861:, one of the most prolific of Bayreuth Germanics and racists, and later the author of a full-length biography of Lagarde, summarised his life and work and concluded that "for the comprehension of Lagarde's whole being one must above all remember that he always considered himself the prophet and guide of his people — which of course he actually was." For Schemann his legacy consisted largely of his struggle against the Jews: "Not since the days of Schopenhauer and Wagner is the German thinker so mightily opposed this alien people, which desecrates our holy possessions, poisons our people, and seeks to wrest our property from us so as to completely trample on us, as Lagarde has" It was this image of Lagarde, the antisemitic prophet of a purified and heroic Germany, which the political Wagnerites and the
343:
246:
689:
34:
137:
702:
1748:(both MĂĽller and Bodelschwingh were members of this largest regional church, which was of course only an administrative unit after the adoption of the new constitution establishing the DEK) was placed under police jurisdiction; pastors were fired, suspended and sometimes even arrested or placed under house arrest; and the Deutsche Christen and MĂĽller carried on a vicious campaign against Bodelschwingh.
1624:
Everyone must submit himself to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which God has established. The authorities that exist have been established by God. Consequently, he who rebels against the authority is rebelling against what God has instituted, and those who do so will
944:
pure and closed. Religion is the inner strength and finest flower in the intellectual life of a people, but it can only strongly affect expression in popular culture ... a deep connection between
Christianity and Germanness can only be achieved when it is released from this unnatural connection,
957:
was the same as the "Father" and " Ghost", that Christ preached and that the
Germans would have guessed. Childlike confidence in God and selfless love was, to them, the essence of the Germanic "people's-soul" in contrast to Jewish "menial fear of God" and "materialistic morality." Church was not an
824:
The forerunner of the ideology of the German
Christians came from certain Protestant groups of the German Empire. These groups sought a return to perceived völkisch, nationalistic, and racist ideas within traditional Christianity, and looked to turn Christianity in Germany into a reformed intrinsic
1055:
s ideas. Jesus should be a "tragic-Nordic figure" against the Old
Testament's "religious idea", with the Old Testament replaced by a "German myth". Each biblical story was to be "measured under German feelings, so that German Christianity escapes from Semitic influence as Beelzebub did before the
1777:
would be deemed "Jewish" for purposes of
Hitlerian racial policy, so the net would certainly have swept wider than this rather small fraction. The extension of the prohibition to address the wives of German pastors was surely, to many middle-of-the-road Protestants, shocking. See
1006:
is celebrated, it should at least not weigh in his dreams; ... otherwise there could come a whole lot of terrible
Golgothas, where Jews across the whole world dance their jubilee songs on the grave of Christianity as heirs of a murdering people, singing to the Jahu they
622:
MĂĽller had poor political skills, little political support within the Church, and no real qualifications for the job, other than his commitment to Nazism and a desire to exercise power. When the federation council met in May 1933 to approve the new constitution, it elected
1322:
in the so-called "church-historical working group", but they had little effect from then on in theology and politics. Other former members of the German
Christians moved into the numerically insignificant religious communities known as the Free People's Christian Church
1489:. By mid-1933, Deutsche Christen had acquired key posts in the Protestant establishment - in national church governing bodies and university faculties of theology, as regional bishops, and on local church councils. Many kept those positions until 1945 and beyond.
873:
have for a long time belonged to our most precious books, and we consider
Lagarde's unabashed exposure of the inferiority of Semitic religious instincts and the pernicious effects on Christianity as an achievement that deserves our admiration and gratitude."
1969:
292:
and retained their subsidies from the government. Religious instruction in the schools continued, as did the theological faculties in the universities. The rights formerly held by the princes in the German Empire simply devolved to church councils.
1735:(or DEK) church constitution required a two-thirds majority for the election of its bishop and no candidate in the April contest could achieve this supermajority initially. After several ballots, Bodelschwingh prevailed by a landslide of 91 to 8.
773:. They issued public statements in which they claimed that Christians in Germany with Jewish ancestors "remain Christians in a New Testament sense, but they are not German Christians." They also supported the Nazi Party platform's advocacy of "
638:
within the DEK and were, of course, supported by Nazi propaganda in their efforts to reverse the humiliating loss to
Bodelschwingh. After a series of Nazi-directed political maneuvers, Bodelschwingh resigned and MĂĽller was appointed as the new
1291:) in the sense of what Rosenberg called a "Fifth Gospel", to announce the myth of the "Aryan Jesus". It became clear in 1994 that the Testament's poetic text was written by the famous ballad-poet and proprietor of the Eugen-Diederichs-Verlag,
1509:
1351:
was unveiled in
Eisenach at the behest of eight Protestant regional churches. It is intended to be understood as the Protestant churches’ confession of guilt and as a memorial to the victims of the church’s anti-Judaism and antisemitism.
327:
Save for the organisational matters under the jurisdiction of the national League, the regional churches remained independent in other matters, including theology, and the federal system allowed for a great deal of regional autonomy.
1011:
Against the "contamination by Jewish ideas", mainly from the Old Testament, the Churches and Germany should (he argued) be "mutually benefits and supports", and then Christianity would win back its status as "a religion of the
897:
and his preaching showed the influence of "German blood". He concluded that the Germans were the best Christians among all peoples, only prevented from the full flowering of their spiritual faculties by the materialistic Jews.
1234:
at the end of 1933, was also an attempt to create a national religion outside and against the churches. It combined six earlier Nordic-völkisch oriented groups and a further five groups were represented by individual members.
