Grand jury - Knowledge

578:, of prosecuting any person for high treason, who appeared guilty on a precognition taken of the facts, being now done away, power was lodged with them, a grand jury, 12 of whom behoved to concur before a true bill could be found. An indictment was then preferred in court and the witnesses endorsed on it were called over and sworn; on which the jury retired to the exchequer chambers and the witnesses were conducted to a room near it, whence they were called to be examined separately. Two solicitors for the crown were present at the examination but no one else; and after they had finished and the sense of the jury was collected, the indictment was returned a "true bill", if the charges were found proved, or " 301:(or Prosecutorial Review Commission (PRC) system), analogous to the grand jury system in the United States. Until 2009 the PRC's recommendations were not binding, and were only regarded as advisory. A survey conducted by the Japanese Cabinet Office in October 1990 showed that 68.8% of surveyed Japanese citizens were not familiar with the PRC system. On May 21, 2009, the Japanese government introduced new legislation which would make the PRC's decisions binding. A PRC is made up of 11 randomly selected citizens, is appointed to a six-month term, and its primary purpose is examining cases prosecutors have chosen not to continue prosecuting. It has therefore been perceived as a way to combat 448:. But this need not always take place. With certain exceptions, any person would prefer a bill of indictment against another before the grand jury without any previous inquiry into the truth of the accusation before a magistrate. This right was at one time universal and was often abused. A substantial check was put on this abuse by the Vexatious Indictments Act 1859. This Act provided that for certain offences which it listed (perjury, libel, etc.), the person presenting such an indictment must be bound by recognizance to prosecute or give evidence against the accused, or alternatively had judicial permission (as specified) so to do. 231: 243:

majority). Most criminal prosecutions were conducted by private parties, either a law enforcement officer, a lawyer hired by a crime victim or his family, or even by laymen. A layman could bring a bill of indictment to the grand jury; if the grand jury found that there was sufficient evidence for a trial, that the act was a crime under law, and that the court had jurisdiction, it would return the indictment to the complainant. The grand jury would then appoint the complaining party to exercise essentially the same authority as a state attorney general has, that is, a

433:("we do not know" or "we are ignorant (of)"), was endorsed instead and the bill was said to be "ignored" or thrown out. They could find a true bill as to the charge in one count, and ignore that in another; or as to one defendant and not as to another; but they could not, like a petty jury, return a special or conditional finding, or select part of a count as true and reject the other part. When some bills were "found", some of the jurors came out and handed the bills to the clerk of arraigns (in assizes) or 904:

shillings in Cape Town and 20 shillings outside the town. Black (i.e. non-white) jurors were not entirely excluded and sat occasionally. This is not to imply, however, that juries did not operate in an oppressive manner towards the Black African and Asian residents of the Cape, whose participation in the jury lists was, in any event, severely limited by the property qualification. The property qualification was amended in 1831 and 1861 and, experimentally, a grand jury came into operation.

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against the name of the witness on the back of the bill. Only the witnesses for the prosecution were examined, as the function of the grand jury was merely to inquire whether there was sufficient ground to put the accused on trial. If the majority of them (and at least 12) thought that the evidence so adduced made out a sufficient case, the words "a true bill" were endorsed on the back of the bill. If they were of the opposite opinion, the phrase "not a true bill", or the single Latin word

3410: 738:, as each of the two groups (French and English) desired to maintain their traditions. In point of fact, the second law passed in Upper Canada relates to (petit) jury trial. This was continued so that Chapter 31 of the 1859 Consolidated Statutes of Upper Canada specifies the constitution of Grand and Petit Juries in the province (now known as Ontario). The colony at St. John's Island, ceded by France in 1763, and separated on 30 May 1769 from Nova Scotia, became 329:, 'No person shall be held to answer for a capital or infamous crime except in cases of impeachment, cases arising in the Armed Forces and petty offenses, unless upon indictment by a Grand Jury". For example, the national Port Authority's managing director was indicted by the Monteserrado County Grand Jury in July 2015, on charges of economic sabotage, theft of property and criminal conspiracy. It is one of the only remaining countries using a grand jury. 835:, grand juries existed for longer periods of time. In South Australia, the first grand jury sat on 13 May 1837, but they were abolished in 1852. In Western Australia, by the Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883 (WA), grand juries were abolished (section 4: A Grand Jury shall not be summoned for the Supreme Court of Western Australia, nor for any General Quarter Sessions for the said Colony). This 1883 abolition Act was itself abolished by the 467:, codified and greatly expanded the functions of magistrates in pre-trial proceedings; these proceedings developed into almost a repeat of the trial itself. In 1933 the grand jury ceased to function in England, under the Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1933 and was entirely abolished in 1948, when a clause from 1933 saving grand juries for offences relating to officials abroad was repealed by the 1132:(1852–1854) was concerned that jurors were frustrating government policy by being biased in certain cases; in particular he felt that liberated Africans on the grand jury would never convict another liberated African on charges of owning or importing slaves. He promulgated the Ordinance of 29 November 1853 which abolished the grand jury. Opposition was immediately mounted in 358:. Henry's chief impact on the development of the English monarchy was to increase the jurisdiction of the royal courts at the expense of the feudal courts. Itinerant justices on regular circuits were sent out once each year to enforce the "King's Peace". To make this system of royal criminal justice more effective, Henry employed the method of 426:

The charge having been delivered, the grand jury withdrew to their own room, having received the bills of indictment. The witnesses whose names were endorsed on each bill were sworn as they came to be examined, in the grand jury room, the oath being administered by the foreman, who wrote his initials

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promulgated in 1963, grand jury indictment and petit jury trial were assured for criminal defendants in the civil administration courts. This ordinance reflected the concern of the U.S. Supreme Court that U.S. civilians tried for crimes abroad under tribunals of U.S. provenance should not be shorn of

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After the court was opened by the crier making proclamation, the names of those summoned to the grand jury were called and they were sworn. They numbered at least 14 and not more than 23. The person presiding (the judge at the assizes, the chairman at the county sessions, the recorder at the borough

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An American federal grand jury has from 16 to 23 jurors, with twelve votes usually required to return an indictment. All grand jury proceedings are conducted behind closed doors, without a presiding judge. The prosecutors are tasked with arranging for the appearance of witnesses, as well as drafting

