9764:
9756:
5641:
8498:
4542:
6727:
8413:
9799:
5040:
8455:
7761:
5940:
8380:
9398:
3057:
4994:
4721:
765:
1494:
9406:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1654:
1642:
1629:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1512:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1312:
576:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1185:
477:
1814:
621:
5802:
726:
752:
534:
8586:
8443:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
998:
986:
974:
962:
950:
938:
926:
914:
902:
890:
878:
865:
852:
840:
818:
439:
549:
1778:
1766:
1754:
590:
1287:
1269:
512:
7124:
7047:
781:
19872:
8322:
8633:). The Soviets incrementally upgraded existing designs, and simplified and refined manufacturing processes to increase production, and were helped by a mass infusion of harder to produce goods such as aviation fuel, machine tools, trucks, and high-explosives from Lend-Lease, allowing them to concentrate on a few key industries. Meanwhile, Germany had been cut off from foreign trade for years by the time it invaded the USSR, was in the middle of two extended and costly theatres at air and sea that further limited production (
7297:
6879:
6593:
6497:
6333:
6139:
5596:
5321:
14371:
7844:
11756:
10785:"We National Socialists consciously draw a line under the direction of our foreign policy war. We begin where we ended six centuries ago. We stop the perpetual Germanic march towards the south and west of Europe, and have the view on the country in the east. We finally put the colonial and commercial policy of the pre-war and go over to the territorial policy of the future. But if we speak today in Europe of new land, we can primarily only to Russia and the border states subjects him think." Charles Long, 1965:
19030:
8022:
10541:, in the Eastern Front, Axis countries and German co-belligerents sustained 1,468,145 irrecoverable losses (668,163 KIA/MIA), Germany itself– 7,181,100 (3,604,800 KIA/MIA), and 579,900 PoWs died in Soviet captivity. So the Axis KIA/MIA amounted to 4.8 million in the East during the period of 1941–1945. This is more than a half of all Axis losses (including the Asia/Pacific theatre). The USSR sustained 10.5 million military losses (including PoWs who died in German captivity, according to Vadim Erlikman.
1802:
1790:
604:
10565:, p. xix: "That conflict, which ended sixty years before this book's completion, was a decisive component – arguably the single most decisive component – of the Second World War. It was on the eastern front, between 1941 and 1945, that the greater part of the land and associated air forces of Nazi Germany and its Axis partners were ultimately destroyed by the Soviet Union in what, from 1944, its people – and those of the fifteen successor states – called, and still call, the Great Patriotic War"
15727:
3933:
5640:
739:
9905:
camps to be used as forced labourers or killed. Additionally, millions of Soviet civilians were captured as POWs and treated in the same manner. It is estimated that between 2.25 and 3.3 million Soviet POWs died in Nazi custody, out of 5.25–5.7 million. This figure represents a total of 45–57% of all Soviet POWs and may be contrasted with 8,300 deaths out of 231,000 British and U.S. prisoners, or 3.6%. About 5% of the Soviet prisoners who died were of Jewish ethnicity.
1504:
1279:
5335:, raw materials and production capacity required to entertain long-term goals (such as European control, German territorial expansion and the destruction of the USSR) were limited. Political demands necessitated the expansion of Germany's control of natural and human resources, industrial capacity and farmland beyond its borders (conquered territories). Germany's military production was tied to resources outside its area of control, a dynamic not found amongst the Allies.
161:
7506:
9356:
and 1.75 million tons of food. The
British supplied aircraft including 3,000 Hurricanes and 4,000 other aircraft during the war. Five thousand tanks were provided by the British and Canada. Total British supplies were about four million tons. Germany on the other hand had the resources of conquered Europe at its disposal; those numbers are however not included into the tables above, such as production in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, and so on.
7839:
divisions. Whenever the Allies open a second front on the
Continent, it will be decidedly a secondary front to that of Russia; theirs will continue to be the main effort. Without Russia in the war, the Axis cannot be defeated in Europe, and the position of the United Nations becomes precarious. Similarly, Russia's post-war position in Europe will be a dominant one. With Germany crushed, there is no power in Europe to oppose her tremendous military forces.
8203:
desperately tried not to give Hitler any provocation that Berlin could use as an excuse for a German attack; Stalin refused to allow the military to go on the alert – even as German troops gathered on the borders and German reconnaissance planes overflew installations. This refusal to take necessary action was instrumental in the destruction of major portions of the Red Air Force, lined up on its airfields, in the first days of the German–Soviet war.
10707:
11662:
87,600 in the
Northern Norway command (Bef. Fin.), and 238,700 in OKH Reserve units (some of which had not yet arrived in the East). It includes all personnel in the German Army (including the security units), Waffen SS, Luftwaffe ground forces and even naval coastal artillery (in the East). This figure compares very well with the figure in the table (around 3,119,000) derived from Earl Ziemke's book (which is used as the Axis source in the chart)
1862:
672:
15691:
15715:
1874:
1257:
1245:
1233:
693:
491:
8141:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1130:
1118:
649:
455:
7945:
45:
9763:
4990:, 150,000 of the Waffen-SS, and 1,200,000 of the Replacement Army (contained 450,400 active reservists, 550,000 new recruits and 204,000 in administrative services, vigiles and or in convalescence). The Wehrmacht had a total strength of 7,234,000 men by 1941. For Operation Barbarossa, Germany mobilised 3,300,000 troops of the Heer, 150,000 of the Waffen-SS and approximately 250,000 personnel of the Luftwaffe were actively earmarked.
7494:
15703:
9784:, states "these figures are undoubtedly too low". According to Soviet claims, the Germans lost 42,700 tanks, tank destroyers, self-propelled guns and assault guns on the Eastern front. Overall, Germany produced 3,024 reconnaissance vehicles, 2,450 other armoured vehicles, 21,880 armoured personnel carriers, 36,703 semi-tracked tractors and 87,329 semi-tracked trucks, estimated 2/3 were lost on the Eastern Front.
7529:, the offensive was to be on a broad front and was to move as rapidly as possible to the west, to meet the Western Allies as far west as possible. But the over-riding objective was to capture Berlin. The two were complementary because possession of the zone could not be won quickly unless Berlin was taken. Another consideration was that Berlin itself held strategic assets, including Adolf Hitler and part of the
7752:, it had agreed to Allied pleas to terminate the neutrality pact with Japan and enter the Second World War's Pacific theatre within three months after the end of the war in Europe. While not a part of the Eastern Front operations, it is included here because the commanders and much of the forces used by the Red Army came from the European Theatre of operations and benefited from the experience gained there.
15755:
6802:
10442:
5429:
7540:. After several days of heavy fighting the Soviet 1BF and 1UF punched holes through the German front line and were fanning out across central Germany. By 24 April, elements of the 1BF and 1UF had completed the encirclement of the German capital and the Battle of Berlin entered its final stages. On 25 April the 2BF broke through the German 3rd Panzer Army's line south of
4491:. The populations of occupied Central Europe and the Soviet Union were to be partially deported to West Siberia, enslaved and eventually exterminated; the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or "Germanized" settlers. In addition, the Nazis also sought to rid themselves of the large Jewish population of Central and Eastern Europe as part of their
5006:, the Wehrmacht was up to 7,849,000 personnel in April 1944. 3,878,000 were deployed in eastern Europe, 311,000 in Norway/Denmark, 1,873,000 in western Europe, 961,000 in Italy, and 826,000 in the Balkans. About 15–20% of total German strength were foreign troops (from allied countries or conquered territories). The German high water mark was just before the
5078:, that ordered (as demanded by Stalin): "do not answer to any provocations" and "do not undertake any (offensive) actions without specific orders" – which meant that Soviet troops could open fire only on their soil and forbade counter-attack on German soil. The German invasion therefore caught the Soviet military and civilian leadership largely by surprise.
6923:. Hitler's insistence on holding the Dnieper line, even when facing the prospect of catastrophic defeat, was compounded by his conviction that the Cherkassy pocket could break out and even advance to Kiev, but Manstein was more concerned about being able to advance to the edge of the pocket and then implore the surrounded forces to break out.
5372:
70% of the total production of crude oil. In 1941, Germany only had 18% of the oil it had in peacetime. Romania supplied
Germany and its allies with roughly 13 million barrels of oil (about 4 million per year) between 1941 and 1943. Germany's peak oil production in 1944 amounted to about 12 million barrels of oil per year.
10553:), so the number of military deaths (the USSR and the Axis) amounted to 15 million, far greater than in all other World War II theatres. According to the same source, total Soviet civilian deaths within post-war borders amounted to 15.7 million. The numbers for other Central European and German civilian casualties are not included here.
8614:
own. For example, while the USSR was able to produce fuel of octane numbers from 70 to 74, Soviet industry only met 4% of demand for fuel of octane numbers from 90+; all aircraft produced after 1939 required fuel of the latter category. To fulfill demands, the USSR depended on
American assistance, both in finished products and TEL.
7923:
libraries; leaving 25 million homeless. Seven million horses, 17 million cattle, 20 million pigs, 27 million sheep were also slaughtered or driven off. Wild fauna were also affected. Wolves and foxes fleeing westward from the killing zone, as the Soviet army advanced between 1943 and 1945, were responsible for a
7615:, defence commandant of Berlin, surrendered the city to the Soviet forces on 2 May. Altogether, the Berlin operation (16 April – 2 May) cost the Red Army 361,367 casualties (dead, wounded, missing and sick) and 1,997 tanks and assault guns. German losses in this period of the war remain impossible to determine with any reliability.
8376:
Nazi pillaging of Soviet villages and hamlets and unprecedented harsh punishment and treatment of civilians in general were some of the primary reasons for Soviet resistance to Nazi
Germany's invasion. Indeed, the Soviets viewed Germany's invasion as an act of aggression and an attempt to conquer and enslave the local population.
5284:
factory machinery. The aid of production-line equipment and machinery were crucial and helped to maintain adequate levels of Soviet armament production during the entire war. In addition, the USSR received wartime innovations including penicillin, radar, rocket, precision-bombing technology, the long-range navigation system
7421:, though often overshadowed by the Vistula–Oder operation and the later battle for Berlin, was in fact one of the largest and costliest operations fought by the Red Army throughout the war. During the period it lasted (13 January – 25 April), it cost the Red Army 584,788 casualties, and 3,525 tanks and assault guns.
8090:", which involved fortifying even the most unimportant or insignificant of cities and the holding of these "fortresses" at all costs. Many divisions became cut off in "fortress" cities, or wasted uselessly in secondary theatres, because Hitler would not sanction retreat or voluntarily abandon any of his conquests.
6934:, fought their way across the river to safety, although at the cost of half their number and all their equipment. They assumed the Red Army would not attack again, with the spring approaching, but on 3 March the Soviet Ukrainian Front went over to the offensive. Having already isolated the Crimea by severing the
9418:
half died in Soviet custody. Official OKW Casualty
Figures list 65% of Heer killed/missing/captured as being lost on the Eastern Front from 1 September 1939, to 1 January 1945 (four months and a week before the conclusion of the war), with front not specified for losses of the Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe.
7444:. The 2BF moved into the positions being vacated by the 1BF north of the Seelow Heights. While this redeployment was in progress, gaps were left in the lines and the remnants of the German 2nd Army, which had been bottled up in a pocket near Danzig, managed to escape across the Oder. To the south General
7789:, all occurred on the Eastern Front. The distinctly brutal nature of warfare on the Eastern Front was exemplified by an often wilful disregard for human life by both sides. It was also reflected in the ideological premise for the war, which saw a momentous clash between two directly opposed ideologies.
6680:, just 8 km (5.0 mi) into the advance. The 9th Army blunted its spearhead against the Soviet minefields, frustratingly so considering that the high ground there was the only natural barrier between them and flat tank country all the way to Kursk. The direction of advance was then switched to
9355:
Soviet production and upkeep was assisted by the Lend-Lease program from the United States and the United
Kingdom. In the course of the war the US supplied $ 11 billion of materiel through Lend-Lease. This included 400,000 trucks, 12,000 armoured vehicles (including 7,000 tanks), 11,400 aircraft
8637:
and
Defence of the Reich), and was forced to devote a large segment of its expenditures to goods the Soviets could cut back on (such as trucks) or which would never even be used against the Soviets (such as ships). Naval vessels alone constituted 10–15% of Germany's war expenditures from 1940 to 1944
8621:
German production of explosives from 1940 to 1944 was 1.595 million tons, along with 829,970 tons of powder. Consumption on all fronts during the same period was 1.493 million tons of explosives and 626,887 tons of powder. From 1941 to 1945, the USSR produced only 505,000 tons of explosives
8597:
The Soviet victory owed a great deal to the ability of its war industry to outperform the German economy, despite the enormous loss of population and land. Stalin's five-year plans of the 1930s had resulted in the industrialisation of the Urals and central Asia. In 1941, thousands of trains evacuated
8572:
Soviet repressions also contributed into the
Eastern Front's death toll. Mass repression occurred in the occupied portions of Poland as well as in the Baltic states and Bessarabia. Immediately after the start of the German invasion, the NKVD massacred large numbers of inmates in most of their prisons
8432:
as the Germans requisitioned food for their armies and fodder for their draft horses. As they retreated from Ukraine and Belarus in 1943–44, the German occupiers systematically applied a scorched earth policy, burning towns and cities, destroying infrastructure, and leaving civilians to starve or die
8375:
Instead, the Nazi ideologues saw the future of the East as one of settlement by German colonists, with the natives killed, expelled, or reduced to slave labour. The cruel and brutally inhumane treatment of Soviet civilians, women, children and elderly, the daily bombings of civilian cities and towns,
6750:
at Prochorovka was a Soviet defensive success, albeit at heavy cost. The Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army, with about 800 light and medium tanks, attacked elements of the II SS Panzer Corps. Tank losses on both sides have been the source of controversy ever since. Although the 5th Guards Tank Army did not
5371:
On 27 May 1940, Germany signed the "Oil Pact" with Romania, by which Germany would trade arms for oil. Romania's oil production amounted to approximately 6,000,000 tons annually. This production represents 35% of the total fuel production of the Axis, including synthetic products and substitutes, and
5299:
In the last year of war, Lend-Lease data show that about 5.1 million tons of foodstuff left the United States for the Soviet Union. It is estimated that all the food supplies sent to Russia could feed a 12,000,000-man strong army a half pound of concentrated food per day, for the entire duration
5291:
Of the 800,000 tons of nonferrous metals shipped, about 350,000 tons were aluminium. The shipment of aluminium not only represented double the amount of metal that Germany possessed, but also composed the bulk of aluminium that was used in manufacture of Soviet aircraft, that had fallen in critically
9779:
According to a report prepared by the General Staff of the Army issued in December 1944, materiel losses in the East from the period of 22 June 1941 until November 1944 stood at 33,324 armoured vehicles of all types (tanks, assault guns, tank destroyers, self-propelled guns and others). Paul Winter,
8613:
supplies from the United Kingdom and the United States. The Germans, on the other hand, could rely on a large slave workforce from the conquered countries and Soviet POWs. American exports and technical expertise also enabled the Soviets to produce goods that they wouldn't have been able to on their
8465:
The Nazi ideology and the maltreatment of the local population and Soviet POWs encouraged partisans fighting behind the front; it motivated even anti-communists or non-Russian nationalists to ally with the Soviets and greatly delayed the formation of German-allied divisions consisting of Soviet POWs
8252:
As it became clear that the Soviet Union would win the war, Stalin ensured that propaganda always mentioned his leadership of the war; he sidelined the victorious generals and never allowed them to develop into political rivals. After the war the Soviets once again purged the Red Army (though not as
6817:
from Belgorod to Karachev could not counteract it, and the Wehrmacht began a withdrawal from Orel (retaken by the Red Army on 5 August 1943), falling back to the Hagen line in front of Bryansk. To the south, the Red Army broke through Army Group South's Belgorod positions and headed for Kharkov once
6754:
At the end of the day both sides had fought each other to a standstill, but regardless of the German failure in the north Manstein proposed he continue the attack with the 4th Panzer Army. The Red Army started the strong offensive operation in the northern Orel salient and achieved a breakthrough on
6550:
towards the Aksai river but became bogged down 65 km (40 mi) short of its goal. To divert the rescue attempt, the Red Army decided to smash the Italians and come down behind the relief attempt if they could; that operation starting on 16 December. What it did accomplish was to destroy many
5410:
turnover, about 15 million men and women were forced labourers at one point during the war. For example, 1.5 million French soldiers were kept in POW camps in Germany as hostages and forced workers and, in 1943, 600,000 French civilians were forced to move to Germany to work in war plants.
8202:
and of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in 1939–1940, Stalin insisted on the occupation of every fold of the newly Sovietized territories; this move westward positioned troops far from their depots, in salients that left them vulnerable to encirclement. As tension heightened in spring, 1941, Stalin
7922:
The combined damage consisted of complete or partial destruction of 1,710 cities and towns, 70,000 villages/hamlets, 2,508 church buildings, 31,850 industrial establishments, 64,000 kilometres (40,000 mi) of railroad, 4,100 railroad stations, 40,000 hospitals, 84,000 schools, and 43,000 public
7772:
of World War II. It is generally accepted as being the deadliest conflict in human history, with over 30 million killed as a result. The German armed forces suffered 80% of its military deaths in the Eastern Front. It involved more land combat than all other World War II theatres combined. The
6971:
the keystone of the entire German defensive system. The 4th and 9th armies and 3rd Panzer Army still held their own east of the upper Dnieper, stifling Soviet attempts to reach Vitebsk. On Army Group North's front, there was barely any fighting at all until January 1944, when out of nowhere Volkhov
5295:
Stalin noted in 1944, that two-thirds of Soviet heavy industry had been built with the help of the United States, and the remaining one-third, with the help from other Western nations such as Great Britain and Canada. The massive transfer of equipment and skilled personnel from occupied territories
11661:
For example, my own extensive study of German forces in 1941 (Volume IIA and IIB of 'Operation Barbarossa: the complete Organisational and Statistical Analysis') shows the entire German force on the Eastern Front (up to 4 July 1941) had around 3,359,000 men (page 74, Vol IIB). This includes around
10419:
that "not a human being, not a single head of cattle, not a hundredweight of cereals and not a railway line remain behind; that not a house remains standing, not a mine is available which is not destroyed for years to come, that there is not a well which is not poisoned. The enemy must really find
9437:
The huge death toll was attributed to several factors, including brutal mistreatment of POWs and captured partisans, the large deficiency of food and medical supplies in Soviet territories, and atrocities committed mostly by the Germans against the civilian population. The multiple battles and the
8509:
Belarus lost a quarter of its pre-war population, including practically all its intellectual elite. Following bloody encirclement battles, all of the present-day Belarus territory was occupied by the Germans by the end of August 1941. The Nazis imposed a brutal regime, deporting some 380,000 young
7792:
Aside from the ideological conflict, the mindframe of the leaders of Germany and the Soviet Union, Hitler and Stalin, respectively, contributed to the escalation of terror and murder on an unprecedented scale. Stalin and Hitler both disregarded human life in order to achieve their goal of victory.
9417:
Included in this figure of German losses is the majority of the 2 million German military personnel listed as missing or unaccounted for after the war. Rüdiger Overmans states that it seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of these men were killed in action and the other
7838:
In War II Russia occupies a dominant position and is the decisive factor looking toward the defeat of the Axis in Europe. While in Sicily the forces of Great Britain and the United States are being opposed by 2 German divisions, the Russian front is receiving attention of approximately 200 German
5652:
Operation Barbarossa began just before dawn on 22 June 1941. The Germans cut the wire network in all Soviet western military districts to undermine the Red Army's communications. Panicky transmissions from the Soviet front-line units to their command headquarters were picked up like this: "We are
5303:
The total Lend-Lease aid provided during the Second World War had been estimated between $ 42–50 billion. The Soviet Union received shipments in war materials, military equipment and other supplies worth of $ 12.5 billion, about a quarter of the American Lend-Lease aid provided to other
4141:
called the Eastern Front "the most atrocious war of conquest, enslavement, and annihilation known to modern history", while British historian Robin Cross expressed that "In the Second World War no theatre was more gruelling and destructive than the Eastern Front, and nowhere was the fighting more
9904:
called for Soviet political commissars, who were responsible for ensuring that Red Army units remained politically reliable, to be summarily shot when identified amongst captured troops. Axis troops who captured Red Army soldiers frequently shot them in the field or shipped them to concentration
9413:
The fighting involved millions of Axis and Soviet troops along the broadest land front in military history. It was by far the deadliest single theatre of the European portion of World War II with up to 8.7 to 10 million military deaths on the Soviet side (although, depending on the criteria
8537:
Some recent reports raise the number of Belarusians who perished in the war to "3 million 650 thousand people, unlike the former 2.2 million. That is to say not every fourth inhabitant but almost 40% of the pre-war Belarusian population perished (considering the present-day borders of Belarus)."
8248:
to clear Nazi minefields. The order stipulated to capture or shoot "cowards" and fleeing panicked troops at the rear where blocking detachments were ordered to be set up. In the first three months after Order No. 227 was promulgated 1,000 retreating troops were shot and 24,993 were sent to penal
6261:
attempted to seize Vyazma. This force was joined by additional paratroopers of the 8th Airborne Brigade at the end of January. However, in early February, the Germans managed to cut off this force, separating the Soviets from their main force in the rear of the Germans. They were supplied by air
5283:
Lend-Lease aid of military hardware, components and goods to the Soviet Union constituted to 20% percent of the assistance. The rest were foodstuff, nonferrous metals (e.g., copper, magnesium, nickel, zinc, lead, tin, aluminium), chemical substances, petroleum (high octane aviation gasoline) and
8343:
The enormous territorial gains of 1941 presented Germany with vast areas to pacify and administer. For the majority of people of the Soviet Union, the Nazi invasion was viewed as a brutal act of unprovoked aggression. While it is important to note that not all parts of Soviet society viewed the
6962:
near Kamenets-Podolskiy. After two weeks' of heavy fighting, the 1st Panzer managed to escape the pocket, at the cost of losing almost the entire heavy equipment. At this point, Hitler sacked several prominent generals, Manstein included. In April, the Red Army took back Odessa, followed by 4th
6845:
The main problem for the Wehrmacht was that these defences had not yet been built; by the time Army Group South had evacuated eastern Ukraine and begun withdrawing across the Dnieper during September, the Soviet forces were hard behind them. Tenaciously, small units paddled their way across the
5688:
began immediate attacks on Soviet airfields, destroying much of the forward-deployed Soviet Air Force airfield fleets consisting of largely obsolescent types before their pilots had a chance to leave the ground. For a month the offensive conducted on three axes was completely unstoppable as the
5101:
Soviet intelligence was fooled by German disinformation, so sent false alarms to Moscow about a German invasion in April, May and the beginning of June. Soviet intelligence reported that Germany would rather invade the USSR after the fall of the British Empire or after an unacceptable ultimatum
7166:
against the Finnish lines on 9 June 1944 (coordinated with the Western Allied Invasion of Normandy). Three armies were pitted there against the Finns, among them several experienced guards rifle formations. The attack breached the Finnish front line of defence in Valkeasaari on 10 June and the
7100:
By the end of August 1944, it had cost the Germans ~400,000 dead, wounded, missing and sick, from whom 160,000 were captured, as well as 2,000 tanks and 57,000 other vehicles. In the operation, the Red Army lost ~180,000 dead and missing (765,815 in total, including wounded and sick plus 5,073
7088:
They focused their massive attacks on Army Group Centre, not Army Group North Ukraine as the Germans had originally expected. More than 2.3 million Soviet troops went into action against German Army Group Centre, which had a strength of fewer than 800,000 men. At the points of attack, the
6554:
On 31 January 1943, the 90,000 survivors of the 300,000-man 6th Army surrendered. By that time the Hungarian 2nd Army had also been wiped out. The Red Army advanced from the Don 500 km (310 mi) to the west of Stalingrad, marching through Kursk (retaken on 8 February 1943) and Kharkov
8617:
Germany had far greater resources than did the USSR, and dwarfed its production in every matrix except for oil, having over five times the USSR's coal production, over three times its iron production, three times its steel production, twice its electricity production, and about 2/3 of its oil
7906:
The Soviet Union came out of World War II militarily victorious but economically and structurally devastated. Much of the combat took place in or close to populated areas, and the actions of both sides contributed to massive loss of civilian life and tremendous material damage. According to a
6624:
and reinstated Heinz Guderian to a prominent role, this time as Inspector of Panzer Troops. Debate among the General Staff was polarised, with even Hitler nervous about any attempt to pinch off the Kursk salient. He knew that in the intervening six months the Soviet position at Kursk had been
5409:
of conquered territories. It also contributed to the mass extermination of populations in German-occupied Europe. The Germans abducted approximately 12 million foreign people from almost twenty European countries; about two-thirds came from Central and Eastern Europe. Counting deaths and
5031:
British historians Alan S. Milward and M. Medlicott show that Nazi Germany—unlike Imperial Germany—was prepared for only a short-term war (Blitzkrieg). According to Edward Ericson, although Germany's own resources were sufficient for the victories in the West in 1940, massive Soviet shipments
9421:
Estimated civilian deaths range from about 14 to 17 million. Over 11.4 million Soviet civilians within pre-1939 Soviet borders were killed, and another estimated 3.5 million civilians were killed in the annexed territories. The Nazis exterminated one to two million Soviet Jews
8175:
who opposed the mechanisation of the army and the production of tanks, but on the other hand purged the older commanders who had held their positions since the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, and who had experience, but were deemed "politically unreliable". This opened up their places to the
5413:
The defeat of Germany in 1945 freed approximately 11 million foreigners (categorised as "displaced persons"), most of whom were forced labourers and POWs. In wartime, the German forces had brought into the Reich 6.5 million civilians in addition to Soviet POWs for unfree labour in
14458:, Italy: Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. Commissariato generale C.G.V. . Ministero della Difesa – Edizioni 1986, Romania: G. I. Krivosheev (2001). Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie. OLMA-Press. pp. Tables 200–203.
