967: 4958: 4946: 4937: 4918: 4881: 4866: 4849: 4842: 4822: 4815: 4795: 4783: 4740: 4714: 4688: 4659:(3): 239–243. 4639: 4610: 4585: 4573:www.nature.com 4560: 4536: 4510: 4491: 4466: 4449: 4442: 4418: 4359: 4341: 4323: 4303: 4268: 4241: 4234: 4212: 4192: 4180: 4145: 4114: 4102: 4080:(5): 699–711. 4060: 4022: 3987: 3975: 3954:10.1086/353245 3948:(2): 227–233. 3932: 3913:(3): 323–340. 3897: 3870:(2): 389–412. 3854: 3827:(3): 263–292. 3811: 3799: 3783: 3768:(5): 401–426. 3749: 3738:on 2 June 2014 3675: 3614: 3602: 3573:(4): 217–220. 3553: 3494: 3453: 3438: 3395: 3340: 3281: 3242: 3185: 3128: 3121: 3103: 3091: 3068:(5): 440–447. 3048: 3033: 3004: 2992: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2904: 2897: 2894: 2877:Main article: 2874: 2871: 2850:Main article: 2847: 2846:Classification 2844: 2791:Main article: 2788: 2785: 2750:verbal ability 2734:Main article: 2731: 2728: 2661:Main article: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2604:Accomplishment 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2523:Accomplishment 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2297:Accomplishment 2288: 2285: 2280: 2277: 2225: 2222: 2191:Charles Murray 2175: 2172: 2142: 2139: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2047: 2044: 2035:Main article: 2032: 2029: 2013: 2010: 2001:working memory 1983: 1980: 1976:feedback cycle 1961: 1958: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1889: 1886: 1874: 1871: 1821: 1818: 1787:James R. Flynn 1782:The Bell Curve 1772:Main article: 1769: 1766: 1727: 1724: 1645: 1642: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1438:Kaufman (2009) 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1416:15. While one 1392:IQ scales are 1390: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1366: 1360: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1293: 1290: 1258:Howard Gardner 1221: 1220:Other theories 1218: 1209:Decision speed 1138:Main article: 1135: 1132: 1044: 1041: 1036:David Wechsler 1029:L.L. Thurstone 997: 994: 950:Main article: 947: 940: 908:Théodore Simon 861:Francis Galton 844: 841: 833: 830: 688: 687: 685: 684: 677: 670: 662: 659: 658: 657: 656: 641: 640: 635: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 583: 582: 581: 576: 575: 572: 571: 568: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 491: 488: 487: 484: 483: 478: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 311: 310: 309: 304: 303: 300: 299: 294: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 201:Cross-cultural 198: 193: 192: 191: 181: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 141: 140: 139: 134: 133: 130: 129: 128: 127: 122: 117: 109: 108: 100: 99: 93: 92: 84: 83: 78: 72: 71: 66: 60: 59: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12769: 12758: 12757:Psychometrics 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12739: 12737: 12722: 12718: 12710: 12709: 12706: 12700: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12684: 12680: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12662:Psychometrics 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12649: 12647: 12643: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12608: 12606: 12602: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12590:Understanding 12588: 12585: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12534: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12517:Communication 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12497: 12493: 12486: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12442: 12438: 12435: 12428: 12423: 12421: 12416: 12414: 12409: 12408: 12405: 12399: 12396: 12395: 12389: 12386: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12360: 12356: 12352: 12348: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12331: 12327: 12321: 12315: 12309: 12305: 12300: 12289: 12283: 12279: 12278: 12272: 12268: 12263: 12259: 12254: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12225: 12221: 12219:9780521739115 12215: 12211: 12206: 12205: 12199: 12194: 12182: 12178: 12171: 12166: 12162: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12146: 12142: 12130: 12129: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12109:(9): 551–62. 12108: 12104: 12100: 12095: 12091: 12087: 12072: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12054:9781981604999 12050: 12046: 12045: 12040: 12036: 12030: 12026: 12022: 12017: 12016: 12013: 12007: 12003: 12002: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11973: 11967: 11963: 11958: 11955: 11951: 11945: 11941: 11936: 11935: 11929: 11924: 11912: 11908: 11903: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11869:(2): 77–101. 11868: 11864: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11839: 11835: 11830: 11818: 11814: 11810: 11794: 11788: 11784: 11777: 11776: 11770: 11766: 11761: 11754: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11737: 11732: 11731: 11728: 11723: 11719: 11713: 11709: 11708: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11689: 11685: 11684: 11679: 11675: 11660: 11656: 11650: 11646: 11639: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11622: 11618: 11614: 11610: 11606: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11577: 11565: 11561: 11555: 11551: 11550: 11544: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11529: 11519: 11513: 11508: 11507: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11486: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11464: 11459: 11458: 11452: 11448: 11437: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11407: 11400: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11370: 11364: 11360: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11331: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11295: 11279: 11273: 11269: 11268: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11227: 11223: 11222: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11180: 11171: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11152: 11146: 11139: 11135: 11134: 11131: 11127: 11123: 11117: 11113: 11108: 11104: 11098: 11094: 11093: 11088: 11087:Hunt, Earl B. 11084: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11067:PsycCRITIQUES 11063: 11059: 11053: 11049: 11048:Prentice Hall 11045: 11040: 11034: 11030: 11025: 11024: 11021: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10993: 10989: 10984: 10980: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10957: 10953: 10947: 10943: 10942: 10937: 10933: 10927: 10923: 10918: 10917: 10914: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10886: 10882: 10877: 10873: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10851: 10846: 10842: 10836: 10832: 10825: 10820: 10816: 10812: 10805: 10800: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10764:(1): 79–132. 