1213:) resonated in these circles and gave them renewed impetus. His polemic against all "un-German" and "root-stock" elements in Christianity was directed against the Christianity and the denominational organisations of the time.
202:
dynasties also organised church bodies that were territorially defined by their state borders. The same was true for the three republican German states within the pre-1918 Empire. In Alsace-Lorraine the Napoleonic system of
1977:
1394:
1278:
477:
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is begotten, it may exist as a spiritual reality ... even foreign blood may be lent to it. How great the significance of blood might be in intellectual history, but the rule is, even if one is born into a
583:
in 1932. The group achieved no particular notoriety before the Nazi assumption of political power in January 1933. In the Prussian church elections of November 1932, German Christians won one-third of the vote.
363:
The German Christians were, for the most part, a "group of fanatically Nazi Protestants." They began as an interest group and eventually came to represent one of the schismatic factions of German Protestantism.
1346:
stated that it recognised and "confess, with dismay, the co-responsibility and guilt of German Christians for the Holocaust." On May 6, 2019, eighty years after the founding of the “Dejudaisation Institute”,
902:, however, concluded that the Christianisation of the Germans was the imposition of an "un-German" religious understanding, and that Germanic feeling remained alien to it and so should remain exempt from it.
2418:
Wie wurde das Neue Testament zu einem sogenannten Volkstestament „entjudet“? Aus der Arbeit des Eisenacher „Instituts zur Erforschung und Beseitung des jüdischen Einflusses auf das deutsch kirchliche Leben“
1110:
was in part fiercely opposed among Christian German nationalists, seeing it as a racist attack on the foundations of their faith from inside and outside. Theologian Johannes Schneider, a member of the
606:
This church reorganisation had been a goal of the German Christians for some time, as such a centralisation would enhance the coordination of Church and State, as a part of the overall Nazi process of
288:
After considerable political maneuvering, state churches were abolished (in name) under the new Weimar government, but the anti-disestablishmentarians prevailed in substance: churches remained
569:, a rather incompetent "old fighter" who had no particular leadership skills or qualifications, except having been a longtime faithful Nazi. He was advised by Emanuel Hirsch. In 1931 the book
2252:
962:, nor even the New Testament, which they held to be of Jewish influence that had to be "cleaned" so that the child Jesus could be used as a model for "self sacrifice" and "male heroism".
1002:
or the Cross? — The question is, for now, not yet evident. The Jew goes on his way purposefully, in any case ... his deadly hatred will defeat his opponent. When the Christian
212:
2564:
923:
1144:", "Blood", and "Race". Many local church-officers tried to delineate, such as with regards to racism, but this only served to show how deeply it had intruded into their thinking.
1934:
Jochen Birkenmeier, Michael Weise: Erforschung und Beseitigung. Das kirchliche „Entjudungsinstitut“ 1939–1945. Begleitband zur Ausstellung, Eisenach, 2019, p. 46-53 (in German).
1520:
had no majorities of German Christians in their synods, thus protagonists of the Confessing Church considered these church bodies as constitutionally unadulterated (so-called
1260:
938:
has finally opened our eyes to the pernicious effects of the blood mixture between Germanic and un-German peoples and urges us, with all our forces, to strive to keep our
1794:(special exhibition in the Lutherhaus Eisenach April 1988 – April 1989), Evangelisches Pfarrhausarchiv (ed.), Eisenach: Evangelisches Pfarrhausarchiv, 1988. No ISBN.
1997:
Jochen Birkenmeier, Michael Weise: Erforschung und Beseitigung. Das kirchliche „Entjudungsinstitut“ 1939–1945. Begleitband zur Ausstellung, Eisenach, 2019, p. 110-111.
1217:
and Catholic Internationalism were attacked as two facets of the Jewish spirit, and Rosenberg stated the need for a new national religion to complete the Reformation.
1314:
After 1945, the remaining German Christian currents formed smaller communities and circles distanced from the newly formed umbrella of the independent church bodies
1038:
651:
Further pro-Nazi developments followed the elevation of MĂĽller to the DEK bishopric: in late summer the old-Prussian general synod (led by MĂĽller) adopted the
1513:
762:
The Nazis found the German Christians useful during the initial consolidation of power, but removed most of its leaders from their posts shortly afterwards;
666:
and their attempts to incorporate the Aryan paragraph into the church constitution so as to exclude Jewish Christians, the German Christians entered into a
2539:
915:
523:
2457:
634:
Hitler was infuriated with the rejection of his candidate, and things began to change. By June 1933 the German Christians had gained leadership of some
208:
2455:
Religion in the service of an ethno-nationalist construction of identity: discussions on the examples of the "German Christians" and Japanese Shinto
1761:
In 1933 the Protestant churches in Germany employed about 18,842 pastors (1933); 37 of them were classified by the Nazi terminology as "full Jews" (
958:"institution for the dissemination of Judaism", and they felt religious and confirmation materials should no longer teach the Old Testament and the
316:), which was composed of the members of the various regional churches. The League was governed and administered by a 36-member Executive Committee (
511:
stormtrooper. The swastikas were removed after the war and the former church has been reconstructed as a memorial to Nazi crimes against humanity.