5081:
The extent of warnings received by Stalin about a German invasion is controversial, and the claim that there was a warning that "Germany will attack on 22 June without declaration of war" has been dismissed as a "popular myth". However, some sources quoted in the articles on Soviet spies
8081:
outside Moscow led Hitler to insist on the holding of territory when it made no military sense, and to sack generals who retreated without orders. Officers with initiative were replaced with yes-men or with fanatical Nazis. The disastrous encirclements later in the war – at Stalingrad,
9892:
in its rear areas and at the front as an auxiliary force of the Red Army and the Soviet partisans, although combat was not the was not their main purpose. In the Third Reich, members of the National Committee for a Free Germany were known as "Seydlitz Troops", under a name given after
8477:
Vadim Erlikman has detailed Soviet losses totalling 26.5 million war related deaths. Military losses of 10.6 million include six million killed or missing in action and 3.6 million POW dead, plus 400,000 paramilitary and Soviet partisan losses. Civilian deaths totalled
4985:
ground forces, personnel of the naval coastal artillery and security units. In the spring of 1940, Germany had mobilised 5,500,000 men. By the time of the invasion of the Soviet Union, the Wehrmacht consisted of c. 3,800,000 men of the Heer, 1,680,000 of the Luftwaffe, 404,000 of the
7859:
against civilians in German-occupied areas were routine, including those carried out as part of the Holocaust. German and German-allied forces treated civilian populations with exceptional brutality, massacring whole village populations and routinely killing civilian hostages (see
5414:
factories. In all, 5.2 million foreign workers and POWs were repatriated to the Soviet Union, 1.6 million to Poland, 1.5 million to France, and 900,000 to Italy, along with 300,000 to 400,000 each to Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, Hungary, and Belgium.
9771:
Based on Soviet sources Krivosheev put German losses on the Eastern Front from 1941 to 1945 at 6,923,700 men: including killed in action, died of wounds or disease and reported missing and presumed dead – 4,137,100, taken prisoner 2,571,600 and 215,000 dead among
9755:
4350:, June–July 1940), although Hitler, in announcing the invasion of the Soviet Union, cited the Soviet annexations of Baltic and Romanian territory as having violated Germany's understanding of the pact. Moscow partitioned the annexed Romanian territory between the Ukrainian and
6759:
on 10 July, Hitler made the decision to halt the offensive even as the German 9th Army was rapidly giving ground in the north. The Germans' final strategic offensive in the Soviet Union ended with their defence against a major Soviet counteroffensive that lasted into August.
5338:
During the war, as Germany acquired new territories (either by direct annexation or by installing puppet governments in defeated countries), these new territories were forced to sell raw materials and agricultural products to German buyers at extremely low prices. Overall,
6551:
of the aircraft that had been transporting relief supplies to Stalingrad. The fairly limited scope of the Soviet offensive, although still eventually targeted on Rostov, also allowed Hitler time to see sense and pull Army Group A out of the Caucasus and back over the Don.
5001:
By July 1943, the Wehrmacht numbered 6,815,000 troops. Of these, 3,900,000 were deployed in eastern Europe, 180,000 in Finland, 315,000 in Norway, 110,000 in Denmark, 1,370,000 in western Europe, 330,000 in Italy, and 610,000 in the Balkans. According to a presentation by
8399:
was appointed to the Ukrainian Commissariat. His opening speech was clear about German policy: "I am known as a brutal dog ... Our job is to suck from Ukraine all the goods we can get hold of ... I am expecting from you the utmost severity towards the native population."
8497:
8072:
I had to act ruthlessly. I had to send even my closest generals packing, two army generals, for example ... I could only tell these gentlemen, "Get yourself back to Germany as rapidly as you can – but leave the army in my charge. And the army is staying at the front."
7171:. The Soviet attack was supported by a heavy artillery barrage, air bombardments and armoured forces. The VT-line was breached on 14 June and after a failed counterattack in Kuuterselkä by the Finnish armoured division, the Finnish defence had to be pulled back to the
7872:, "The full demographic loss to the Soviet peoples was even greater: since a high proportion of those killed were young men of child-begetting age, the postwar Soviet population was 45 to 50 million smaller than post-1939 projections would have led one to expect."
4318:
among Germany, the Soviet Union and Lithuania. Soon after that, the Soviet Union demanded significant territorial concessions from Finland, and after Finland rejected Soviet demands, the Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939 in what became known as the
9794:
Polish Armed Forces in the East, initially consisting of Poles from Eastern Poland or otherwise in the Soviet Union in 1939–1941, began fighting alongside the Red Army in 1943, and grew steadily as more Polish territory was liberated from the Nazis in 1944–1945.
4467:
officers told their troops to target people who were described as "Jewish Bolshevik subhumans", the "Mongol hordes", the "Asiatic flood" and the "red beast". The vast majority of German soldiers viewed the war in Nazi terms, seeing the Soviet enemy as sub-human.
8048:
In part because of the unexpected degree of German success in the Battle of France (despite the warnings of the professional military) Hitler believed himself a military genius, with a grasp of the total war-effort that eluded his generals. In August 1941, when
5440:
While German historians do not apply any specific periodisation to the conduct of operations on the Eastern Front, all Soviet and Russian historians divide the war against Germany and its allies into three periods, which are further subdivided into eight major
5307:
Prof. Dr. Albert L. Weeks concluded, "As to attempts to sum up the importance of those four-year-long shipments of Lend-Lease for the Russian victory on the Eastern Front in World War II, the jury is still out – that is, in any definitive sense of establishing
4694:. This, as well as the reluctance of the British and French governments to sign a full-scale anti-German political and military alliance with the USSR, led to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union and Germany in late August 1939. The separate
8151:
Stalin bore the greatest responsibility for some of the disasters at the beginning of the war (for example, the Battle of Kiev in 1941), but equally deserves praise for the subsequent success of the Soviet Red Army, which depended on the unprecedentedly
6869:
during the middle of November, weakening the Soviet bridgehead by a daring outflanking strike mounted by the SS Panzer Corps along the river Teterev. This battle also enabled Army Group South to recapture Korosten and gain some time to rest. However, on
6850:
on 24 September, proved as disappointing as at Dorogobuzh eighteen months previously. The paratroopers were soon repelled – but not until still more Red Army troops had used the cover they provided to get themselves over the Dnieper and securely dug in.
5798:'s 2nd Panzer Group was ordered to move south in a giant pincer manoeuvre with Army Group South which was advancing into Ukraine. Army Group Centre's infantry divisions were left relatively unsupported by armour to continue their slow advance to Moscow.
6541:
The Germans rushed to transfer troops to the Soviet Union in a desperate attempt to relieve Stalingrad, but the offensive could not get going until 12 December, by which time the 6th Army in Stalingrad was starving and too weak to break out towards it.
6979:
was captured by Soviet forces. After a 120-kilometre (75 mi) advance in January and February, the Leningrad Front had reached the borders of Estonia. To Stalin, the Baltic Sea seemed the quickest way to take the battles to the German territory in
8394:
Regions closer to the front were managed by military powers of the region, in other areas such as the Baltic states annexed by the USSR in 1940, Reichscommissariats were established. As a rule, the maximum in loot was extracted. In September 1941,
7919:, the property damage in the Soviet Union inflicted by the Axis invasion was estimated to a value of 679 billion rubles. The largest number of civilian deaths in a single city was 1.2 million citizens dead during the Siege of Leningrad.
8057:) and Fedor von Bock appealed for an attack on Moscow, Hitler instead ordered the encirclement and capture of Ukraine, in order to acquire the farmland, industry, and natural resources of that country. Some historians like Bevin Alexander in
6926:
By 16 February the first stage was complete, with panzers separated from the contracting Cherkassy pocket only by the swollen Gniloy Tikich river. Under shellfire and pursued by Soviet tanks, the surrounded German troops, among whom were the
5296:
helped further to boost the economic base. Without Lend-Lease aid, Soviet Union's diminished post invasion economic base would not have produced adequate supplies of weaponry, other than focus on machine tool, foodstuff and consumer goods.
11999:(in Russian). "In 1944, we received about one third of the ammunition powder from the Lend-Lease. Almost half of TNT (the main explosive filler for most kinds of ammunition) or raw materials for its production came from abroad in 1942–44."
6874:
the retreat began anew when the First Ukrainian Front (renamed from the Voronezh Front) struck them in the same place. The Soviet advance continued along the railway line until the 1939 Polish–Soviet border was reached on 3 January 1944.
8545:
by the Western Allies) went to special NKVD "filtration" camps. By 1946, 80 per cent of civilians and 20 per cent of POWs were freed, others were re-drafted, or sent to labour battalions. Two per cent of civilians and 14 per cent of the
8367:
hoped in vain to establish the "independent state", relying on German armed force. However, Soviet society as a whole was hostile to the invading Nazis from the very start. The nascent national liberation movements among Ukrainians and
6918:
and continued westwards. In the second week of January 1944 they swung north, meeting Vatutin's tank forces which had swung south from their penetration into Poland and surrounding ten German divisions at Korsun–Shevchenkovsky, west of
6818:
again. Although intense battles of movement throughout late July and into August 1943 saw the Tigers blunting Soviet tank attacks on one axis, they were soon outflanked on another line to the west as the Soviet forces advanced down the
5968:
Hitler then decided to resume the advance on Moscow, re-designating the panzer groups as panzer armies for the occasion. Operation Typhoon, which was set in motion on 30 September, saw the 2nd Panzer Army rush along the paved road from
11620:
7405:
The OKW - Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or High Command of the German Army - claimed German losses of 77,000 killed, 334,000 wounded and 192,000 missing, with a total of 603,000 men, on the Eastern Front during January and February 1945.
6420:, for a long period unsupported by 4th Panzer Army, which had been diverted to help 1st Panzer Army cross the Don. By the time the 4th Panzer Army had rejoined the Stalingrad offensive Soviet resistance (comprising the 62nd Army under
8372:, and others were viewed by Hitler with suspicion; some, especially those from the Baltic States, were co-opted into the Axis armies and others brutally suppressed. None of the conquered territories gained any measure of self-rule.
5660:
and ten motorised, were deployed against the Soviet Union from the Baltic to the Black Sea. They were accompanied by ten Romanian divisions, three Italian divisions, two Slovakian divisions and nine Romanian and four Hungarian
15366:. Text by Georgii Drozdov and Evgenii Ryabko, introd. by Vladimir Karpov pref. by Harrison E. Salisbury, ed. by Carey Schofield. New York: Vendome Press, 1987. 256 p., copiously ill. with b&2 photos and occasional maps.
6401:, but operational considerations and Hitler's vanity made him order both objectives to be attempted simultaneously. Rostov was recaptured on 24 July when the 1st Panzer Army joined in, and then that group drove south towards
4261:. If the West is too stupid and blind to grasp this, then I shall be compelled to come to an agreement with the Russians, beat the West and then after their defeat turn against the Soviet Union with all my forces. I need the
9787:
The Soviets lost 96,500 tanks, tank destroyers, self-propelled guns and assault guns, as well as 37,600 other armoured vehicles (such as armoured cars and semi-tracked trucks) for a total of 134,100 armoured vehicles lost.
6319:
and drove a 100 km (62 mi) deep salient. The intent was to pin Army Group South against the Sea of Azov, but as the winter eased the Wehrmacht counter-attacked and cut off the over-extended Soviet troops in the
5914:
and south-eastern Siberia. Most civilians were left to make their own way east, with only industry-related workers evacuated with the equipment; much of the population was left behind to the mercy of the invading forces.
6966:
Along Army Group Centre's front, August 1943 saw this force pushed back from the Hagen line slowly, ceding comparatively little territory, but the loss of Bryansk, and more importantly Smolensk, on 25 September cost the
5343:
made the largest contribution to the German war effort. Two-thirds of all French trains in 1941 were used to carry goods to Germany. In 1943–44, French payments to Germany may have risen to as much as 55% of French GDP.
14110:
US Strategic Bombing Survey "Appendix D. Strategic Air Attack on the Powder and Explosives Industries", Table D7: German Monthly Production of Powders and Exploders (Including Extenders) and Consumption by German Armed
4291:
by dividing it between Germany and the Soviet Union. Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania would return to the Soviet control, while Poland and Romania would be divided. The Eastern Front was also made possible by the
6675:
In the north, the entire German 9th Army had been redeployed from the Rzhev salient into the Orel salient and was to advance from Maloarkhangelsk to Kursk. But its forces could not even get past the first objective at
5051:
flights over the border; the Soviet Union responded by assembling its divisions on its western border, although the Soviet mobilisation was slower than Germany's due to the country's less dense road network. As in the
5028:, and was reluctant to do anything to provoke Hitler. Another viewpoint is that Stalin expected war in 1942 (the time when all his preparations would be complete) and stubbornly refused to believe it would come early.
10799:
Gellately, Robert (June 1996). "Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk; Der "Generalplan Ost." Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by
8044:
in Berlin). At crucial periods in the war he held daily situation-conferences at which he used his remarkable talent for public speaking to overwhelm opposition from his generals and from the OKW staff with rhetoric.
7695:
until about 11 May. A small German garrison on the Danish island of Bornholm refused to surrender until they were bombed and invaded by the Soviets. The island was returned to the Danish government four months later.
7638:. Dönitz and Schwerin von Krosigk attempted to negotiate an armistice with the Western Allies while continuing to resist the Soviet Army, but were eventually forced to accept an unconditional surrender on all fronts.
6833:
industrial region to the Dnieper, losing half the farmland that Germany had invaded the Soviet Union to exploit. At this time Hitler agreed to a general withdrawal to the Dnieper line, along which was meant to be the
6048:, the gateway to the Caucasus. However, the German lines were over-extended and the Soviet defenders counterattacked the 1st Panzer Army's spearhead from the north, forcing them to pull out of the city and behind the
12551:
12414:
6059:
The onset of the winter freeze saw one last German lunge that opened on 15 November, when the Wehrmacht attempted to encircle Moscow. On 27 November, the 4th Panzer Army got to within 30 km (19 mi) of the
8598:
critical factories and workers from Belarus and Ukraine to safe areas far from the front lines. Once these facilities were reassembled east of the Urals, production could be resumed without fear of German bombing.
8557:
The official Polish government report of war losses prepared in 1947 reported 6,028,000 victims out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses.
8433:
of exposure. In many towns, the battles were fought within towns and cities with trapped civilians caught in the middle. Estimates of total civilian dead in the Soviet Union in the war range from seven million (
8114:
Hitler's direction of the war ultimately proved disastrous for the German Army, though the skill, loyalty, professionalism and endurance of officers and soldiers enabled him to keep Germany fighting to the end.
7089:
numerical and quality advantages of the Soviet forces were overwhelming. The Red Army achieved a ratio of ten to one in tanks and seven to one in aircraft over their enemy. The Germans crumbled. The capital of
6829:, now comprising the 1st Panzer Army and a reconstituted 6th Army, were by August too weak to repulse a Soviet attack on their own front, and when the Red Army hit them they retreated all the way through the
5926:
were formed in front-line areas, having the authority to summarily execute any suspicious person. The destruction battalions burned down villages, schools, and public buildings. As a part of this policy, the
5701:
armies while the panzers continued the offensive. Luftwaffe also dropped hundreds of Russian-speaking parachutists behind the offensive lines to bring back information of Soviet troops reserves' disposition.
8218:
shoulderboards had connotations as a symbol of the old Tsarist régime. Beginning in autumn 1941, units that had proved themselves by superior performance in combat were given the traditional "Guards" title.
20923:
5821:
area between Army Group Centre's southern flank and the bogged-down Army Group South's northern flank. This decision, Hitler's "summer pause", is believed to have had a severe impact on the outcome of the
7242:
on the Slovak–Polish border. Two months later, the Soviet forces won the battle and entered Slovakia. The toll was high: 20,000 Red Army soldiers died, plus several thousand Germans, Slovaks and Czechs.
14376:
14374:
10420:
completely burned and destroyed land". He ordered cooperation with Infantry general Staff, also someone named Stampf, and sent copies to the Chief of Regular Police, Chief of Security Police & SS,
13804:
6180:, "the success of the December counter-offensive in the central strategic direction was considerable. Having suffered a major defeat the German striking forces of Army Group Centre were retreating."
5292:
short supply. Soviet statistics show, that without these shipments of aluminium, aircraft production would have been less than one-half (or about 45,000 less) of the total 137,000 produced aircraft.
4399:("living space"): acquiring new territory for Germans in Eastern Europe, in particular Russia. He envisaged settling Germans there, as according to Nazi ideology the Germanic people constituted the "
12184:
8199:
7868:
tactics, but the loss of civilian lives in the case of Germany was incomparably smaller than that of the Soviet Union, in which at least 20 million were killed. According to British historian
12173:
8494:
deaths. Additional famine deaths, which totalled one million during 1946–47, are not included here. These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR including territories annexed in 1939–40.
7460:
River. The three Soviet fronts had altogether some 2.5 million men (including 78,556 soldiers of the 1st Polish Army); 6,250 tanks; 7,500 aircraft; 41,600 artillery pieces and mortars; 3,255
19993:
14542:
Kurenmaa, Pekka; Lentilä, Riitta (2005). "Sodan tappiot". In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti. Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. pp. 1150–1162.
6267:"During the winter offensive, the forces of the Western Front had advanced from 70 to 100 km, which somewhat improved the overall operational and strategic situation on the Western sector."
7432:(2BF) to move west to the east bank of the Oder. During the first two weeks of April, the Red Army performed their fastest front redeployment of the war. General Georgy Zhukov concentrated his
11626:
4145:
The two principal belligerent powers in the Eastern Front were Germany and the Soviet Union, along with their respective allies. Though they never sent ground troops to the Eastern Front, the
10213:
A battalion composed of Czechs and Slovaks in the Soviet Union (refugees, defectors, part of the ethnic minority in the USSR) was established early in the war and would eventually grow to a
7344:. During the full course of the Vistula–Oder operation (23 days), the Red Army forces sustained 194,191 total casualties (killed, wounded and missing) and lost 1,267 tanks and assault guns.
19442:
325:
7085:
in December 1943 and launched on 22 June 1944, was a massive Soviet attack, consisting of four Soviet army groups totalling over 120 divisions that smashed into a thinly held German line.
4602:
that officially began in 1928, although it was only towards the end of the second five-year plan in the mid-1930s that military power became the primary focus of Soviet industrialisation.
14101:
Walter Dunn, "The Soviet Economy and the Red Army", Praeger (30 August 1995), page 50. Citing K.F. Skorobogatkin, et al., "50 Let Voorezhennyk sil SSR" (Moscow: Voyenizdat, 1968), p. 457.
6862:. Finally, early in November the Red Army broke out of its bridgeheads on either side of Kiev and captured the Ukrainian capital, at that time the third largest city in the Soviet Union.
6672:
to the south. Both wings would converge on the area east of Kursk, and by that means restore the lines of Army Group South to the exact points that it held over the winter of 1941–1942.
6262:
until April when they were given permission to regain the Soviet main lines. Only part of Belov's Cavalry Corps made it to safety however, while Yefremov's men fought "a losing battle."
12022:
8191:. Larger units had military councils consisting of the commander, commissar and chief of staff – commissars ensured the loyalty of the commanding officers and implemented Party orders.
5304:
Allied countries. However, post-war negotiations to settle all the debt were never concluded, and as of date, the debt issues is still on in future American-Russian summits and talks.
7808:: "By measure of manpower, duration, territorial reach and casualties, the Eastern Front was as much as four times the scale of the conflict on the Western Front that opened with the
6385:
Although plans were made to attack Moscow again, on 28 June 1942, the offensive re-opened in a different direction. Army Group South took the initiative, anchoring the front with the
9791:
The Soviets also lost 102,600 aircraft (combat and non-combat causes), including 46,100 in combat. According to Soviet claims, the Germans lost 75,700 aircraft on the Eastern front.
6435:. At the end of August Romanian mountain troops joined the Caucasian spearhead, while the Romanian 3rd and 4th armies were redeployed from their successful task of clearing the Azov
4040:
attributed to World War II, around 30 million occurred on the Eastern Front, including 9 million children. The Eastern Front was decisive in determining the outcome in the
19393:
6439:. They took up position on either side of Stalingrad to free German troops for the main offensive. Mindful of the continuing antagonism between Axis allies Romania and Hungary over
5383:
may have amounted to 43% during the period of 1933–43. It may also be likely that "Swedish ore formed the raw material of four out of every ten German guns" during the Hitler era'.
5094:
in Switzerland also sent warnings, possibly deriving from Ultra codebreaking in Britain. Sweden had access to internal German communications through breaking the crypto used in the
7073:. Accordingly, they stripped troops from Army Group Centre, whose front still protruded deep into the Soviet Union. The Germans had transferred some units to France to counter the
4088:
terminated the German offensive strength and cleared the way for Soviet offensives. Its setbacks caused many countries friendly with Germany to defect and join the Allies, such as
19860:
19839:
19764:
19754:
19749:
19744:
19729:
19724:
10073:
6945:
One final move in the south completed the 1943–44 campaigning season, which had wrapped up a Soviet advance of over 800 kilometres (500 mi). In March, 20 German divisions of
9845:. The other main group of men joining the German army were citizens of the Baltic countries annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 or from Western Ukraine. They fought in their own
13989:Земское В.Н. К вопросу о репатриации советских граждан. 1944–1951 годы // История СССР. 1990. No. 4 (Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens. Istoriya SSSR., 1990, No.4)
9359:
After the defeat at Stalingrad, Germany geared completely towards a war economy, as expounded in a speech given by Joseph Goebbels (the Nazi propaganda minister), in the Berlin
6226:, the 22nd Tank Brigade and five ski battalions launched their attack on 10 January 1942. By 17 January, the Soviets had captured Lotoshino and Shakhovskaya. By 20 January, the
11736:
Materialien zum Vortrag des Chefs des Wehrmachtführungsstabes vom 7.11.1943 "Die strategische Lage am Anfang des fünften Kriegsjahres", (referenced to KTB OKW, IV, S. 1534 ff.)
5331:
Germany's economic, scientific, research and industrial capabilities were among the most technically advanced in the world at the time. However, access to (and control of) the
8630:
8626:
8180:
politics. Many of these newly promoted commanders proved terribly inexperienced, but some later became very successful. Soviet tank-output remained the largest in the world.
6303:. Initially this made some progress; however, it was unsupported, and by June a German counterattack cut off and destroyed the army. The Soviet commander, Lieutenant General
8160:
of the Red Army in the late 1930s involved the legal prosecution of many of the senior command, many of whom the courts convicted and sentenced to death or to imprisonment.
6184:'s objective in January 1942 was "to deny the Germans any breathing space, to drive them westward without let-up, to make them use up their reserves before spring comes..."
3126:
8514:
were burned with their entire population. More than 209 cities and towns (out of 270 total) and 9,000 villages were destroyed. Himmler pronounced a plan according to which
6854:
As September ended and October started, the Germans found the Dnieper line impossible to hold as the Soviet bridgeheads grew. Important Dnieper towns started to fall, with
6522:
While the German 6th and 4th Panzer Armies had been fighting their way into Stalingrad, Soviet armies had congregated on either side of the city, specifically into the Don
6253:
by two battalions of the 201st Airborne Brigade and the 250th Airborne Regiment on 18 and 22 January was designed to "cut off enemy communications with the rear." Lt.-Gen.
5898:(high command) turned its attention to evacuating as much of the western regions' industry as it could. Factories were dismantled and transported on flatcars away from the
4766:
The states that provided forces and other resources for the German war effort included the Axis Powers – primarily Romania, Hungary, Italy, pro-Nazi Slovakia, and Croatia.
3650:
354:
5884:
in 16 September, cutting off large numbers of Red Army troops in the pocket east of Kiev. 400,000 Soviet prisoners were captured as Kiev was surrendered on 19 September.
4515:
on 3 October, he announced, "We have only to kick in the door and the whole rotten structure will come crashing down." Thus the German authorities expected another short
19498:
17601:
8569:. A month after the German invasion in 1941, an offer was made for a reciprocal adherence to Hague convention. This 'note' was left unanswered by Third Reich officials.
8274:
17346:
6555:(retaken 16 February 1943). To save the position in the south, the Germans decided to abandon the Rzhev salient in February, freeing enough troops to make a successful
4541:
20918:
19083:
16954:
10004:
8206:
At the crisis of the war, in the autumn of 1942, Stalin made many concessions to the army: the government restored unitary command by removing the Commissars from the
4150:
3091:
4690:(1938–1939) demonstrated the impossibility of establishing a collective security system in Europe, a policy advocated by the Soviet ministry of foreign affairs under
19925:
18952:
16970:
9430:
of Defence order (No. 023, 4 February 1944), the irretrievable casualties include killed, missing, those who died due to war-time or subsequent wounds, maladies and
8064:
In the winter of 1941–1942 Hitler believed that his obstinate refusal to allow the German armies to retreat had saved Army Group Centre from collapse. He later told
5125:, being done to facilitate specific Soviet operational goals. In addition to Germany, hundreds of thousands of tons of bombs were dropped on their eastern allies of
4146:
2480:
12201:
Panayi, Panikos (2005). "Exploitation, Criminality, Resistance. The Everyday Life of Foreign Workers and Prisoners of War in the German Town of Osnabrck, 1939-49".
14494:) Pages 1508 to 1511. German prisoners: G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001
12413:
Peeter Kaasik; Mika Raudvassar (2006). "Estonia from June to October, 1941: Forest Brothers and Summer War". In Toomas Hiio; Meelis Maripuu; Indrek Paavle (eds.).
17290:
9414:
used, casualties in the Far East theatre may have been similar in number). Axis military deaths were 5 million of which around 4,000,000 were German deaths.
8131:
From experience we had learned that when Hitler started refusing to do what the generals recommended, things started to go wrong, and this was to be no exception.