10763: 10759: 10752: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10685: 10681: 10676: 10675: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10631: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10612: 10611: 10608: 10602: 10598: 10593: 10587: 10583: 10578: 10577: 10574: 10568: 10564: 10563: 10558: 10554: 10547: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10525: 10524: 10521: 10515: 10510: 10509: 10502: 10491: 10485: 10481: 10480: 10474: 10470: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10447: 10443: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10424: 10420: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10401: 10397: 10391: 10387: 10386: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10371:Dumont Willis 10368: 10363: 10359: 10353: 10349: 10344: 10343: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10245: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10197: 10193: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10162: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10116: 10112: 10106: 10102: 10097: 10082: 10078: 10072: 10068: 10061: 10060: 10054: 10050: 10044: 10040: 10035: 10031: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10008: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9967:Psychometrika 9964: 9959: 9947: 9946: 9941: 9940:Binet, Alfred 9937: 9933: 9927: 9923: 9922:Prentice Hall 9919: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9897: 9893: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9870: 9866: 9861: 9857: 9851: 9847: 9842: 9841: 9828: 9824: 9817: 9801: 9797: 9791: 9772: 9765: 9750: 9748:0-8330-3754-4 9744: 9737: 9730: 9723: 9718: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9675: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9640: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9597: 9589: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9574: 9566: 9558: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9543: 9535: 9529: 9525: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9507: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9492: 9484: 9482: 9474: 9470: 9464: 9456: 9450: 9446: 9439: 9431: 9425: 9421: 9414: 9407: 9402: 9387: 9383: 9376: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9308: 9300: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9285: 9277: 9270: 9265: 9258: 9254: 9249: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9197: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9153: 9146: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9103: 9096: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9039: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9006: 8999: 8994: 8992:9780815746119 8988: 8984: 8980: 8974: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8944: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8887: 8881: 8877: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8861: 8857: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8777: 8775: 8767: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8714: 8707: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8647: 8640: 8635: 8633: 8625: 8620: 8618: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8572: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8537: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8502: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8474: 8466: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8433: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8398: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8371: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8343: 8336: 8331: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8296: 8287: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8263: 8256: 8251: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8210: 8206: 8199: 8191: 8187: 8180: 8173: 8168: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8099: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8035: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7988: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7957: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7907:(5): 545–62. 7906: 7902: 7894: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7852: 7847: 7840: 7835: 7827: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7795: 7791: 7784: 7776: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7733: 7724: 7716: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7683: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7598:10.1038/23608 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7493: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7370: 7362: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7311: 7303: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7252: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7221: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7180: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7147:(2): 346–69. 7146: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7120: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7085:(2): e30320. 7084: 7080: 7076: 7069: 7061: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7020: 7018: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6846:(1): 125–33. 6845: 6841: 6837: 6830: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6777: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6622:Crusio, W. E. 6616: 6609: 6604: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6579:(3): 225–33. 