1034:
878:
840:, who was politically active and tried to position the Christian working-classes and lower-middle-classes against what he perceived as Jewish
579:—she was praised for fighting against the "ridicule of Christ" and "showing the way for German Christians". The Berlin section was founded by
1534:
1098:
899:
723:
1790:) recorded for all of Nazi Germany 115 Protestant pastors with one up to four grandparents, who were enlisted in a Jewish congregation. Cf.
766:
MĂĽller continued until 1945, but his power was effectively removed in favor of a government agency as a result of his obvious incompetence.
595:, in the spirit of the new regime, agreed to write a new constitution for a brand new, unitary "national" church, which would be called the
2549:
1669:. Original in German: "gegen die Verhöhnung der Christus-Persönlichkeit", "zeigt gleichzeitig den Weg zum deutschen Christentum". Page 46.
1469:
The Deutsche Christen (German Christians) were a group of clergy and laypeople in Germany in the 1930s and 1940s who sought to synthesize
603:
or DEK). The new and unified national DEK would completely replace and supersede the old federated church with its representative league.
2554:
882:
1949:
EKiR.de - Die besten Internetseiten der evangelischen Kirche im Rheinland - Ihre evangelische Kirche zwischen Saarland und Niederrhein
1517:
1383:
194:—if it was Protestant—in its particular region; the crown provided financial and institutional support to its church.
2534:
2257:
1399:
1505:
1501:
592:
305:
2511:
121:
2201:
2178:
2124:
2101:
408:
383:, stoked hostility toward foreign peoples, granted Germany a preferred place in the Protestant tradition, and legitimised
1343:
438:
the respect for temporal (secular) authority, which had been emphasised by Luther. The movement used scriptural support (
312:(DEKB)); the League was itself established in 1922 by the rather loose annual convention called Church General Assembly (
1302:. Despite broad church support for it (even many Confessing Christians advocated such an approach, in the hope that the
575:
278:
1641:
1306:
of 1937 to 1940 could be curbed), the first edition of the text did not meet with the expected enthusiastic response.
2529:
2480:
2438:
2407:
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was in its full sway in the first few months of the regime. In late April 1933 the leadership of the 1922-founded
1637:
1419:
631:
of the new Protestant Reich Church by a wide margin, largely on the advice and support of the church leadership.
1338:
In 1980, in the context of a statement entitled "Towards Renovation of the Relationship of Christians and Jews (
127:
1550:
983:, an early mentor of Hitler, also emphasised the "manliness" of Jesus Christ and compared him to the Norse god
727:
282:
2454:
2094:
Study and Eradication. The Church’s „Dejudaization Institute“, 1939–1945. Companion Volume to the Exhibition
1292:
495:), which was built in Berlin from 1933 to 1935 included a pulpit that showed the Sermon on the Mount with a
2544:
2021:
2018:
Nazism, Liberalism, & Christianity: Protestant social thought in Germany & Great Britain, 1925–1937
1409:
1315:
1240:
808:
538:
1883:
Völkische Religion und Krisen der Moderne. Entwürfe „arteigener“ Glaubenssysteme seit der Jahrhundertwende
1535:
https://books.google.com/books?id=zXWcDwAAQBAJ&dq=Siegfried+Leffler+Protestant+theologian&pg=PA797
573:
by Guida Diehl, the first speaker of the National Socialist Women's League, got an admiring review by the
1414:
866:
624:
2400:
Christlicher Antijudaismus und Antisemitismus. Theologische und kirchliche Programme Deutscher Christen
2170:
2116:
558:
557:) in 1931 to help win elections of presbyteries and synods (i.e. legislating church assemblies) in the
392:
304:
of 28 regional (or provincial) churches. The federation operated officially through the representative
1239:
became the group's "leader and representative" by acclamation, and other members included philosopher
1172:
On this basis, the radical German-Christians' ideas were hardly slowed down. In 1928 they gathered in
519:
277:
and the resulting political and social turmoil, the regional churches lost their secular rulers. With
20:
1618:
596:
57:
2193:
1303:
1182:), seeking contact with the Nazi Party and naming their newsletter "Letters to German Christians" (
974:
712:
337:
19:
This article is about a Christian pressure group in Nazi Germany. For Christianity in Germany, see
1699:
1248:
716:
342:
261:
1905:
1445:
1277:
In 1939 with the approval of eleven of the German Protestant regional churches the Eisenacher
2559:
1389:
1221:
774:
439:
79:
27:
1976:. Synod of the Evangelical Church of the Rhineland, Germany. 12 January 1980. Archived from
1244:
230:
is sometimes viewed as a model for Adolf Hitler's Nazism. Hitler praised Lueger in his book
770:
528:
65:
26:"Faith Movement of the German Christians" redirects here. For the Nazi pagan movement, see
1134:) reacted to the growing radicalisation of German Christian groups with a Churches Day in
416:
8:
2325:
Wir verwerfen die falsche Lehre. Arbeits- und Lesebuch zur Barmer Theologischen Erklärung
1236:
1812:
281:
in the air, the conservative church leaders had to contend with socialists who favoured
2109:
1695:
1470:
1372:
994:(The German Saviour), in which he opposed Jewish migration as an apocalyptic decision:
376:
610:. The German Christians agitated for MĂĽller to be elected as the new Church's bishop (
245:
2500:
2476:
2434:
2403:
2362:
2345:
2225:
2197:
2174:
2151:
2120:
2097:
2065:
2059:
2044:
2025:
1886:
1862:
1834:
1816:
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1451:
1404:
1256:
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on which a "German Christianity on a Protestant basis" should be founded. It stated:
673:
446:
The German Christians were sympathetic to the Nazi regime's goal of "co-ordinating" (
428:
320:) which was responsible for ongoing governance between the annual conventions of the
257:
254:
99:
478:
Institute for Research and the Elimination of Jewish influence on German Church Life
2143:
1666:
1282:
1198:
1120:
or DNVP) (a party fairly close to the political aims of the NSDAP), wrote in 1925:
959:
554:
515:
2270:
Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Glaube. Die „Deutschen Christen“ in Württemberg 1925–1960
566:
190:
borders. Each state or provincial church was supported by and affiliated with the
70:
2461:
1762:
1562:
1395:
Institute for the Study and Elimination of Jewish Influence on German Church Life
1377:
1318:. German Christian-related parties sought to influence the historiography of the
1281:(called the "Dejudaisation Institute") was founded, led by Siegfried Leffler and
1279:
Institute for the Study and Elimination of Jewish Influence on German Church Life
1183:
1016:
and of the struggle" and "the great exploiter of humanity, the evil enemy of our
980:
858:
854:
826:
652:
451:
297:
199:
177:
45:
842:
688:
2402:; Arnoldshainer Texte Band 85; Frankfurt/M.: Haag + Herchen Verlag, 1994;
1806:
1792:
Wider das Vergessen: Schicksale judenchristlicher Pfarrer in der Zeit 1933-1945
1770:
837:
801:
508:
400:
289:
198:
were therefore, to a large extent, combined on a regional basis. Monarchies of
195:
53:
1923:
Die Deutsche Glaubensbewegung. Eine historische und soziologische Untersuchung
1859:
The Politics of Cultural Despair: a study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology
1447:
Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, Volume 1
2523:
2467:
Olaf KĂĽhl-Freudenstein (2005). "Krause, Reinhold". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.).
2359:
Kleine politische Kirchengeschichte. 50 Jahre evangelischer Kirchenkampf
2335:
1909:
1558:
1485:". Most of the approximately 600,000 members were Protestant, although a few
1361:
999:
970:
919:
790:
424:
372:
173:
1135:
1071:, and antisemitic organisations to form the German Christian Working Group (
1944:
1703:
1533:
book: German Reich 1938–August 1939, author: Susanne Heim, page: 797, url:
1474:
1272:
1252:
1145:
1084:
1068:
668:
580:
384:
191:
182:
95:
87:
61:
33:
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The Aryan Jesus : Christian theologians and the Bible in Nazi Germany
800:
It was claimed and remembered by the German Christians, as a "fact", that
1003:
911:
404:
380:
274:
238:
223:
1138:, aiming to clarify Christianity's relation to "Fatherland", "Nation", "
236:
as an inspiration. In 1943, Nazi Germany produced the biographical film
136:
2514:„Wider den jüdischen Geist“. Christian Anti-Semitic arguments 1871–1933
2492:
1691:
1656:: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 68.
1653:
1482:
1478:
1107:
1087:, saw more effect in the churches, striving for the 'de-Judification' (
782:
656:
432:
301:
242:
about Lueger, which was given the predicate "special political value".
232:
102:
in 1934. Siegfried Leffler was a co-founder of the German Christians.
2111:
Complicity in the Holocaust: Churches and Universities in Nazi Germany
1159:
without the precondition of, for example, the blood unit. But once a
587:
Hitler was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933 and the process of
1774:
1665:
Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte. Issue 21. December 1931. Editor:
1367:
1173:
1090:
869:, Wagner's son-in-law and intellectual disciple, wrote: "For us, the
503:
497:
215:, and Roman Catholic congregations and umbrellas remained in effect.
122:
Martin Luther § Anti-Jewish polemics and antisemitism: 1543–1544
701:
1972:[Zur Erneuerung des Verhältnisses von Christen und Juden].
1833:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 22.
1231:
1140:
940:
794:
187:
777:", a form of Christianity that did not stress the belief in human
507:
soldier listening to Jesus and a baptismal font which featured an
480:"—and his journal published articles like "Heroic Christianity" ("
2339:
2136:
Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust
1861:. copyright 1961 by The Regents of the University of California.
1803:
The Confessing Church grew out of the Pastors' Emergency League (
1561:
and its constitutive states, as it existed before the end of the
1214:
954:
894:
2469:
1857:, 5th ed. MĂĽnchen 1904, p.lxii. This is taken from Fritz Stern,
1773:, there was no standard definition of who was a "Jew," or which
1644:. (i.e. "Halo and Stahlhelm"), August 2013 (includes a picture).
1155:
is a spiritual reality ... certainly there will never be a
659:
clergy of Jewish descent and even clergy married to non-Aryans.
367:
Their movement was sustained and encouraged by factors such as:
2376:
Kirchliches Jahrbuch fĂĽr die evangelische Kirche in Deutschland
2081:
Twisted Cross: The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich
1970:"Towards Renovation of the Relationship of Christians and Jews"
1951:(in German). Evangelische Kirche im Rheinland. 14 December 2005
1831:
Twisted Cross: The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich
1617:
Verses 1-7 are the most pertinent; verses 1-2 read as follows (
1587:
For a fuller and more detailed account, see the article on the
1285:. One of its main tasks was to compile a "People's Testament" (
1266:
1124:
Whoever cheapens the Old Testament will soon also lose the New.