6715:. Stiff resistance caused a change of direction from east to west of the front, but the tanks got 25 km (16 mi) before encountering the reserves of the
6684:, to the west of Olkhovatka, but the 9th Army could not break through here either and went over to the defensive. The Red Army then launched a counter-offensive,
20280:
16893:
16865:
16009:
14621:
10136:
9854:
5130:
6443:, the Romanian army in the Don bend was separated from the Hungarian 2nd army by the Italian 8th Army. Thus, all of Hitler's allies were involved – including a
19401:
19397:
18931:
17610:
17297:
16431:
10140:
7139:
The rapid progress of Operation Bagration threatened to cut off and isolate the German units of Army Group North bitterly resisting the Soviet advance towards
7108:
was launched on 17 July 1944, with the Red Army routing the German forces in Western Ukraine and retaking Lviv. The Soviet advance in the south continued into
15544:
14466:, Hungary: G. I. Krivosheev (2001). Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie. OLMA-Press. pp. Tables 200–203.
8541:
Sixty percent of Soviet POWs died during the war. By its end, large numbers of Soviet POWs, forced labourers and Nazi collaborators (including those who were
6865:
130 kilometres (80 mi) west of Kiev, the 4th Panzer Army, still convinced that the Red Army was a spent force, was able to mount a successful riposte at
20972:
17913:
17276:
16585:
16210:
15556:
11846:
4339:
3961:
3638:
3572:
3271:
2270:
13812:
6195:
and the Western Front. The overall objective according to Zhukov was the "subsequent encirclement and destruction of the enemy's main forces in the area of
5098:
crypto machine also known as the Geheimschreiber and informed Stalin about the forthcoming invasion well ahead of June 22, but did not reveal its sources.
19346:
16926:
16872:
16058:
12488:
Stolfi, Russel H. S. (March 1982). "Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo–German Campaign (June–December 1941)".
12181:
12170:
10078:
5423:
15486:
12249:
8183:
From the foundation of the Red Army in 1918, political distrust of the military had led to a system of "dual command", with every commander paired with a
7409:
On 9 April 1945, Königsberg in East Prussia finally fell to the Red Army, although the shattered remnants of Army Group Centre continued to resist on the
21021:
19915:
19871:
17383:
16879:
16495:
5392:
5368:
benefited from Germany's net imports. Overall, Germany imported 20% of its food and 33% of its raw materials from conquered territories and Axis allies.
385:
19459:
15905:
13419:
8547:
8278:
7622:
as new "Leading Minister" of the German Reich. Rapidly advancing Allied forces limited the jurisdiction of the new German government to an area around
2072:
9200:
Summary of German and Soviet industrial labour (including those classified as handworkers), and summary of foreign, voluntary, coerced and POW labour
4338:(Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact ostensibly provided security to the Soviets in the occupation both of the Baltics and of
21270:
17269:
16716:
16592:
9773:
8195:
7699:
The final battle of the Second World War on the Eastern Front, the Battle of Slivice, broke out on 11 May and ended in a Soviet victory on the 12th.
7328:
across the Narew River and from Warsaw. The Soviets outnumbered the Germans on average by 5–6:1 in troops, 6:1 in artillery, 6:1 in tanks and 4:1 in
4363:
4293:
7101:
Poles), as well as 2,957 tanks and assault guns. The offensive at Estonia claimed another 480,000 Soviet soldiers, 100,000 of them classed as dead.
5981:, while the 4th Panzer Army (transferred from Army Group North to Centre) and 3rd Panzer armies surrounded the Soviet forces in two huge pockets at
20987:
20317:
19587:
16569:
15949:
13437:
10201:
8428:
were only a part of the deaths from the Nazi occupation. Many hundreds of thousands of Soviet civilians were executed, and millions more died from
1134:
374:
350:
8249:
battalions. By October 1942 the idea of regular blocking detachments was quietly dropped, By 29 October 1944 the units were officially disbanded.
6668:. Certainly, the peace negotiations in April had gone nowhere. The advance would be executed from the Orel salient to the north of Kursk and from
5794:
advance by the North and South Army Groups forced Hitler to halt a central thrust at Moscow and to divert the 3rd Panzer Group north. Critically,
21106:
20065:
19656:
17006:
16318:
10214:
10169:
7892:
3365:
380:
8363:
This was particularly true for the territories of Western Ukraine, recently rejoined to the Soviet Union, where the anti-Polish and anti-Soviet
4323:– a bitter conflict that resulted in a peace treaty on 13 March 1940, with Finland maintaining its independence but losing its eastern parts in
4125:, wanton destruction, mass deportations, forced starvations, wholesale terrorism, and massacres. These also included the genocidal campaigns of
3056:
21184:
20851:
20543:
19076:
16825:
16127:
12567:
12430:
10009:
5121:
played a significant part in damaging German industry and tying up German air force and air defence resources, with some bombings, such as the
3388:
388:
18824:
7148:
2442:
20960:
17617:
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17557:
17078:
16000:
15970:
10144:
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10034:
9915:
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3 km (1.9 mi) wide river and established bridgeheads. A second attempt by the Red Army to gain land using parachutists, mounted at
6707:, with three Tank Corps made more headway. Advancing on either side of the upper Donets on a narrow corridor, the II SS Panzer Corps and the
6462:. Instead, they switched the direction of their advance to approach it from the south, crossing the Malka at the end of October and entering
5033:
2473:
62:
17332:
21201:
17710:
17566:
17550:
17522:
16770:
15977:
13618:
8562:
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In the Soviet Union the end of the war is considered to be 9 May, when the surrender took effect Moscow time. This date is celebrated as a
308:
6265:
By April 1942, the Soviet Supreme Command agreed to assume the defensive so as to "consolidate the captured ground." According to Zhukov,
5849:
5813:
This decision caused a severe leadership crisis. The German field commanders argued for an immediate offensive towards Moscow, but Hitler
5021:. Hitler had always intended to renege on his pact with the Soviet Union, eventually making the decision to invade in the spring of 1941.
20913:
20908:
20168:
18467:
17534:
17446:
17390:
17353:
16635:
15669:
9838:
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of entire populations. All these factors resulted in tremendous brutality both to combatants and civilians that found no parallel on the
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on 17 January 1945, after the city was destroyed and abandoned by the Germans. Over three days, on a broad front incorporating four army
3590:
3426:
3331:
3187:
109:
14200:
10181:
9397:
8412:
6726:
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After the failure of the attempt to capture Stalingrad, Hitler had delegated planning authority for the upcoming campaign season to the
5279:
16% of all explosives (From 1941 to 1945, the USSR produced 505,000 tons of explosives and received 105,000 tons of Lend-Lease imports.)
20829:
20229:
17439:
16171:
15138:
10019:
4797:
3577:
2647:
2224:
2152:
81:
21275:
20027:
19608:
19069:
18945:
17573:
15963:
15921:
9803:
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6284:
5817:, citing the importance of Ukrainian agricultural, mining and industrial resources, as well as the massing of Soviet reserves in the
4673:
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3174:
3169:
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15593:
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The Soviet Union also used defectors from the Axis countries in combat. The Red Army had two divisions formed of Romanian POWs, the
20455:
19108:
18794:
16613:
16387:
16150:
16016:
15827:
14486:, 9780786474707. p. 527. Soviet volunteer deaths: Percy Schramm Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht: 1940–1945: 8 Bde. (
13900:
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10049:
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and many other places – resulted directly from Hitler's orders. This idea of holding territory led to another failed plan, dubbed "
7820:
4590:
from 1929 onwards. This represented an ideological shift in Soviet policy, away from its commitment to the international communist
3318:
2807:
2802:
2466:
2263:
2236:
20146:
9876:
of the Red Army. The USSR did not have a full analogue of the Vlasov Army which would consist of Germans, however, members of the
9865:
4483:) which was both an ideological and racial war. The Nazi vision for the future of Eastern Europe was codified most clearly in the
4215:
in Petrograd conceded to German demands and ceded control of Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Finland, and other areas, to the
4137:, which aimed to the extermination and ethnic cleansing of more than a hundred million Eastern European natives. German historian
88:
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being fired upon. What shall we do?" The answer was just as confusing: "You must be insane. And why is your signal not in code?"
3288:
3229:
2517:
2366:
10995:
Steinberg, Jonathan (June 1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4".
10885:
Whether nations live in prosperity or starve to death … interests me only in so far as we need them as slaves for our Kultur ...
7390:
failed and the city fell on 13 February. On 6 March, the Germans launched what would be their final major offensive of the war,
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20219:
17892:
17404:
16254:
15792:
13933:
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planners were convinced that the Red Army would attack again in the south, where the front was 80 kilometres (50 mi) from
4107:
The battles on the Eastern Front of World War II constituted the largest military confrontation in history. In pursuit of its "
3774:
3769:
3496:
3086:
2797:
2065:
15321:
9798:
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in the third week of March, when the spring thaw intervened. This left a glaring Soviet bulge in the front centered on Kursk.
21265:
20589:
20015:
19622:
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18393:
17920:
17666:
17541:
16627:
16601:
16458:
16164:
16081:
15303:
15193:
15115:
15015:
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14951:
14928:
14829:
14001:
13882:
13764:
13698:
13601:
13545:
13403:
13276:
13191:
13076:
13030:
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12854:
12595:
12345:
12042:
11974:
11793:
11766:
11721:
11573:
11546:
11323:
11296:
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11239:
11209:
11182:
10961:
10855:
10717:
10687:
10519:
9877:
9372:
8032:
Hitler exercised tight control over the German war-effort, spending much of his time in his command bunkers (most notably at
7855:
The war inflicted huge losses and suffering upon the civilian populations of the affected countries. Behind the front lines,
5826:
later in the year, by slowing down the advance on Moscow in favour of encircling large numbers of Soviet troops around Kiev.
5406:
5039:
3643:
3398:
3224:
2785:
2376:
2219:
17:
14723:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. Micheal Clodfelter
14476:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. Micheal Clodfelter
9810:
When the Axis countries of Central Europe were occupied by the Soviets, they changed sides and declared war on Germany (see
8454:
7760:
5140:
British and Commonwealth forces also contributed directly to the fighting on the Eastern Front through their service in the
4059:
on 22 June 1941, the opening date of the Eastern Front. Initially, Soviet forces were unable to halt the Axis forces, which
3759:
95:
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20224:
18721:
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7093:, Minsk, was taken on 3 July, trapping some 100,000 Germans. Ten days later the Red Army reached the prewar Polish border.
6813:
The Soviet multi-stage summer offensive started with the advance into the Orel salient. The diversion of the well-equipped
6176:
The Soviet counter-offensive during the Battle of Moscow had removed the immediate German threat to the city. According to
6107:, for them to try their luck on the battlefield rather than just sit and wait while their opponent gathered more strength.
4748:
3947:
3200:
3040:
2642:
2507:
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2256:
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Rüdiger Overmans, Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege. Ullstein., 2000 Page 246
11473:
Carley, Michael Jabara (1993). "End of the 'Low, Dishonest Decade': Failure of the Anglo–Franco–Soviet Alliance in 1939".
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was supposed to advance to Smolensk, but was a costly failure, with German tactical defences preventing any breakthrough.
20965:
20037:
19649:
19291:
19286:
19281:
19266:
19261:
19251:
19246:
19241:
19236:
19231:
18636:
18100:
17432:
17418:
16631:
15743:
8383:
8188:
7510:
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6424:) had stiffened. A leap across the Don brought German troops to the Volga on 23 August but for the next three months the
6041:
5939:
4687:
4587:
4351:
4262:
3894:
3096:
2898:
2608:
2512:
2422:
677:
189:
19061:
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7332:. After four days the Red Army broke out and started moving thirty to forty kilometres a day, taking the Baltic states,
6963:
Ukrainian Front's campaign to restore control over the Crimea, which culminated in the capture of Sevastopol on 10 May.
21179:
21011:
20898:
20377:
19203:
18845:
18714:
18592:
18170:
17885:
17836:
17594:
17149:
16401:
16240:
16088:
15942:
14592:
13573:
10872:
10587:
10132:
8622:
and received 105,000 tons of Lend-Lease imports. Germany outproduced the Soviet Union 3.16 to 1 in explosives tonnage.
7498:
5126:
5122:
3764:
3682:
3618:
3164:
2868:
2383:
482:
345:
77:
14629:
14429:
14291:
11071:"The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews"
8344:
German advance in this way, the majority of the Soviet population viewed German forces as occupiers. In areas such as
8296:
drove him to endorse plans for the total extermination of the Jews, and almost simultaneously to openly intensify the
4077:— the bloodiest battle in the war — costing the Axis powers their morale and becoming the turning point of the front.
21121:
20740:
20686:
20681:
20629:
20624:
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20032:
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16900:
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15422:
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15375:
15352:
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15284:
15267:
15241:
15221:
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15160:
15130:
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14752:
14580:
14568:
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14531:
14499:
14491:
14471:
14463:
14455:
14424:
14404:
14346:
14325:
14076:
14052:
13849:
13788:
13184:
Estonia, 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
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12909:
12820:
12760:
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12710:
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11127:
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10603:
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7041:
6246:
5674:
5433:
4805:
4633:
from different countries on the side of the predominantly socialist and communist-led Second Spanish Republic; while
4423:, who were, in Hitler's opinion, incapable of ruling themselves and had thus ended up being ruled by Jewish masters.
3598:
2873:
2763:
2664:
2297:
2058:
128:
16116:
12553:
Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
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Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
6413:
troops to destabilise Maikop's defences and allow the 1st Panzer Army to enter the oil town with little opposition.
5010:, in early July 1943: 3,403,000 German troops and 650,000 Finnish, Hungarian, Romanian and other countries' troops.
20723:
20659:
20484:
20397:
19952:
18998:
18156:
18093:
17228:
17064:
16187:
15501:
10218:
7875:
When the Red Army invaded Germany in 1944, many German civilians suffered from reprisals by Red Army soldiers (see
7702:
On 13 May 1945, all Soviet offensives ceased and the fighting on the Eastern Front of World War II came to an end.
6792:
6398:
6207:
and the right wing forces of the Northwestern Front were to rout the Army Group North." The Southwestern Front and
6171:
5880:
in a huge encirclement. Advancing armoured divisions of Army Group South met with Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group near
4041:
3628:
2853:
2848:
2618:
2094:
609:
262:
152:
16741:
13666:"The Executive of the Presidents Soviet Protocol Committee (Burns) to the President's Special Assistant (Hopkins)"
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4781:
in places like Western Ukraine, and the Baltic states. Among the most prominent volunteer army formations was the
2541:
2432:
683:
370:
21116:
20876:
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20802:
20161:
19709:
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18352:
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13594:
Germany and the Second World War: The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts
12453:
10509:
10173:
7355:
became Army Group Centre. Army Group North (old Army Group Centre) was driven into an ever-smaller pocket around
7235:
In the Autumn of 1944, the Soviets paused their offensive towards Berlin to first gain control over the Balkans.
6491:
6444:
5061:
5018:
4801:
4331:
4009:
3699:
3266:
2407:
2344:
2193:
2176:
594:
539:
21016:
19147:
16911:
16479:
7471:, (nicknamed "Stalin Organs"); and 95,383 motor vehicles, many of which were manufactured in the United States.
6534:
on 23 November, trapping 300,000 Axis troops behind them. A simultaneous offensive on the Rzhev sector known as
4657:
to experiment with equipment and tactics that they would later employ on a wider scale in the Second World War.
4296:
in which the Soviet Union gave Germany the resources necessary to launch military operations in Eastern Europe.
2427:
20584:
20548:
19854:
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14730:
14483:
13968:
12900:
12298:
12253:
10271:
10259:
9920:
9897:
who had defected to the USSR because of the widespread myth that he had his own pro-Soviet military formation.
8403:
Atrocities against the Jewish population in the conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of
7966:
7646:
7619:
6928:
6212:
6167:
5141:
4101:
3846:
3555:
3518:
2924:
2768:
2356:
232:
201:
66:
14120:
Military Analysis Division, U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey- European War, Volume 3, page 144. Washington, 1947.
11992:
11500:
Watson, Derek (2000). "Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939".
8605:
were achieved at the expense of civilian living standards – the most thorough application of the principle of
8308:
meant further suffering and murders inflicted on millions. Millions of people perished heirless and nameless."
4638:
4521:
and made no serious preparations for prolonged warfare. However, following the decisive Soviet victory at the
20999:
20750:
20479:
20305:
20300:
20255:
20123:
20008:
19920:
19601:
19223:
18968:
18901:
18852:
18783:
18608:
18114:
18065:
17829:
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16977:
16030:
12895:
12490:
11078:
10997:
10177:
9894:
9830:
7685:
7537:
7530:
7105:
7017:
6254:
6208:
4993:
4828:, leader of the Free French, who thought that it was important for French servicemen to serve on all fronts.
4606:
4561:
4378:
4220:
3914:
3884:
3879:
3005:
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626:
14768:
13149:
7655:
All forces under German control to cease active operations at 2301 hours Central European time on 8 May 1945
6839:
6767:
was able to launch; subsequent offensives would represent only a shadow of previous German offensive might.
5737:
4511:
in 1941, Hitler saw the Soviet Union as militarily weak and ripe for immediate conquest. In a speech at the
21280:
21076:
21046:
21041:
20871:
20866:
20834:
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15889:
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15820:
15496:
12071:"Employment and living standards - Life in Nazi Germany, 1933-1939 - OCR B - GCSE History Revision - OCR B"
10255:
10044:
9979:
8478:
15.9 million, which included 1.5 million from military actions; 7.1 million victims of Nazi
7798:
7721:
7677:
6788:
6691:
On 12 July, the Red Army battled through the demarcation line between the 211th and 293rd divisions on the
6665:
5670:
5361:
5114:
4228:
4063:. Despite their many attempts, the Axis failed to capture Moscow and soon focused on the oil fields in the
3899:
3749:
3565:
3560:
3540:
3383:
3378:
3339:
3293:
3281:
3246:
3215:
3205:
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2713:
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2137:
1014:
554:
405:
364:
359:
337:
287:
15630:; session by the Robert Citino and Jonathan Parshall at the 2013 International Conference on World War II.
15535:
11032:
8534:
of the racially 'cleaner' population (blue eyes, light hair) would be allowed to serve Germans as slaves.
7579:
On 29 and 30 April, as the Soviet forces fought their way into the centre of Berlin, Adolf Hitler married
6239:
4598:(Third International) organisation in 1943. The Soviet Union started a process of militarisation with the
2417:
21211:
21194:
21066:
20935:
20903:
20839:
20728:
20619:
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19005:
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18281:
17899:
17871:
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16839:
16502:
16408:
15898:
14360:
14217:
13438:"Foreign Minister Bids Reich to Hope; Schwerin von Krosigk Begins Campaign to Regain Freedom for Germany"
11811:
11055:. The Holocaust: Selected Documents in Eighteen Volumes. Vol. 11. New York: Garland. pp. 18–32.
9984:
9861:
9405:
8510:
people for slave labour, and killing hundreds of thousands (civilians) more. More than 600 villages like
8083:
7147:, Estonia, the Soviet Leningrad Front failed to break through the defence of the smaller, well-fortified
6716:
5065:
5053:
4270:
4239:
and the Allies did not recognise the Bolshevik government, so no Soviet Russian representation attended.
4186:
3889:
3874:
3869:
3508:
3503:
3444:
3251:
3048:
2371:
2349:
2292:
1878:
1414:
1249:
1038:
401:
10650:
7112:
and, following a coup against the Axis-allied government of Romania on 23 August, the Red Army occupied
5922:
to deny the Germans and their allies basic supplies as they advanced eastward. To carry out that order,
5864:
Romanian Armies, aided by elements of the German 11th Army, fought their way through Bessarabia towards
5778:
in just six days, 650 km (400 mi) from their start lines. The next objective was to cross the
5090:, say they had sent warnings of an attack on 20 or 22 June, which were treated as "disinformation". The
102:
21111:
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20214:
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20108:
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19126:
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15785:
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12891:
10763:
Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR
10239:
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10059:
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7391:
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7255:
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that "More than 80 percent of all combat during the Second World War took place on the Eastern Front".
3980:
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2718:
2315:
2181:
2159:
1770:
769:
330:
254:
31:
13068:
Battle in the Baltics, 1944–45: The Fighting for Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia: a Photographic History
11860:
Ericson, Edward E. III (1998). "Karl Schnurre and the Evolution of Nazi–Soviet Relations, 1936–1941".
10180:. After diplomatic relations between the Polish government and the Soviet Union broke down in 1943, a
8435:
5868:. The 1st Panzer Group turned away from Kiev for the moment, advancing into the Dnieper bend (western
5024:
Some historians say Stalin was fearful of war with Germany, or just did not expect Germany to start a
4529:
began to portray the war as a German defence of Western civilisation against destruction by the vast "
4498:
Psychologically, the German surge to the east in 1941 marked a high point in some Germans' feeling of
2412:
20950:
20844:
20644:
19900:
19666:
19664:
18705:
18622:
18407:
18267:
18239:
18072:
17977:
17767:
17200:
16274:
15928:
14251:
10389:
9826:
9426:. Soviet and Russian historiography often uses the term "irretrievable casualties". According to the
7561:
7279:
7144:
7021:
6780:
6708:
6386:
6372:
5787:
4618:
4308:
2985:
2593:
2561:
2536:
2198:
2164:
1842:
16472:
9767:
Red Army soldiers in a trench near the corpse of a German soldier, still wearing an Iron Cross, 1942
7521:
The Soviet offensive had two objectives. Because of Stalin's suspicions about the intentions of the
21091:
20797:
20372:
20176:
20093:
20003:
19988:
19978:
19940:
18444:
18421:
17673:
17474:
17467:
17131:
16791:
16763:
16756:
16143:
15627:
10899:
10806:
10459:
10296:
10120:
8325:
7465:
7329:
7239:
7109:
7033:
7029:
7009:
6959:
6806:
6621:
6543:
6463:
6321:
6235:
6231:
6163:
5666:
5258:
53% of USSR domestic production of expended ordnance (artillery shells, mines, assorted explosives)
4793:
4583:
4192:
4055:
The Axis forces, led by Nazi Germany, began their advance into the Soviet Union under the codename
3528:
3195:
2904:
2696:
2214:
16488:
16465:
15203:
13207:
13147:
12098:"China today is foreign oil dependent like Germany in WW2 | Peak Oil News and Message Boards"
7716:
After the German defeat, Stalin promised his allies Truman and Churchill that he would attack the
7202:. Whether Stalin was unable or unwilling to come to the aid of the Polish resistance is disputed.
6127:
5852:
and into Ukraine. Their progress, however, was rather slow, and they took heavy casualties in the
4770:
Finland, which had fought the Winter War against the Soviet Union, also joined the offensive. The
21004:
20733:
20352:
20060:
20042:
19968:
19958:
19421:
19416:
19329:
19276:
18866:
18810:
18680:
18540:
18225:
17878:
17774:
17680:
17248:
17116:
17086:
17050:
17035:
16907:
16799:
16777:
16723:
16709:
16691:
16355:
16136:
15864:
15813:
13673:
12292:
10354:
10029:
10024:
10014:
9999:
9994:
9925:
9822:
9384:
8417:
8241:
8050:
7955:
7813:
7745:
7711:
7600:
7545:
7418:
7287:
7247:
7222:
7176:
6784:
6597:
6575:
6487:
6479:
6308:
6081:
6045:
5989:. Army Group North positioned itself in front of Leningrad and attempted to cut the rail link at
5963:
5928:
5057:
4974:
4752:
4614:
4569:
4208:
4037:
3672:
3349:
3144:
2963:
2780:
2742:
2730:
2613:
2598:
2251:
2110:
1498:
930:
869:
341:
55:
19319:
13841:
13835:
13628:
10421:
10416:
8226:, issued on 28 July 1942, threatened commanders who retreated without orders with punishment by
6938:, Malinovsky's forces advanced across the mud to the Romanian border, not stopping on the river
2132:
21206:
20881:
20402:
20337:
19983:
19963:
19905:
19615:
19357:
19208:
18558:
18451:
18253:
18204:
18107:
18000:
17970:
17753:
17641:
17367:
17158:
16749:
16730:
16700:
16247:
16217:
14256:
11625:. Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs, Clemson University. Archived from
9944:
8634:
7536:
The offensive to capture central Germany and Berlin started on 16 April with an assault on the
7522:
7425:
6985:
6796:
6700:
6406:
6227:
6123:
5923:
5853:
5801:
5697:
hundreds of thousands of Soviet troops in huge pockets that were then reduced by slower-moving
5402:
5095:
5047:
Germany had been assembling very large numbers of troops in eastern Poland and making repeated
4642:
4630:
4286:
4122:
4121:) throughout Eastern Europe. Nazi military operations were characterised by vicious brutality,
4001:
2858:
2831:
2708:
2551:
2361:
2280:
1714:
1633:
660:
564:
523:
466:
20594:
15406:
14722:
14475:
13688:
13665:
13651:
13533:
13148:
Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression (2005). Salo, Vello (ed.).
12972:
12702:
12621:
12615:
12585:
12394:
Rõngelep, Riho; Clemmesen, Michael Hesselholt (January 2003). "Tartu in the 1941 Summer War".
12384:
Helen Fry, "'The Walls Have Ears'", Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-23860-0, 2019, p. 81
12335:
11745:"Strategische Lage im Frühjahr 1944", Jodl, Vortrag 5 May 1944. (referenced to BA-MA, N69/18.)