6578: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6561: 6552: 6548: 6545:(2): 257–79. 6544: 6540: 6533: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6484: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6440: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6287: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6207: 6198: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6169: 6161: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6129:(2): 171–91. 6128: 6124: 6117: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6070: 6068: 6060: 6055: 6047: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5970:(3): 278–87. 5969: 5965: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5926:(7): 903–20. 5925: 5921: 5913: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5882:(3): 303–19. 5881: 5877: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5833: 5825: 5819: 5812: 5807: 5798: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5780:Brooks, David 5776: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5646: 5641: 5634: 5629: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5562: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5526: 5518: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5449: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5388: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5365: 5360: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5226: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5163: 5157: 5143: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5102: 5095: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4993: 4986: 4978: 4971: 4962: 4955: 4950: 4941: 4934:(2): 137–170. 4933: 4929: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4885: 4877: 4870: 4862: 4861: 4853: 4845: 4843:9781139462075 4839: 4835: 4834: 4826: 4818: 4816:9780130929082 4812: 4808: 4807: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4756:(1): 96–111. 4755: 4751: 4744: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4459: 4453: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4370:(July 1904). 4369: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4338: 4326: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4284:(3): 565–81. 4283: 4279: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4257:(6): 803–35. 4256: 4252: 4245: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4210: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4189: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4161:(2): 143–70. 4160: 4156: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4134:(3): 121–32. 4133: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4111: 4106: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4003:(1): 83–101. 4002: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3807:Wechsler 1939 3803: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3754: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3705:(2): 262–74. 3704: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3653:10.1038/41319 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3450: 3445: 3443: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3122:9781107461437 3118: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3008: 3001: 2996: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2938: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2787:Public policy 2784: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2716:Bernie Devlin 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2654: 2645: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2253:Arthur Jensen 2250: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2205:Arthur Jensen 2202: 2201: 2194: 2192: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2171: 2169: 2168:monotonically 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2038: 2031:Brain anatomy 2028: 2024: 2019: 2018:Mozart effect 2009: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1990: 1982:Interventions 1979: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1950:meta-analysis 1946: 1937: 1928: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1878:Environmental 1870: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1775: 1765: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1741:ability level 1740: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1298: 1292:Current tests 1289: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268:J.P. Guilford 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1148:Psychologist 1146: 1141: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1108:feeble-minded 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1060:United States 1057: 1053: 1049: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1003: 1002:Robert Yerkes 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 974: 970: 966: 961: 956: 954: 945: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 898: 894: 891:Psychologist 889: 885: 883: 879: 875: 874:pre-Mendelian 871: 866: 865:psychometrics 862: 857: 855: 850: 839: 829: 827: 822: 818: 814: 810: 805: 803: 799: 795: 794:social status 791: 787: 783: 779: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 734: 732: 728: 723: 718: 714: 713:William Stern 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 683: 678: 676: 671: 669: 664: 663: 661: 660: 655: 645: 644: 643: 642: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 607:Psychologists 605: 603: 600: 598: 597:Organizations 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 579: 574: 573: 566: 565:Psychometrics 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 525:Consciousness 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 486: 485: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 445:Psychotherapy 443: 441: 440:Psychometrics 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 307: 302: 301: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 211:Developmental 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 190: 187: 186: 185: 182: 180: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 137: 132: 131: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 112: 111: 110: 106: 102: 