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Jury trial was brought into practical operation in 1828 and the 1831 Ordinance 84 laid down that criminal cases would be heard by a panel of nine, selected from males aged between 21 and 60, owning or renting property to a value of £1.17s (37 shillings) per annum or having liability for taxes of 30

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The grand jury has been described as a "shield and sword" that has both an offensive purpose and defensive purpose. It has been called the shield of the people against the power of the crown; though Green says this is a myth. It has been described as the "sword of the people" and as a sword of the

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would be instituted in the North American possessions of the Crown. Archival records are found that document the presentments of a grand jury in Quebec as early as 16 October 1764. One of the chief complaints was related to the jury trial, and the use of language. The desire for English law was a

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A country gentleman as a member of a Grand Jury... levied the local taxes, appointed the nephews of his old friends to collect them, and spent them when they were gathered in. He controlled the boards of guardians and appointed the dispensary doctors, regulated the diet of paupers, inflicted fines

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While all states have provisions for grand juries as of 2003, today approximately half of the states employ them and 22 states have provision to prevent the abolition of grand juries by legislatures or courts as of 2003. Six states (Oklahoma, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Nevada, and Kansas)

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If they find the accusation true, which is usually drawn up in form by the prosecutor or an officer of the court, they write upon the indictment the words "a true bill" which is signed by the foreperson of the grand jury and presented to the court publicly in the presence of all the jurors. If the

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As elsewhere, the judge could use his charge to the grand jury to bring matters of concern to him to the attention of the public and the government. In May 1879 Mr. Justice Fitzpatrick, returning from circuit in the northern and western parts of Cape Colony, gave a charge to the grand jury at the

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If an indictment was found in the absence of the accused, and he/she was not in custody and had not been bound over to appear at assizes or sessions, then process was issued to bring that person into court, as it is contrary to the English law to "try" an indictment in the absence of the accused.

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our Lady the Queen), shall then be commanded them". Grand jurors at the assizes or at the borough quarter sessions did not have property qualifications; but, at the county quarter sessions, they had the same property qualification as petty jurors. However, at the assizes, the grand jury generally

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for the trial of offences committed within the colony. The process for indictment etc. was the same as the practice in England or as near as possible thereto. To effect this, they were empowered to issue their warrant or precept to the Sheriff, commanding him to summon a grand jury to sit at the

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In the early decades of the United States, grand juries played a major role in public matters. During that period counties followed the traditional practice of requiring all decisions be made by at least 12 of the grand jurors, (e.g., for a 23-person grand jury, 12 people would constitute a bare

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They fixed the salaries of public officers; they regulated prisons and houses of correction; they levied funds for the support of hospitals; they made and repaired roads and bridges, and they framed accounts of the expenses incurred in these matters... They determined what public works should be

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preferred against persons committed for trial and to decide whether the evidence against them justified their standing trial. At first the grand jury retained the theoretical power to present an indictment of its own motion, a relic of mediaeval times when the grand jury's purpose was to accuse

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No indictment or presentment can be made except by concurrence of at least twelve of the jurors. The grand jury may accuse upon their own knowledge, but it is generally done upon the testimony of witnesses under oath and other evidence heard before them. Grand jury proceedings are, in the first

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The function of a grand jury is to accuse persons who may be guilty of a crime, but the institution is also a shield against unfounded and oppressive prosecution. It is a means for lay citizens, representative of the community, to participate in the administration of justice. It can also make

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in London, and the opposition declared that the Kennedy ordinance was a reproach upon the loyalty of the community. Grand juries have been considered one colonial body representative of local opinion and the Colonial Secretary's support for Kennedy upholding the abolition inspired a round of

77:. Grand juries perform both accusatory and investigatory functions. The investigatory functions of grand juries include obtaining and reviewing documents and other evidence, and hearing sworn testimonies of witnesses who appear before it; the accusatory function determines whether there is 199:

undertaken — what price should be paid for them, and who were the individuals that should undertake them, and be responsible for their completion. They settled the amount of the local taxation of the county, and, under their direction, it was levied from the actual occupiers of the land.

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or "not a true bill" is written upon it by the grand jury, or by their foreman and then said to be ignored, and the accusation is dismissed as unfounded; the potential defendant is said to have been "no-billed" by the grand jury. If the grand jury returns an indictment as a true bill

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In Japan, the Prosecutorial Review Commission is made up of 11 randomly selected citizens, is appointed to a six-month term, and its primary purpose is examining cases prosecutors have chosen not to continue prosecuting. It has therefore been perceived as a way to combat

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Old courthouses with the two jury boxes necessary to accommodate the 24 jurors of a grand jury can still be seen. The grand jury would evaluate charges and return what was called a "true bill (of indictment)" if the charges were to proceed. or a verdict of

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If a bill was thrown out, although it could not again be referred to the grand jury during the same assizes or sessions, it could be preferred at subsequent assizes or sessions, but not in respect of the same offense if a petty jury had returned a verdict.

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the order in which they are called, and take part in the questioning of witnesses. The targets of the grand jury or their lawyers have no right to appear before a grand jury unless they are invited, nor do they have a right to present exculpatory evidence.

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The grand jury was established for Cape Town alone. It met quarterly. In 1842 it was recorded that it served a district of 50,000 inhabitants and in one quarterly session there were six presentments (1 homicide, 2 assaults, 1 robbery, 1 theft, 1 fraud).

437:, who announced to the court the name of the prisoner, the charge, and the endorsements of the grand jury. They then retired and considered other bills until all were disposed of; after which they were discharged by the judge, chairman, or recorder. 819:

and other places. This democratic method of trial proved very popular, but was resented by conservatives. Eventually, conservative elements in the colony were successful in having these innovations suppressed by the Australian Courts Act 1828 (UK).

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Criminal Sessions at Cape Town, in which, after congratulating them upon the lightness of the calendar, he observed there were indications in the country of a growing mutual bad feeling between the races, etc. This was reported in the

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See "Indictable Offences Act 1848" (11 and 12 Vict c. 42); title: "An Act to facilitate the Performance of the Duties of Justices of the Peace out of Sessions within England and Wales with respect to Persons charged with indictable

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under section 354 indictments, which had been used on rare occasions by individuals to bring other persons to court seeking them to be committed for trial on indictable offences. Grand juries were introduced by the

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the protections of the U.S. Bill of Rights. Indeed, the District Court in Washington twice held that the absence of the jury system in the civil administration courts in Okinawa invalidated criminal convictions.