893:), Jesus stemmed from German soldiers in the Roman garrison in
677:
672:
with other evangelical Christians. Their opponents founded the
455:) the individual Protestant churches into a single and uniform
351:
83:
75:
2290:
Kreuz und Hakenkreuz. Die evangelische Kirche im Dritten Reich
80:
align German Protestantism as a whole towards those principles
2475:(in German). Vol. 24. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 968–974.
2239:
Der Kirchenkampf. Evangelische Kirche und Nationalsozialismus
2041:
For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest Against Hitler
1706:
and disabled. His father, also a pastor, had founded Bethel.
1576:
The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad
984:
945:
wherever it stands nakedly approached by the Jewish religion.
786:
456:
1176:
to found the Thuringian German Christians' Church Movement (
1095:) and the building of a non-denominational People's Church (
2190:
A Church Divided: German Protestants Confront the Nazi Past
1881:, in: Stefanie von Schnurbein, Justus H. Ulbricht (Hrsg.):
1879:
Germanisierung des Christentums — Heroisierung Christi
797:
in the middle and the group's German initials "D" and "C".
692:
Logos used by the German Christians in 1932, 1935, and 1937
461:
1769:). However, before the promulgation of the Nazi's racist
857:
and it emphatically recommended his work to its readers.
778:
2565:
Protestant denominations established in the 20th century
1636:
Bettina Vaupel, in: Monumente Journal. Published by the
1545:
The ruler of each state was also the highest authority (
793:. Their symbol was a traditional Christian cross with a
60:
that existed between 1932 and 1945, aligned towards the
1340:
Zur Erneuerung des Verhältnisses von Christen und Juden
1329:) and the People's Movement of Free Church Christians (
128:
Martin Luther § Posthumous influence within Nazism
2466:
1023:
In the same year, 1921, the Protestant-dominated and
807:, which appealed to and actively encouraged existing
680:
and claimed to be the true German Protestant Church.
300:, the Protestant Church in Germany now operated as a
2471:
Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)
781:. Some of them went so far as to call for the total
472:
The editor Professor Wilhelm Knevels of the journal
1479:
purge Christianity of everything they deemed Jewish
2468:
2108:
1788:Evangelical Archive for Pastors and their Families
1193:
1051:) magazine, which in 12,000 articles advanced the
676:in 1934, which condemned the German Christians as
476:(i.e. Christianity and Life) also worked for the "
1444:Bergen, Doris L. (2005). Levy, Richard S. (ed.).
2521:
2503:Die christlichen Wurzeln des Nationalsozialismus
2306:Vorgeschichte und Zeit der Illusionen, 1918–1934
1885:, Königshausen und Neumann GmbH, Würzburg 2001,
1443:
1450:. Oxford, England: ABC Clio. pp. 172–173.
390:the antisemitic writings of Martin Luther; cf.
484:", 1935) and "Why not only God? Why Jesus?" ("
82:. Their advocacy of these principles led to a
2392:; Bekennende Kirche Heft 15; Munich 1934
1227:Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutsche Glaubensbewegung
881:advocated a "Germanisation of Christianity".
853:devoted its June 1892 issue to a memorial of
769:The German Christians were supportive of the
399:the Luther Renaissance Movement of Professor
98:and the attendant foundation of the opposing
16:Movement within the German Evangelical Church
1804:
1746:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union
1330:
1324:
1286:
1225:
1208:
1177:
1129:
1115:
1096:
1088:
1078:
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559:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union
2540:Christian organizations established in 1932
1690:Bodelschwingh was a well-known and popular
1179:ThĂĽringer Kirchenbewegung Deutsche Christen
1077:). The Christian-Spirit Religious Society (
730:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
296:Accordingly, in this initial period of the
264:; Text: "German Christians – Save Austria!"
2096:, Stiftung Lutherhaus Eisenach: Eisenach.
2092:Jochen Birkenmeier, Michael Weise (2020):
1855:Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrunderts
1033:) was founded in Berlin. Andersen, pastor
549:The German Christians were organised as a
186:) in Germany were divided along state and
2493:Die evangelische Kirche und der Holocaust
2133:
1945:"Judentum, christlich-jüdisches Gespräch"
1384:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
750:Learn how and when to remove this message
2390:Die falsche Lehre der Deutschen Christen
2187:
2106:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1481:and to create a German church based on "
965:In 1920 minister Karl Gerecke published
833:). They found their model in the Berlin
687:
379:in 1517, an event which endorsed German
341:
244:
32:
2164:
2038:
1684:
1425:
1400:List of white nationalist organisations
809:antisemitic sentiments among Christians
593:German Evangelical Church Confederation
306:German Evangelical Church Confederation
2522:
2078:
2015:
1828:
1672:
1500:Only in the regional church bodies of
1439:
1437:
1435:
1128:In 1927 the Protestant Church League (
1080:Geistchristliche Religionsgesellschaft
1074:deutschchristliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft
1027:-oriented League for German Churches (
2142:
1713:
1594:
491:The "Martin Luther Memorial Church" (
2398:Leonore Siegele-Wenschkewitz (ed.):
2380:Evangelische Kirche im Dritten Reich
2061:A Concise History of the Third Reich
2057:
1364:, the analogous movement in the USSR
1349:the Dejudaisation Institute Memorial
1222:Associated German Religious Movement
728:adding citations to reliable sources
695:
433:removal of Jewishness from the Bible
131:
37:Flag of the German Christians (1934)
2550:Far-right politics and Christianity
2416:it (S. 201–234) Birgit Jerke:
2344:; MĂĽnchen: Christian Kaiser, 1990;
1974:Sacred Heart University Connecticut
1432:
1344:Evangelical Church in the Rhineland
1332:Volkskirchenbewegung Freie Christen
1131:Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchenbund
1083:), founded in 1927 in Nuremberg by
371:the 400th anniversary (in 1917) of
310:Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchenbund
167:
13:
2555:Late modern Christian antisemitism
2361:; Cologne: Pahl-Rugenstein, 1984;
2064:. University of California Press.