11711:
11694:
11563:
11536:
11313:
11286:
11199:
9759:
Corpses of German soldiers at a collection point after the Battle of Stalingrad, February 1943
6530:
started on 19 November. Two Soviet fronts punched through the Romanian lines and converged at
4812:
Polish armies, were armed and trained, and would eventually fight alongside the Red Army. The
4751:, thereby invading the Soviet Union. The war ended on 9 May 1945, when Germany's armed forces
21136:
21096:
20856:
20785:
20234:
20047:
19930:
19470:
19375:
19352:
19099:
19049:
18772:
18615:
18511:
18481:
18437:
18177:
18142:
18135:
18058:
17956:
17397:
17374:
17221:
16832:
16369:
16109:
16095:
15778:
15085:
volume 2 of "Decisive and Indecisive Military Operations" (University Press of Kansas, 2016)
14195:
13016:
11862:
11840:
11783:
11258:
Vietnam: The Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict
11256:
10951:
10677:
10161:
10107:
10054:
9442:, infrastructure, and whole towns, leaving much of the population homeless and without food.
8585:
8502:
8447:
8442:
7662:
7437:
7433:
7429:
6731:
6720:
6053:
6006:
5919:
5869:
5861:
5845:
5841:
5717:
5713:
4610:
4508:
4246:
4224:
4081:
3545:
3344:
2836:
2825:
2576:
2437:
1002:
828:
16667:
15510:
15313:
13643:
13266:
13179:
13066:
13020:
12946:
12694:
11964:
11229:
10873:"Speech of the Reichsfuehrer-SS at the meeting of SS Major-Generals at Posen 4 October 1943"
10845:
10633:
8156:, which Stalin's internal policy had made the first priority throughout the 1930s. Stalin's
7618:
Upon learning of Hitler and Goebbels's death, Dönitz (now President of the Reich) appointed
6664:
offensive could be mounted, then attention could then be turned to the Allied threat to the
4916:
2,460,000 Germans, 60,000 (northern Norway); 300,000 Finns, 550,000 Romanians and Hungarians
4894:
3,403,000 Germans, 80,000 (northern Norway); 400,000 Finns, 150,000 Romanians and Hungarians
1086:
20669:
20342:
20239:
20209:
19948:
19405:
19387:
19383:
19369:
19365:
19361:
19255:
19095:
18873:
18728:
18379:
18336:
18306:
18232:
18042:
18021:
16947:
16424:
16102:
15151:
14628:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. 15 January 2009. Archived from
12070:
11696:
Das Heer 1933–1945: Entwicklung des organisatorischen Aufbaues. Die Blitzfeldzüge 1939–1941
10786:
10308:
10283:
10189:
10099:
9931:
8164:
7896:
7778:
7774:
7635:
7074:
6475:
6454:
The advance into the Caucasus bogged down, with the Germans unable to fight their way past
6380:
6002:
5857:
5837:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5635:
5599:
5134:
5110:
4740:
4725:
4646:
4599:
4522:
4412:
4158:
4074:
4056:
3836:
3692:
3550:
3523:
3413:
3408:
3393:
3261:
2891:
2773:
2724:
2530:
2393:
1830:
1354:
221:
205:
10119:
Slovakia voluntarily participated in the conflict until August 1944, when it submitted to
7123:
7046:
5887:
On 26 September, the Soviet forces east of Kiev surrendered and the Battle of Kiev ended.
2556:
978:
966:
8:
21244:
21174:
21031:
20559:
20494:
20265:
20137:
20118:
20098:
19674:
19560:
19379:
19091:
18991:
18765:
18643:
18599:
18121:
17255:
17021:
16548:
16378:
16362:
16311:
15731:
15549:
15451:
Lak, Martijn (2015). "Contemporary Historiography on the Eastern Front in World War II".
15291:
13561:
11387:
10977:
10679:
The Supreme Control at the Paris Peace Conference 1919 (Routledge Revivals): A Commentary
10279:
9880:, formed mostly of German POWs, were allowed to form small units known as Combat Groups (
8184:
8124:
7526:
7449:
7348:
7321:
7283:
7078:
7013:
6126:, as well as some well-trained Far-Eastern divisions transferred from the east following
5365:
4778:
4665:
4472:
4274:
4114:
4093:
4073:("Case Blue") plan on 28 June 1942. The Soviets successfully halted further Axis advance
3937:
3734:
3687:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3474:
3313:
3159:
3113:
2968:
2934:
2879:
2447:
2327:
1738:
1584:
1213:
19213:
13897:
13151:
The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes, 1940–1991
12776:
Rotundo, Louis (January 1986). "The Creation of Soviet Reserves and the 1941 Campaign".
10801:
10098:
Hungary voluntarily participated in the conflict until March 1944, when it submitted to
9841:
were primarily used in the Eastern Front but some were assigned to guard the beaches of
7748:, it marked the only military action of the Soviet Union against Imperial Japan; at the
4872:
2,600,000 Germans, 90,000 (northern Norway); 600,000 Romanians, Hungarians, and Italians
21234:
21216:
21169:
21151:
21131:
20770:
20522:
20420:
20392:
20275:
20260:
19514:
19465:
19411:
19188:
18984:
18817:
18742:
18696:
18666:
18574:
18414:
18079:
17963:
17857:
17808:
17746:
17502:
17453:
17262:
16886:
16541:
16339:
15468:
15411:
15230:
15035:
The Eastern Front: Barbarossa, Stalingrad, Kursk and Berlin (Campaigns of World War II)
14794:
14026:
14018:
13717:
13589:
13514:
13240:
12921:
12793:
12561:
12525:
12517:
12470:
12424:
12226:
12218:
11879:
11828:
11824:
11517:
11455:
11447:
11404:
11339:
11095:
11053:
The Wannsee Protocol and a 1944 Report on Auschwitz by the Office of Strategic Services
11014:
10953:
In Hitler's Shadow: West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past
10932:
10916:
10823:
10380:
10235:
9360:
8625:
Soviet armoured fighting vehicle production was greater than the Germans (in 1943, the
8542:
8120:
8116:
7848:
7782:
7367:
7363:
7230:
7226:
7037:
6951:
6935:
6747:
6564:
6560:
6376:
6115:
5994:
5955:
5678:
5645:
5357:
5349:
4997:
German soldiers in a Panzer III tank; Kalmyk steppe north of Stalingrad, September 1942
4809:
4512:
4411:. Hitler as early as 1917 had referred to the Russians as inferior, believing that the
4300:
4227:(November 1918) and these territories became independent states under the terms of the
4089:
3919:
3623:
3613:
3533:
3134:
2978:
2939:
2919:
2914:
2812:
2587:
2100:
1378:
1342:
1062:
1026:
954:
654:
460:
397:
14847:
Churchill's German Special Forces: The Elite Refugee Troops Who Took the War to Hitler
12979:. Royal Institute of International Affairs. Information Department. 1944. p. 825.
11568:. Modern War Studies (second ed.). University Press of Kansas. pp. 301–303.
7373:
7210:
7205:
In Slovakia, the Slovak National Uprising started as an armed struggle between German
5814:
1854:
1758:
21141:
21081:
20888:
20814:
20792:
20691:
20569:
20382:
20362:
20357:
20347:
20182:
19944:
19451:
19314:
19157:
18975:
18859:
18749:
18689:
18650:
18583:
18565:
18531:
18474:
18428:
18372:
18197:
17935:
17927:
17864:
17717:
17311:
16843:
16304:
16283:
15993:
15472:
15418:
15395:
15385:
15371:
15348:
15330:
15299:
15280:
15263:
15237:
15217:
15189:
15174:
15156:
15126:
15111:
15096:
15072:
15057:
15039:
15011:
14992:
14973:
14947:
14940:
14924:
14873:
14850:
14825:
14800:
14748:
14726:
14576:
14564:
14543:
14527:
14495:
14487:
14479:
14467:
14459:
14451:
14420:
14400:
14342:
14321:
14072:
14048:
14030:
13878:
13855:
13845:
13784:
13760:
13694:
13644:
13597:
13569:
13541:
13399:
13272:
13187:
13158:
13072:
13026:
12952:
12850:
12816:
12756:
12731:
12706:
12695:
12675:
12665:
12625:
12591:
12529:
12341:
12230:
12038:
11970:
11789:
11762:
11717:
11569:
11542:
11521:
11459:
11408:
11319:
11292:
11262:
11235:
11205:
11178:
11123:
11099:
11066:
10957:
10924:
10877:
Source: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. IV. USGPO, Washington, 1946, pp. 616–634
10851:
10841:
10766:
10738:
10713:
10683:
10656:
10583:
10546:
10515:
9954:
9869:
9811:
9480:
9469:
8254:
8176:
promotion of many younger officers that Stalin and the NKVD regarded as in line with
8041:
7876:
7861:
7809:
7769:
7608:
7584:
7251:
7191:
7082:
7055:
6685:
6390:
6097:
6072:, the last Soviet city that stood in its way to the capital. After a meeting held in
5805:
Soviet children during a German air raid in the first days of the war, June 1941, by
5743:
5442:
5405:
during World War II took place on an unprecedented scale. It was a vital part of the
5068:
4825:
4711:
4622:
4575:
4565:
4545:
4439:
4278:
4250:
4236:
3989:
3909:
3841:
3821:
3786:
3781:
3677:
3513:
3464:
3439:
3434:
3403:
3139:
2863:
2691:
2332:
2171:
2147:
1690:
1596:
1450:
1390:
1139:
15318:
15086:
14158:
Soviet numbers for 1945 are for the whole of 1945, including after the war was over.
13980:("Военно-исторический журнал" ("Military-Historical Magazine"), 1997, No.5. page 32)
13877:. Translated by French, David. Warsaw, Poland: Polskiej Akademii Nauk. p. 176.
13596:. Vol. VIII (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 83, 200.
13497:
Garthoff, Raymond L. (October 1969). "The Soviet Manchurian Campaign, August 1945".
11385:(2000). "The Fall of Litvinov: Harbinger of the German–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact".
10936:
9776:. Deaths of POW were 450,600 including 356,700 in NKVD camps and 93,900 in transit.
8565:, it is generally accepted that it considered itself bound by the provisions of the
7764:
Soviet soldiers celebrating the surrender of the German forces in Berlin, 2 May 1945
7382:
and cleared the right bank of the Oder River. In the south, the German attempts, in
1806:
1225:
1201:
906:
21126:
21071:
20977:
20718:
20489:
20459:
20425:
20270:
20020:
19998:
19193:
19162:
19152:
18894:
18887:
18831:
18495:
18260:
18246:
18149:
18086:
18037:
17850:
17703:
17650:
17460:
17411:
17325:
16555:
16532:
16065:
15460:
14010:
13506:
13125:
13097:
12994:
12913:
12785:
12662:
Hitler's arctic war: the German campaigns in Norway, Finland and the USSR 1940–1945
12581:
12543:
12507:
12499:
12462:
12276:
The Bitter Road to Freedom: The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe
12210:
12133:
12128:
12116:
12030:
11871:
11820:
11509:
11482:
11437:
11396:
11364:
11282:
11161:
11087:
11006:
10908:
10815:
10408:
10345:
10275:
9461:
8458:
8293:
8207:
8078:
8009:. The character of the war was thus determined by the political leaders and their
7998:
7912:
7900:
7880:
7869:
7794:
7749:
7692:
7612:
7488:
7480:
7383:
7296:
7291:
7209:
forces and rebel Slovak troops between August and October 1944. It was centered at
7187:
7159:
6878:
6592:
6527:
6496:
6431:
Towards the south, the 1st Panzer Army had reached the Caucasian foothills and the
6332:
6258:
6159:
6138:
5959:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5751:
5747:
5721:
5709:
5705:
5595:
5579:
5568:
5557:
5544:
5528:
5517:
5504:
5488:
5477:
5466:
5453:
5353:
5145:
5014:
5013:
For nearly two years the border was quiet while Germany conquered Denmark, Norway,
4817:
4760:
4756:
4650:
4591:
4431:
4258:
4182:
4166:
4097:
4060:
4049:
4029:
3754:
3724:
3373:
3359:
3276:
3081:
3017:
3011:
3000:
2973:
2909:
2817:
2670:
2659:
2632:
2624:
2603:
2546:
2142:
2120:
1742:
1702:
1662:
1548:
1520:
1516:
1486:
1462:
1273:
1177:
1165:
1110:
19183:
16074:
15642:
15527:
15464:
15258:
14681:
13999:
Robinson, Jacob (April 1945). "Transfer of Property in Enemy Occupied Territory".
13951:
12149:
Hitler's Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labour in Germany under the Third Reich
11156:
8305:
8253:
brutally as in the 1930s) and demoted many successful officers (including Zhukov,
7843:
1189:
21146:
20893:
20745:
20713:
20387:
20367:
20070:
20055:
19524:
19455:
19198:
19178:
18917:
18629:
18544:
18502:
18400:
18343:
18211:
17993:
17984:
17513:
17095:
17071:
16325:
15539:
15325:
15034:
14204:
14068:
13904:
13623:
13393:
13216:
13186:. Tallinn: Estonian Foundation for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity.
12188:
12177:
12034:
11996:
11117:
10897:
Connelly, John (1999). "Nazis and Slavs: From Racial Theory to Racist Practice".
10372:
10157:
9959:
9901:
9881:
8574:
8425:
8321:
8282:
8270:
8237:
8105:
Hitler considered the army and its officer corps suspect and came to rely on the
8006:
7928:
7816:
7802:
7786:
7717:
7684:(as part of a two-day 8–9 May holiday) and some other post-Soviet countries. The
7596:
7565:
7557:
7484:
7468:
7263:
7259:
7195:
7025:
6955:
6756:
6735:
6654:
6601:
6587:
6280:
6216:
6200:
6188:
5733:
5729:
5657:
5118:
5007:
4785:, sent by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco to keep his ties to the Axis intact.
4695:
4669:
4486:
4476:
4382:
4162:
4128:
4085:
4021:
3826:
3816:
3714:
3354:
3303:
3022:
2929:
2791:
2756:
2681:
2571:
2310:
2231:
1818:
1782:
1678:
1658:
1608:
1560:
1402:
1366:
1291:
1098:
1074:
918:
181:
19029:
15253:
11288:
The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, 1933–36
10458:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
8021:
6711:
battled their way through minefields and over comparatively high ground towards
4104:
on 8 May, a day that marked the end of the Eastern Front and the War in Europe.
4080:
Seeing the Axis setback from Stalingrad, the Soviet Union routed its forces and
1794:
1153:
21229:
21056:
20819:
20809:
20186:
19895:
19890:
19342:
18924:
18460:
18386:
16438:
16297:
15719:
15695:
15146:
14965:
14392:
12611:
12547:
11355:
11315:
World Without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History and Analysis
10463:
9949:
9850:
9465:
8577:
and Western Ukraine, while the remainder was to be evacuated in death marches.
8405:
8098:
7865:
7737:
7673:
7658:
7604:
7514:
7441:
6859:
6642:
6535:
6531:
6483:
6421:
6336:
6296:
6223:
6119:
6104:
6061:
5903:
5877:
5795:
5775:
5320:
5048:
4775:
4715:
4691:
4677:
4664:
régime, formalised its ideological position on 25 November 1936 by signing the
4661:
4434:, saw the war against the Soviet Union as a struggle between the ideologies of
4282:
4216:
4204:
4017:
4013:
3806:
3744:
3486:
3479:
3469:
3103:
2735:
2566:
2246:
2241:
1866:
1726:
1646:
1620:
1438:
942:
844:
744:
197:
30:"Great Patriotic War" redirects here. For a discussion of the term itself, see
15661:
15634:
15619:
15600:
15573:
13456:
12302:
11486:
11368:
10912:
10819:
8360:
was tolerated by a relatively more significant part of the native population.
7588:
7347:
On 25 January 1945, Hitler renamed three army groups. Army Group North became
5102:
demanding German occupation of Ukraine during the German invasion of Britain.
4973:
The above figures includes all personnel in the German Army, i.e. active-duty
4153:
both provided substantial material aid to the Soviet Union in the form of the
21259:
21189:
21026:
20664:
19555:
19519:
19333:
18735:
16660:
16509:
16348:
15707:
15608:
15340:
15273:
15049:
14869:
14447:
14183:
13120:
13092:
12214:
11676:
Blitzkrieg-Legende: Der Westfeldzug 1940, Operationen des Zweiten Weltkrieges
11428:
11010:
10635:
Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism
10243:
9818:
9423:
8638:
depending on the year, while armoured vehicles by comparison were only 5–8%.
8483:
8330:
8227:
8223:
8214:
for all ranks; this represented a significant symbolic step, since after the
8211:
8172:
8144:
8107:
7908:
7884:
7831:
7824:
7741:
7691:
The German Army Group Centre initially refused to surrender and continued to
7453:
7414:
7199:
7051:
6947:
6871:
6723:. Battle was joined on 12 July, with about one thousand tanks being engaged.
6692:
6304:
6300:
6204:
6192:
6101:
5998:
5891:
5873:
5779:
5755:
5398:
5348:
lost 20% of its national income in 1940 and 40% in 1943. Axis allies such as
5091:
5087:
5083:
5075:
5025:
4851:
3,050,000 Germans, 67,000 (northern Norway); 500,000 Finns, 150,000 Romanians
4782:
4579:
4549:
4459:
4335:
4200:
4025:
3904:
3831:
3811:
3719:
3491:
3239:
3154:
1536:
1503:
1474:
1330:
1317:
1278:
1122:
894:
731:
517:
185:
14893:
14596:
13859:
12679:
10880:
7997:
The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany were both ideologically driven states (by
7856:
7356:
6992:
port, were stopped in February 1944. The German army group "Narwa" included
6699:, right behind them and behind Orel. The southern offensive, spearheaded by
6405:. As part of this, Operation Shamil was executed, a plan whereby a group of
5264:
93% of railway equipment (locomotives, freight cars, wide gauge rails, etc.)
4443:
2050:
20945:
20469:
20435:
20190:
19935:
19034:
18838:
17138:
17043:
16674:
16037:
15801:
15581:
15166:
14961:
14433:
14295:
12942:
12288:
11400:
11382:
11070:
10928:
10324:
9937:
9364:
8470:). These results and missed opportunities contributed to the defeat of the
8301:
8168:
8102:
8065:
8025:
7410:
7352:
7340:, and drawing up on a line sixty kilometres east of Berlin along the River
6981:
6911:
6704:
6440:
6312:
6292:
6114:
did not have the strength to capture Moscow, and the attack was suspended.
6085:
6069:
5911:
5725:
5694:
5603:
5340:
4987:
4736:
4634:
4408:
4304:
4245:
had declared his intention to invade the Soviet Union on 11 August 1939 to
4242:
4045:
4005:
3993:
2686:
2083:
1493:
1050:
990:
882:
823:
581:
444:
393:
302:
298:
283:
258:
20706:
15522:
15519:(photos, video, interviews, memorials. Written from a Russian perspective)
7827:
would have had to double the number of its soldiers on the Western Front.
7661:
repeated the signing in Berlin at Zhukov's headquarters, now known as the
7493:
7378:
Heinrich Himmler, had failed by 24 February, and the Red Army drove on to
6842:(Siegfried Line) of fortifications along the German frontier in the west.
6734:
was one of the largest tank battles ever fought. It was part of the wider
5148:, as well as in the provision of early material and intelligence support.
4672:. Fascist Italy joined the Pact a year later. The Soviet Union negotiated
4165:
are considered part of the Eastern Front. In addition, the Soviet–Finnish
21051:
20780:
20701:
20634:
20464:
20113:
19670:
19529:
19437:
18673:
18659:
18321:
16997:
16818:
16803:
16157:
12993:. Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 22 September 2006. Archived from
12546:, Peeter Kaasik (2006). "Destruction battalions in Estonia in 1941". In
11113:
10629:
9439:
8467:
8297:
8286:
8258:
8157:
7724:
began on 8 August 1945, with an assault on the Japanese puppet states of
6975:
In a lightning campaign, the Germans were pushed back from Leningrad and
6638:
6547:
6432:
6250:
6013:
5806:
5656:
At 03:15 on 22 June 1941, 99 of 190 German divisions, including fourteen
5003:
4813:
4767:
4744:
4702:
would not be signed until some four years after the Anti-Comintern Pact.
4699:
4557:
4400:
4196:
4138:
4134:
4044:
in World War II, eventually serving as the main reason for the defeat of
3997:
3729:
3608:
3459:
3449:
3234:
3108:
2207:
2125:
1426:
856:
786:
703:
501:
426:
160:
13875:
A ridiculous hundred million Slavs: Concerning Adolf Hitler's world-view
12222:
10735:
Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Military Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941
6763:
The Kursk offensive was the last on the scale of 1940 and 1941 that the
5736:
seized the moment and controlled most of Lithuania, northern Latvia and
4403:", while exterminating or deporting most of the existing inhabitants to
21086:
21036:
20955:
20824:
19910:
19534:
18028:
17781:
17760:
16653:
15986:
15914:
15650:
15560:
15497:
Prof Richard Overy writes a summary about the eastern front for the BBC
15490:
14022:
13908:
13566:
The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won
13518:
12925:
12797:
12521:
12512:
12474:
11883:
11832:
11451:
10920:
10827:
10123:, which ensured Slovakia's participation until the end of the conflict.
8610:
8429:
8396:
8094:
8033:
7969: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7505:
7445:
6989:
6915:
6855:
6677:
6646:
6523:
6417:
6089:
6049:
6037:
5947:
5899:
5881:
5872:). When it joined up with the southern elements of Army Group South at
4530:
4517:
4453:
4449:
4427:
4395:
4389:
4374:
4347:
4320:
4232:
4154:
4109:
3633:
3308:
3149:
3076:
2115:
2105:
1572:
1261:
1237:
11713:
Unternehmen Barbarossa: deutsche und sowjetische Angriffspläne 1940/41
11513:
11018:
10110:, which ensured Hungary's participation until the end of the conflict.
7097:
was, by any measure, one of the largest single operations of the war.
6500:
Soviet advances on the Eastern Front, 18 November 1942 to March 1943:
5064:, Soviet troops on the western border received a directive, signed by
4653:. It served as a useful testing ground for both the Wehrmacht and the
4169:
is generally also considered the northern flank of the Eastern Front.
3454:
20674:
19092:
18291:
17696:
17493:
17304:
17102:
17057:
15654:
12451:
Wilt, Alan F. (December 1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941".
10336:
As part of the Allied victory in the European theatre of World War II
9964:
9846:
9431:
8606:
8387:
8353:
8177:
7916:
7729:
7725:
7623:
7580:
7549:
7379:
7117:
7113:
6743:
6650:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6368:
6033:
5974:
5943:
5724:, this formation advanced through the Baltic states, and the Russian
4982:
4978:
4682:
4626:
4595:
4492:
4464:
4212:
4178:
4069:
3704:
3210:
3071:
2702:
16578:
14092:
Oil of Russia. Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. 2 November 2011.
14014:
13510:
12917:
12789:
12466:
11875:
11442:
11423:
8642:
Summary of German and Soviet raw material production during the war
8140:
8013:
to a much greater extent than in any other theatre of World War II.
7944:
7631:
7337:
6234:
Armies had captured Ruza, Dorokhovo, Mozhaisk and Vereya, while the
4788:
The Soviet Union offered support to the anti-Axis partisans in many
173:
44:
21239:
21101:
19539:
19488:
16562:
16290:
15511:
Rarities of the USSR photochronicles. Great Patriotic War 1941–1945
14089:
12503:
11989:
11966:
Russia's Life-Saver: Lend-Lease Aid to the U.S.S.R. in World War II
11091:
10847:
War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941
10222:
10193:
9842:
9427:
8602:
8479:
8336:
8232:
8037:
8010:
7645:
headquarters, German Chief-of-Staff General Alfred Jodl signed the
7387:
7172:
6976:
6866:
6819:
6742:
After the war, the battle near Prochorovka was idealised by Soviet
6696:
6669:
6455:
6448:
6436:
6276:
6272:
6142:
The Soviet winter counter-offensive, 5 December 1941 to 7 May 1942:
5907:
5783:
5698:
5332:
4654:
4343:
4064:
3603:
3298:
757:
294:
15259:
At Leningrad's Gates: The Story of a Soldier with Army Group North
11353:
Beloff, Max (1950). "Soviet Foreign Policy, 1929–41: Some Notes".
8524:
of the Belarusian population was designated for "eradication" and
8264:
8244:
which carried out especially hazardous duties, such as serving as
6546:, with three transferred panzer divisions, got going briskly from
4625:
of 1936–1939. This conflict soon took on the characteristics of a
20075:
14510:
14508:
13568:(Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. pp. 3, 257, 308.
13052:
Sinimäed Hills 1944: Battles of World War II in Northeast Estonia
10879:. Stuart Stein, University of the West of England. Archived from
10511:
The Eastern Front: The Germans and Soviets at War in World War II
8491:
8369:
8345:
7927:
epidemic that spread slowly westwards, reaching the coast of the
7888:
7627:
7541:
7395:
7168:
7140:
7128:
7090:
6572:
6568:
6556:
6025:
6017:
5986:
5662:
4832:
Comparative strengths of combat forces, Eastern Front, 1941–1945
4732:
4404:
4324:
4033:
698:
496:
177:
15516:
15155:, Da Capo Press Reissue edition. New York: Da Capo Press, 2001.
10074:
List of military operations on the Eastern Front of World War II
8652:(million tonnes, Germany includes lignite and bituminous types)
7793:
This included the terrorisation of their own people, as well as
7603:; however, Goebbels also committed suicide, along with his wife
4816:
forces also contributed to the Red Army by the formation of the
4036:), and lasted from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945. Of the estimated
2458:
20178:
17172:
15770:
15400:
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
14225:
10164:), composed of Poles in the USSR and loyal to the London-based
8511:
8487:
8349:
8002:
7924:
7681:
7569:
7525:
to hand over territory occupied by them in the post-war Soviet
7497:
14,933,000 Soviet and Soviet-allied personnel were awarded the
7457:
7399:
7333:
7317:
7132:
7070:
6830:
6801:
6712:
6681:
6459:
6402:
6288:
6181:
6177:
6093:
6065:
6029:
5982:
5978:
5895:
5865:
5690:
5376:
5345:
5324:
4435:
4265:
so that they can't starve us out, as happened in the last war.