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were excluded from membership. The concentration of power and wealth in a few families caused resentment over time. The system of local government started to become more representative from the passing of the

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as Foreman of the Grand Jury, who was sworn first in the English manner by kissing the book; the others followed three at a time; after which Lord Tinwald, addressing the jurors, informed them that the power

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literally means "we are ignorant of" or "we do not know" – in the context of a Grand Jury it effectively means "we do not know of any reason why this person should be indicted on these charges". This use of

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if not. The practice gradually disappeared in Canada over the course of the twentieth century, after being the subject of extended discussions late in the 19th. It was ultimately abolished in 1984 when the

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and have been used on a very limited number of occasions. Their function in Victoria particularly relates to alleged offences either by bodies corporate or where magistrates have aborted the prosecution.

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Parker, Nancy (1995). "Swift Justice and the Decline of the Criminal Trial Jury: The Dynamics of Law and Authority in Victoria, BC 1858–1905". In Flaherty, David H.; McLaren, John; Foster, Hamar (eds.).

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made a presentation to the jury in the absence of the accused and the jury heard the witnesses. The jury then decided by majority vote whether there were sufficient grounds for the case to go to the

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to believe that one or more persons committed a particular offense within the jurisdiction of a court. While most grand juries focus on criminal matters, some civil grand juries serve an independent

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The grand jury served to screen out incompetent or malicious prosecutions. The advent of official public prosecutors in the later decades of the 19th century largely displaced private prosecutions.

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At the time of the founding of the United States, a grand jury indictment was required for almost all prosecutions and juries rendered the final verdict of almost all criminal and civil cases. The

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all crimes committed since the last session of the circuit court. Thus originated the more recent grand jury that presents information for an indictment. The grand jury was later recognized by

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under the seal of the court and signed by the clerk were executed on a great number of persons in different shires, requiring them to appear as witnesses under the penalty of £100 each. The

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An account of its first use in Scotland illustrates the institution's characteristics. It consisted of 23 good and lawful men, chosen out of 48 who were summoned: 24 from the county of

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Stokes, Mary (2016). "Grand Juries and 'Proper Authorities': Low Law, Soft Law and Local Governance in Canada West/Ontario, 1850–1880". In Baker, G. Blaine; Fyson, Donald (eds.).

824:, a member of the Legislative Council, unsuccessfully moved for the reintroduction of grand juries in 1858, but this was thwarted by the Attorney-General and the Chief Justice. 2020:

District (i.e. federal) court of the District of Columbia decisions: re Nicholson, H.C. 141-61, D.D.C., Nov. 19, 1963, and Ikeda v. McNamara, H.C. 416-62, D.D.C., Oct. 19, 1962

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The first Scottish grand jury under this Act met at Edinburgh on 10 October 1748 to take cognisance of the charges against such rebels as had not surrendered, following the

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meaning "small"). A grand jury in the United States is usually composed of 16 to 23 citizens, though in Virginia it has fewer members for regular or special grand juries.

3288: 1000:(a subdivision of the arrondissement). This magistrate interrogated the accused to determine whether grounds for prosecution existed and if so sent the case to the 892:, Lieutenant Governor and acting Governor of the colony between 1826 and 1828. The acting Governor, who was later influential in the establishment of jury trial in 1012:

civil court judges, and who served in the post for six months on a rotating basis. He decided whether to dismiss the charges or, if not, whether the case was a

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sessions) gave the charge to the grand jury, i.e. he directed their attention to points in the various cases about to be considered which required explanation.

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was under American administration. Grand jury proceedings were held in the territory from 1963 until 1972. By an ordinance of the civil administration of the

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and special grand juries were originally defined in law, for cases thought to require more qualified jurors, but these were abolished in Year 8 (1799).

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rather than protect from trial. This power has disappeared in 1893. Grand juries were later abolished in 1961 and followed by special juries in 1981.

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brought the judicature system peculiar to that form, and the grand jury was inherent to it. A similar form derived in Quebec from the promise of the

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and of gaol delivery), 24 men of the county "to inquire into, present, do and execute all those things which, on the part of our Lord the King (

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on 29 November 1798. Prince Edward Island derived its grand jury from its administrative parent between 1763 and 1769, Nova Scotia, as did

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function. Around the 18th and 19th-century in Ireland and the U.S., grand juries were occasionally formed to pass or approve public policy.

1281:"Seeing Is Believing: The Impact of Jury Service on Attitudes Toward Legal Institutions and the Implications for International Jury Reform" 223:

reads, "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury

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Many early grand juries in the U.S. had quasi-legislative functions like passing legislation or approving taxes or expenditures.

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The History of Scotland : translated from the Latin of George Buchanan with notes and a continuation to the present time

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The Rise of British West Africa: Comprising the Early History of the Colony of Sierra Leone, Gambia, Lagos, Gold Coast, etc

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Distinct from their public works function, as property owners they also were qualified to sit on criminal juries hearing

582:" if doubtful. The proceedings continued for a week, in which time, out of 55 bills, 42 were sustained and 13 dismissed. 2043: 1905: 1650:

The Grand Jury: Considered from an Historical, Political and Legal Standpoint, and the Law and Practice Relating Thereto

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Phillips Cables Ltd. v. United Steelworkers of America, Local 7276 (Nicolosi grievance), O.L.A.A. No. 13, at para. 15.

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court of quarter sessions. Grand juries continued in operation after the transfer to the colony to the Crown in 1807.

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became the first sitting president required to testify before a grand jury as the subject of an investigation by the

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Grand juries in Liberia were included in section 7 of article 1 of the constitution of 1847. By article 21 of the

133:) describing the offense with proper accompaniments of time and circumstances, and certainty of act and person, or 3951: 2947:(1905). "Crown Commission of Inquiry into the Administration of Justice in the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope". 1753: 1596:

The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries

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In 1974, the second Watergate grand jury indicted seven White House aides, including former Attorney General

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presentments on crime and maladministration in its area. Traditionally, a grand jury consists of 23 members.