1267:Attempts to "de-Judaise" the Bible
646:
576:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte
486:Warum nicht nur Gott? Warum Jesus?
268:
218:
14:
2576:
2445:
1204:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
561:, the largest of the independent
409:National Socialist Women's League
2431:Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte
2300:Die Kirchen und das Dritte Reich
2134:Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah (1996).
1925:; Marburg: diagonal-Verlag, 1993
910:On the 400th anniversary of the
700:
135:
2323:GĂĽnther van Norden u.a. (ed.):
2224:; Freimund Verlag 1976 (1959),
2004:
1991:
1962:
1937:
1928:
1915:
1896:
1871:
1847:
1822:
1797:
1755:
1738:
1725:
1659:
1647:
1638:Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz
1420:Religious views of Adolf Hitler
1210:Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts
1194:Pagan and anti-Christian trends
1168:, the spirit and not the blood.
924:Hans Paul Freiherr von Wolzogen
905:
819:
403:; supported by publications by
331:
205:Ă©tablissements publics du culte
2535:Nazi Germany and Protestantism
2313:Das Jahr der ErnĂĽchterung 1934
2222:Wider die Kirchenkampflegenden
2043:. Oxford University Press US.
1642:"Heiligenschein und Stahlhelm"
1630:
1611:
1581:
1568:
1539:
1527:
1494:
1243:(1881–1945), racial ideologue
1112:German National People's Party
1108:abolition of the Old Testament
1041:brought out the twice-monthly
783:removal of all Jewish elements
571:Salvation from chaotic madness
535:Institute of Religious Studies
493:Martin-Luther-Gedächtniskirche
346:German Christians celebrating
115:
110:
86:within 23 of the initially 28
1:
2188:Hockenos, Matthew D. (2004).
1853:Houston Stewart Chamberlain,
1784:Evangelisches Pfarrhausarchiv
1625:bring judgment on themselves.
1557:the Knowledge article on the
1326:Freie Christliche Volkskirche
1309:
973:, one of the founders of the
814:
771:Nazi Party's ideas about race
442:13) to justify this position.
2022:University Press of Kentucky
1410:Race and appearance of Jesus
1316:Protestant Church in Germany
1261:Lothar Stengel-von Rutkowski
1117:Deutschnationale Volkspartei
914:, in 1917, Flensburg pastor
617:
601:Deutsche Evangelische Kirche
544:
539:Advanced School of the NSDAP
459:church, consistent with the
253:poster of 1920, depicting a
7:
2247:Heiner Faulenbach: Artikel
2016:Barnes, Kenneth C. (1991).
1578:, Norton, 2003, 2007, p. 60
1415:Religious aspects of Nazism
1355:
1188:Briefe an Deutsche Christen
1059:In 1925 groups such as the
867:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
625:Friedrich von Bodelschwingh
431:, and the partial or total
407:, the first speaker of the
358:
180:, the Protestant churches (
10:
2581:
2171:Princeton University Press
2165:Heschel, Susannah (2008).
2117:Cambridge University Press
2039:Barnett, Victoria (1992).
2009:
1293:Lulu von StrauĂź und Torney
1270:
953:, the "angry thunder-god"
393:On the Jews and Their Lies
335:
125:
119:
105:
74:ideological principles of
56:and a movement within the
25:
18:
2211:
2150:. London: Penguin Books.
2107:Ericksen, Robert (2012).
2083:. Chapel Hill: UNC Press.
2079:Bergen, Doris L. (1996).
1787:
1619:New International Version
885:alleged in his 1907 book
683:
597:German Evangelical Church
172:During the period of the
58:German Evangelical Church
2530:Nazi Party organizations
2433:; TĂĽbingen: Mohr, 1981;
2374:Joachim Beckmann (eds):
2194:Indiana University Press
2148:The Third Reich in Power
1815:in 1933. See article on
1030:Bund fĂĽr deutsche Kirche
522:the Protestant minister
338:Religion in Nazi Germany
88:regional church bodies (
2058:Benz, Wolfgang (2006).
1700:charitable organization
1487:Catholics were involved
1249:Ernst Graf zu Reventlow
1020:finally be destroyed".
990:In 1921 Andersen wrote
949:For the authors of the
831:arteigene Volksreligion
664:Gleichschaltungspolitik
514:Under the authority of
423:the de-emphasis of the
2388:Julius Sammetreuther:
2280:Die Deutschen Christen
2220:Friedrich Baumgärtel:
1906:The Ninety-five Theses
1829:Bergen, Doris (1996).