15532:
14822:
Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth
14704:
14692:
14505:
12896:"Stalin and the Prospects of a Separate Peace in World War II"
9062:
Summary of Axis and Soviet aircraft production during the war
8627:
Soviet Union manufactured 24,089 tanks and self-propelled guns
8416:
Viktor Cherevihkin, a Soviet teenager killed by German troops
8001:
and by Nazism, respectively), in which the foremost political
7167:
Finnish forces retreated to their secondary defence line, the
6755:
the flank of the German 9th Army. Also worried by the Allies'
17360:
15737:
15545:
Don't forget how the Soviet Union saved the world from Hitler
13461:. Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office. p. 258
13129:. Northern Territory, Australia. 15 September 1944. p. 1
13101:. Northern Territory, Australia. 14 September 1944. p. 1
12163:
10412:
8551:
8061:
regard this decision as a missed opportunity to win the war.
7733:
7650:
7642:
7630:
border, where Dönitz's headquarters were located, along with
7461:
7394:, which failed by 16 March. On 30 March the Red Army entered
6993:
6847:
6822:, and Kharkov was abandoned for the final time on 22 August.
6428:
would be fighting the Battle of Stalingrad street-by-street.
6394:
6316:
6196:
6073:
6021:
5970:
5818:
5759:
5285:
5276:
50% of TNT (1942–1944) and 33% of ammunition powder (in 1944)
4420:
4311:
15214:
Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century
14872:
The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia (2004),
14450:
The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia (2004),
13022:
Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century
12542:
12412:
11602:
11600:
8335:
murders a Jew who is kneeling before a filled mass grave in
7183:, Finnish troops finally managed to halt the Soviet attack.
5934:
5428:
5270:
43% of garage facilities (building materials and blueprints)
4739:
and its allies. The conflict began on 22 June 1941 with the
4277:
between Germany and the Soviet Union. It contained a secret
243:(3 years, 10 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
19973:
14796:
The Free Germany Movement: A Case of Patriotism Or Treason?
13805:"ПРИКАЗ О РАСФОРМИРОВАНИИ ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ ЗАГРАДИТЕЛЬНЫХ ОТРЯДОВ"
13182:. In Hiio, Toomas; Maripuu, Meelis; Paavle, Indrek (eds.).
12029:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–55.
8590:
8275:
German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war
8167:, a proponent of armoured blitzkrieg. Stalin promoted some
7573:
7341:
7066:
6939:
6826:
6751:
attain its objectives, the German advance had been halted.
6526:, and it was from these that they struck in November 1942.
6410:
5782:, which was accomplished by 11 July. Their next target was
5380:
5034:
during a short period of Nazi–Soviet economic collaboration
4680:
with the aim of containing Germany's expansion. The German
4586:", manifested itself as a series of nationwide centralised
4471:
Hitler referred to the war in radical terms, calling it a "
4416:
169:
15370:.: This is mostly a photo-history, with connecting texts.
15319:
Hitler's War in the East, 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment
10638:(1st ed.). Holt, Rinehart & Winston. p. 358.
10005:
German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II
9817:
Some Soviet citizens would side with the Germans and join
8222:
These concessions were combined with ruthless discipline:
7732:; the greater offensive would eventually include northern
7634:. Accordingly, this administration was referred to as the
5036:
were critical for Germany to launch Operation Barbarossa.
4525:
in 1943 and the resulting dire German military situation,
19142:
14644:
14232:
14066:
Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe.
13395:
After Hitler: The Last Ten Days of World War II in Europe
12701:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. pp.
11916:
1939–1945, Der Zweite Weltkrieg in Chronik und Dokumenten
11650:"The Myth of German Superiority on the WW2 Eastern Front"
11597:
11231:
The Condor Legion: German Troops in the Spanish Civil War
9628:
Military losses on the Eastern Front during World War II
9446:
Military losses on the Eastern Front during World War II
8356:(which had been annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940) the
7440:
in the south to the Baltic, into an area in front of the
7436:(1BF), which had been deployed along the Oder river from
7424:
The fall of Königsberg allowed Stavka to free up General
6563:'s counteroffensive, strengthened by a specially trained
6393:
southeastwards. The grand plan was to secure the Don and
6257:'s 33rd Army aided by Gen. Belov's 1st Cavalry Corps and
6028:. The combined German and Romanian forces moved into the
5990:
4724:
Situation in Europe by May/June 1941, immediately before
4161:
across the northernmost Finnish–Soviet border and in the
14989:
Stumbling colossus: the Red Army on the eve of World War
12587:
Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe
12243:
Ulrich Herbert, "Forced Laborers in the 'Third Reich'",
11587:
11585:
9837:
units. Most of those who joined were Soviet POWs. These
9371:
armaments minister) direction, despite the intensifying
8482:
and reprisals; 1.8 million deported to Germany for
7585:
committed suicide by taking cyanide and shooting himself
7238:
On 8 September 1944 the Red Army began an attack on the
6882:
Soviet advances from 1 August 1943 to 31 December 1944:
6466:
and entered the suburbs of Ordzhonikidze on 2 November.
6327:
6133:
6064:
when it reached the last tramstop of the Moscow line at
4574:
Throughout the 1930s the Soviet Union underwent massive
4504:- an intoxication with the idea of colonising the East.
4448:(superhumans) - who according to Nazi ideology were the
19616:
Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust
15660:"How the Red Army Defeated Germany: The Three Alibis":
15557:
Images depicting conditions in the camps for Soviet POW
15432:, NY:Ballantine Books, London:Macdomald & Co, 1969.
15345:
Russia's War: A History of the Soviet Effort: 1941–1945
14671:
Micheal Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts, p. 449
14166:
14164:
11201:
The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution
10394:
9409:
World War II military deaths in Europe by theatre, year
7077:
two weeks before. The Belorussian Offensive (codenamed
6339:: German advances from 7 May 1942 to 18 November 1942:
4824:
or 3rd Fighter Group) unit to fulfil the commitment of
4191:
Germany and the Soviet Union remained unsatisfied with
16432:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
15202:
International Military Tribunal at Nurnberg, Germany.
15083:
From Defeat to Victory: The Eastern Front, Summer 1944
13736:
12664:. Jörgensen, Christer. Surrey: Allan. pp. 81–86.
11682:] (in German). München: R. Oldenbourg. p. 43.
11223:
11221:
10424:
Berger, and the chief of the partisan combating units.
8304:
propaganda. Then in 1943 came the call for total war.
7657:. The next day shortly before midnight, Field Marshal
4860:
2,680,000 active in Western Military Districts out of
3984:
in the Soviet Union and its successor states, and the
27:
Theatre of war of European Axis and Soviet Union blocs
20973:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
15679:
15296:
Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945
15008:
Colossus reborn : the Red Army at war: 1941-1943
13206:
12294:
The Soviet–German War, 1941–1945: Myths and Realities
11905:
Source: L. E. Reshin, "Year of 1941", vol. 2, p. 152.
11896:
Source: L. E. Reshin, "Year of 1941", vol. 1, p. 508.
11622:
The Soviet-German War, 1941–1945: Myths and Realities
11582:
10543:
Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik.
10359:
9967:– Japanese plan to invade the Soviet Far East in 1941
8593:
tanks being transported from the factory to the front
7116:
on 31 August. Romania and the Soviet Union signed an
6571:, opened on 20 February 1943 and fought its way from
6012:
Army Group South pushed down from the Dnieper to the
5918:
Stalin ordered the retreating Red Army to initiate a
4792:-occupied countries in Central Europe, notably those
4157:
program, along with naval and air support. The joint
3272:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
15437:
The U.S. Army in the occupation of Germany 1944–1946
15093:
The Road to Stalingrad. Stalin's War against Germany
14970:
When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army stopped Hitler
14170:
German figures for 1941 and 1942 include tanks only.
14161:
14130:
14128:
14126:
13781:
Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953
13690:
Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union
13458:
THE U.S. ARMY IN THE OCCUPATION OF GERMANY 1944-1946
13373:
12886:
12884:
12250:"Forced Laborers in the "Third Reich" - an Overview"
12051:
11809:
Milward, A. S. (1964). "The End of the Blitzkrieg".
11785:
Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power, 1941–1945
11565:
When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler
10079:
Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II
9972:
7300:
Soviet advances from 1 January 1945 to 11 May 1945:
6984:
and seize control of Finland. The Leningrad Front's
5648:'s announcement of the German invasion, 22 June 1941
5590:
5424:
Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II
15347:, New Edition. New York: Penguin Books Ltd., 1998.
15277:
Thunder in the East: the Nazi–Soviet War, 1941–1945
14921:
Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War
14417:
Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg
14339:
Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg
14318:
Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg
13048:
Sinimäed 1944: II maailmasõja lahingud Kirde-Eestis
11218:
11204:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 483.
11144:(a colonizing high or intoxication with the East) .
10709:
Hitler's Shadow War: The Holocaust and World War II
8097:in the war was one of the factors in the attempted
6447:contingent with the 1st Panzer Army and a Croatian
5393:
Forced labour under German rule during World War II
4967:(450,000 Poles, Romanians, Bulgarians, and Czechs)
4947:(360,000 Poles, Romanians, Bulgarians, and Czechs)
4763:), a strategic operation executed by the Red Army.
4731:The war was fought between Germany, its allies and
4594:, and eventually leading to the dissolution of the
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
19460:Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia
15417:, New Edition. Orion Publishing Group Ltd., 2000.
14939:
14154:
14152:
14150:
14148:
13969:Partisan Resistance in Belarus during World War II
13534:"The Crisis Deepens: The Outbreak of World War II"
12991:"The Otto Tief government and the fall of Tallinn"
12574:
11177:. UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–44.
11160:is available for free viewing and download at the
11122:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 71.
9363:, increasing production in subsequent years under
8279:World War II German war crimes in the Soviet Union
8111:(SS) and Nazi party members to prosecute the war.
6307:, later defected to Germany and formed the ROA or
6044:until 3 July 1942). On 21 November, the Wehrmacht
5267:50–80% of rolled steel, cable, lead, and aluminium
4442:, ensuring territorial expansion for the Germanic
3445:50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests
15513:Borodulin Collection. Excellent set of war photos
15236:. United States of America: Da Capo Press, 1999.
14123:
13540:(sixth ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 138.
12881:
12393:
12159:
12157:
11845:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
11758:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
11692:
11119:Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine
9669:2,250,000–3,300,000 of which 1,283,200 confirmed
7830:Memorandum for the President's Special Assistant
7823:, calculated that without the Eastern Front, the
7649:documents for all German forces to the Allies at
7474:
5929:NKVD massacred thousands of anti-Soviet prisoners
5902:for re-establishment in more remote areas of the
21257:
20988:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
20318:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
15599:"Fighting a Lost War: The German Army in 1943":
15110:. New York: Orion Publishing Group, Ltd., 2007.
15108:The Road to Berlin. Stalin's War against Germany
14972:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
14359:Göttingen, Percy E. Schramm (21 November 2012).
14180:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
13157:. Estonian Encyclopedia Publishers. p. 19.
12840:
12838:
12836:
12834:
12832:
12644:
12011:Ivan Ivanovich Vernidub, Boepripasy pobedy, 1998
11534:
10147:pilots operated as part of the German Air Force.
7785:, and the single largest battle in the history,
7768:The Eastern Front was the largest and bloodiest
7538:German front lines on the Oder and Neisse rivers
7351:; Army Group Centre became Army Group North and
6110:However, by 6 December it became clear that the
6068:. Meanwhile, the 2nd Panzer Army failed to take
5890:As the Red Army withdrew behind the Dnieper and
5681:, Western and Southwestern Fronts respectively.
5644:Moscovites gather by a loudspeaker to listen to
5327:at the height of German military expansion, 1942
4113:" settler-colonial agenda, Nazi Germany waged a
600:
21107:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
21022:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
15125:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995.
14207:, US Army Center of Military History, page 158.
14145:
13840:. New York : Metropolitan Books. pp.
13009:
12649:. Harmandsworth, England: Penguin. p. 179.
12365:. Moscow: Izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
11699:. Vol. 2. Mittler & Sohn. p. 102.
9422:(including the annexed territories) as part of
8409:(task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them.
8265:Repression and genocide in occupied territories
7705:
7153:terrain not suitable for large-scale operations
7127:Soviet soldiers advance through the streets of
6397:first and then drive into the Caucasus towards
6271:To the north, the Red Army surrounded a German
5946:soldiers pulling a car from the mud during the
5105:
4493:program aiming to exterminate all European Jews
4457:("master race") - at the expense of the Slavic
4067:. German forces invaded the Caucasus under the
4048:and the Axis nations. It is noted by historian
14991:. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas.
14844:
14792:
14769:"Nazi Foreign Legions – History Learning Site"
14561:Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik
14316:German losses according to: Rüdiger Overmans,
14197:World War II The War Against Germany And Italy
14142:, by Chris Bishop and Chris McNab, pp. 244–52.
13712:
13710:
13322:
12620:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp.
12154:
12117:"Swedish iron ore exports to Germany, 1933–44"
12021:Tooze, Adam; Martin, Jamie (26 October 2015).
11157:Adolf Hitler's Speech on Operation Barbarossa
10760:
10737:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 34–35.
9666:4,059,000 (military personnel only)–5,700,000
8123:to continue the attack to the west during the
7587:. In his will, Hitler appointed Grand Admiral
7544:. They were now free to move west towards the
6096:since it was better, as argued by the head of
6092:groups and armies, decided to push forward to
20961:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
20162:
19650:
19077:
15786:
15171:Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945
14361:"Die deutschen Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg"
14252:"Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War"
12829:
12245:International Labor and Working-Class History
12027:The Cambridge History of the Second World War
12007:
12005:
11788:. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 16.
11562:Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (2015).
11541:. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 282.
11342:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 27 December 2023.
10675:
10040:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
10035:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
9916:Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II
8561:Although the Soviet Union had not signed the
6910:To the south, the Second Ukrainian Front (ex
5788:fierce Soviet resistance in the Smolensk area
5135:an attempt to cripple Romanian oil production
5123:bombing of the eastern German city of Dresden
4340:the north and northeastern regions of Romania
4294:German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement
3955:
2474:
2080:
2066:
19588:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
15205:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Supplement A
14747:. London: Simon & Schuster. p. 34.
13934:"The Nazi struggle against Soviet partisans"
13920:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Supplement A
13635:
13426:. Vol. 94, no. 31888. 15 May 1945.
13290:
13288:
12725:
12023:"The economics of the war with Nazi Germany"
11318:. University Press of America. p. 257.
11291:. University of Chicago Press. p. 346.
10870:
10834:
7720:within 90 days of the German surrender. The
7371:
6770:
6746:as the largest tank battle of all time. The
6416:Meanwhile, the 6th Army was driving towards
6311:. In the south the Red Army lunged over the
6191:orchestrated by the Northwestern Front, the
6128:intelligence that Japan would remain neutral
4747:forces crossed the borders described in the
4578:and economic growth under the leadership of
4499:
4484:
4126:
617:
20914:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
20909:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
15670:U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
15586:Operation Typhoon. Hitler's March on Moscow
14960:
14942:The German Economy in the Twentieth Century
13721:, 9 February 1946, Volume 95, Number 32158.
13707:
13473:
13444:. Vol. 94, no. 31881. 8 May 1945.
13356:
13268:Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–45
12849:. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. pp. 52–53.
12020:
11918:. Darmstadt 1961, p. 568. (German Language)
11761:. Cambridge University Press. p. 199.
11606:
11561:
10787:The term 'habitat' in Hitler's 'Mein Kampf'
10652:The Battle of Kursk: Operation Citadel 1943
9389:World War II casualties of the Soviet Union
8154:rapid industrialisation of the Soviet Union
7851:, in which about one million civilians died
7198:, the Red Army were ordered to halt at the
7186:In Poland, as the Red Army approached, the
5740:prior to the arrival of the German forces.
5252:58% of the USSR's high octane aviation fuel
4864:(overall); 12,000,000 mobilizable reserves
2015:6.5–6.7 million killed or missing in action
20230:Military history of the Russian Federation
20169:
20155:
19657:
19643:
19084:
19070:
15793:
15779:
15533:World War II Eastern Front Order Of Battle
15095:. New York: Orion Publishing Group, 2007.
14745:D-Day: the Battle for the Normandy Beaches
14710:
14698:
14650:
14514:
14380:
14238:
13837:Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army
13379:
13015:
12937:
12935:
12566:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
12429:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
12087:A History of Romanian Oil, Vol. II, p. 245
12002:
11050:
10756:
10754:
10669:
10538:
10020:Italian participation on the Eastern Front
8450:, hanged by German forces in November 1941
7081:), which was agreed upon by Allies at the
6958:were encircled in what was to be known as
6469:
4649:, the military rebel group led by General
3962:
3948:
2481:
2467:
2073:
2059:
668:
530:
20480:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
15517:Pobediteli: Eastern Front flash animation
15430:Battle For Berlin: End of the Third Reich
15384:, Reprint edition. Presidio Press, 1993.
15290:
14430:"German military deaths to all causes EF"
14358:
14292:"German military deaths to all causes EF"
13833:
13693:. Harvard University Press. p. 242.
13339:
13285:
12580:
12511:
12132:
12025:. In Tooze, Adam; Geyer, Michael (eds.).
11958:
11956:
11954:
11952:
11950:
11948:
11946:
11944:
11528:
11441:
10994:
10984:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 127.
10798:
10482:Learn how and when to remove this message
8917:Summary of Axis and Soviet tank and self-
8210:. Order 25 of 15 January 1943 introduced
8147:led the Soviet Union during World War II.
7985:Learn how and when to remove this message
7907:summary, presented by Lieutenant General
7175:. After heavy fighting in the battles of
6998:re-establishment of Estonian independence
6709:Großdeutschland Panzergrenadier divisions
6283:, and established themselves in front of
5935:Leningrad, Moscow and Rostov: Autumn 1941
5549:Третий период Великой Отечественной войны
5509:Второй период Великой Отечественной войны
5458:Первый период Великой Отечественной войны
4674:treaties of mutual assistance with France
4364:Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941
4219:. Subsequently, when Germany in its turn
645:
545:
473:
451:
435:
188:dive bombers on the Eastern Front, 1943;
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
21271:Eastern European theatre of World War II
15647:Soldaten: On Fighting, Killing and Dying
15487:Marking 70 Years to Operation Barbarossa
15407:Svensk knäckte nazisternas hemliga koder
15054:Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942–1943
14716:
14616:
14614:
14386:
13998:
13898:Marking 70 Years to Operation Barbarossa
13872:
13616:
13496:
13264:
12810:
12550:; Meelis Maripuu; Indrek Paavle (eds.).
11942:
11940:
11938:
11936:
11934:
11932:
11930:
11928:
11926:
11924:
11781:
11754:
11421:
11281:
11275:
11197:
10896:
10840:
10712:. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 124.
10577:
10050:Women in the Russian and Soviet military
9888:) which participated in combat with the
9797:
9762:
9754:
9508:Soviet residents who joined German army
9438:use of scorched earth tactics destroyed
9404:
9396:
8919:propelled gun production during the war
8584:
8496:
8453:
8441:
8439:) to seventeen million (Richard Overy).
8411:
8378:
8320:
8139:
8040:in Ukraine, and under the garden of the
8020:
7842:
7759:
7504:
7492:
7417:until the end of the war in Europe. The
7295:
7122:
7045:
6877:
6800:
6725:
6591:
6495:
6331:
6281:held out with air supply for four months
6137:
5938:
5800:
5774:. The combined panzer force reached the
5639:
5594:
5427:
5417:
5379:share of Germany's total consumption of
5319:
5248:Among other goods, Lend-Lease supplied:
5038:
4992:
4719:
4609:brought many communist leaders into the
4540:
20441:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
20311:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
15657:, a Canadian public television station.
15613:U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center
14918:
14819:
14742:
14262:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
13778:
13730:
13686:
13641:
13588:
13121:"Terms Of Rumanian Armistice Announced"
13058:
12932:
12775:
12692:
12645:Calvocoressi, Peter; Wint, Guy (1972).
12610:
12446:
12444:
12442:
12440:
12305:on 28 October 2021 – via YouTube.
12114:
11990:"Interview with Historian Alexei Isaev"
11859:
11808:
11673:
11311:
11234:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 5–6.
11065:
10976:
10850:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 4.
10751:
10732:
10562:
10507:
10221:in London, which fought as part of the
10198:Polish Committee of National Liberation
9990:Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II
8461:hanged by German forces in January 1943
7773:largest military operation in history,
7386:, to relieve the encircled garrison at
6517: to March 1943 (Soviet gains only)
6187:The main blow was to be delivered by a
5878:captured about 100,000 Soviet prisoners
5511:) (19 November 1942 – 31 December 1943)
4533:hordes" that were pouring into Europe.
4507:After Germany's initial success at the
4387:Hitler had argued in his autobiography
4096:. The Eastern Front concluded with the
1990:4.5 million killed or missing in action
508:
14:
21258:
21062:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
20993:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
20852:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
20830:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
20544:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
20220:Military history of the Russian Empire
19979:Missile Forces of Strategic Importance
19499:Persecution of Soviet prisoners of war
17640:
17618:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
15618:"Kursk, The Epic Armored Engagement":
15010:. Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
15005:
14986:
13783:. Yale University Press. p. 132.
13742:
13560:
13531:
13454:
13200:
13141:
13064:
12941:
12890:
12844:
12659:
12536:
12487:
12406:
12360:
12318:
12314:
12312:
12287:
12200:
11618:
11591:
11535:Stanley G. Payne (27 September 2011).
11499:
11472:
11466:
11352:
11227:
10705:
10582:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 9.
10533:
10531:
10321:Fighter Squadron 2/30 Normandie-Niemen
10184:was formed, which would grow into the
9633:Forces fighting with the Soviet Union
8101:of 1944, but after the failure of the
5754:), advanced to the north and south of
5712:via the Baltic states. Comprising the
5401:and slavery in Germany and throughout
4903:6,724,000 (front); 446,445 (hospital);
3497:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
3087:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
21212:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
20590:Russian colonization of North America
20150:
19638:
19623:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality
19065:
18489:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
17921:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
17567:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
17523:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
16628:Rape during the occupation of Germany
15774:
15668:—lecture by Jonathan M. House of the
15186:The Red Army and the Second World War
15141:: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay
14937:
14662:Paul Winter, Defeating Hitler, p. 234
14611:
14002:American Journal of International Law
13754:
13420:"Regime of Doenitz Urges Recognition"
13391:
13238:
13171:
13054:] (in Estonian). Tallinn: Varrak.
13039:
12755:. London: Cassell. pp. 172–180.
12750:
12333:
12164:John C. Beyer; Stephen A. Schneider.
12057:
11962:
11921:
11755:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (11 July 2013).
11647:
11381:
11175:The Red Army and the Second World War
11112:
10949:
10701:
10699:
10655:. Penguin Publishing. pp. viii.
10648:
10628:
10573:
10571:
10196:. Political leadership came from the
10170:formed in the early stages of the war
9878:National Committee for a Free Germany
7548:and north towards the Baltic port of
7269:
7069:and offered the most direct route to
6777:Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket
6604:, 19 February 1943 to 1 August 1943:
6581:
6328:Don, Volga, and Caucasus: Summer 1942
6211:were to defeat Army Group South. The
6134:Soviet counter-offensive: Winter 1941
5152:Allied shipments to the Soviet Union
4935:2,230,000 Germans, 100,000 Hungarians
4881:5,313,000 (front); 383,000 (hospital)
3988:in modern Germany and Ukraine, was a
3399:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
2462:
2054:
194:death squad murdering Jews in Ukraine
20225:Military history of the Soviet Union
17611:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
16643:Rape during the liberation of France
15744:
15592:(2015); via the official channel of
15183:
14140:Campaigns of World War II Day By Day
13554:
13177:
13045:
12450:
12437:
12121:Scandinavian Economic History Review
11709:
11693:Muller-Hillebrand, Burkhart (1956).
11619:Glantz, David M. (11 October 2001).
11254:
11172:
10435:
10319:Support provided by the presence of
9401:Soviets bury their fallen, July 1944
8580:
7967:adding citations to reliable sources
7938:
7899:, in what became one of the largest
7834:, Washington, D.C., 10 August 1943:
7781:, the most lethal siege in history,
7362:A limited counter-attack (codenamed
5993:to the east. This began the 900-day
5848:, was tasked with advancing through
5043:German infantry in Russia, June 1943
4941:in the east (60% of the German Army)
4922:in the east (62% of the German Army)
4900:in the east (63% of the German Army)
4878:in the east (80% of the German Army)
4857:in the east (80% of the German Army)
4698:between what became the three prime
4352:Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republics
4235:, Soviet Russia was in the midst of
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
20966:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
15633:"Mindset of WWII German Soldiers":
15528:Armchair General maps, year by year
15450:
15123:Barbarossa, the Axis and the Allies
12983:
12948:The Battle for Leningrad: 1941–1944
12323:. Moscow: Agenstvo pechati Novosti.
12309:
10706:McKale, Donald M. (17 March 2006).
10528:
9839:foreign volunteers in the Wehrmacht
8292:"... Hitler's first defeats on the
8196:Soviet occupation of eastern Poland
8189:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
7883:agreements between the Allies, the
7864:). Both sides practised widespread
7777:, the bloodiest battle in history,
6838:, a line of defence similar to the
6245:The Wehrmacht rallied, retaining a
5606:, 21 June 1941 to 5 December 1941:
5524:) (19 November 1942 – 3 March 1943)
5484:) (5 December 1941 – 30 April 1942)
5460:) (22 June 1941 – 18 November 1942)
4536:
381:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltics
24:
21012:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
20378:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
19609:Hitler's War in the East 1941−1945
17837:German invasion of the Netherlands
16117:Weather events during World War II
15611:, via the official channel of the
15453:Journal of Slavic Military Studies
15188:. UK: Cambridge University Press.
15038:. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2001.
15025:
13650:. Harper & Brothers. pp.