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and indictment by grand jury were introduced, but only for these subsidiary courts. Grand juries met in

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and in secret deliberation. The accused has no knowledge nor right to interfere with their proceedings.

1959:"Japan's Prosecutorial Review Commissions: Lay Oversight of the Government's Discretion of Prosecution" 1101:

of 3 Brumaire, Year 4 (25 October 1795) and this was the operative law until it was abolished in 1808.

759: 727: 718: 690: 637:, as well as having a pre-trial judicial function for serious criminal cases. Many of them also sat as 3618: 2364: 3997: 3992: 3903: 3852: 2981:

Vogler, Richard (2001). "The International Development of the Jury: The Role of the British Empire".

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Grand juries were once common across Canada. The institution of British civil government in 1749 at

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by a less formal mode, which is usually the spontaneous act of the grand jury, called presentment.

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The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870

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Ordinarily, bills of indictment were preferred after there had been an examination before the

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Jury empowered by law to initiate legal proceedings and investigate potential criminal conduct

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U.S. Supreme Court decision: Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1, 77 S.Ct. 1222, 1 L.Ed.2d 1148 (1957)

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by resigning from office, Nixon was still required to testify before a grand jury. In 1998,

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in public officials. This is similar to civil grand juries in U.S. states like California.

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Juries and the Transformation of Criminal Justice in France in the 19th and 20th Centuries

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Histed, Elise (September 1987). "The introduction and use of the grand jury in Victoria".

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Essays in the History of Canadian Law: The Legal History of British Columbia and the Yukon

1851: 8: 3898: 3506: 2952: 2944: 2923:"A Legal History of the New Zealand Jury Service - Introduction, Evolution and Equality?" 2922: 1788: 885: 675: 611: 599: 460: 456: 347: 343: 230: 82: 1710:"National Archives releases draft indictment of Nixon amid Mueller probe | CNN Politics" 257:, and named President Nixon as a "secret, un-indicted, co-conspirator". Despite evading 3832: 3804: 3789: 3767: 3674: 3434: 3426: 3376: 3346: 3336: 3297: 3084: 2832: 2702: 2191: 1429: 1218: 1117:, which began in 1792, the Governor and Council or any two members thereof, being also 1063: 869: 607: 575: 550: 488: 434: 309: 235: 507:

according to English rules of procedure and evidence. This rule was repealed in 1945.

3747: 3715: 3585: 3459: 3444: 3381: 3266: 3258: 3219: 3140: 2971:(1991), pp.672–87; SALJ (1992), pp.87–111, 307–318, 666–679; SALJ (1993), pp.322–337. 2785: 2742: 2710: 2706: 2692: 2532: 2473: 2228: 2140: 1992: 1694: 1654: 1599: 1245: 997: 916:

and was a subject of a question to the government in the House of Commons in London.

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The grand jury continued in operation until 1885, by which time the Cape was under

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passed the Prosecutorial Review Commission Law on July 12, 1948, which created the

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meaning "large") is so named because traditionally it has more jurors than a trial

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Gastil, John; Fukurai, Hiroshi; Anderson, Kent; Nolan, Mark (13 September 2014).

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drew up a list of 30 jurors from the electoral roll every three months for the

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The grand jury's functions were gradually made redundant by the development of

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in August 1827 and the first Charter of Justice was issued on 24 August 1827.

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long predates its more common English meaning of an ignorant person or dunce.

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A History of Criminal Law in New South Wales: The Colonial Period, 1788–1900

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Criminal Procedure and Appeals (Consequential and Other Provisions) Act 2004

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physical evidence or a person to testify. A grand jury is separate from the

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House of Commons. Reports from Committees, Vol 5, Session 7 Feb-6 Jul 1865

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McDowell, R. B (1975). Moody, T.W.; Beckett, J.C.; Kelleher, J.V. (eds.).

839:(section 5: The Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883 is repealed). 3857: 3794: 3605: 3532: 3527: 3467: 2612:. Toronto: S. Derbishire and G. Desbarats, law printer to the Queen. 1859 2091: 865: 772: 714: 623: 614:

level. The system was so-called as the grand jurors had to present their

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allow citizens to circulate a petition in order to impanel a grand jury.

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indictment is not proven to the satisfaction of the grand jury, the word

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instance, at the instigation of the government or other prosecutors, and

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British Cyclopedia of Literature, History, Geography, Law, and Politics

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in 1542. They mainly functioned as local government authorities at the

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Wilson, Matthew J.; Fukurai, Hiroshi; Maruta, Takashi (October 2015).

630:, and on retiring they selected new members from the same background. 3777: 3762: 3742: 3737: 2925:. VUWLawRw 19; 29(2) Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 283 1165: 518: 3409: 2818: 2187: 602:

in parts of the island under the control of the English government (

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Taylor, Greg (October 2001). "The Grand Jury of South Australia".

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Bennett. Environmental Crime: Pollution and Wildlife Enforcement.

674:. Grand juries were eventually replaced by democratically elected 354:, and a form of grand jury may have been used during the reign of 3391: 3315: 3075: 2510: 2393:"The Grand Jury in England's Past and America's Present: Part I" 1389:

Diamond. Federal Grand Jury Practice and Procedure. 5th Edition.

591: 566: 405: 375: 359: 351: 191: 70: 58: 35: 644:

They were usually wealthy "country gentlemen" (i.e. landowners,

194:, Grand Juries also functioned as local government authorities: 3321: 2528:

Local Government in Liberal Democracies: An Introductory Survey

2365:"Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1933" 1023: 1014: 936: 808: 125:

The mode of accusation is by a written statement of two types:

3029:. Vol. V. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard. p. 426. 1481:(7th ed.). London, UK: Stevens & Haynes. p. 358. 1136:. A public meeting launched a petition with 550 names to the 619: 294: 74: 51: 43: 1238:

Zapf, Patricia A.; Roesch, Ronald; Hart, Stephen D. (2009).

400:

The sheriff of every county was required to return to every

3690: 3559: 3439: 3105:

Statutes of the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1895: Vol 1872–1886

3059: 2437:

Buchanan and Aikman. The History of Scotland. 1829. vol 6.