101: 98: 95: 94: 90: 89: 82: 79: 77: 73: 70: 67: 65: 61: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 12747:Intelligence 12719: / 12697: / 12693: / 12689: / 12687:neuroscience 12685: / 12681: / 12677: / 12673: / 12669: / 12544: 12532: 12485:visuospatial 12461:Intellectual 12378: 12350: 12347:Intelligence 12346: 12329: 12325: 12303: 12291:. Retrieved 12276: 12266: 12257: 12240: 12203: 12185:. Retrieved 12180: 12176: 12160: 12148: 12133:. Retrieved 12127: 12106: 12102: 12089: 12085: 12074:. Retrieved 12043: 12024: 12000: 11990: 11984: 11961: 11953: 11933: 11915:. Retrieved 11910: 11894:. Retrieved 11866: 11862: 11833: 11821:. Retrieved 11817:the original 11812: 11809:"Charles II" 11796:. Retrieved 11774: 11743: 11739: 11726: 11706: 11682: 11666:. Retrieved 11659:the original 11644: 11588: 11584: 11568:. Retrieved 11564:the original 11548: 11536: 11521:. Retrieved 11505: 11480: 11456: 11439:. Retrieved 11409: 11405: 11390:the original 11385: 11381: 11358: 11333: 11330:Intelligence 11329: 11304: 11300: 11281:. Retrieved 11270:. Elsevier. 11266: 11256: 11252: 11220: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11158:. New York: 11155: 11144: 11111: 11091: 11070: 11066: 11043: 11032: 11009: 10987: 10968: 10940: 10925: 10902: 10880: 10861: 10857: 10830: 10814: 10810: 10791:. Retrieved 10761: 10758:Intelligence 10757: 10725: 10722:Intelligence 10721: 10692: 10673: 10641:(6): 373–8. 10638: 10634: 10623: 10619: 10596: 10585: 10561: 10536: 10532: 10507: 10493:. Retrieved 10478: 10454: 10427: 10404: 10384: 10375:the original 10370: 10341: 10322: 10319:Intelligence 10318: 10304:(1): 13–21. 10301: 10298:Intelligence 10297: 10254: 10250: 10208: 10204: 10177: 10165: 10157: 10127: 10123: 10100: 10088:. Retrieved 10081:the original 10065:. New York: 10058: 10038: 10011: 9970: 9966: 9950:. Retrieved 9944: 9917: 9891: 9864: 9845: 9826: 9816: 9804:. Retrieved 9799: 9790: 9778:. Retrieved 9764: 9752:. Retrieved 9729: 9717: 9684: 9680: 9674: 9649: 9645: 9639: 9606: 9602: 9596: 9572: 9565: 9541: 9534: 9490: 9463: 9444: 9438: 9419: 9413: 9401: 9389:. Retrieved 9386:The Guardian 9385: 9375: 9363:. Retrieved 9335: 9331: 9317:Flynn, James 9307: 9287:. New York: 9283: 9276: 9264: 9253:Kaufman 2009 9248: 9215: 9211: 9162: 9158: 9145: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9093: 9055: 9051: 9038: 9030: 9026: 9011:Birney, Ewan 9005: 8996: 8982: 8973: 8961:. Retrieved 8957: 8916: 8912: 8892: 8886: 8832:. Retrieved 8804: 8800: 8786:Flynn, James 8764: 8726: 8722: 8713: 8701: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8651:Kaufman 2009 8646: 8624:Kaufman 2009 8581: 8577: 8571: 8546: 8542: 8536: 8511: 8507: 8501: 8484: 8480: 8473: 8449:(1): 14834. 8446: 8442: 8432: 8407: 8403: 8397: 8383:(1): 22–26. 8380: 8377:Intelligence 8376: 8370: 8353: 8350:Intelligence 8349: 8342: 8334: 8330: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8276: 8272: 8262: 8250: 8238:. Retrieved 8235:ScienceDaily 8234: 8225: 8213:. Retrieved 8208: 8198: 8190:the original 8179: 8167: 8142: 8138: 8125: 8108: 8104: 8098: 8084:(1): 83–92. 8081: 8078:Intelligence 8077: 8071: 8047:(1): 59–68. 8044: 8041:Intelligence 8040: 8034: 8001: 7997: 7987: 7975:. Retrieved 7970: 7966: 7956: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7904: 7900: 7893: 7871:(1): 72–98. 7868: 7864: 7858: 7846: 7834: 7818:. Springer. 7815: 7809: 7797:. Retrieved 7793: 7783: 7746: 7742: 7732: 7723: 7696: 7692: 7682: 7639: 7635: 7622: 7581: 7577: 7571: 7559:. Retrieved 7547: 7543: 7533: 7506: 7502: 7492: 7467: 7463: 7457: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7383: 7379: 7369: 7324: 7320: 7310: 7265: 7261: 7251: 7239:. Retrieved 7235:the original 7230: 7220: 7209:the original 7196: 7192: 7179: 7144: 7140: 7127: 7082: 7078: 7068: 7033: 7029: 6973: 6969: 6956: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6888: 6884: 6878: 6843: 6839: 6829: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6776: 6766: 6731: 6727: 6717: 6682: 6678: 6668: 6656: 6631: 6625: 6615: 6603: 6576: 6572: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6497: 6493: 6483: 6448: 6445:Intelligence 6444: 6438: 6430: 6395: 6391: 6381: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6308: 6298: 6291:Kaufman 2009 6272:Kaufman 2009 6267: 6222: 6218: 6186: 6180: 6168: 6149: 6143: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6094:(1): 29–51. 6091: 6087: 6081: 6054: 6034: 6027: 6005:(2): 66–83. 6002: 5998: 5992: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5844: 5840: 5823: 5818: 5806: 5797: 5787: 5775: 5766: 5757: 5712: 5709:PLOS Biology 5708: 5698: 5689: 5685: 5672: 5652: 5640: 5628: 5616:. Retrieved 5604: 5600: 5590: 5581: 5567: 5561: 5551:29 September 5549:. Retrieved 5542:the original 5537: 5525: 5501: 5471: 5460:Kaufman 2013 5455: 5448:Kaufman 2009 5443: 5402: 5396: 5387: 5371: 5362: 5342: 5331: 5323: 5309: 5303: 5295: 5276: 5269: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5213:. Retrieved 5209:the original 5204: 5195: 5183:. Retrieved 5179: 5170: 5145:, retrieved 5123: 5113: 5101: 5089: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4991: 4985: 4976: 4970: 4961: 4949: 4940: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4899:(6): 70–93. 4896: 4890: 4884: 4875: 4869: 4859: 4852: 4832: 4825: 4805: 4798: 4791:Carroll 1993 4786: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4731:. Retrieved 4727: 4717: 4705:. Retrieved 4701: 4691: 4656: 4652: 4642: 4630:. Retrieved 4625: 4601:. Retrieved 4597: 4588: 4576:. Retrieved 4572: 4563: 4551:. Retrieved 4527:. Retrieved 4525:. p. 64 4513: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4482:. Retrieved 4478: 4469: 4452: 4432: 4421: 4413: 4406:. Retrieved 4402:the original 4379: 4375: 4362: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4328:. Retrieved 4313: 4306: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4225: 4215: 4183: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4105: 4092:(This is an 4077: 4074:Intelligence 4073: 4063: 4057:Kaufman 2009 4000: 3996: 3990: 3983:Kaufman 2009 3978: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3802: 3786: 3777: 3765: 3762:Intelligence 3761: 3740:. Retrieved 3733:the original 3702: 3698: 3635: 3631: 3617: 3605: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3262:(1): 32–42. 