12977:The Bulletin of International News
11825:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1964.tb01744.x
11261:. Simon and Schuster. p. 59.
10956:. Pantheon Books. pp. 59–60.
10696:
10568:
10508:Edwards, Robert (15 August 2018).
10192:that fought as part of the Soviet
9774:Soviet volunteers in the Wehrmacht
8236:were punished with transferral to
7653:in France. It included the phrase
7620:Johann Ludwig Schwerin von Krosigk
6005:but could get no further than the
4368:
4203:had lost substantial territory in
3619:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
3165:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR
25:
21292:
20877:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
20033:Investigative Committee of Russia
18468:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
15480:
15444:
15121:Erickson, John, and David Dilks.
15071:. New York: Penguin Books, 2002,
15056:. New York: Penguin Books, 1998.
13392:Jones, Michael (6 October 2015).
11228:Jurado, Carlos Caballero (2013).
10604:"World War II: The Eastern Front"
9973:National and regional experiences
9393:German casualties in World War II
8365:Ukrainian nationalist underground
7847:Citizens of Leningrad during the
7316:The Soviet Union finally entered
7246:Under the pressure of the Soviet
6972:and Second Baltic Fronts struck.
5786:, which fell on 16 July, but the
5591:Operation Barbarossa: Summer 1941
4100:, followed by the signing of the
2488:
2018:2.2–3.3 million died in captivity
78:"Eastern Front" World War II
21276:European theatre of World War II
20931:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
20724:Russian conquest of Central Asia
20660:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
20456:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
20398:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
20028:Ministry of Emergency Situations
19953:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
19870:
19443:Hitler's speech of 30 March 1941
19028:
15800:
15753:
15725:
15713:
15701:
15689:
15262:, Philadelphia: Casemate, 2006.
14882:
14863:
14838:
14813:
14786:
14761:
14736:
14674:
14665:
14656:
14622:"Gross-Rosen Timeline 1940–1945"
14585:
14575:. Arms and Armour 1995, p. 216.
14553:
14536:
14520:
14409:
14352:
14331:
14310:
14284:
14275:
14244:
14210:
14189:
14173:
14114:
14104:
14095:
14090:A High Octane Weapon of Victory.
14082:
14058:
14037:
13992:
13983:
13974:
13962:
13952:"Khatyn WWI Memorial in Belarus"
13944:
13926:
13914:
13891:
13866:
13827:
13797:
13772:
13748:
13724:
13680:
13658:
13617:Bonfante, Jordan (23 May 2008).
13610:
13582:
13525:
13490:
13448:
13430:
13412:
13385:
13305:
13258:
13232:
13113:
13085:
12965:
12872:
12863:
12815:. London: Pimlico. p. 479.
12804:
12769:
12730:. London: Cassell. p. 176.
12590:. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 391.
11648:Askey, Nigel (30 October 2017).
10440:
10401:
10274:, as well as by the presence of
10219:Czechoslovak government-in-exile
9866:Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division
9649:Prisoners who died in captivity
9477:Prisoners who died in Captivity
8505:executing Soviet civilians, 1943
8424:The massacres of Jews and other
8135:
8028:led Germany during World War II.
7943:
7879:). After the war, following the
6172:Bombing of Gorky in World War II
5856:. At the beginning of July, the
5684:To establish air supremacy, the
5578:Campaign in Europe during 1945 (
5567:Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1944 (
5527:Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1943 (
5487:Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1942 (
5465:Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1941 (
5386:
5062:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
4749:German–Soviet Nonaggression Pact
4084:at its expense. The Axis defeat
3931:
3683:End of communist rule in Hungary
3629:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration
3055:
2557:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1872:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1652:
1640:
1627:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1510:
1502:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1310:
1285:
1277:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
984:
972:
960:
948:
936:
924:
912:
900:
888:
876:
863:
850:
838:
816:
779:
763:
750:
737:
724:
691:
670:
647:
619:
602:
588:
574:
547:
532:
510:
489:
475:
453:
437:
396:split between the Soviet Union (
159:
153:European theatre of World War II
43:
21217:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
20862:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
20803:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
19394:Police Regiment Special Purpose
15502:World War II: The Eastern Front
15402:New York: Simon & Schuster.
15382:The Russo-German War, 1941–1945
15234:History of the Second World War
13484:
13367:
13350:
13333:
13316:
13299:
12744:
12728:History of the Second World War
12719:
12686:
12653:
12638:
12604:
12481:
12387:
12378:
12369:
12354:
12327:
12281:
12268:
12237:
12203:Journal of Contemporary History
12194:
12166:Forced Labour under Third Reich
12141:
12108:
12090:
12081:
12063:
12014:
11983:
11908:
11899:
11890:
11853:
11802:
11775:
11748:
11739:
11730:
11703:
11686:
11667:
11641:
11612:
11555:
11493:
11415:
11375:
11346:
11332:
11312:Spector, Robert Melvin (2005).
11305:
11248:
11191:
11166:
11149:
11106:
11059:
11025:
10988:
10982:Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy
10970:
10943:
10890:
10864:
10792:
10779:
10726:
10642:
10622:
10596:
10556:
10501:
10366:
10339:
10330:
10313:
10301:
9474:Prisoners taken by the Soviets
8601:The increases in production of
8300:slogans of anti-Bolshevist and
8016:
7954:needs additional citations for
7913:International Military Tribunal
7688:was held in Moscow on 24 June.
7513:raised over the Reichstag (the
7448:shifted the main weight of the
6492:Battle for Velikiye Luki (1943)
6052:; the first significant German
6032:and took control of all of the
5675:Kiev Special military districts
5562:Зимне-весенняя кампания 1944 г.
5551:) (1 January 1944 – 9 May 1945)
5434:South Western Front (Ukrainian)
5315:
5243:
4802:Polish Armed Forces in the East
4688:dismemberment of Czechoslovakia
4629:involving the Soviet Union and
3700:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
3267:Occupation of the Baltic states
2042:
2026:
2001:
54:needs additional citations for
20899:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
20549:War of the Austrian Succession
18715:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
16425:Territorial changes of Germany
16333:Indonesian National Revolution
15672:, via the official channel of
15649:, via the official channel of
15641:—interview with the historian
15626:, via the official channel of
13455:Ziemke, Earl F. (1975). "15".
13271:. Vintage Books. p. 260.
13241:"The Slovak National Uprising"
12951:. University Press of Kansas.
12901:The American Historical Review
12363:Velikaya Otechestvennaya voyna
12340:. Andre Deutsch. p. 210.
12299:United States Army War College
12134:10.1080/03585522.1968.10411499
11051:Mendelsohn, John, ed. (1982).
10361:Velíkaya Otéchestvennaya voyná
10350:Вели́кая Оте́чественная война́
10289:
10264:
10248:
10228:
10207:
10150:
10126:
10113:
10102:. In October the same year, a
10092:
9921:Historiography of World War II
9737:Up to ~8,719,000 – 10,000,000
9451:Forces fighting with the Axis
8230:. Infractions by military and
7499:Medal for Victory over Germany
7475:End of the war: April–May 1945
7250:, the German Army Group North
7216:
7003:
6219:were to take back the Crimea.
6122:, employing freshly mobilised
6016:coast, also advancing through
5573:Летне-осенняя кампания 1944 г.
5533:Летне-осенняя кампания 1943 г.
5493:Летне-осенняя кампания 1942 г.
5471:Летне-осенняя кампания 1941 г.
5288:, and many other innovations.
4332:occupied and illegally annexed
4330:In June 1940 the Soviet Union
4229:Paris Peace Conference of 1919
4102:German Instrument of Surrender
4042:European theatre of operations
3519:Mozambican War of Independence
3216:Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933
202:German Instrument of Surrender
13:
1:
21122:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
21000:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
20751:Russian invasion of Manchuria
20741:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
20687:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
20682:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
20625:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
20615:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
20580:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
20575:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
20565:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
20555:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
20533:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
20528:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
20505:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
20500:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
20475:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
20451:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
20446:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
20431:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
20306:List of wars involving Russia
20301:Sino-Russian border conflicts
20124:Victory Banner (Soviet Union)
20009:National Guard Forces Command
19921:Moscow Military Music College
18115:Japanese invasion of Thailand
18066:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
17830:German invasion of Luxembourg
16211:Mediterranean and Middle East
15465:10.1080/13518046.2015.1061828
15212:Krivosheev, Grigoriy (1997).
15139:The Soviet‐German War 1941–45
13834:Merridale, Catherine (2006).
13687:Hosking, Geoffrey A. (2006).
13212:"Białe plamy wokół Powstania"
12847:Marshal of Victory, Volume II
12491:The Journal of Modern History
12321:Vospominaniya i razmyshleniya
11827:(inactive 3 September 2024).
11716:. E.S. Mittler. p. 249.
11079:The Journal of Modern History
10998:The English Historical Review
10789:(pdf, 12 Seiten; 695 kB)
10676:Donald Hankey (3 June 2015).
10431:
10182:pro-communist Polish division
9895:Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach
9872:, some Hungarians joined the
9434:and those who were captured.
9378:
8384:Einsatzgruppen murdering Jews
7934:
7641:At 2:41 am on 7 May 1945, at
7164:Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive
7042:Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive
6914:) had crossed the Dnieper at
6858:the first to go, followed by
6255:Mikhail Grigoryevich Yefremov
5602:: the German invasion of the
5575:) (1 June – 31 December 1944)
5535:) (1 July – 31 December 1943)
5522:Зимняя кампания 1942–1943 гг.
5473:) (22 June – 4 December 1941)
5146:training Red Air Force pilots
4774:forces were also assisted by
4562:Purge of the Red Army in 1941
4379:Racial policy of Nazi Germany
4357:
4259:directed against the Russians
4172:
3578:Death and funeral of Brezhnev
2271:Mediterranean and Middle East
204:, 1945; Soviet troops at the
21266:Eastern Front (World War II)
21077:Eritrean War of Independence
21047:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
21042:East German uprising of 1953
20983:Eastern Front (World War II)
20872:Red Army invasion of Georgia
20867:Red Army invasion of Armenia
20835:Estonian War of Independence
20776:Russian occupation of Tabriz
20697:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
20655:War of the Seventh Coalition
20538:War of the Polish Succession
20485:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
20016:Ministry of Internal Affairs
19494:Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre
19148:Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS
19109:Army Group Rear Area Command
18022:Invasion of the Soviet Union
17711:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
17029:Independent State of Croatia
15740:Eastern Front (World War II)
14938:Braun, Hans-Joachim (1990).
14281:Richard Overy, The Dictators
13619:"Remembering a Red Flag Day"
13093:"Armistice Agreement Signed"
12726:Liddell Hart, B. H. (1970).
12556:. Tallinn. pp. 469–493.
12419:. Tallinn. pp. 495–517.
12035:10.1017/CHO9781139626859.003
11674:Frieser, Karl-Heinz (1995).
11538:The Franco Regime, 1936–1975
11039:. University of Pennsylvania
10804:and Sabine Schleiermacher".
10514:. Rowman & Littlefield.
10494:
10045:Soviet Union in World War II
9980:Bulgaria during World War II
9646:Prisoners taken by the Axis
8261:) to unimportant positions.
8119:wrote of Hitler's signal to
7903:of people in world history.
7722:Soviet invasion of Manchuria
7706:Soviet Far East: August 1945
7324:, the Red Army launched the
7145:attack at the Sinimäed Hills
6793:Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive
6789:Dnieper-Carpathian Offensive
5973:(captured 5 October) to the
5516:Winter Campaign of 1942–43 (
5495:) (1 May – 18 November 1942)
5476:Winter Campaign of 1941–42 (
5407:German economic exploitation
5375:Rolf Karlbom estimated that
5115:United States Army Air Force
5106:Foreign support and measures
4617:, but in a matter of months
4393:(1925) for the necessity of
4273:signed in August 1939 was a
3996:fought between the European
3384:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
3379:1956 Georgian demonstrations
3340:East German uprising of 1953
3282:Soviet invasion of Manchuria
2252:Manchuria and Northern Korea
2039:18–24 million civilians dead
406:Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
365:Soviet occupation of Hungary
360:Soviet occupation of Romania
338:Allied occupation of Germany
7:
21117:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
21067:Sino-Soviet border conflict
20936:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
20904:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
20840:Latvian War of Independence
20729:Russian conquest of Bukhara
20620:War of the Fourth Coalition
20605:War of the Second Coalition
19571:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
19566:War crimes of the Wehrmacht
19310:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
19006:End of World War II in Asia
18846:Western invasion of Germany
18353:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
18330:Second Battle of El Alamein
17900:Hundred Regiments Offensive
17872:Battle of the Mediterranean
17725:Italian invasion of Albania
15899:Air warfare of World War II
15173:. Vintage Books USA, 2005.
13873:Borejsza, Jerzy W. (2017).
13532:Duiker, William J. (2015).
13180:"Combat in Estonia in 1944"
11812:The Economic History Review
11422:Uldricks, Teddy J. (1977).
11198:Bolloten, Burnett (2015) .
11037:Literature of the Holocaust
10395:
10385:Німе́цько-радя́нська війна́
10360:
10204:rivaling the one in London.
9985:Byelorussia in World War II
9908:
9862:Tudor Vladimirescu Division
8053:(commander-in-chief of the
7511:Soviet 150th Rifle Division
6717:Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army
6660:However, if one last great
6295:. Further north still, the
6222:The 20th Army, part of the
6199:, Vyazma and Smolensk. The
6009:, where they settled down.
5564:) (1 January – 31 May 1944)
5312:how crucial this aid was."
5261:30% of fighters and bombers
5255:33% of their motor vehicles
5234:
5229:
5219:
5216:
5208:
5205:
5197:
5194:
5186:
5183:
5175:
5172:
4753:surrendered unconditionally
4686:of Austria in 1938 and the
4660:Nazi Germany, which was an
4582:. Stalin's central tenet, "
4407:and using the remainder as
3509:Angolan War of Independence
3366:"On the Cult of Personality
3319:Death and funeral of Stalin
3049:History of the Soviet Union
309:anti-communist insurgencies
10:
21297:
21112:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
20650:War of the Sixth Coalition
20640:War of the Fifth Coalition
20610:War of the Third Coalition
20215:Military history of Russia
20177:Armed conflicts involving
19602:Hitler's Generals on Trial
18932:Naval bombardment of Japan
18300:First Battle of El Alamein
18219:Battle of Christmas Island
18164:Japanese invasion of Burma
17928:Italian invasion of Greece
17844:German invasion of Belgium
17816:German invasion of Denmark
17789:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
17658:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
15922:Comparative military ranks
15674:Dole Institute of Politics
14912:
14849:. Pen and Sword Military.
13779:Roberts, Geoffrey (2006).
13538:Contemporary World History
12361:Zhilin, P.A., ed. (1973).
10950:Evans, Richard J. (1989).
10578:Geoffrey, Roberts (2002).
10396:Niméts'ko-radiáns'ka viiná
10377:Deutsch-Sowjetischer Krieg
10240:Operation Spring Awakening
10166:Polish government-in-exile
10060:World War II in Yugoslavia
10010:Greece during World War II
9874:Volunteer Regiment of Buda
9382:
8420:Rostov for keeping pigeons
8268:
8216:Russian Revolution of 1917
7755:
7709:
7667:The war in Europe was over
7554:58th Guards Rifle Division
7478:
7392:Operation Spring Awakening
7273:
7254:to fight in the sieges of
7220:
7162:, the Red Army launched a
7007:
6986:offensives towards Tallinn
6774:
6585:
6473:
6366:
6168:Winter Campaign of 1941–42
6157:
5953:
5746:'s two panzer groups (the
5633:
5586:) (1 January – 8 May 1945)
5482:Зимняя кампания 1941/42 г.
5421:
5390:
5224:
5213:
5202:
5191:
5180:
5169:
4709:
4619:a right-wing military coup
4555:
4419:in power over the mass of
4372:
4361:
4257:Everything I undertake is
4176:
3710:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
3294:Soviet famine of 1946–1947
3206:Soviet famine of 1932–1933
3175:Death and funeral of Lenin
331:Central and Eastern Europe
255:Central and Eastern Europe
32:Great Patriotic War (term)
29:
21225:
21160:
20951:Soviet invasion of Poland
20761:
20645:French invasion of Russia
20513:
20411:
20330:
20256:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
20248:
20205:
20198:
20132:
20086:
19901:National anthem of Russia
19879:
19868:
19682:
19579:
19548:
19507:
19479:
19430:
19328:
19300:
19256:Police Battalion (PB) 309
19222:
19171:
19135:
19107:
19021:
18853:Bratislava–Brno offensive
18793:
18784:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
18521:
18408:Allied invasion of Sicily
18362:
18268:Aleutian Islands campaign
18240:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
18187:
18178:Greek famine of 1941–1944
18073:Second Battle of Changsha
17978:German invasion of Greece
17946:
17823:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
17798:
17736:
17631:
17512:
17238:
17148:
16996:
16699:
16690:
16448:
16273:
16165:North and Central Pacific
16126:
15888:
15881:
15808:
15566:
15364:Russian at War, 1941–1945
15069:Berlin: The Downfall 1945
15032:Anderson, Dunkan, et al.
15006:Glantz, David M. (2005).
14987:Glantz, David M. (1998).
14743:Ambrose, Stephen (1997).
13903:16 September 2012 at the
11995:23 September 2017 at the
11963:Weeks, Albert L. (2004).
11487:10.1080/09668139308412091
11424:"Stalin and Nazi Germany"
11369:10.1080/09668135008409773
10913:10.1017/S0008938900020628
10820:10.1017/S0008938900013170
10765:. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
10682:. Routledge. p. 50.
10524:– via Google Books.
10384:
10349:
10270:Support provided through
10254:Support provided through
10172:, but shortly thereafter
9827:Ukrainian Liberation Army
9632:
9450:
9213:
9210:
9207:
9204:
9109:
9069:
9066:
9011:
8988:
8926:
8923:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8646:
8059:How Hitler Could Have Won
7686:ceremonial Victory parade
7562:US 69th Infantry Division
7280:East Pomeranian Offensive
7106:Lvov–Sandomierz operation
7022:Battle of Tannenberg Line
7018:Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive
6905: to 31 December 1944
6825:The German forces on the
6781:Battle of Smolensk (1943)
6771:Autumn and winter 1943–44
6511: to 18 February 1943
6505: to 12 December 1942
6458:and to the main prize of
6373:Battle of Voronezh (1942)
6362: to 18 November 1942
6242:Armies were at Domanovo.
6001:, a German–Finnish force
5623: to 9 September 1941
5617: to 1 September 1941
5584:Кампания в Европе 1945 г.
5583:
5572:
5561:
5548:
5532:
5521:
5508:
5492:
5481:
5470:
5457:
5111:A strategic air offensive
5015:France, the Low Countries
4705:
4253:Commissioner, by saying:
4159:German–Finnish operations
2498:
2091:
2033:
1993:600,000 died in captivity
1976:
1887:
799:
419:
253:Europe, east of Germany:
212:
158:
150:
145:
21092:South African Border War
21017:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
20919:Chechen uprising of 1932
20600:Russo-Persian War (1796)
20094:1992 Moscow peace parade
20004:National Guard of Russia
19989:Federal Security Service
19941:Russian Aerospace Forces
19136:Commanding organisations
18445:Allied invasion of Italy
18422:Solomon Islands campaign
18171:Third Battle of Changsha
17768:First Battle of Changsha
17674:Second Sino-Japanese War
16614:German military brothels
16480:United States war crimes
15628:The National WWII Museum
15329:. Berghahn Books, 1997.
15312:Müller, Rolf-Dieter and
15184:Hill, Alexander (2016).
14820:Loeffel, Robert (2012).
14682:"German arms production"
14626:Internet Wayback Machine
12878:Shirer (1990), p.927–928
12869:Shirer (1990), p.925–926
12334:Regan, Geoffrey (1992).
12215:10.1177/0022009405054568
11657:operationbarbarossa.net/
11173:Hill, Alexander (2016).
10900:Central European History
10807:Central European History
10733:Ericson, Edward (1999).
10297:Mongolia in World War II
10135:units fought as part of
10085:
10066:
9802:Dead Soviet soldiers in
9652:WIA (not including DOW)
8563:Geneva Convention (1929)
8326:The Last Jew in Vinnitsa
8294:frontline outside Moscow
8093:Frustration at Hitler's
7821:U.S. Army Chief of Staff
7595:and Propaganda Minister
7330:self-propelled artillery
7034:Battle of Romania (1944)
7030:Slovak National Uprising
7010:Crimean Offensive (1944)
6887: to 1 December 1943
6815:Großdeutschland Division
6625:reinforced heavily with
6622:German Army High Command
6322:Second Battle of Kharkov
6164:Second Battle of Kharkov
6076:between the head of the
5629: to 5 December 1941
5556:Winter–Spring Campaign (
4961:(66% of the German Army)
4607:Spanish general election
4584:Socialism in One Country
4275:non-aggression agreement
4211:(March 1918), where the
3770:independence declaration
3541:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
3529:South African Border War
3196:Socialism in one country
2257:pre-war border conflicts
1955:(Front) 6,724,000 troops
1948:(Front) 5,313,000 troops
1941:(Front) 2,680,000 troops
371:Bulgarian communist coup
20734:Khivan campaign of 1873
20585:Russo-Polish War (1792)
20043:Suvorov Military School
19959:Russian Airborne Forces
19926:Preobrazhensky Regiment
19595:Hitler’s Bandit Hunters
19422:2nd SS Infantry Brigade
19417:1st SS Infantry Brigade
18867:Second Guangxi campaign
18722:Philippines (1944–1945)
18226:Battle of the Coral Sea
18129:Fall of the Philippines
17775:Battle of South Guangxi
17681:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
17087:Italian Social Republic
15298:, New York: Macmillan,
15249:Svenska Kryptobedrifter
14919:Bellamy, Chris (2007).
14845:Paul Moorcraft (2023).
14799:. Bloomsbury Academic.
14793:Kai Schoenhals (1989).
14733:, 9780786474707. P. 449
13938:Holocaust Controversies
13674:Office of the Historian
13646:Roosevelt in Retrospect
12845:Zhukov, Georgy (1974).
12319:Zhukov, Georgy (1972).
11607:Glantz & House 1995
10761:Mälksoo, Lauri (2003).
10286:) on the Eastern Front.
10215:Czechoslovak Army Corps
10200:, which evolved into a
10025:Romania in World War II
10015:Hungary in World War II
10000:Finland in World War II
9995:Estonia in World War II
9926:Outline of World War II
9823:Russian Liberation Army
9385:World War II casualties
9373:Allied bombing campaign
8609:– and with the help of
8501:German officers of the
8486:; and 5.5 million
8436:Encyclopædia Britannica
8051:Walther von Brauchitsch
7746:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
7693:fight in Czechoslovakia
7647:unconditional surrender
7601:Chancellor of the Reich
7546:British 21st Army Group
7419:East Prussian operation
7370:, under the command of
7366:) by the newly created
7288:East Prussian Offensive
7223:Baltic Offensive (1944)
7149:army detachment "Narwa"
6929:5th SS Panzer Division
6899: to 19 August 1944
6785:Lower Dnieper Offensive
6488:Third Battle of Kharkov
6480:Operation Little Saturn
6470:Stalingrad: Winter 1942
6407:Brandenburger commandos
6389:and then following the
6309:Russian Liberation Army
6088:and the heads of three
5964:Battle of Rostov (1941)
5665:. On the same day, the
5445:of the Theatre of war:
5058:Chinese Eastern Railway
4615:Second Spanish Republic
4570:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
4307:. On 17 September, the
4285:to the pre–World War I
4271:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
4209:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
4187:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
3938:Soviet Union portal
3673:Fall of the Berlin Wall
3639:Lithuanian independence
3350:1954 transfer of Crimea
3252:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
3145:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
870:Walther von Brauchitsch
286:(concurrently with the
166:Clockwise from top left
21207:Western Libya campaign
20882:East Karelian uprising
20403:Wagner Group rebellion
20338:Uprising of Bolotnikov
19984:Russian Railway Troops
19969:Russian Naval Infantry
19964:Russian Naval Aviation
19906:Ribbon of Saint George
19667:Moscow military parade
19358:Police Regiment Centre
19209:Max von Schenckendorff
18452:Armistice of Cassibile
18254:Battle of Dutch Harbor
18205:Battle of the Java Sea
18108:Attack on Pearl Harbor
18008:Syria–Lebanon campaign
18001:Battle of South Shanxi
17971:Invasion of Yugoslavia
17754:Battle of the Atlantic
17368:Korean Liberation Army
17081:(until September 1943)
17038:(until September 1944)
17016:(until September 1944)
15594:USS Silversides Museum
14824:. Palgrave Macmillan.
14573:Third Axis Fourth Ally
14397:Atlas of the Holocaust
14257:Holocaust Encyclopedia
14088:Alexander Matveichuk.
13755:Toppe, Alfred (1998),
13642:Gunther, John (1950).
13265:Hastings, Max (2005).
12813:Blood, Tears and Folly
12811:Deighton, Len (1993).
12693:Hayward, Joel (1998).
12274:William I. Hitchcock,
12176:24 August 2015 at the
12115:Karlbom, Rolf (1968).
11782:Hardesty, Von (1982).
11401:10.1080/09668130098253
11255:Lind, Michael (2002).
11033:"The Wannsee Protocol"
11011:10.1093/ehr/CX.437.620
10376:
10202:Provisional Government
9945:Horses in World War II
9941:propaganda film series
9885:
9807:
9768:
9760:
9410:
9402:
8635:Battle of the Atlantic
8594:
8543:forcefully repatriated
8506:
8462:
8451:
8421:
8391:
8340:
8319:
8163:The executed included
8148:
8133:
8075:
8029:
7852:
7841:
7765:
7593:President of the Reich
7560:made contact with the
7518:
7502:
7426:Konstantin Rokossovsky
7372:
7326:Vistula–Oder Offensive
7313:
7305: to 30 March 1945
7276:Vistula–Oder Offensive
7143:. Despite a ferocious
7136:
7059:
6907:
6893: to 30 April 1944
6810:
6797:Battle of Narva (1944)
6739:
6617:
6615: to 1 August 1943
6609: to 18 March 1943
6544:Operation Winter Storm
6519:
6451:attached to 6th Army.