2029:

Vanoverbeke. Juries in the Japanese Legal System. 2015. pp

1141:

agitation for a local voice in government decision-making.

846:

maintained, until 2009, provisions for a grand jury in the

93: 31: 2683:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 538–570. 1991:. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publications. p. 134. 1598:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. 1278: 618:

proposals and budgets in court for official sanction by a

3177:

Archives de Droit et de Legislation, Tome 5, 2nd Semestre

2327:

Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, pp

2292:

Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, pp

2279:

Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, pp

762:(1848–1866) when the latter were absorbed by the former. 459:

in magistrates' courts from 1848 onward when the (three)

2340:

Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, p

2305:

Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, p

2266:

Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, p

1811:"Frequently Asked Questions About the Grand Jury System" 1462:. Vol. 2. London, UK: Orr & Smith. p. 591. 622:. Grand jurors were usually the largest local payers of 342:

Richard Helmholz traces the Grand Jury's origins to the

221:

Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States

3175:"Loi Belge du 15 Mai 1838 Relative au Jury Expliquée". 2167:"The Early History of the Grand Jury and the Canon Law" 943:, but they were abolished with the introduction of the 419:

consisted of gentlemen of high standing in the county.

3296: 3071:"The Cape Colony — Mr. Justice Fitzpatrick — Question" 2455:. Vol. 6. Edinburgh: Thomas Ireland. p. 597. 1989:

Japan and Civil Jury Trials: The Convergence of Forces

1754:"1998, August 17: Clinton testifies before grand jury" 3196:. London: Houlston & Sons. pp. 146–147, 171. 1647:

Edwards, George John (1906). Ward, Richard H. (ed.).

1559:. Waterford City & County Council. Archived from 1434:"Book 4, Ch. 23: Of the Several Modes of Prosecution" 370:. In each shire, a body of important men were sworn ( 3405: 2784:. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press. pp. 56–59. 2428:

Treason Act 1945 (c. 44), section 2(2) and Schedule.

2133:"It's Time to Abolish Grand Juries Once and for All" 728:

the division in 1791 of Quebec, as it was then known

3251: 2637:"Timeline History of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court" 1986: 1952: 1950: 1683:"If It's Not a Runaway, It's Not a Real Grand Jury" 1219:"UNITED STATES, Petitioner v. John H. WILLIAMS, Jr" 689:, grand juries were abolished by section 27 of the 3211: 2767:The Establishment of Jury Trial in New South Wales 2570:Acts of the Northern Ireland Parliament, 1969 c.15 2131:Shapiro, Chava; Clark, James (27 September 2023). 699:Grand Jury (Abolition) Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 3218:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 364–365. 3205: 3203: 3058: 2397:Justice of the Peace 839 at 842 (24 October 1998) 1874:"Laws governing citizen grand juries in Oklahoma" 1440:. London, UK: Sanders & Benning. p. 586. 1093:were prescribed in the law of 1791 passed by the 1070:) summarising the charges to be presented to the 923:, when it was abolished by Act 17 of 1885 of the 3964: 3048:. Philadelphia: George T. Bisel Co. p. 124. 1947: 1708:Watkins, Eli; Kaufman, Ellie (31 October 2018). 1349:America's Courts and the Criminal Justice System 541:). The court consisted of three judges from the 1963:University of Pennsylvania East Asia Law Review 1524: 1522: 1490: 1488: 1427: 3200: 2450: 2090:from the original on 24 June 2021 – via 1707: 1237: 3675: 3282: 3139:. University of North Carolina Press. Ch. 1. 2851:"Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883" 2223:. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. 1982: 1980: 1535:Civil Grand Jurors' Association of California 1274: 1272: 1270: 1268: 682:, as regards their administrative functions. 545:(Scotland's highest criminal court), of whom 54:, which do not preside over its functioning. 2130: 1519: 1485: 1364:. Constitutional Rights and the Grand Jury. 746:when it was split off in 1784 to become the 3089:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2631: 2629: 2627: 2381:Kenny's Outlines of Criminal Law, 18th Ed, 2106:"Liberian Grand Jury Indicts Port Director" 2044:"Constitution of Liberia (1847), Section 7" 1841: 1778: 1736:"Newly Released Testimony Is Vintage Nixon" 1421: 1244:. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 182. 653:and administered the law at petty sessions. 3682: 3668: 3289: 3275: 3026:Narrative of the U.S. Exploring Expedition 2609:The consolidated statutes for Upper Canada 2499: 1977: 1680: 1450: 1444: 1265: 1097:and were maintained and re-enacted in the 1026:, i.e. imprisonable for 2 years or more). 950:The jury law of 1791 created an eight-man 3689: 3179:(in French). Bruxelles. 1841. p. 83. 2901: 2826: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2581:"The Royal Proclamation, October 7, 1763" 2472:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 2. 2164: 1733: 668:Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 3124:. New York City: Cockcroft. p. 297. 2624: 2524: 2514:. House of Commons. col. 1676–1683. 2465: 2451:Aikman, James; Buchanan, George (1829). 661:and Protestants who were not members of 626:, and therefore tended to be the larger 229: 3843:Racial discrimination in jury selection 3183: 3134: 3117: 3039: 2974: 2769:. Faculty of Law, University of Sydney. 2764: 2561:The Journal of Criminal Law 137 and 138 1956: 1929: 1646: 1528: 1494: 1466: 3988:History of local government in Ireland 3965: 3209: 3189: 3079:. House of Commons. col. 169–171. 3019: 2980: 2920: 2874: 2804: 2678: 2662: 2651: 2247: 1889: 1887: 1803: 1653:. University of Michigan: G.T. Bisel. 1593: 1472: 1347:"Law on the Books: Shield and Sword". 1313: 868:in 1844. Its function was to consider 3663: 3270: 3159: 2943: 2779: 2681:Essays in the History of Canadian Law 1617: 1615: 1584:, House of Commons, 19 February 1833. 1529:Jameson, Marianne (26 October 2004). 1475:"Book 3, Chapter VII: The Grand Jury" 1319: 787:for a short period in the 1820s. The 756:Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands 408:(or more precisely the commission of 88:The grand jury (from the French word 3252:Gfactor and Bricker (17 July 2006). 2410:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 11th Ed. 1734:Totenberg, Nina (10 November 2011). 1333:(2nd ed.). St Paul, Minnesota: 986:. There was no public prosecutor or 775:courts formally ended the practice. 594:, grand juries were active from the 389: 247:to represent the state in the case. 190:From the 17th century until 1898 in 65:, prominent modern examples include 2983:Revue internationale de droit pénal 1884: 1842:Brenner, Susan; Shaw, Lori (2003). 1779:Brenner, Susan; Shaw, Lori (2003). 1640: 1438:Commentaries on the Laws of England 898:Secretary of State for the Colonies 680:Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 386:in 1215 on demand of the nobility. 13: 2902:McLintock, Alexander Hare (1966). 2730: 2205:from the original on 24 June 2021. 1930:Fukurai, Hiroshi (4 August 2017). 1911:from the original on 29 March 2019 1612: 1032:tribunal de police correctionnelle 864:The grand jury was established in 791:(UK) enabled the establishment of 203: 14: 4014: 3601:Evidence law in the United States 3245: 2807:American Journal of Legal History 1936:Cornell International Law Journal 1495:Fukurai, Hiroshi (January 2011). 935:Grand juries were established in 479:The grand jury was introduced in 215:Grand juries in the United States 67:grand juries in the United States 3408: 3210:Walker, James W. St. G. (1993). 3160:Oudot, Charles-François (1845). 2469:The Church of Ireland, 1869–1969 2175:University of Chicago Law Review 1402:Judicial Council of California. 1113:Under the administration of the 641:judging the less serious cases. 238:in Boston, Massachusetts in 1913 208: 3952:Fully Informed Jury Association 3232: 3168: 3153: 3128: 3111: 3097: 3076:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3052: 3033: 3013: 3001: 2959: 2937: 2914: 2904:An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 2895: 2868: 2855:Government of Western Australia 2843: 2798: 2773: 2758: 2721: 2672: 2600: 2591: 2573: 2564: 2552: 2518: 2511:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2493: 2459: 2444: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2400: 2387: 2375: 2357: 2347: 2334: 2321: 2312: 2299: 2286: 2273: 2260: 2241: 2209: 2158: 2124: 2098: 2070: 2058: 2036: 2023: 2014: 2005: 1923: 1866: 1835: 1772: 1746: 1727: 1701: 1674: 1587: 1575: 1549: 1531:"History of Civil Grand Juries" 1409: 1178: 1108: 234:A grand jury investigating the 3455:Deferred prosecution agreement 3254:"Who invented the grand jury?" 3164:. Paris: Joubert. p. 327. 2738:"Who invented the grand jury?" 2668:. University of Toronto Press. 2419:Treason Act, 1708 (7 Ann c 21) 2318:22 & 23 Vict. c. 17, s. l. 2165:Helmholzt, Richard H. (1983). 1902:Congressional Research Service 1479:Principles of the Criminal Law 1396: 1383: 1371: 1354: 1341: 1231: 1211: 896:, obtained the consent of the 876: 859: 703:Parliament of Northern Ireland 176: 96:, sometimes called a petty or 1: 3107:. Cape Town: J.C. Juta. 1895. 2620:– via Internet Archive. 2248:Turley, Hugh (January 2007). 