3259: 3255: 3245: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3112: 3106: 3094: 3082:. Retrieved 3078:the original 3065: 3061: 3051: 3024:. Retrieved 3020:the original 3014: 3007: 2995: 2983:. Retrieved 2955: 2951: 2941: 2882: 2867: 2832: 2821: 2813:job analysis 2802: 2796: 2781: 2762: 2741: 2739: 2721: 2712:Nathan Brody 2701: 2686: 2666: 2651: 2642: 2282: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2248:The g Factor 2246: 2245:In his book 2244: 2229: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2200:The g Factor 2198: 2195: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2144: 2130: 2118: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2079: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2040: 2025: 2021: 1998: 1985: 1973: 1963: 1947: 1943: 1934: 1925: 1912: 1904:heritability 1901: 1888:Heritability 1876: 1862:Flynn effect 1858: 1846: 1839: 1831: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1794: 1791: 1780: 1777: 1774:Flynn effect 1768:Flynn effect 1753: 1736: 1729: 1717: 1712: 1701: 1691: 1670: 1668: 1647: 1638: 1627: 1391: 1334: 1303: 1286: 1280: 1278:criticisms. 1266: 1256:authored by 1230:Lev Vygotsky 1223: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1181: 1177:John L. Horn 1163: 1124:new eugenics 1116: 1112:Buck v. Bell 1105: 1101:Ellis Island 1096: 1091: 1072: 1068:World War II 1046: 1034: 1027: 1015: 1011: 1007: 999: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973:correlations 962: 958: 952: 943: 928:Lewis Terman 920: 904:Alfred Binet 901: 893:Alfred Binet 858: 849:intelligence 846: 826:Flynn effect 821:correlations 806: 800:. While the 774: 735: 727:intelligence 710:psychologist 697: 693: 691: 550:Intelligence 281:Quantitative 246:Mathematical 241:Intelligence 231:Experimental 226:Evolutionary 216:Differential 36: 12691:personality 12626:PASS theory 12584:abstraction 12353:(1): 1–20. 12293:25 November 10817:(4): 24–29. 10018:. pp. 9800:www.ssa.gov 9722:Jensen 1998 9526:, pp. 9271:, p. . 9115:(1): 1–17. 8858:, pp. 8279:(3): 3–30. 8257:, p. . 8255:Murray 1998 7942:: 175–202. 7799:16 December 7749:(4): 1118. 6610:, p. . 6608:Harris 2009 6328:10419/57089 6274:, pp. 6076:, p. . 6061:, p. . 5645:Urbina 2011 5378:, pp. 5215:26 November 5185:26 November 5094:Urbina 2011 4956:, p. . 4793:, p. . 4733:20 November 4707:20 November 4632:11 November 4603:11 November 4578:11 November 4553:11 November 4408:27 December 4094:open access 3791:Terman 1916 2817:neurotoxins 2758:Hunt (2011) 2697:James Flynn 1688:reification 1684:craniometry 1430:Reliability 1406:transformed 1276:theoretical 1118:geneticist 1062:during the 854:reliability 792:, parental 780:, parental 754:transformed 592:Disciplines 465:Suicidology 360:Educational 315:Anomalistic 291:Theoretical 266:Personality 196:Comparative 179:Cognitivism 170:Behaviorism 12736:Categories 12522:Creativity 12466:Linguistic 12451:Collective 12187:29 October 11993:: 667–677. 11746:(2): 169. 11742:(Review). 11253:Psycoloquy 11160:Free Press 11073:(1): 5–7. 10586:bactra.org 10180:. Oxford: 10174:Deary, Ian 9454:9026518307 9269:Brody 2005 9255:, p. 8947:See also: 8878:, p. 8549:(1): 1–4. 7550:(5): 695. 6934:(6): 804. 6187:Psychology 6074:Flynn 2009 5876:Assessment 5663:, p. 5661:Gould 1996 5657:Gould 1981 5618:22 January 5013:: 87–103. 4484:25 October 4350:"Eugenics" 4330:16 January 4209:Gould 1996 4188:Deary 2001 3793:, p. 3742:25 October 3405:Pediatrics 3084:1 December 3000:Stern 1914 2985:22 January 2860:Physicist 2610:Test/study 2529:Test/study 2303:Test/study 2189:outcomes. 2101:'s report 1965:David Rowe 1892:See also: 1807:going down 1655:creativity 1328:, and the 916:mental age 836:See also: 738:mental age 520:Competence 385:Humanistic 365:Ergonomics 350:Counseling 325:Assessment 261:Perception 221:Ecological 97:Psychology 64:ICD-10-PCS 12683:longevity 12671:fertility 12570:Reasoning 12550:Knowledge 12540:Intellect 12507:Cognition 12498:, traits, 12496:Abilities 12456:Emotional 11896:9 October 11883:0003-066X 11783:AEI Press 11629:205050141 11613:0028-0836 11539:(Review). 11523:1 October 11350:0160-2896 11321:143666885 11240:1063-2158 11211:147214993 10928:(Review). 10788:0160-2896 10766:CiteSeerX 10742:0160-2896 10728:: 13–23. 10495:31 August 10154:205044224 9524:Hunt 2011 9352:0003-066X 9129:0169-3867 9090:222163480 8876:Hunt 2011 8821:0003-066X 8685:1935-990X 8586:CiteSeerX 8528:143305924 8465:145305072 8424:147219554 8322:145418972 8240:26 August 8209:The Times 8049:CiteSeerX 8026:245594032 7743:Nutrients 7561:3 October 7525:1747-938X 7509:: 55–67. 7435:CiteSeerX 7388:CiteSeerX 7149:CiteSeerX 6948:189842802 6451:: 65–76. 6019:145809356 5731:1544-9173 5261:143961429 5253:0734-2829 5147:8 January 5054:146129242 5040:: 28–33. 4913:146894219 4529:1 October 4337:breeding. 3707:CiteSeerX 3374:1573-6628 3317:1471-2458 3268:0964-7058 3219:0959-8138 3162:0022-3476 3148:: 16–21. 3099:Hunt 2011 2972:0191-9601 2934:Citations 2258:The 2009 1398:raw score 1246:Ann Brown 882:head size 790:mortality 786:morbidity 778:nutrition 766:above 130 750:raw score 729:tests at 515:Cognition 430:Political 340:Community 175:Cognitive 125:Subfields 12555:Learning 12471:Multiple 12319:Oakland. 12249:39014016 12239:(1939). 12183:(1): 2–5 12063:14010447 12041:(1914). 12029:Archived 11891:20957095 11704:(2011). 11680:(1998). 11621:19812654 11453:(2009). 11436:20625474 11259:(59). 9. 11130:71087869 11089:(2011). 11008:(2009). 10938:(1996). 10901:(1981). 10713:(1997). 10663:12724085 10655:15147489 10626:(3): 30. 10559:(2009). 10453:(2009). 10281:19294424 10235:17435201 10176:(2001). 10146:19212385 9997:19946599 9916:(1997). 9883:95026038 9701:22233090 9631:34045261 9623:17068246 9360:22963427 9232:17100793 9179:17100793 9137:85351431 9082:32986847 8943:27874171 8829:22963427 8753:28541341 8693:22233090 8608:17174570 8563:15176389 8487:: 4–18. 