6364:
6356: to 1 August 1942
6155:
5951:
5924:destruction battalions
5810:
5758:and converged east of
5649:
5631:
5437:
5403:German-occupied Europe
5328:
5096:Siemens and Halske T52
5044:
4998:
4728:
4643:Portugal's Estado Novo
4553:
4500:
4485:
4480:
4316:Poland was partitioned
4301:Germany invaded Poland
4267:
4127:
4123:scorched-earth tactics
3593:: Decline and collapse
1634:Konstantin Rokossovsky
800:Commanders and leaders
222:22 June 1941
21202:Intervention in Syria
21137:Tajikistani Civil War
20845:Lithuanian–Soviet War
20786:Battle of Robat Karim
20235:Post-Soviet conflicts
20048:Nakhimov Naval School
19931:Russian Ground Forces
19916:Military Band Service
19471:Nazi security warfare
19376:Police Regiment South
19353:Police Regiment North
19096:Army Group Rear Areas
18616:Second Battle of Guam
18512:Bengal famine of 1943
18482:Second Battle of Kiev
18438:Battle of the Dnieper
18143:Battle of Wake Island
18015:East African campaign
17957:Battle of South Henan
17602:atrocities by Germans
17375:Korean Volunteer Army
16356:Occupation of Germany
16110:Music in World War II
15590:The Battle for Moscow
15572:"Operation Typhoon":
15538:31 March 2012 at the
14773:History Learning Site
14474:. Hungarian wounded:
13759:, Diane, p. 28,
13670:www.history.state.gov
13220:(in Polish) (177): 13
13208:Jan Nowak-Jeziorański
13178:Hiio, Toomas (2006).
12697:Stopped at Stalingrad
12660:Chris., Mann (2002).
12396:Baltic Defence Review
12375:Shirer (1990), p. 852
11914:Hans-Adolf Jacobsen:
11863:German Studies Review
11710:Post, Walter (2001).
11680:The Blitzkrieg Legend
10842:Megargee, Geoffrey P.
10649:Cross, Robin (2002).
10580:Victory at Stalingrad
10407:On 7 September 1943,
10327:on the Eastern Front.
10055:Women in World War II
9849:units, including the
9801:
9766:
9758:
9660:8,668,400–10,000,000
9408:
9400:
9383:Further information:
8588:
8500:
8457:
8448:Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya
8445:
8415:
8382:
8324:
8290:
8143:
8129:
8088:Heaven-bound Missions
8070:
8024:
7893:displaced to the west
7846:
7836:
7763:
7663:German-Russian Museum
7508:
7496:
7434:1st Belorussian Front
7430:2nd Belorussian Front
7299:
7126:
7049:
6881:
6804:
6732:Battle of Prokhorovka
6729:
6595:
6499:
6409:dressed up as Soviet
6350: to 22 July 1942
6335:
6299:was unleashed on the
6297:Soviet 2nd Shock Army
6224:Soviet 1st Shock Army
6141:
6007:Zapadnaya Litsa River
5950:period, November 1941
5942:
5920:scorched-earth policy
5870:Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
5804:
5643:
5598:
5431:
5418:Conduct of operations
5323:
5273:12% of tanks and SPGs
5042:
4996:
4783:Spanish Blue Division
4723:
4605:In February 1936 the
4544:
4255:
4247:Carl Jacob Burckhardt
3345:Virgin Lands campaign
3170:National delimitation
2182:Yugoslavian Partisans
1977:Casualties and losses
1771:Michał Rola-Żymierski
1003:Maximilian von Weichs
21185:Annexation of Crimea
20889:Central Asian Revolt
20798:Ukrainian–Soviet War
20670:Russo-Circassian War
20353:Pugachev's Rebellion
20296:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
20240:Russian Armed Forces
20210:Early modern warfare
19949:Russian Space Forces
19320:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
18902:Surrender of Germany
18380:Battle of West Hubei
18337:Guadalcanal campaign
18307:Battle of Stalingrad
18233:Battle of Madagascar
17007:Albania protectorate
16794:(formerly Swaziland)
16503:Wehrmacht war crimes
16319:Expulsion of Germans
16103:Art and World War II
16001:British contribution
15950:Governments in exile
15645:discussing his book
15523:RKKA in World War II
15324:16 July 2012 at the
15292:Merridale, Catherine
14228:on 19 December 2000.
13956:www.belarusguide.com
13562:Hanson, Victor Davis
13382:, pp. 219, 220.
13370:pp. 259–357, 380–381
13065:Baxter, Ian (2009).
12751:Clark, Alan (1965).
12187:3 April 2017 at the
12168:. Nathan Associates.
11283:Weinberg, Gerhard L.
10422:SS-Obergruppenführer
10417:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
10309:Tuva in World War II
10284:No. 134 Squadron RAF
10190:Second Polish Armies
9932:The Battle of Russia
9746:2,250,000–3,300,000
9743:4,139,000–5,780,000
9615:4,264,497–4,530,818
9497:2,733,739–3,000,060
9483:(not including DOW)
8165:Mikhail Tukhachevsky
8077:The success of this
8036:in East Prussia, at
7963:improve this article
7887:of East Prussia and
7775:Operation Barbarossa
7636:Flensburg government
7311: to 11 May 1945
7075:invasion of Normandy
6695:and steamed towards
6559:in eastern Ukraine.
6476:Battle of Stalingrad
6381:Battle of Stalingrad
6344: to 7 July 1942
6116:Marshal Shaposhnikov
6003:set out for Murmansk
5636:Operation Barbarossa
5611: to 9 July 1941
5600:Operation Barbarossa
5054:Sino-Soviet conflict
4741:Operation Barbarossa
4726:Operation Barbarossa
4647:Spanish Nationalists
4631:left wing volunteers
4600:first five-year plan
4523:Battle of Stalingrad
4413:Bolshevik Revolution
4314:, and, as a result,
4309:Soviet Union invaded
4299:On 1 September 1939
4082:regained territories
4061:came close to Moscow
4057:Operation Barbarossa
4038:70–85 million deaths
3978:, also known as the
3765:Ukrainian revolution
3693:German reunification
3651:Latvian independence
3566:1984 Olympic boycott
3561:1980 Olympic boycott
3551:1980 Summer Olympics
3524:Mozambican Civil War
3414:Cuban Missile Crisis
3394:Peaceful coexistence
3262:Operation Barbarossa
2023:4.1 million captured
2011:8.7–10 million dead
1998:4.5 million captured
1843:Constantin Sănătescu
1355:Aleksandr Vasilevsky
386:Czechoslovakia cedes
346:Partition of Germany
297:and creation of the
233:8 May 1945
206:Battle of Stalingrad
63:improve this article
21281:Invasions of Russia
21245:Sphere of influence
21175:Russo-Ukrainian War
21032:First Indochina War
21005:Soviet–Japanese War
20941:Xinjiang War (1937)
20810:Kazakhstan Campaign
20595:Kościuszko Uprising
20495:Second Northern War
20373:Coup attempt (1991)
20266:Soviet-Finnish wars
20138:Victory Day Parades
20119:Z (military symbol)
20109:Great Patriotic War
20099:Victory Day (9 May)
19882:and prominent parts
19880:Participating units
19675:Great Patriotic War
19561:War of annihilation
19204:Edwin von Rothkirch
18992:Potsdam Declaration
18881:Italy (Spring 1945)
18644:Liberation of Paris
18101:Siege of Sevastopol
17119:(until August 1944)
17022:Wang Jingwei regime
16844:from September 1943
16804:from September 1944
16742:from September 1944
16602:Romanian war crimes
16593:Persecution of Jews
16579:Croatian war crimes
16549:Japanese war crimes
16363:Occupation of Japan
16312:First Indochina War
16024:Military production
15936:Declarations of war
15550:The Washington Post
15256:and David B. Hurt.
15216:. Greenhill Books.
14713:, pp. 359–360.
14701:, pp. 253–258.
14688:. 5 September 2020.
14517:, pp. 276–278.
14419:. Oldenbourg 2000.
14341:. Oldenbourg 2000.
14320:. Oldenbourg 2000.
13815:on 20 December 2018
13590:Frieser, Karl-Heinz
13046:Laar, Mart (2006).
13025:. Greenhill Books.
11969:. Lexington Books.
11502:Europe-Asia Studies
11475:Europe-Asia Studies
11388:Europe-Asia Studies
10610:. 18 September 2011
10280:No. 81 Squadron RAF
10030:Soviet–Japanese War
9900:Hitler's notorious
9629:
9447:
9201:
9063:
8920:
8643:
8185:political commissar
8125:Battle of the Bulge
8007:near-absolute power
7712:Soviet–Japanese War
7527:sphere of influence
7450:1st Ukrainian Front
7349:Army Group Courland
7284:Silesian Offensives
7079:Operation Bagration
7014:Operation Bagration
6994:Estonian conscripts
6703:, led by Gen. Col.
6596:German advances at
6249:at Rzhev. A Soviet
5894:rivers, the Soviet
5790:and slowing of the
5397:The use of foreign
5153:
5073:General of the Army
4833:
4804:, particularly the
4800:. In addition, the
4759:(also known as the
4666:Anti-Comintern Pact
4473:war of annihilation
4207:as a result of the
4115:war of annihilation
3981:Great Patriotic War
3688:Romanian Revolution
3668:Peaceful Revolution
3663:Pan-European Picnic
3658:Revolutions of 1989
3599:Invasion of Grenada
3475:Cambodian Civil War
3429:: Era of Stagnation
3314:First Indochina War
3289:Soviet deportations
3257:Great Patriotic War
3230:Cultural Revolution
3160:New Economic Policy
3114:February Revolution
2764:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh
2665:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya
2035:Civilian casualties
1739:Ivan Chernyakhovsky
1585:Yakov Cherevichenko
1214:Ferenc Szombathelyi
389:Carpathian Ruthenia
351:Polish puppet state
257:, in later stages:
21235:Russian Revolution
21170:Russo-Georgian War
21152:Second Chechen War
21132:Georgian Civil War
20771:Russo-Japanese War
20523:Great Northern War
20421:Russo-Crimean Wars
20393:Second Chechen War
20291:Russo-Turkish wars
20286:Russo-Swedish wars
20276:Russo-Persian Wars
20261:Russo-Crimean Wars
19515:High Command Trial
19466:Mogilev conference
19412:SS Cavalry Brigade
19224:Security Divisions
19189:Kuno-Hans von Both
18985:Surrender of Japan
18818:Battle of Iwo Jima
18667:Belgrade offensive
18080:Siege of Leningrad
17964:Battle of Shanggao
17893:British Somaliland
17858:Dunkirk evacuation
17809:Norwegian campaign
17747:Invasion of Poland
17574:Japanese prisoners
16542:Italian war crimes
16473:British war crimes
16388:Soviet occupations
16172:South-West Pacific
16059:Allied cooperation
16017:Military equipment
15412:Winterbotham, F.W.
15358:Schofield, Carey,
15314:Gerd R. Ueberschär
15231:Liddell Hart, B.H.
14632:on 15 January 2009
14415:Rüdiger Overmans,
14337:Rüdiger Overmans.
14203:6 May 2017 at the
14064:Robert Gellately.
13718:The New York Times
13442:The New York Times
13424:The New York Times
13239:Czarnecka, Daria.
13137:– via Trove.
13109:– via Trove.
12337:Military Anecdotes
11067:Gerlach, Christian
10871:Heinrich Himmler.
10236:Belgrade offensive
10145:Croatian Air Force
9935:– a film from the
9812:Allied Commissions
9808:
9769:
9761:
9627:
9445:
9411:
9403:
9208:Industrial labour
9199:
9061:
8916:
8662:(thousand tonnes)
8641:
8595:
8507:
8463:
8452:
8422:
8392:
8341:
8187:, a member of the
8149:
8121:Gerd von Rundstedt
8117:F. W. Winterbotham
8030:
7885:German populations
7853:
7766:
7531:German atomic bomb
7519:
7503:
7456:north-west to the
7368:Army Group Vistula
7364:Operation Solstice
7314:
7270:January–March 1945
7231:Budapest Offensive
7227:Belgrade Offensive
7137:
7060:
7050:Soviet and Polish
7038:Battle of Debrecen
6952:Hans-Valentin Hube
6908:
6811:
6805:Loading a Soviet "
6748:meeting engagement
6740:
6618:
6582:Kursk: Summer 1943
6520:
6387:Battle of Voronezh
6377:Battle of Caucasus
6365:
6189:double envelopment
6156:
6153: German gains
6147: Soviet gains
6082:Army General Staff
6036:by autumn (except
5995:Siege of Leningrad
5956:Siege of Leningrad
5952:
5811:
5762:, followed by the
5650:
5646:Vyacheslav Molotov
5632:
5438:
5329:
5151:
5045:
4999:
4831:
4822:Groupe de Chasse 3
4729:
4613:government in the
4554:
4513:Berlin Sportpalast
3920:Post-Soviet states
3624:Singing Revolution
3614:Chernobyl disaster
3534:Rhodesian Bush War
3135:October Revolution
2959:Western Carpathian
2899:2nd Jassy–Kishinev
2869:1st Jassy–Kishinev
2854:Leningrad–Novgorod
2849:Dnieper–Carpathian
2384:French West Africa
2225:South West Pacific
2133:Denmark and Norway
1379:Kliment Voroshilov
1343:Boris Shaposhnikov
1087:Ferdinand Schörner
1063:Johannes Friessner
1027:Erich von Manstein
955:Gerd von Rundstedt
638:Former Axis powers
398:Kaliningrad Oblast
21253:
21252:
21142:First Chechen War
21097:Soviet–Afghan War
21082:Angolan Civil War
20857:Polish–Soviet War
20815:Finnish Civil War
20793:Russian Civil War
20692:November Uprising
20630:Anglo-Russian War
20570:Bar Confederation
20383:First Chechen War
20363:Russian Civil War
20358:Decembrist revolt
20348:Bulavin Rebellion
20343:Razin's Rebellion
20326:
20325:
20281:Russo-Polish Wars
20249:Lists by opponent
20144:
20143:
19945:Russian Air Force
19632:
19631:
19508:War crimes trials
19452:Barbarossa Decree
19315:Friedrich Jeckeln
19158:Army Group Centre
19143:Army High Command
19100:German–Soviet War
19059:
19058:
19017:
19016:
18860:Battle of Okinawa
18759:Burma (1944–1945)
18593:Mariana and Palau
18373:Tunisian campaign
18198:Fall of Singapore
18122:Fall of Hong Kong
17865:Battle of Britain
17718:Operation Himmler
17627:
17626:
17291:Dutch East Indies
16934:Southern Rhodesia
16686:
16685:
16586:Genocide of Serbs
16489:German war crimes
16466:Soviet war crimes
16459:Allied war crimes
16305:Division of Korea
16284:Chinese Civil War
16082:Strategic bombing
15994:Manhattan Project
15653:, a programme of
15396:Shirer, William L
15305:978-0-312-42652-1
15195:978-1-107-02079-5
15116:978-0-304-36540-1
15017:978-0-7006-1353-3
14998:978-0-7006-1789-0
14953:978-0-415-02101-2
14930:978-0-375-41086-4
14831:978-0-230-34305-4
14593:"Non-Soviet POWs"
14571:; Mark Axworthy,
13884:978-83-63352-88-2
13766:978-0-7881-7080-5
13700:978-0-674-02178-5
13603:978-0-19-872346-2
13547:978-1-285-44790-2
13405:978-0-451-47701-9
13278:978-0-375-71422-1
13193:978-9949-13-040-5
13078:978-1-906033-33-0
13032:978-1-85367-280-4
13017:Krivosheev, G. F.
12958:978-0-7006-1208-6
12894:(December 1972).
12856:978-1-78159-291-5
12597:978-1-4000-4005-6
12582:Gellately, Robert
12347:978-0-233-05077-5
12291:(25 March 2010).
12278:(2008), pp 250–56
12044:978-1-139-62685-9
11976:978-0-7391-6054-1
11795:978-0-87474-510-8
11768:978-0-511-25293-8
11723:978-3-8132-0772-9
11575:978-0-7006-2121-7
11548:978-0-299-11073-4
11514:10.1080/713663077
11340:"Maksim Litvinov"
11325:978-0-7618-2963-8
11298:978-0-391-03825-7
11268:978-0-684-87027-4
11241:978-1-4728-0716-8
11211:978-1-4696-2447-1
11184:978-1-107-02079-5
11069:(December 1998).
10963:978-0-394-57686-2
10883:on 2 March 2009.
10857:978-0-7425-4482-6
10719:978-1-4616-3547-5
10689:978-1-317-56756-1
10521:978-0-8117-6784-2
10492:
10491:
10484:
10393:
10358:
10174:moved to the West
10121:German occupation
10104:puppet government
10100:German occupation
9955:Barbarossa decree
9870:Siege of Budapest
9753:
9752:
9625:
9624:
9440:agricultural land
9353:
9352:
9197:
9196:
9059:
9058:
8914:
8913:
8667:(million tonnes)
8657:(million tonnes)
8581:Industrial output
8550:were sent to the
8426:ethnic minorities
8315:Jerzy W. Borejsze
8313:Polish historian
8255:Rodion Malinovsky
8042:Reich Chancellery
7995:
7994:
7987:
7901:forced migrations
7877:Soviet war crimes
7862:German war crimes
7810:Normandy invasion
7795:mass deportations
7744:. Apart from the
7738:southern Sakhalin
7728:and neighbouring
7611:, on 1 May 1945.
7572:, Germany at the
7359:in East Prussia.
7192:Operation Tempest
7120:on 12 September.
7104:The neighbouring
7083:Tehran Conference
6809:" rocket launcher
6757:landing in Sicily
6686:Operation Kutuzov
6576:back into Kharkov
6098:Army Group Center
5744:Army Group Centre
5708:'s objective was
5677:were renamed the
5241:
5240:
5069:Semyon Timoshenko
4971:
4970:
4955:1,960,000 Germans
4826:Charles de Gaulle
4712:Aufbau Ost (1940)
4645:took the side of
4623:Spanish Civil War
4576:industrialisation
4566:Spanish Civil War
4546:Semyon Timoshenko
4481:Vernichtungskrieg
4440:Jewish Bolshevism
4281:aiming to return
4251:League of Nations
4119:Vernichtungskrieg
4098:capture of Berlin
4012:. It encompassed
3986:German–Soviet War
3972:
3971:
3801:Soviet leadership
3787:Alma-Ata Protocol
3782:Belovezha Accords
3678:Velvet Revolution
3644:Economic blockade
3546:Soviet–Afghan War
3514:Angolan Civil War
3465:Laotian Civil War
3440:Era of Stagnation
3435:Brezhnev Doctrine
3404:Sino-Soviet split
3334:: Khrushchev Thaw
3225:Industrialization
3140:Russian Civil War
3033:
3032:
2456:
2455:
2377:Strategic bombing
2293:Mediterranean Sea
2049:
2048:
1986:5.1 million dead
1879:C.G.E. Mannerheim
1691:Vasily Sokolovsky
1597:Rodion Malinovsky
1451:Alexander Novikov
1415:Nikolai Kuznetsov
1391:Semyon Timoshenko
1250:C.G.E. Mannerheim
979:Georg von Küchler
967:Günther von Kluge
415:
414:
375:Soviet occupation
355:change of borders
326:Soviet occupation
293:Beginning of the
180:tanks during the
139:
138:
131:
113:
18:German–Soviet War
16:(Redirected from
21288:
21127:Transnistria War
21072:War of Attrition
20978:Continuation War
20927:
20719:January Uprising
20560:Seven Years' War
20460:Time of Troubles
20426:Russo-Kazan Wars
20271:Russo-Kazan Wars
20203:
20202:
20171:
20164:
20157:
20148:
20147:
20052:Aerobatic teams
20021:Police of Russia
19999:Kremlin Regiment
19874:
19659:
19652:
19645:
19636:
19635:
19549:Related articles
19214:Joachim Witthöft
19194:Franz von Roques
19163:Army Group South
19153:Army Group North
19086:
19079:
19072:
19063:
19062:
19052:
19045:
19038:
19035:World portal
19033:
19032:
19008:
19001:
18994:
18987:
18978:
18971:
18964:
18955:
18948:
18941:
18934:
18927:
18920:
18911:
18904:
18897:
18895:Prague offensive
18890:
18888:Battle of Berlin
18883:
18876:
18869:
18862:
18855:
18848:
18841:
18834:
18832:Vienna offensive
18827:
18820:
18813:
18811:Battle of Manila
18806:
18786:
18777:
18768:
18761:
18752:
18745:
18738:
18731:
18724:
18717:
18710:
18701:
18692:
18685:
18676:
18669:
18662:
18655:
18646:
18639:
18632:
18625:
18618:
18611:
18604:
18595:
18588:
18579:
18570:
18561:
18554:
18552:Korsun–Cherkassy
18547:
18536:
18514:
18505:
18498:
18491:
18484:
18477:
18470:
18463:
18454:
18447:
18440:
18433:
18424:
18417:
18410:
18403:
18396:
18394:Bombing of Gorky
18389:
18382:
18375:
18355:
18348:
18339:
18332:
18325:
18316:
18309:
18302:
18295:
18284:
18277:
18270:
18263:
18261:Battle of Midway
18256:
18249:
18247:Battle of Gazala
18242:
18235:
18228:
18221:
18214:
18207:
18200:
18180:
18173:
18166:
18159:
18157:Battle of Borneo
18152:
18150:Malayan campaign
18145:
18138:
18131:
18124:
18117:
18110:
18103:
18096:
18094:Bombing of Gorky
18089:
18087:Battle of Moscow
18082:
18075:
18068:
18061:
18054:
18047:
18031:
18024:
18017:
18010:
18003:
17996:
17987:
17980:
17973:
17966:
17959:
17939:
17930:
17923:
17916:
17909:
17902:
17895:
17888:
17881:
17874:
17867:
17860:
17853:
17851:Battle of France
17846:
17839:
17832:
17825:
17818:
17811:
17791:
17784:
17777:
17770:
17763:
17756:
17749:
17727:
17720:
17713:
17706:
17704:Munich Agreement
17699:
17692:
17683:
17676:
17669:
17660:
17653:
17638:
17637:
17620:
17613:
17604:
17597:
17590:
17589:Soviet prisoners
17583:
17576:
17569:
17560:
17553:
17544:
17537:
17530:
17529:German prisoners
17525:
17505:
17496:
17489:
17482:
17477:
17470:
17463:
17456:
17449:
17442:
17435:
17428:
17421:
17414:
17407:
17400:
17393:
17386:
17377:
17370:
17363:
17356:
17349:
17342:
17335:
17328:
17321:
17314:
17307:
17300:
17293:
17286:
17279:
17272:
17265:
17258:
17251:
17231:
17224:
17217:
17210:
17203:
17196:
17189:
17182:
17175:
17168:
17161:
17141:
17134:
17127:
17120:
17112:
17105:
17098:
17089:
17082:
17074:
17067:
17065:French Indochina
17060:
17053:
17046:
17039:
17031:
17024:
17017:
17009:
16989:
16980:
16973:
16964:
16957:
16950:
16943:
16936:
16929:
16922:
16915:
16912:from August 1944
16903:
16896:
16889:
16882:
16875:
16868:
16861:
16854:
16847:
16835:
16828:
16821:
16814:
16807:
16795:
16787:
16780:
16773:
16766:
16759:
16752:
16745:
16733:
16726:
16719:
16712:
16697:
16696:
16677:
16670:
16663:
16656:
16649:
16638:
16623:
16616:
16609:
16604:
16595:
16588:
16581:
16572:
16565:
16558:
16556:Nanjing Massacre
16551:
16544:
16535:
16533:Nuremberg trials
16526:
16519:
16512:
16505:
16498:
16491:
16482:
16475:
16468:
16461:
16441:
16434:
16427:
16418:
16411:
16404:
16397:
16390:
16383:
16374:
16365:
16358:
16351:
16344:
16335:
16328:
16321:
16314:
16307:
16300:
16293:
16286:
16266:
16257:
16250:
16243:
16234:
16227:
16220:
16213:
16204:
16197:
16190:
16181:
16174:
16167:
16160:
16153:
16146:
16139:
16137:Asia and Pacific
16119:
16112:
16105:
16098:
16091:
16084:
16077:
16068:
16066:Mulberry harbour
16061:
16054:
16047:
16040:
16033:
16026:
16019:
16012:
16003:
15996:
15989:
15980:
15973:
15966:
15959:
15952:
15945:
15938:
15931:
15924:
15917:
15908:
15901:
15886:
15885:
15874:
15867:
15858:
15851:
15844:
15837:
15830:
15823:
15816:
15795:
15788:
15781:
15772:
15771:
15766:
15758:
15757:
15756:
15746:
15730:
15729:
15728:
15718:
15717:
15716:
15706:
15705:
15704:
15694:
15693:
15692:
15685:
15504:by Alan Taylor,
15476:
15435:Ziemke, Earl F.
15428:Ziemke, Earl F.
15415:The Ultra Secret
15380:Seaton, Albert.
15308:
15254:Lubbeck, William
15227:
15199:
15106:Erickson, John.
15091:Erickson, John.
15067:Beevor, Antony.