1850:School of Law. Archived from 1844:"Power to abolish Grand Jury" 1787:School of Law. Archived from 1204: 1099:Code des Délits et des Peines 396:Inquests in England and Wales 289:, under the influence of the 267:Office of Independent Counsel 38:—empowered by law to conduct 2951:. Vol. 28. London, UK: 2525:Chandler, J. A, ed. (1993). 2506:"Select Committee Moved For" 2500:Isaac Butt, Member for 2254:Hyattsville Life & Times 945:Code of Criminal Instruction 778: 606:), that was followed by the 465:Justices Protection Act 1848 7: 3040:Edwards, George J. (1906). 3010:, 10 Cape L.J. p.216 (1893) 1473:Harris, Seymour F. (1896). 1241:Forensic Psychology and Law 1224:Legal Information Institute 1144: 730:, at the Ottawa river into 474: 163: 116: 21:Grand jury (disambiguation) 10: 4021: 2949:Records of the Cape Colony 1681:Roots, Roger (1999–2000). 783:The grand jury existed in 760:Colony of Vancouver Island 752:Colony of British Columbia 719:Royal Proclamation of 1763 691:Courts of Justice Act 1924 648:, farmers and merchants): 585: 393: 337: 332: 320: 212: 180: 107: 69:, and to a lesser extent, 18: 3944: 3876: 3853:Scientific jury selection 3813: 3698: 3614: 3578: 3570:Presentence investigation 3520: 3425: 3403: 3305: 3118:Forsyth, William (1878). 2968:South African Law Journal 2953:William Clowes & Sons 2889:10.1080/01440368708530896 2689:10.3138/9781442670051-014 2641:The Courts of Nova Scotia 2531:. Routledge. p. 31. 2233:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2078:"Constitution of Liberia" 1957:Fukurai, Hiroshi (2011). 1161:Immunity from prosecution 930: 708: 565:named Sir John Inglis of 469:Criminal Justice Act 1948 245:general power of attorney 3121:History of Trial by Jury 2921:Powles, Michèle (1999). 2877:Journal of Legal History 1816:American Bar Association 1693:(4): 821. Archived from 1594:Thomas, Suja A. (2016). 1171: 842:The Australian state of 789:New South Wales Act 1823 721:that a faithful copy of 693:, but they persisted in 543:High Court of Justiciary 280: 42:, investigate potential 3190:George, Claude (1904). 3135:Donovan, James (2010). 1627:www.glenn.courts.ca.gov 1557:"Grand Jury Collection" 1501:Chicago-Kent Law Review 939:in 1791 under the name 748:Colony of New Brunswick 697:until abolished by the 685:After the formation of 512:Jacobite rising of 1745 327:Constitution of Liberia 3877:Specific jurisdictions 3512:Statute of limitations 3307:Criminal investigation 2908:New Zealand Government 2765:Bennett, J.M. (1961). 2643:. 2004. Archived from 1452:Partington, Charles F. 1377:HL Deb, 17 July 1812, 1008:), who was one of the 960:(a subdivision of the 921:responsible government 884:was introduced in the 655: 572:His Majesty's advocate 263:President Bill Clinton 239: 201: 100:(from the French word 3450:Criminal jurisdiction 2995:10.3917/ridp.721.0525 2585:The Solon Law Archive 2221:www.history-world.org 1760:. This Day in History 1428:Bayly, John Bethune; 1321:Black, Henry Campbell 1294:: 126. Archived from 1151:Blue-ribbon committee 1119:justices of the peace 1089:The functions of the 1054:, in order to get an 1004:(the director of the 650: 574:possessed before the 505:misprision of treason 497:Act of the Parliament 491:with England, by the 457:committal proceedings 364:William the Conqueror 305:in public officials. 233: 196: 3838:Peremptory challenge 3828:Death-qualified jury 3490:Inquisitorial system 3427:Criminal prosecution 3367:Reasonable suspicion 3342:Exigent circumstance 2945:Theal, George McCall 2780:Woods, G.D. (2002). 2256:– via DC Dave. 1848:University of Dayton 1785:University of Dayton 1781:"State Grand Juries" 1687:Creighton Law Review 1537:(Reference material) 1156:Examining magistrate 1115:Sierra Leone Company 1095:Constituent Assembly 996:established in each 994:Justice of the Peace 758:(1853–1863) and the 740:Prince Edward Island 557:(presiding member). 356:Æthelred the Unready 19:For other uses, see 4003:Deliberative groups 3507:Preliminary hearing 2647:on 17 October 2013. 2054:on 17 January 2010. 1904:. 10 January 2019. 1854:on 17 February 2007 1563:on 30 November 2022 1430:Blackstone, William 1301:on 26 February 2015 870:bills of indictment 853:Judicature Act 1874 657:From 1691 to 1793, 600:Lordship of Ireland 487:, a year after the 374:) to report to the 348:Henry II of England 346:in 1166, an Act of 344:Assize of Clarendon 3978:Criminal procedure 3833:Jury questionnaire 3805:Summary jury trial 3790:Jury sequestration 3768:Jury nullification 3711:Citizens' assembly 3435:Adversarial system 3377:Search and seizure 3347:Knock-and-announce 3298:Criminal procedure 3065:, Member for 2369:Legislation.gov.uk 2110:Maritime Executive 1138:Colonial Secretary 1064:bill of indictment 989:juge d'instruction 608:Kingdom of Ireland 463:Acts, such as the 435:clerk of the peace 308:From 1945 to 1972 299:Kensatsu Shinsakai 240: 236:Arcadia Hotel fire 183:Citizens' assembly 3960: 3959: 3889:England and Wales 3748:Jury instructions 3693:-related articles 3657: 3656: 3639:Wikimedia Commons 3586:Criminal defenses 3521:Charges and pleas 3445:Bill of attainder 3382:Search of persons 3259:The Straight Dope 3146:978-0-8078-3363-6 2791:978-1-86287-439-8 2743:The Straight Dope 2538:978-0-415-08875-6 1998:978-1-78347-918-4 1660:978-0-404-09113-2 1605:978-1-107-05565-0 1251:978-0-470-57039-5 1091:jury d’accusation 1080:tribunal criminel 1072:jury d'accusation 1068:acte d'accusation 1060:directeur du jury 1048:jury d'accusation 1044:directeur de jury 1006:jury d'accusation 1002:directeur du jury 984:jury d'accusation 952:jury d'accusation 941:jury d'accusation 833:Western Australia 663:Church of Ireland 411:oyer and terminer 390:England and Wales 40:legal proceedings 4010: 3998:Direct democracy 3993:Local government 3848:Strike for cause 3800:Juror misconduct 3753:Specific finding 3699:Primary articles 3684: 3677: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3418: 3413: 3412: 3372:Right to silence 3291: 3284: 3277: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3217: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3080: 3069:(19 June 1879). 3056: 3050: 3049: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3017: 3011: 3008:Cape Law Journal 3005: 2999: 2998: 2978: 2972: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2830: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2660: 2649: 2648: 2633: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2504:(8 March 1861). 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2448: 2442: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2361: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2338: 2332: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2303: 2297: 2290: 2284: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2250:"The Grand Jury" 2245: 2239: 2238: 2232: 2224: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2171: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2089: 2082: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2050:. 