8211:. London 8159:46218795 8018:34968080 7977:24 April 7885:26858912 7775:33805305 7715:23447790 7693:Cerebrum 7666:20145623 7606:10476958 7484:25939545 7412:15270994 7361:18474863 7302:18443283 7171:11381833 7119:22312423 7079:PLOS ONE 7060:26671911 7000:24002887 6913:11265284 6905:14629696 6870:21169524 6821:10959764 6813:10546338 6758:23358156 6709:21826061 6648:26302082 6595:11320676 6524:29562078 6475:24791031 6422:13747480 6414:23919982 6374:24611582 6259:29891660 6108:51999517 5984:91179275 5948:16060622 5940:15742541 5904:31024437 5896:16123251 5861:17426415 5767:Discover 5749:27092558 5427:17750512 5339:(2004). 5156:citation 4770:14717630 4683:25249705 4430:(2006). 4175:12822554 4098:Elsevier 4017:11700278 3970:40565053 3927:11700679 3892:30206332 3884:11610126 3849:10451997 3841:11624207 3729:16429503 3626:(1997). 3597:20625474 3548:25996934 3508:PLOS ONE 3433:25256969 3425:19706576 3390:19767926 3382:22915146 3335:31196019 3276:15734706 3237:11744547 3180:27266965 2980:17079505 2896:See also 2251:(1998), 1761:autistic 1451:WISC-III 1160:IQ test. 1152:defined 1048:Eugenics 878:reflexes 770:below 70 746:IQ tests 742:quotient 715:for the 627:Timeline 540:Feelings 535:Emotions 495:Behavior 489:Concepts 450:Religion 435:Positive 425:Pastoral 410:Military 375:Forensic 370:Feminist 355:Critical 345:Consumer 335:Coaching 330:Clinical 206:Cultural 145:Abnormal 76:ICD-9-CM 12721:thought 12582: ( 12580:Thought 12483: ( 12481:Spatial 12135:26 June 12076:15 June 12071:4521857 11753:1009574 11593:Bibcode 11441:29 June 11427:2899491 11203:1084961 10967:(ed.). 10289:4975607 10226:2465694 10020:489–502 9988:2779444 9952:18 July 9709:7001642 9666:2138794 9603:Science 9528:378–379 9391:13 June 9365:22 July 9240:6593169 9187:6593169 9073:9909835 8963:19 June 8934:5299519 8860:362–363 8834:22 July 8761:4449918 8731:Bibcode 7921:3667899 7766:8066912 7706:3574809 7674:5136934 7586:Bibcode 7352:2383939 7329:Bibcode 7293:2383929 7270:Bibcode 7110:3270016 7087:Bibcode 7051:4749462 7008:1873699 6861:3532898 6749:3935975 6700:3182557 6551:9549239 6515:5875373 6466:4002017 6365:4069230 6250:6042097 6227:Bibcode 5740:4836680 5692:: 1–10. 5538:Pearson 5435:4667599 5407:Bibcode 5398:Science 4778:6024297 4674:4135459 4384:Bibcode 4298:1891014 3962:6347965 3670:4313884 3662:9242404 3640:Bibcode 3588:2899491 3539:4440732 3516:Bibcode 3326:6565598 3228:1121846 3171:4981537 3070:Bibcode 2671:" is a 2396:100–105 2383:105–110 2075:mercury 1948:A 2017 1882:genetic 1454:WJ-III 1448:KABC-II 1052:genetic 832:History 602:Outline 475:Traffic 470:Systems 405:Medical 236:Gestalt 120:History 115:Outline 12679:health 12675:height 12560:Memory 12535:factor 12476:Social 12437:topics 12376:about 12310: 12284: 12247: 12216: 12069: 12061: 12051: 12008: 11968: 11946: 11942:–316. 11917:7 July 11889: 11881: 11840: 11823:7 July 11798:7 July 11789: 11750: 11714: 11690: 11668:7 July 11651: 11627: 11619: 11611: 11585:Nature 11570:9 June 11556: 11514: 11491: 11465: 11434: 11424: 11382:Choice 11365: 11348: 11319: 11307:: 99. 11283:7 July 11274: 11238: 11228: 11209: 11201: 11166: 11128: 11118: 11099: 11054: 11016: 10994: 10975: 10948: 10909: 10887: 10868: 10837: 10793:7 July 10786: 10768: 10740: 10699: 10661: 10653: 10603: 10569: 10516: 10486: 10465: 10438: 10415: 10392: 10354: 10287: 10279: 10233: 10223: 10188: 10152: 10144: 10124:Nature 10107: 10090:15 May 10073: 10045: 10026: 9995: 9985: 9928: 9898: 9881: 9871: 9852: 9806:1 July 9780:1 July 9754:1 July 9745: 9707: 9699: 9664: 9629: 9621: 9584: 9553: 9502: 9475:(2013) 9471: 9451: 9426: 9358: 9350: 9295: 9238: 9230: 9185: 9177: 9135: 9127: 9088: 9080: 9070: 8989: 8941: 8931: 8827: 8819: 8759: 8751: 8723:Nature 8691: 8683: 8606: 8588: 8561: 8526: 8463: 8422: 8320: 8157: 8051: 8024: 8016: 7919: 7883: 7822: 7773: 7763: 7713: 7703: 7672: 7664: 7614:898161 7612: 7604: 7578:Nature 7523: 7482: 7437: 7410: 7390: 7359: 7349: 7300: 7290: 7241:1 July 7169: 7151: 7117: 7107: 7058: 7048: 7006: 6998: 6946: 6911: 6903: 6868: 6858: 6819: 6811: 6756: 6746: 6707: 6697: 6646: 6593: 6549: 6522: 6512: 6473: 6463: 6420: 6412: 6372: 6362: 6257: 6247: 6193: 6156: 6106: 6042: 6017: 5982: 5946: 5938: 5902: 5894: 5859: 5747: 5737: 5729: 5574: 5513: 5433: 5425: 5355: 5316: 5288: 5259: 5251: 5138: 5052: 4911: 4840: 4813: 4776: 4768: 4681: 4671: 4626:hnn.us 4507:: 170. 4440: 4321: 4296: 4232: 4173: 4015: 3968: 3960: 3925: 3890: 3882: 3847: 3839: 3727: 3709: 3668: 3660: 3632:Nature 3595: 3585: 3546: 3536: 3431: 3423: 3388: 3380: 3372: 3333: 3323: 3315: 3274: 3266: 3235: 3225: 3217: 3178: 3168: 3160: 3119: 3026:1 July 2978: 2970: 2777:bottom 2461:WAIS-R 2418:WAIS-R 2386:WAIS-R 2356:WAIS-R 2318:WAIS-R 2174:Income 2125:) and 2046:Health 1954:FNBP1L 1915:factor 1866:cohort 1842:= 0.96 1834:= 0.86 1785:after 1756:WAIS-R 1739:latent 1402:sample 1396:. The 1388:(WRIT) 1382:(NNAT) 1365:(KBIT) 1354:(RIAS) 1348:(CFIT) 1324:, the 1320:, the 1248:, and 955:factor 817:income 796:, and 748:, the 717:German 632:Topics 455:School 380:Health 286:Social 189:Social 12575:Skill 12444:Types 12212:–38. 12173:(PDF) 12088:[ 11887:S2CID 11859:(PDF) 11779:(PDF) 11662:(PDF) 11641:(PDF) 11625:S2CID 11485:Wiley 11402:(PDF) 11317:S2CID 11297:(PDF) 11207:S2CID 11199:JSTOR 11141:(PDF) 10963:. In 10860:[ 10854:(PDF) 10827:(PDF) 10807:(PDF) 10754:(PDF) 10718:(PDF) 10682:–773. 10659:S2CID 10459:Wiley 10285:S2CID 10247:(PDF) 10150:S2CID 10084:(PDF) 10063:(PDF) 9774:(PDF) 9739:(PDF) 9705:S2CID 9627:S2CID 9328:(PDF) 9236:S2CID 9208:(PDF) 9183:S2CID 9155:(PDF) 9133:S2CID 9086:S2CID 8998:gap.' 8797:(PDF) 8757:S2CID 8559:S2CID 8524:S2CID 8461:S2CID 8420:S2CID 8318:S2CID 8215:5 May 8155:S2CID 8135:(PDF) 8022:S2CID 7881:S2CID 7699:: 4. 7670:S2CID 7632:(PDF) 7610:S2CID 7212:(PDF) 7189:(PDF) 7137:(PDF) 7004:S2CID 6966:(PDF) 6944:S2CID 6909:S2CID 6817:S2CID 6418:S2CID 6278:–222. 