1805:
1766:
1627:
1331:
1325:
1287:
1226:
1209:
1187:
1178:
1170:
1148:, for example, wrote:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1097:
1089:
1079:
1073:
1047:
1029:
1009:
969:in the Volksverlag of
967:Biblical anti-Semitism
947:
912:Protestant Reformation
830:
693:
553:(church party, i.e. a
482:Heroisches Christentum
375:'s publication of the
355:
265:
251:Christian Social Party
228:Christian Social Party
49:
38:
1622:
1390:German Faith Movement
1150:
1122:
1039:Kurd Joachim Niedlich
996:
975:German Workers' Party
932:
887:Der deutsche Christus
775:Positive Christianity
691:
474:Christentum und Leben
345:
248:
36:
28:German Faith Movement
1426:Notes and references
1342:), the Synod of the
992:Der deutsche Heiland
724:improve this section
279:revolutionary fervor
2545:Christian movements
2357:Hans Prolingheuer:
1786:(about in English:
1237:Jakob Wilhelm Hauer
1048:Die Deutsche Kirche
565:. They were led by
290:public corporations
21:Religion in Germany
2460:2009-04-22 at the
2138:. New York: Knopf.
1696:Bethel Institution
1694:pastor who headed
1510:Hanover (Reformed)
1506:Hanover (Lutheran)
1502:Bavaria (Lutheran)
1471:National Socialism
1373:Christian Identity
1245:Hans F. K. GĂĽnther
998:Who will win, the
916:Friedrich Andersen
871:Deutsche Schriften
863:Bayreuther Blätter
851:Bayreuther Blätter
694:
520:religious theories
377:Ninety-five Theses
356:
266:
147:. You can help by
39:
2441:; S. 521–528
2249:Deutsche Christen
2203:978-0-253-34448-9
2180:978-0-691-12531-2
2144:Evans, Richard J.
2126:978-1-107-01591-3
2102:978-3-9818078-5-1
1893:, S. 165–183
1817:Confessing Church
1589:Confessing Church
1574:Fareed Zacharia,
1405:Marcion of Sinope
1257:Ludwig Fahrenkrog
1043:The German Church
1000:six-cornered star
891:The German Christ
811:in Nazi Germany.
805:had killed Christ
760:
759:
752:
674:Confessing Church
524:Wilhelm Brachmann
429:Lutheran theology
165:
164:
100:Confessing Church
78:with the goal to
50:Deutsche Christen
42:German Christians
2572:
2512:Andreas Herzog:
2510:
2499:
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2474:
2453:
2428:
2397:
2387:
2382:, GĂĽtersloh 1948
2373:
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2322:
2298:Klaus Scholder:
2297:
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2272:; Stuttgart 1994
2268:Rainer Lächele:
2267:
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1894:
1877:Rainer Lächele:
1875:
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1844:
1826:
1820:
1819:for more detail.
1813:Martin Niemöller
1810:
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1514:Schaumburg-Lippe
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1491:
1477:. They aimed to
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1283:Walter Grundmann
1229:
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1199:Alfred Rosenberg
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1063:united with ten
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960:Ten Commandments
789:, including the
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748:
744:
741:
735:
704:
696:
555:nominating group
532:
516:Alfred Rosenberg
488:", April 1942).
318:Kirchenausschuss
283:disestablishment
273:With the end of
196:Church and state
168:Imperial Germany
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2462:Wayback Machine
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2378:1933–1945. It:
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1378:Esoteric Nazism
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981:Dietrich Eckart
936:racial research
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859:Ludwig Schemann
855:Paul de Lagarde
825:folk-religion (
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653:Aryan paragraph
649:
647:Aryan paragraph
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608:Gleichschaltung
589:Gleichschaltung
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537:as part of the
533:established an
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452:Gleichschaltung
414:the revival of
401:Emmanuel Hirsch
361:
340:
334:
298:Weimar Republic
271:
269:Weimar Republic
255:Judeo-Bolshevik
226:'s antisemitic
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178:Weimar Republic
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1807:Pfarrernotbund
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1782:p. 33-36. The
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1241:Ernst Bergmann
1230:), founded in
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2157:0-14-100976-4
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2115:. Cambridge:
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1980:on 2018-10-12
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1891:3-8260-2160-6
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1867:0-520-02626-8
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791:Old Testament
788:
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772:
767:
765:
764:Reichsbischof
754:
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729:
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719:
718:
714:
709:This section
707:
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681:
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642:
641:Reichsbischof
637:
636:Landeskirchen
632:
630:
629:Reichsbischof
626:
615:
613:
612:Reichsbischof
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
582:
578:
577:
572:
568:
567:Ludwig MĂĽller
564:
563:Landeskirchen
560:
556:
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551:Kirchenpartei
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467:FĂĽhrerprinzip
464:
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425:Old Testament
422:
419:
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373:Martin Luther
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183:Landeskirchen
179:
176:, before the
175:
174:German Empire
159:
150:
146:
143:This section
141:
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103:
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97:
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90:Landeskirchen
85:
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71:FĂĽhrerprinzip
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63:
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35:
29:
22:
2560:Kirchenkampf
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2417:
2399:
2389:
2379:
2375:
2358:
2333:
2324:
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2299:
2289:
2288:Kurt Meier:
2279:
2278:Kurt Meier:
2269:
2248:
2238:
2221:
2189:
2166:
2147:
2135:
2110:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2060:
2040:
2017:
2005:Bibliography
1993:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:the original
1973:
1964:
1953:. Retrieved
1948:
1939:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1902:
1898:
1882:
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1830:
1824:
1799:
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1757:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1733:Reichskirche
1732:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1704:mentally ill
1686:
1678:
1674:
1661:
1649:
1632:
1623:
1613:
1605:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1554:
1546:
1541:
1529:
1521:
1496:
1475:Christianity
1468:
1461:. Retrieved
1446:
1382:
1339:
1337:
1320:Kirchenkampf
1319:
1313:
1276:
1273:Anti-Judaism
1253:Herman Wirth
1251:, historian
1219:
1202:
1197:
1171:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1146:Paul Althaus
1139:
1127:
1123:
1105:
1085:Artur Dinter
1069:Germanophile
1064:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1042:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1010:
997:
991:
989:
979:
966:
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948:
939:
933:
927:
909:
906:20th century
890:
886:
879:Arthur Bonus
876:
870:
865:kept alive.