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Parliament 894:New South Wales 879: 862: 848:Crimes Act 1958 829:South Australia 785:New South Wales 781: 723:Laws of England 711: 676:county councils 588: 553:) was elected 477: 398: 392: 340: 335: 323: 283: 224: 217: 211: 206: 204:Present-day use 185: 179: 166: 119: 110: 57:Originating in 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4018: 4017: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3973:Courts by type 3958: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3924:Jury selection 3921: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3819: 3817: 3815:Jury selection 3811: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3773:Jury tampering 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3718: 3716:Coroner's jury 3713: 3708: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3687: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3603: 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2311: 2298: 2285: 2272: 2259: 2240: 2208: 2182:(2): 613–627. 2157: 2123: 2112:. 23 July 2015 2097: 2069: 2057: 2035: 2022: 2013: 2004: 1997: 1976: 1946: 1922: 1883: 1865: 1834: 1802: 1791:on 3 July 2016 1771: 1745: 1726: 1700: 1697:on 2 May 2004. 1673: 1659: 1639: 1611: 1604: 1586: 1574: 1548: 1518: 1484: 1465: 1443: 1420: 1408: 1404:1 January 1974 1395: 1382: 1370: 1362:Sara Sun Beale 1353: 1351:. 1999. p 247. 1340: 1337:. p. 675. 1312: 1264: 1250: 1230: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1146: 1143: 1110: 1107: 1103:Special juries 1052:arrondissement 1036:arrondissement 1022:) or a crime ( 976:arrondissement 957:arrondissement 932: 929: 890:Richard Bourke 878: 875: 861: 858: 797:Francis Forbes 780: 777: 768:nolle prosequi 744:Sunbury County 710: 707: 635:trials by jury 587: 584: 533:) and 12 from 476: 473: 391: 388: 339: 336: 334: 331: 322: 319: 314:Ryukyu Islands 282: 279: 213:Main article: 210: 207: 205: 202: 178: 175: 165: 162: 138: 137: 134: 118: 115: 109: 106: 79:probable cause 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4016: 4015: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3929:Nullification 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3919:U.S. military 3917: 3916: 3915: 3914:United States 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3868:Stealth juror 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3785:Jury research 3783: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 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Retrieved 2916: 2903: 2897: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2858:. Retrieved 2854: 2845: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2781: 2775: 2766: 2760: 2748:. Retrieved 2741: 2732: 2723: 2680: 2674: 2665: 2645:the original 2640: 2614:. Retrieved 2608: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2575: 2566: 2554: 2542:. Retrieved 2527: 2520: 2509: 2495: 2483:. Retrieved 2468: 2461: 2452: 2446: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2402: 2389: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2349: 2336: 2323: 2314: 2301: 2288: 2275: 2262: 2253: 2243: 2220: 2211: 2179: 2173: 2160: 2148:. Retrieved 2136: 2126: 2114:. Retrieved 2109: 2100: 2072: 2060: 2052:the original 2047: 2038: 2025: 2016: 2007: 1988: 1967:. Retrieved 1962: 1940: 1934: 1925: 1913:. Retrieved 1877: 1868: 1856:. Retrieved 1852:the original 1837: 1825:. Retrieved 1821:the original 1814: 1805: 1793:. Retrieved 1789:the original 1774: 1764:23 September 1762:. Retrieved 1757: 1748: 1739: 1729: 1717:. Retrieved 1713: 1703: 1695:the original 1690: 1686: 1676: 1664:. Retrieved 1649: 1642: 1630:. 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Retrieved 1240: 1233: 1222: 1213: 1194: 1189: 1180: 1128: 1112: 1109:Sierra Leone 1098: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062:drew up the 1059: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038:, while for 1035: 1031: 1030:went to the 1027: 1020:misdemeanour 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 987: 983: 979: 975: 969: 965: 961: 955: 951: 949: 940: 934: 918: 913: 910: 906: 902: 880: 863: 841: 826: 782: 767: 764: 736:Lower Canada 732:Upper Canada 722: 712: 684: 656: 651: 643: 632: 616:public works 589: 562: 554: 539:West Lothian 531:East Lothian 516: 509: 485:high treason 478: 454: 450: 443: 439: 429: 425: 421: 415: 409: 399: 371: 341: 324: 307: 298: 287:World War II 284: 275: 271: 252: 249: 241: 218: 197: 189: 186: 167: 157: 150: 147: 139: 124: 120: 111: 101: 89: 87: 56: 34:—a group of 27: 25: 3858:Struck jury 3795:Jury stress 3649:Wikiversity 3606:Legal abuse 3543:Information 3533:Arraignment 3528:Alford plea 3468:Extradition 2989:: 525–550. 2828:2440/109282 2616:31 December 2485:3 September 2092:ClientEarth 2064:Article 1, 1878:Ballotpedia 1758:History.com 1084:departement 971:departement 962:departement 886:Cape Colony 877:Cape Colony 866:New Zealand 860:New Zealand 773:Nova Scotia 726:driver for 715:Nova Scotia 639:magistrates 598:during the 596:Middle Ages 525:), 12 from 446:magistrates 384:Magna Carta 303:misfeasance 259:impeachment 177:Legislative 171:misfeasance 63:Middle Ages 61:during the 3967:Categories 3733:Petit jury 3726:Indictment 3721:Grand jury 3706:Jury trial 3634:WikiSource 3619:Wiktionary 3538:Indictment 3485:Indictment 3473:Grand jury 3416:Law portal 3397:Terry stop 2965:Kahn, E., 2750:17 October 2354:Offences". 2331:& 360. 2296:& 359. 2283:& 358. 2137:The Nation 2033:& 106. 1969:2 December 1915:15 January 1511:2 December 1305:2 December 1257:2 December 1205:References 1056:indictment 974:. In each 914:Cape Argus 813:Parramatta 672:Isaac Butt 535:Linlithgow 527:Haddington 523:Midlothian 394:See also: 181:See also: 158:billa vera 131:indictment 98:petit jury 28:grand jury 3894:Hong Kong 3778:Embracery 3763:Hung jury 3743:Jury fees 3738:Jury duty 3629:Wikiquote 3624:Wikibooks 3337:Detention 3085:cite book 3067:Gateshead 2707:153842169 2544:19 August 2145:0027-8378 2116:8 January 2066:Section 7 1567:15 August 1195:ignoramus 1190:ignoramus 1166:Sortition 1076:directeur 947:in 1808. 779:Australia 705:in 1969. 659:Catholics 628:landlords 580:ignoramus 559:Subpoenas 519:Edinburgh 430:ignoramus 380:King John 152:ignoramus 3904:Scotland 3644:Wikinews 3596:Evidence 3023:(1845). 2229:cite web 2200:Archived 2085:Archived 2083:. 1984. 1906:Archived 1858:29 March 1795:2 August 1507:(2): 825 1454:(1836). 1432:(1840). 1379:col 1091 1323:(1910). 1145:See also 1134:Freetown 968:in each 954:in each 844:Victoria 604:The Pale 481:Scotland 475:Scotland 362:used by 164:Watchdog 143:ex parte 117:Criminal 83:watchdog 48:subpoena 36:citizens 3392:Suspect 3316:Arguido 2837:3185314 2715:1674089 2597:Doughty 2502:Youghal 2196:1599504 1582:Hansard 1406:. p 30. 1121:, held 1082:of the 1050:of the 1034:of the 817:Windsor 701:of the 678:by the 592:Ireland 586:Ireland 567:Cramond 547:Tinwald 406:assizes 376:sheriff 366:in the 360:inquest 352:Normans 338:Origins 333:History 321:Liberia 310:Okinawa 192:Ireland 113:crown. 108:Purpose 71:Liberia 59:England 3983:Juries 3945:Groups 3909:Taiwan 3884:Canada 3322:Arrest 3222: 3143: 2835: 2788: 2713: 2705: 2695: 2535: 2476: 2194: 2143: 1995: 1965:: 5–10 1827:11 May 1719:3 June 1666:22 May 1657: 1632:31 May 1602: 1541:18 May 1248: 1074:. 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