6104:S2CID 6015:S2CID 5980:S2CID 5944:S2CID 5900:S2CID 5857:S2CID 5682:(PDF) 5545:(PDF) 5534:(PDF) 5431:S2CID 5380:30–31 5257:S2CID 5050:S2CID 4909:S2CID 4774:S2CID 4523:(PDF) 4461:(PDF) 4294:JSTOR 3966:S2CID 3888:S2CID 3845:S2CID 3736:(PDF) 3725:S2CID 3695:(PDF) 3666:S2CID 3429:S2CID 3386:S2CID 2613:Year 2532:Year 2495:80–85 2471:90–95 2451:K-BIT 2428:K-BIT 2376:K-BIT 2348:1992 2344:K-BIT 2338:2000 2322:1987 2306:Year 2224:Crime 2012:Music 1797:, by 1697:' 1445:Pupil 1408:to a 1376:(CAS) 1342:(RPM) 870:genes 756:to a 719:term 578:Lists 415:Music 400:Media 395:Legal 251:Moral 81:94.01 69:Z01.8 12695:race 12308:ISBN 12295:2013 12282:ISBN 12245:LCCN 12214:ISBN 12189:2010 12137:2010 12078:2014 12067:OCLC 12059:LCCN 12049:ISBN 12006:ISBN 11966:ISBN 11944:ISBN 11919:2014 11898:2014 11879:ISSN 11838:ISBN 11825:2014 11800:2014 11787:ISBN 11712:ISBN 11688:ISBN 11670:2014 11649:ISBN 11617:PMID 11609:ISSN 11572:2014 11554:ISBN 11525:2013 11512:ISBN 11489:ISBN 11463:ISBN 11443:2010 11432:PMID 11363:ISBN 11346:ISSN 11285:2014 11272:ISBN 11236:ISSN 11226:ISBN 11164:ISBN 11126:LCCN 11116:ISBN 11097:ISBN 11052:ISBN 11014:ISBN 10992:ISBN 10973:ISBN 10946:ISBN 10907:ISBN 10885:ISBN 10866:ISBN 10835:ISBN 10795:2014 10784:ISSN 10738:ISSN 10697:ISBN 10651:PMID 10601:ISBN 10567:ISBN 10514:ISBN 10497:2013 10484:ISBN 10463:ISBN 10436:ISBN 10413:ISBN 10390:ISBN 10352:ISBN 10277:PMID 10231:PMID 10186:ISBN 10142:PMID 10105:ISBN 10092:2014 10071:ISBN 10043:ISBN 10024:ISBN 9993:PMID 9954:2010 9926:ISBN 9896:ISBN 9879:LCCN 9869:ISBN 9850:ISBN 9808:2017 9782:2017 9756:2017 9743:ISBN 9697:PMID 9662:PMID 9619:PMID 9582:ISBN 9551:ISBN 9500:ISBN 9469:ISBN 9449:ISBN 9424:ISBN 9393:2020 9367:2013 9356:PMID 9348:ISSN 9293:ISBN 9228:PMID 9175:PMID 9125:ISSN 9078:PMID 8987:ISBN 8965:2020 8939:PMID 8836:2013 8825:PMID 8817:ISSN 8749:PMID 8689:PMID 8681:ISSN 8604:PMID 8242:2014 8217:2010 8014:PMID 7979:2023 7917:PMID 7820:ISBN 7801:2023 7771:PMID 7711:PMID 7662:PMID 7602:PMID 7563:2020 7521:ISSN 7480:PMID 7408:PMID 7357:PMID 7298:PMID 7243:2017 7167:PMID 7115:PMID 7056:PMID 6996:PMID 6901:PMID 6866:PMID 6809:PMID 6754:PMID 6705:PMID 6644:PMID 6591:PMID 6547:PMID 6520:PMID 6471:PMID 6410:PMID 6370:PMID 6255:PMID 6191:ISBN 6154:ISBN 6040:ISBN 5936:PMID 5892:PMID 5745:PMID 5727:ISSN 5620:2020 5572:ISBN 5553:2020 5511:ISBN 5423:PMID 5353:ISBN 5314:ISBN 5286:ISBN 5249:ISSN 5217:2015 5187:2015 5162:link 5149:2024 5136:ISBN 4838:ISBN 4811:ISBN 4766:PMID 4735:2019 4709:2019 4679:PMID 4634:2017 4605:2017 4580:2017 4555:2017 4531:2019 4486:2019 4438:ISBN 4410:2010 4332:2017 4319:ISBN 4230:ISBN 4171:PMID 4013:PMID 3958:PMID 3942:Isis 3923:PMID 3880:PMID 3837:PMID 3744:2017 3658:PMID 3593:PMID 3544:PMID 3421:PMID 3378:PMID 3370:ISSN 3331:PMID 3313:ISSN 3272:PMID 3264:ISSN 3233:PMID 3215:ISSN 3176:PMID 3158:ISSN 3117:ISBN 3086:2017 3028:2017 2987:2020 2976:PMID 2968:ISSN 2775:and 2710:and 2695:and 2679:and 2669:race 2657:Race 2441:KAIT 2411:KAIT 2369:KAIT 2334:KAIT 2135:GCSE 2133:and 2097:The 2071:lead 2054:and 1896:and 1880:and 1657:and 1622:102 1566:103 1538:105 1510:118 1496:101 1482:105 1468:111 1260:and 1203:and 1073:The 815:and 788:and 768:and 555:Mind 57:test 12699:sex 12355:doi 12334:doi 12111:doi 11940:297 11871:doi 11748:PMC 11601:doi 11589:461 11422:PMC 11414:doi 11338:doi 11309:doi 11191:doi 11181:". 11075:doi 10776:doi 10730:doi 10680:772 10643:doi 10541:doi 10537:168 10348:126 10327:doi 10306:doi 10267:hdl 10259:doi 10255:126 10221:PMC 10213:doi 10132:doi 10128:457 9983:PMC 9975:doi 9689:doi 9654:doi 9650:107 9611:doi 9607:314 9340:doi 9257:173 9220:doi 9167:doi 9117:doi 9068:PMC 9060:doi 9056:175 8929:PMC 8921:doi 8917:162 8897:doi 8880:389 8809:doi 8739:doi 8727:545 8673:doi 8596:doi 8551:doi 8516:doi 8489:doi 8451:doi 8412:doi 8385:doi 8358:doi 8310:doi 8281:doi 8147:doi 8113:doi 8086:doi 8059:doi 8006:doi 8002:107 7973:(3) 7944:doi 7909:doi 7873:doi 7761:PMC 7751:doi 7701:PMC 7652:hdl 7644:doi 7594:doi 7582:400 7552:doi 7511:doi 7472:doi 7445:doi 7398:doi 7347:PMC 7337:doi 7325:105 7288:PMC 7278:doi 7266:105 7201:doi 7197:109 7159:doi 7145:108 7105:PMC 7095:doi 7046:PMC 7038:doi 6986:hdl 6978:doi 6936:doi 6893:doi 6856:PMC 6848:doi 6801:doi 6744:PMC 6736:doi 6695:PMC 6687:doi 6636:doi 6581:doi 6510:PMC 6502:doi 6461:PMC 6453:doi 6400:doi 6360:PMC 6352:doi 6348:140 6323:hdl 6313:doi 6276:220 6245:PMC 6235:doi 6223:115 6131:doi 6127:101 6096:doi 6007:doi 5972:doi 5928:doi 5884:doi 5849:doi 5735:PMC 5717:doi 5609:doi 5415:doi 5403:103 5282:363 5241:doi 5128:doi 5077:doi 5042:doi 5015:doi 4901:doi 4758:doi 4669:PMC 4661:doi 4392:doi 4286:doi 4259:doi 4163:doi 4136:doi 4082:doi 4005:doi 3950:doi 3915:doi 3872:doi 3829:doi 3770:doi 3717:doi 3703:124 3648:doi 3636:388 3583:PMC 3575:doi 3534:PMC 3524:doi 3413:doi 3409:124 3362:doi 3321:PMC 3303:doi 3223:PMC 3207:doi 3203:323 3166:PMC 3150:doi 3146:175 2960:doi 2773:top 2744:or 2730:Sex 2564:101 2552:104 2540:112 2408:100 2366:104 2353:115 2330:112 2314:125 2127:SAT 1820:Age 1619:124 1616:116 1608:75 1594:86 1588:101 1580:97 1574:104 1563:113 1560:112 1552:90 1549:100 1535:105 1532:106 1524:93 1521:105 1507:127 1504:116 1490:100 1479:110 1476:125 1440:.) 1270:'s 971:of 930:at 752:is 692:An 12738:: 12351:38 12349:. 12330:20 12328:. 12210:20 12179:. 12175:. 12105:. 12101:. 12065:. 12057:. 12027:. 12023:. 11991:57 11989:. 11983:. 11952:. 11909:. 11885:. 11877:. 11867:51 11865:. 11861:. 11785:. 11744:31 11738:. 11623:. 11615:. 11607:. 11599:. 11587:. 11535:. 11487:. 11430:. 11420:. 11410:18 11408:. 11404:. 11386:50 11384:. 11380:. 11344:. 11334:39 11332:. 11315:. 11305:52 11303:. 11299:. 11257:10 11255:. 11251:. 11234:. 11205:. 11197:. 11187:89 11185:. 11162:. 11143:. 11124:. 11071:46 11069:. 11050:. 11031:. 10924:. 10813:. 10809:. 10782:. 10774:. 10762:24 10760:. 10756:. 10736:. 10726:24 10724:. 10720:. 10657:. 10649:. 10639:15 10637:. 10624:44 10622:. 10618:. 10584:. 10535:. 10531:. 10461:. 10434:. 10411:. 10369:. 10350:. 10323:13 10321:. 10302:35 10300:. 10283:. 10275:. 10265:. 10253:. 10249:. 10229:. 10219:. 10209:61 10207:. 10203:. 10184:. 10156:. 10148:. 10140:. 10126:. 10122:. 10069:. 10022:. 9991:. 9981:. 9971:71 9969:. 9965:. 9924:. 9912:; 9877:. 9825:. 9798:. 9703:. 9695:. 9685:67 9683:. 9660:. 9648:. 9625:. 9617:. 9605:. 9576:. 9545:. 9514:^ 9494:. 9480:^ 9384:. 9354:. 9346:. 9336:67 9334:. 9330:. 9319:; 9291:. 9234:. 9226:. 9216:17 9214:. 9210:. 9195:^ 9181:. 9173:. 9163:17 9161:. 9157:. 9131:. 9123:. 9113:30 9111:. 9092:. 9084:. 9076:. 9066:. 9054:. 9050:. 9029:. 9025:. 9017:; 9013:; 8995:. 8956:. 8937:. 8927:. 8915:. 8911:. 8866:^ 8844:^ 8823:. 8815:. 8805:67 8803:. 8799:. 8788:; 8773:^ 8763:. 8755:. 8747:. 8737:. 8725:. 