862:
850:
848:
843:Ăśberfremdung
841:
834:
823:
820:19th century
802:
799:
768:
763:
761:
746:
737:
722:Please help
710:
669:Kirchenkampf
667:
663:
661:
650:
640:
635:
633:
628:
621:
611:
607:
605:
600:
588:
586:
581:Wilhelm Kube
574:
570:
562:
550:
548:
534:
513:
502:
496:
492:
490:
485:
481:
473:
471:
466:
460:
450:
447:
445:
415:
391:
385:antisemitism
366:
362:
347:
332:Nazi Germany
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
295:
287:
272:
260:choking the
249:Antisemitic
237:
231:
222:
204:
192:regnal house
181:
171:
153:
149:adding to it
144:
89:
69:
41:
40:
2509:(in German)
2498:(in German)
2490:(in German)
2452:(in German)
2427:(in German)
2396:(in German)
2386:(in German)
2372:(in German)
2355:(in German)
2330:(in German)
2321:(in German)
2296:(in German)
2286:(in German)
2276:(in German)
2266:(in German)
2256: [
2245:(in German)
2237:Otto Diem:
2235:(in German)
2218:(in German)
1744:The entire
1692:Westphalian
1518:WĂĽrttemberg
1463:27 February
1296: [
1099:Volkskirche
1004:Good Friday
900:Julius Bode
835:Hofprediger
662:With their
527: [
420:traditions;
405:Guida Diehl
381:nationalism
275:World War I
239:Vienna 1910
224:Karl Lueger
116:Lutheranism
111:Antecedents
62:antisemitic
2524:Categories
2334:Deutscher
2311:Volume 2:
2304:Volume 1:
1984:2018-10-12
1955:2018-10-12
1698:, a large
1654:Ernst Klee
1549:) in that
1310:After 1945
1271:See also:
1136:Königsberg
1007:destroyed.
934:The newer
926:presented
815:Precursors
779:sinfulness
740:March 2018
657:defrocking
348:Luther-Day
336:See also:
322:Kirchentag
314:Kirchentag
302:federation
233:Mein Kampf
211:, Jewish,
188:provincial
126:See also:
120:See also:
1775:Mischling
1767:Volljuden
1368:Ariosophy
1247:, writer
1174:Thuringia
1091:Entjudung
928:95 Thesen
918:, writer
883:Max Bewer
785:from the
711:does not
618:Bishopric
545:Formation
504:Wehrmacht
501:-wearing
498:Stahlhelm
209:Calvinist
156:June 2022
52:) were a
2458:Archived
2340:Judentum
2146:(2006).
1731:The new
1702:for the
1356:See also
1232:Eisenach
1201:'s book
1166:Volkstum
1161:Volkstum
1157:Volkstum
1153:Volkstum
1141:Volkstum
1065:völkisch
1056:Cross."
1025:völkisch
941:Volkstum
877:In 1896
803:the Jews
795:swastika
678:heretics
518:and his
417:völkisch
359:Ideology
213:Lutheran
207:for the
2342:1932–33
2010:English
1780:Barnett
1750:Barnett
1722:p. 223.
1708:Barnett
1215:Marxism
955:Jehovah
895:Galilee
732:removed
717:sources
354:in 1933
258:serpent
106:History
96:Germany
2479:
2437:
2406:
2365:
2348:
2262:, 1999
2251:; in:
2228:
2212:German
2200:
2177:
2154:
2123:
2100:
2087:Bergen
2068:
2047:
2028:
1889:
1865:
1837:
1763:German
1752:p. 34.
1710:p. 33.
1679:Bergen
1608:p. 74.
1606:Barnes
1516:, and
1454:
1259:, and
1184:German
951:Thesen
922:, and
827:German
684:Impact
440:Romans
352:Berlin
84:schism
76:Nazism
68:, and
66:racist
46:German
2260:]
1720:Evans
1681:p. 5.
1483:blood
1300:]
1053:Bund'
985:Baldr
787:Bible
531:]
457:Reich
2477:ISBN
2435:ISBN
2404:ISBN
2363:ISBN
2346:ISBN
2338:und
2226:ISBN
2198:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2121:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2066:ISBN
2045:ISBN
2026:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1835:ISBN
1473:and
1465:2018
1452:ISBN
1220:The
1061:Bund
1018:Volk
1014:Volk
849:The
715:any
713:cite
462:Volk
2253:RGG
1908:of
1903:See
1190:).
1103:).
726:by
627:as
614:).
448:see
427:in
350:in
151:.
94:in
2526::
2258:de
2196:.
2173:.
2119:.
2024:.
2020:.
1947:.
1765::
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1553:.
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1508:,
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1467:.
1434:^
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509:SA
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2206:.
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2160:.
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2089:)
2085:(
2074:.
2053:.
2034:.
1987:.
1958:.
1912:.
1843:.
1591:.
1565:.
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889:(
753:)
747:(
742:)
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720:.
599:(
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154:(
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23:.
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