8721:. 8687:. 8679:. 8669:67 8667:. 8631:^ 8616:^ 8602:. 8594:. 8582:17 8580:. 8557:. 8547:13 8545:. 8522:. 8512:21 8510:. 8485:45 8483:. 8459:. 8445:. 8441:. 8418:. 8408:40 8406:. 8381:39 8379:. 8354:41 8352:. 8316:. 8306:43 8304:. 8277:16 8275:. 8271:. 8233:. 8207:. 8153:. 8143:19 8141:. 8137:. 8109:75 8107:. 8082:35 8080:. 8057:. 8045:35 8043:. 8020:. 8012:. 8000:. 7996:. 7971:16 7969:. 7965:. 7940:30 7938:. 7915:. 7903:. 7879:. 7869:96 7867:. 7792:. 7769:. 7759:. 7747:13 7745:. 7741:. 7709:. 7695:. 7691:. 7668:. 7660:. 7650:. 7640:11 7638:. 7634:. 7608:. 7600:. 7592:. 7580:. 7548:17 7546:. 7542:. 7519:. 7507:20 7505:. 7501:. 7478:. 7468:19 7466:. 7443:. 7431:98 7429:. 7406:. 7396:. 7384:15 7382:. 7378:. 7355:. 7345:. 7335:. 7323:. 7319:. 7296:. 7286:. 7276:. 7264:. 7260:. 7229:. 7195:. 7191:. 7165:. 7157:. 7143:. 7139:. 7113:. 7103:. 7093:. 7081:. 7077:. 7054:. 7044:. 7034:27 7032:. 7028:. 7016:^ 7002:. 6994:. 6984:. 6974:24 6972:. 6968:. 6942:. 6932:35 6930:. 6907:. 6899:. 6889:14 6887:. 6864:. 6854:. 6844:22 6842:. 6838:. 6815:. 6807:. 6797:70 6795:. 6752:. 6742:. 6732:19 6730:. 6726:. 6703:. 6693:. 6683:16 6681:. 6677:. 6642:. 6630:. 6589:. 6577:46 6575:. 6571:. 6559:^ 6543:70 6541:. 6518:. 6508:. 6498:75 6496:. 6492:. 6469:. 6459:. 6449:43 6447:. 6443:. 6416:. 6408:. 6396:16 6394:. 6390:. 6368:, 6358:, 6346:, 6321:. 6311:. 6307:. 6283:^ 6253:. 6243:. 6233:. 6221:. 6217:. 6205:^ 6125:. 6102:. 6092:95 6090:. 6066:^ 6013:. 6003:21 6001:. 5978:. 5968:14 5966:. 5942:. 5934:. 5924:26 5922:. 5898:. 5890:. 5880:12 5878:. 5855:. 5843:. 5831:^ 5786:. 5765:. 5743:. 5733:. 5725:. 5713:14 5711:. 5707:. 5690:30 5688:. 5684:. 5665:56 5605:48 5603:. 5599:. 5580:. 5536:. 5505:. 5483:^ 5429:. 5421:. 5413:. 5401:. 5361:. 5351:. 5349:50 5322:. 5294:. 5284:. 5255:. 5247:. 5237:28 5235:. 5203:. 5178:. 5158:}} 5154:{{ 5134:, 5122:, 5073:19 5071:. 5048:. 5038:11 5036:. 5011:82 5009:. 4930:. 4907:. 4897:47 4895:. 4772:. 4764:. 4754:86 4752:. 4726:. 4700:. 4677:. 4667:. 4657:81 4655:. 4651:. 4624:. 4613:^ 4596:. 4571:. 4539:^ 4503:. 4477:. 4412:. 4390:. 4378:. 4374:. 4352:. 4334:. 4292:. 4282:55 4280:. 4255:77 4253:. 4195:^ 4169:. 4157:. 4130:. 4126:. 4100:.) 4078:41 4076:. 4072:. 4025:^ 4011:. 4001:35 3999:. 3964:. 3956:. 3946:74 3944:. 3921:. 3911:34 3909:. 3886:. 3878:. 3866:. 3843:. 3835:. 3825:32 3823:. 3795:79 3776:. 3766:35 3764:. 3752:^ 3723:. 3715:. 3701:. 3697:. 3678:^ 3664:. 3656:. 3646:. 3634:. 3630:. 3591:. 3581:. 3571:18 3569:. 3565:. 3542:. 3532:. 3522:. 3512:10 3510:. 3506:. 3456:^ 3441:^ 3427:. 3419:. 3407:. 3384:. 3376:. 3368:. 3358:17 3356:. 3352:. 3329:. 3319:. 3311:. 3299:19 3297:. 3293:. 3270:. 3260:14 3258:. 3254:. 3231:. 3221:. 3213:. 3201:. 3197:. 3174:. 3164:. 3156:. 3144:. 3140:. 3066:85 3064:. 3060:. 3036:^ 2974:. 2966:. 2956:27 2954:. 2950:. 2892:. 2842:. 2633:50 2621:60 2607:IQ 2588:87 2576:92 2526:IQ 2507:75 2483:90 2458:95 2448:90 2438:94 2425:97 2300:IQ 2212:, 2203:, 2073:, 1751:. 1605:78 1602:81 1591:99 1577:96 1546:95 1518:93 1493:93 1465:95 1462:90 1332:. 1316:, 1264:. 1070:. 1025:. 784:, 772:. 698:IQ 12586:) 12533:g 12487:) 12426:e 12419:t 12412:v 12361:. 12357:: 12340:. 12336:: 12316:. 12297:. 12251:. 12222:. 12191:. 12181:2 12139:. 12117:. 12113:: 12107:6 12080:. 12014:. 11974:. 11921:. 11900:. 11873:: 11846:. 11827:. 11802:. 11756:. 11720:. 11696:. 11672:. 11631:. 11603:: 11595:: 11574:. 11527:. 11497:. 11471:. 11445:. 11416:: 11371:. 11352:. 11340:: 11323:. 11311:: 11287:. 11242:. 11213:. 11193:: 11172:. 11132:. 11105:. 11081:. 11077:: 11060:. 11022:. 11000:. 10981:. 10954:. 10915:. 10893:. 10874:. 10843:. 10815:9 10797:. 10778:: 10744:. 10732:: 10705:. 10665:. 10645:: 10609:. 10588:. 10575:. 10549:. 10543:: 10522:. 10499:. 10471:. 10444:. 10421:. 10398:. 10360:. 10333:. 10329:: 10312:. 10308:: 10291:. 10269:: 10261:: 10237:. 10215:: 10194:. 10134:: 10113:. 10094:. 10051:. 10032:. 9999:. 9977:: 9956:. 9934:. 9904:. 9885:. 9858:. 9829:. 9810:. 9784:. 9758:. 9711:. 9691:: 9668:. 9656:: 9633:. 9613:: 9590:. 9559:. 9508:. 9457:. 9432:. 9395:. 9369:. 9342:: 9301:. 9259:. 9242:. 9222:: 9189:. 9169:: 9139:. 9119:: 9062:: 8967:. 8945:. 8923:: 8903:. 8899:: 8838:. 8811:: 8741:: 8733:: 8695:. 8675:: 8641:. 8610:. 8598:: 8565:. 8553:: 8530:. 8518:: 8495:. 8491:: 8467:. 8453:: 8447:3 8426:. 8414:: 8391:. 8387:: 8364:. 8360:: 8324:. 8312:: 8289:. 8283:: 8244:. 8219:. 8174:. 8161:. 8149:: 8119:. 8115:: 8092:. 8088:: 8065:. 8061:: 8028:. 8008:: 7981:. 7950:. 7946:: 7923:. 7911:: 7905:9 7887:. 7875:: 7853:. 7841:. 7828:. 7803:. 7777:. 7753:: 7717:. 7697:4 7676:. 7654:: 7646:: 7616:. 7596:: 7588:: 7565:. 7554:: 7527:. 7513:: 7486:. 7474:: 7451:. 7447:: 7414:. 7400:: 7363:. 7339:: 7331:: 7304:. 7280:: 7272:: 7245:. 7203:: 7173:. 7161:: 7121:. 7097:: 7089:: 7083:7 7062:. 7040:: 7010:. 6988:: 6980:: 6950:. 6938:: 6915:. 6895:: 6872:. 6850:: 6823:. 6803:: 6760:. 6738:: 6711:. 6689:: 6663:. 6650:. 6638:: 6632:2 6597:. 6583:: 6553:. 6526:. 6504:: 6477:. 6455:: 6439:g 6424:. 6402:: 6354:: 6331:. 6325:: 6315:: 6261:. 6237:: 6229:: 6199:. 6162:. 6137:. 6133:: 6110:. 6098:: 6048:. 6021:. 6009:: 5986:. 5974:: 5950:. 5930:: 5906:. 5886:: 5863:. 5851:: 5845:4 5792:. 5751:. 5719:: 5667:. 5622:. 5611:: 5555:. 5519:. 5437:. 5417:: 5409:: 5263:. 5243:: 5219:. 5189:. 5164:) 5130:: 5083:. 5079:: 5056:. 5044:: 5021:. 5017:: 4932:7 4915:. 4903:: 4846:. 4819:. 4780:. 4760:: 4737:. 4711:. 4685:. 4663:: 4636:. 4607:. 4582:. 4557:. 4533:. 4505:1 4488:. 4463:. 4446:. 4394:: 4386:: 4380:X 4300:. 4288:: 4265:. 4261:: 4238:. 4177:. 4165:: 4159:6 4142:. 4138:: 4132:2 4112:. 4090:. 4084:: 4019:. 4007:: 3972:. 3952:: 3929:. 3917:: 3894:. 3874:: 3868:5 3851:. 3831:: 3772:: 3746:. 3719:: 3672:. 3650:: 3642:: 3612:. 3599:. 3577:: 3550:. 3526:: 3518:: 3492:. 3451:. 3435:. 3415:: 3392:. 3364:: 3337:. 3305:: 3278:. 3239:. 3209:: 3182:. 3152:: 3125:. 3088:. 3072:: 3030:. 2989:. 2962:: 2742:g 2131:g 2121:( 2119:g 1913:g 1840:r 1832:r 1713:g 1613:L 1599:K 1585:J 1571:I 1557:H 1543:G 1529:F 1515:E 1501:D 1487:C 1473:B 1459:A 1213:g 1194:g 990:g 986:g 982:s 978:g 953:g 946:) 944:g 696:( 681:e 674:t 667:v 177:/ 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.