15021:
15002:
14983:
14957:
14945:
14934:
14906:
14905:
14903:
14901:
14896:on 22 April 2013
14892:. Archived from
14886:
14880:
14867:
14861:
14860:
14842:
14836:
14835:
14817:
14811:
14810:
14790:
14784:
14783:
14781:
14779:
14765:
14759:
14758:
14740:
14734:
14720:
14714:
14708:
14702:
14696:
14690:
14689:
14678:
14672:
14669:
14663:
14660:
14654:
14648:
14642:
14641:
14639:
14637:
14618:
14609:
14608:
14606:
14604:
14599:on 22 April 2013
14595:. Archived from
14589:
14583:
14559:Vadim Erlikman,
14557:
14551:
14540:
14534:
14524:
14518:
14512:
14503:
14445:
14443:
14441:
14432:. Archived from
14413:
14407:
14390:
14384:
14378:
14369:
14368:
14356:
14350:
14335:
14329:
14314:
14308:
14307:
14305:
14303:
14294:. Archived from
14288:
14282:
14279:
14273:
14272:
14270:
14268:
14248:
14242:
14236:
14230:
14229:
14224:. Archived from
14214:
14208:
14193:
14187:
14177:
14171:
14168:
14159:
14156:
14143:
14132:
14121:
14118:
14112:
14108:
14102:
14099:
14093:
14086:
14080:
14062:
14056:
14041:
14035:
14034:
13996:
13990:
13987:
13981:
13978:
13972:
13971:belarusguide.com
13966:
13960:
13959:
13948:
13942:
13941:
13940:. 17 March 2012.
13930:
13924:
13918:
13912:
13895:
13889:
13888:
13870:
13864:
13863:
13831:
13825:
13824:
13822:
13820:
13811:. Archived from
13801:
13795:
13794:
13776:
13770:
13769:
13752:
13746:
13740:
13734:
13728:
13722:
13714:
13705:
13704:
13684:
13678:
13677:
13662:
13656:
13655:
13649:
13639:
13633:
13632:
13627:. Archived from
13614:
13608:
13607:
13586:
13580:
13579:
13558:
13552:
13551:
13529:
13523:
13522:
13499:Military Affairs
13494:
13488:
13477:
13471:
13470:
13468:
13466:
13452:
13446:
13445:
13434:
13428:
13427:
13416:
13410:
13409:
13389:
13383:
13377:
13371:
13360:
13354:
13343:
13337:
13326:
13320:
13309:
13303:
13292:
13283:
13282:
13262:
13256:
13255:
13253:
13251:
13236:
13230:
13229:
13227:
13225:
13210:(31 July 1993).
13204:
13198:
13197:
13175:
13169:
13168:
13156:
13145:
13139:
13138:
13136:
13134:
13117:
13111:
13110:
13108:
13106:
13089:
13083:
13082:
13062:
13056:
13055:
13043:
13037:
13036:
13013:
13007:
13006:
13004:
13002:
12987:
12981:
12980:
12969:
12963:
12962:
12943:Glantz, David M.
12939:
12930:
12929:
12888:
12879:
12876:
12870:
12867:
12861:
12860:
12842:
12827:
12826:
12808:
12802:
12801:
12778:Military Affairs
12773:
12767:
12766:
12748:
12742:
12741:
12723:
12717:
12716:
12700:
12690:
12684:
12683:
12657:
12651:
12650:
12642:
12636:
12635:
12617:Second World War
12608:
12602:
12601:
12578:
12572:
12571:
12565:
12557:
12540:
12534:
12533:
12515:
12485:
12479:
12478:
12454:Military Affairs
12448:
12435:
12434:
12428:
12420:
12410:
12404:
12403:
12391:
12385:
12382:
12376:
12373:
12367:
12366:
12358:
12352:
12351:
12331:
12325:
12324:
12316:
12307:
12306:
12301:. Archived from
12289:Glantz, David M.
12285:
12279:
12272:
12266:
12265:
12263:
12261:
12256:on 15 April 2008
12252:. Archived from
12241:
12235:
12234:
12198:
12192:
12169:
12161:
12152:
12147:Ulrich Herbert,
12145:
12139:
12138:
12136:
12112:
12106:
12105:
12094:
12088:
12085:
12079:
12078:
12067:
12061:
12055:
12049:
12048:
12018:
12012:
12009:
12000:
11987:
11981:
11980:
11960:
11919:
11912:
11906:
11903:
11897:
11894:
11888:
11887:
11857:
11851:
11850:
11844:
11836:
11806:
11800:
11799:
11779:
11773:
11772:
11752:
11746:
11743:
11737:
11734:
11728:
11727:
11707:
11701:
11700:
11690:
11684:
11683:
11671:
11665:
11664:
11654:
11645:
11639:
11638:
11636:
11634:
11616:
11610:
11604:
11595:
11589:
11580:
11579:
11559:
11553:
11552:
11532:
11526:
11525:
11497:
11491:
11490:
11470:
11464:
11463:
11445:
11419:
11413:
11412:
11379:
11373:
11372:
11350:
11344:
11343:
11336:
11330:
11329:
11309:
11303:
11302:
11279:
11273:
11272:
11252:
11246:
11245:
11225:
11216:
11215:
11195:
11189:
11188:
11170:
11164:
11162:Internet Archive
11153:
11147:
11146:
11138:
11136:
11110:
11104:
11103:
11075:
11063:
11057:
11056:
11048:
11046:
11044:
11029:
11023:
11022:
11005:(437): 620–651.
10992:
10986:
10985:
10974:
10968:
10967:
10947:
10941:
10940:
10894:
10888:
10887:
10868:
10862:
10861:
10838:
10832:
10831:
10802:Mechtild Rössler
10796:
10790:
10783:
10777:
10776:
10758:
10749:
10748:
10730:
10724:
10723:
10703:
10694:
10693:
10673:
10667:
10666:
10646:
10640:
10639:
10626:
10620:
10619:
10617:
10615:
10600:
10594:
10593:
10575:
10566:
10560:
10554:
10535:
10526:
10525:
10505:
10487:
10480:
10476:
10473:
10467:
10444:
10443:
10436:
10425:
10405:
10399:
10398:
10388:
10386:
10370:
10364:
10363:
10353:
10351:
10343:
10337:
10334:
10328:
10317:
10311:
10305:
10299:
10293:
10287:
10276:No. 151 Wing RAF
10268:
10262:
10252:
10246:
10232:
10226:
10211:
10205:
10162:Władysław Anders
10154:
10148:
10130:
10124:
10117:
10111:
10096:
9855:Galicia Division
9782:Defeating Hitler
9630:
9626:
9488:Greater Germany
9448:
9444:
9202:
9198:
9064:
9060:
8921:
8915:
8644:
8640:
8631:Germany's 19,800
8567:Hague convention
8533:
8532:
8528:
8523:
8522:
8518:
8459:Soviet partisans
8446:Soviet partisan
8317:
8238:penal battalions
8208:chain of command
8079:hedgehog defence
7999:Soviet communism
7990:
7983:
7979:
7976:
7970:
7947:
7939:
7897:Oder–Neisse line
7881:Yalta conference
7870:Geoffrey Hosking
7750:Yalta Conference
7674:national holiday
7613:Helmuth Weidling
7489:Prague Offensive
7481:Battle of Berlin
7469:rocket launchers
7384:Operation Konrad
7377:
7336:, East Prussia,
7310:
7304:
7292:Vienna Offensive
7248:Baltic Offensive
7188:Polish Home Army
7160:Karelian Isthmus
6996:, defending the
6904:
6898:
6892:
6886:
6614:
6608:
6528:Operation Uranus
6516:
6510:
6504:
6361:
6355:
6349:
6343:
6259:Soviet partisans
6160:Battle of Moscow
6152:
6146:
5960:Battle of Moscow
5834:1st Panzer Group
5830:Army Group South
5824:Battle of Moscow
5738:southern Estonia
5734:Local insurgents
5722:4th Panzer Group
5706:Army Group North
5658:panzer divisions
5628:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5585:
5574:
5563:
5550:
5534:
5523:
5510:
5494:
5483:
5472:
5459:
5436:on 22 June 1941.
5154:
5150:
4834:
4830:
4761:Berlin Offensive
4757:Battle of Berlin
4743:offensive, when
4651:Francisco Franco
4537:Soviet situation
4503:
4490:
4432:Heinrich Himmler
4183:Munich Agreement
4167:Continuation War
4132:
4050:Geoffrey Roberts
4030:Southeast Europe
4022:Northeast Europe
4004:, including the
3964:
3957:
3950:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3915:Soviet republics
3755:New Union Treaty
3556:Olympic boycotts
3374:We will bury you
3360:De-Stalinization
3277:Battle of Berlin
3201:Collectivization
3082:World revolution
3059:
3036:
3035:
2925:Petsamo–Kirkenes
2803:Belgorod-Kharkov
2769:Voronezh–Kharkov
2493:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2443:French Indochina
2086:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2051:
1969:6,410,000 troops
1962:6,800,000 troops
1928:1,960,000 troops
1921:3,370,000 troops
1914:3,933,000 troops
1907:3,720,000 troops
1900:3,767,000 troops
1877:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1703:Fyodor Tolbukhin
1701:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1549:Andrey Yeremenko
1547:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1517:Mikhail Kirponos
1515:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1487:Fyodor Kuznetsov
1485:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1463:Sergei Khudyakov
1461:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1274:Benito Mussolini
1272:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1178:Horia Macellariu
1176:
1175:
1174:
1166:Petre Dumitrescu
1164:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1111:Heinrich Himmler
1109:
1108:
1107:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1015:Ewald von Kleist
1013:
1012:
1011:
1001:
1000:
999:
989:
988:
987:
977:
976:
975:
965:
964:
963:
953:
952:
951:
941:
940:
939:
931:Wilhelm von Leeb
929:
928:
927:
917:
916:
915:
905:
904:
903:
893:
892:
891:
881:
880:
879:
872:
868:
867:
866:
855:
854:
853:
843:
842:
841:
833:
821:
820:
819:
792:
791:
785:
783:
782:
774:
768:
767:
766:
756:
754:
753:
743:
741:
740:
730:
728:
727:
718:
707:
697:
695:
694:
687:
680:
676:
674:
673:
665:
664:
657:
653:
651:
650:
633:
632:
629:
625:
623:
622:
613:
612:
608:
606:
605:
593:
592:
591:
580:
578:
577:
557:
553:
551:
550:
542:
538:
536:
535:
527:
520:
516:
514:
513:
505:
495:
493:
492:
485:
481:
479:
478:
470:
463:
459:
457:
456:
447:
443:
441:
440:
377:
244:
240:
238:
229:
227:
214:
213:
163:
143:
142:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
21296:
21295:
21291:
21290:
21289:
21287:
21286:
21285:
21256:
21255:
21254:
21249:
21221:
21162:
21156:
21147:War of Dagestan
20921:
20894:August Uprising
20763:
20757:
20746:Boxer Rebellion
20714:Amur Annexation
20515:
20509:
20413:
20407:
20388:War of Dagestan
20368:August Uprising
20322:
20244:
20194:
20175:
20145:
20140:
20128:
20082:
20071:Russian Falcons
20056:Russian Knights
19883:
19881:
19875:
19866:
19678:
19663:
19633:
19628:
19575:
19544:
19525:Krasnodar Trial
19503:
19475:
19456:Commissar Order
19448:Criminal orders
19426:
19324:
19296:
19218:
19199:Karl von Roques
19179:Erich Friderici
19167:
19131:
19103:
19090:
19060:
19055:
19048:
19041:
19027:
19025:
19013:
19004:
18997:
18990:
18983:
18974:
18967:
18960:
18951:
18946:Atomic bombings
18944:
18937:
18930:
18923:
18916:
18907:
18900:
18893:
18886:
18879:
18872:
18865:
18858:
18851:
18844:
18837:
18830:
18823:
18816:
18809:
18802:
18789:
18782:
18771:
18764:
18757:
18748:
18741:
18734:
18727:
18720:
18713:
18704:
18695:
18688:
18679:
18672:
18665:
18658:
18649:
18642:
18637:Eastern Romania
18635:
18630:Warsaw Uprising
18628:
18623:Tannenberg Line
18621:
18614:
18609:Western Ukraine
18607:
18598:
18591:
18582:
18573:
18564:
18557:
18550:
18539:
18530:
18517:
18510:
18501:
18494:
18487:
18480:
18473:
18466:
18459:
18450:
18443:
18436:
18427:
18420:
18413:
18406:
18401:Battle of Kursk
18399:
18392:
18385:
18378:
18371:
18358:
18351:
18342:
18335:
18328:
18319:
18312:
18305:
18298:
18289:
18280:
18273:
18266:
18259:
18252:
18245:
18238:
18231:
18224:
18217:
18212:St Nazaire Raid
18210:
18203:
18196:
18183:
18176:
18169:
18162:
18155:
18148:
18141:
18134:
18127:
18120:
18113:
18106:
18099:
18092:
18085:
18078:
18071:
18064:
18057:
18050:
18036:
18027:
18020:
18013:
18006:
17999:
17994:Anglo-Iraqi War
17992:
17985:Battle of Crete
17983:
17976:
17969:
17962:
17955:
17942:
17933:
17926:
17919:
17914:Eastern Romania
17912:
17905:
17898:
17891:
17884:
17877:
17870:
17863:
17856:
17849:
17842:
17835:
17828:
17821:
17814:
17807:
17794:
17787:
17780:
17773:
17766:
17759:
17752:
17745:
17732:
17723:
17716:
17709:
17702:
17695:
17688:
17679:
17672:
17665:
17656:
17649:
17623:
17616:
17609:
17600:
17593:
17588:
17579:
17572:
17565:
17556:
17549:
17540:
17533:
17528:
17521:
17508:
17501:
17492:
17485:
17480:
17475:Western Ukraine
17473:
17466:
17459:
17452:
17445:
17438:
17431:
17424:
17419:Northeast China
17417:
17410:
17403:
17396:
17389:
17382:
17373:
17366:
17359:
17352:
17345:
17338:
17331:
17324:
17317:
17310:
17303:
17296:
17289:
17282:
17275:
17268:
17261:
17254:
17247:
17234:
17227:
17220:
17213:
17206:
17199:
17192:
17185:
17178:
17171:
17164:
17157:
17144:
17137:
17130:
17125:Slovak Republic
17123:
17115:
17108:
17101:
17096:Empire of Japan
17094:
17085:
17077:
17070:
17063:
17056:
17049:
17042:
17034:
17027:
17020:
17012:
17005:
16992:
16985:
16976:
16969:
16960:
16953:
16946:
16939:
16932:
16925:
16918:
16906:
16899:
16892:
16885:
16878:
16871:
16864:
16857:
16850:
16838:
16831:
16824:
16817:
16810:
16798:
16790:
16783:
16776:
16769:
16762:
16755:
16748:
16736:
16729:
16722:
16715:
16708:
16682:
16673:
16666:
16659:
16652:
16641:
16626:
16619:
16612:
16608:Sexual violence
16607:
16600:
16591:
16584:
16577:
16568:
16561:
16554:
16547:
16540:
16531:
16522:
16515:
16508:
16501:
16494:
16487:
16478:
16471:
16464:
16457:
16444:
16437:
16430:
16423:
16414:
16407:
16400:
16393:
16386:
16377:
16368:
16361:
16354:
16347:
16338:
16331:
16326:Greek Civil War
16324:
16317:
16310:
16303:
16296:
16289:
16282:
16269:
16262:
16253:
16246:
16239:
16230:
16223:
16216:
16209:
16200:
16193:
16186:
16177:
16170:
16163:
16156:
16151:South-East Asia
16149:
16142:
16135:
16122:
16115:
16108:
16101:
16094:
16087:
16080:
16073:
16064:
16057:
16050:
16043:
16036:
16029:
16022:
16015:
16010:Military awards
16008:
15999:
15992:
15985:
15976:
15969:
15962:
15955:
15948:
15941:
15934:
15927:
15920:
15913:
15904:
15897:
15877:
15870:
15863:
15854:
15847:
15840:
15835:
15826:
15819:
15812:
15804:
15799:
15769:
15759:
15754:
15752:
15749:
15745:sister projects
15742:at Knowledge's
15736:
15726:
15724:
15714:
15712:
15702:
15700:
15690:
15688:
15680:
15569:
15540:Wayback Machine
15483:
15447:
15442:
15405:SvD 2010-10-23
15326:Wayback Machine
15306:
15279:. London 2005.
15247:Bengt Beckman.
15224:
15211:
15196:
15147:Guderian, Heinz
15136:Glantz, David,
15028:
15026:Further reading
15018:
14999:
14980:
14966:House, Jonathan
14954:
14931:
14915:
14910:
14909:
14899:
14897:
14888:
14887:
14883:
14868:
14864:
14857:
14843:
14839:
14832:
14818:
14814:
14807:
14791:
14787:
14777:
14775:
14767:
14766:
14762:
14755:
14741:
14737:
14721:
14717:
14711:Krivosheev 1997
14709:
14705:
14699:Krivosheev 1997
14697:
14693:
14680:
14679:
14675:
14670:
14666:
14661:
14657:
14651:Krivosheev 1997
14649:
14645:
14635:
14633:
14620:
14619:
14612:
14602:
14600:
14591:
14590:
14586:
14563:. Moscow 2004.
14558:
14554:
14541:
14537:
14525:
14521:
14515:Krivosheev 1997
14513:
14506:
14439:
14437:
14428:
14414:
14410:
14391:
14387:
14381:Krivosheev 1997
14379:
14372:
14357:
14353:
14336:
14332:
14315:
14311:
14301:
14299:
14290:
14289:
14285:
14280:
14276:
14266:
14264:
14250:
14249:
14245:
14239:Krivosheev 1997
14237:
14233:
14216:
14215:
14211:
14205:Wayback Machine
14194:
14190:
14178:
14174:
14169:
14162:
14157:
14146:
14134:Richard Overy,
14133:
14124:
14119:
14115:
14109:
14105:
14100:
14096:
14087:
14083:
14063:
14059:
14047:. Penguin 2001
14042:
14038:
14015:10.2307/2192342
13997:
13993:
13988:
13984:
13979:
13975:
13967:
13963:
13950:
13949:
13945:
13932:
13931:
13927:
13919:
13915:
13905:Wayback Machine
13896:
13892:
13885:
13871:
13867:
13852:
13832:
13828:
13818:
13816:
13803:
13802:
13798:
13791:
13777:
13773:
13767:
13753:
13749:
13741:
13737:
13729:
13725:
13715:
13708:
13701:
13685:
13681:
13664:
13663:
13659:
13640:
13636:
13631:on 28 May 2008.
13615:
13611:
13604:
13587:
13583:
13576:
13559:
13555:
13548:
13530:
13526:
13511:10.2307/1983926
13495:
13491:
13478:
13474:
13464:
13462:
13453:
13449:
13436:
13435:
13431:
13418:
13417:
13413:
13406:
13390:
13386:
13380:Krivosheev 1997
13378:
13374:
13361:
13357:
13344:
13340:
13327:
13323:
13310:
13306:
13293:
13286:
13279:
13263:
13259:
13249:
13247:
13237:
13233:
13223:
13221:
13217:Gazeta Wyborcza
13205:
13201:
13194:
13176:
13172:
13165:
13154:
13146:
13142:
13132:
13130:
13119:
13118:
13114:
13104:
13102:
13091:
13090:
13086:
13079:
13063:
13059:
13044:
13040:
13033:
13014:
13010:
13000:
12998:
12997:on 6 March 2019
12989:
12988:
12984:
12971:
12970:
12966:
12959:
12940:
12933:
12918:10.2307/1861311
12892:Mastny, Vojtech
12889:
12882:
12877:
12873:
12868:
12864:
12857:
12843:
12830:
12823:
12809:
12805:
12790:10.2307/1988530
12774:
12770:
12763:
12749:
12745:
12738:
12724:
12720:
12713:
12691:
12687:
12672:
12658:
12654:
12643:
12639:
12632:
12612:Gilbert, Martin
12609:
12605:
12598:
12579:
12575:
12559:
12558:
12541:
12537:
12486:
12482:
12467:10.2307/1987464
12449:
12438:
12422:
12421:
12411:
12407:
12392:
12388:
12383:
12379:
12374:
12370:
12359:
12355:
12348:
12332:
12328:
12317:
12310:
12286:
12282:
12273:
12269:
12259:
12257:
12248:
12242:
12238:
12199:
12195:
12189:Wayback Machine
12178:Wayback Machine
12162:
12155:
12146:
12142:
12113:
12109:
12096:
12095:
12091:
12086:
12082:
12069:
12068:
12064:
12056:
12052:
12045:
12019:
12015:
12010:
12003:
11997:Wayback Machine
11988:
11984:
11977:
11961:
11922:
11913:
11909:
11904:
11900:
11895:
11891:
11876:10.2307/1432205
11858:
11854:
11838:
11837:
11807:
11803:
11796:
11780:
11776:
11769:
11753:
11749:
11744:
11740:
11735:
11731:
11724:
11708:
11704:
11691:
11687:
11672:
11668:
11652:
11646:
11642:
11632:
11630:
11629:on 8 April 2016
11617:
11613:
11605:
11598:
11590:
11583:
11576:
11560:
11556:
11549:
11533:
11529:
11498:
11494:
11471:
11467:
11443:10.2307/2495264
11420:
11416:
11380:
11376:
11351:
11347:
11338:
11337:
11333:
11326:
11310:
11306:
11299:
11280:
11276:
11269:
11253:
11249:
11242:
11226:
11219:
11212:
11196:
11192:
11185:
11171:
11167:
11154:
11150:
11134:
11132:
11130:
11116:(18 May 2006).
11111:
11107:
11073:
11064:
11060:
11042:
11040:
11031:
11030:
11026:
10993:
10989:
10978:Förster, Jürgen
10975:
10971:
10964:
10948:
10944:
10895:
10891:
10869:
10865:
10858:
10839:
10835:
10797:
10793:
10784:
10780:
10773:
10759:
10752:
10745:
10731:
10727:
10720:
10704:
10697:
10690:
10674:
10670:
10663:
10647:
10643:
10627:
10623:
10613:
10611:
10602:
10601:
10597:
10590:
10576:
10569:
10561:
10557:
10539:Krivosheev 1997
10536:
10529:
10522:
10506:
10502:
10497:
10488:
10477:
10471:
10468:
10457:
10451:has an unclear
10445:
10441:
10434:
10429:
10428:
10411:sent orders to
10406:
10402:
10371:
10367:
10344:
10340:
10335:
10331:
10318:
10314:
10306:
10302:
10294:
10290:
10269:
10265:
10253:
10249:
10233:
10229:
10217:, loyal to the
10212:
10208:
10156:The so-called "
10155:
10151:
10131:
10127:
10118:
10114:
10097:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10069:
10064:
9975:
9970:
9960:Commissar Order
9911:
9902:Commissar Order
9831:Georgian Legion
9395:
9381:
9211:Foreign labour
8929:propelled guns
8928:
8927:Tanks and self-
8918:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8583:
8575:Western Belarus
8530:
8526:
8525:
8520:
8516:
8515:
8390:, Ukraine, 1942
8318:
8312:
8289:
8283:Commissar Order
8271:Generalplan Ost
8267:
8138:
8019:
7991:
7980:
7974:
7971:
7960:
7948:
7937:
7929:English Channel
7817:George Marshall
7812:." Conversely,
7801:. According to
7758:
7714:
7708:
7597:Joseph Goebbels
7558:5th Guards Army
7491:
7485:Battle of Halbe
7479:Main articles:
7477:
7374:Reichsführer-SS
7312:
7308:
7306:
7302:
7294:
7274:Main articles:
7272:
7233:
7221:Main articles:
7219:
7211:Banská Bystrica
7196:Warsaw Uprising
7044:
7026:Warsaw Uprising
7008:Main articles:
7006:
6956:1st Panzer Army
6936:Perekop isthmus
6906:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6888:
6884:
6799:
6775:Main articles:
6773:
6736:Battle of Kursk
6701:4th Panzer Army
6616:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6590:
6588:Battle of Kursk
6584:
6565:SS Panzer Corps
6518:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6494:
6474:Main articles:
6472:
6383:
6367:Main articles:
6363:
6359:
6357:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6330:
6217:Black Sea Fleet
6213:Caucasian Front
6201:Leningrad Front
6174:
6158:Main articles:
6154:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6136:
6118:thus began his
5997:. North of the
5966:
5954:Main articles:
5937:
5854:Battle of Brody
5815:over-ruled them
5638:
5630:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5593:
5426:
5420:
5395:
5389:
5318:
5246:
5161:
5133:, primarily in
5119:Royal Air Force
5108:
5008:Battle of Kursk
4956:
4936:
4917:
4904:
4895:
4882:
4873:
4852:
4718:
4708:
4696:Tripartite Pact
4588:five-year plans
4572:
4539:
4527:Nazi propaganda
4487:Generalplan Ost
4385:
4383:Nazism and race
4373:Main articles:
4371:
4369:German ideology
4366:
4360:
4189:
4175:
4163:Murmansk region
4129:Generalplan Ost
3968:
3932:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3865:
3857:
3856:
3802:
3794:
3793:
3715:April 9 tragedy
3594:
3583:
3582:
3430:
3419:
3418:
3355:Khrushchev Thaw
3335:
3324:
3323:
3304:Berlin Blockade
3191:
3180:
3179:
3130:
3129:: Establishment
3119:
3118:
3097:Bolshevik Party
3092:Bolshevik split
3067:
3034:
3029:
3023:Prague uprising
3006:Bratislava–Brno
2996:Moravia–Ostrava
2886:Lvov–Sandomierz
2714:Rzhev–Sychyovka
2542:Białystok–Minsk
2494:
2489:
2487:
2457:
2452:
2339:Other campaigns
2333:Southern France
2242:Burma and India
2237:South-East Asia
2232:Franco-Thai War
2087:
2081:
2079:
2040:
2038:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2010:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1985:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1855:Nicolae Rădescu
1849:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1819:Josip Broz Tito
1813:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1783:Zygmunt Berling
1777:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1759:Bolesław Bierut
1753:
1751:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1679:Maksim Purkayev
1673:
1671:
1663:
1659:Nikolai Vatutin
1653:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1609:Kiril Meretskov
1603:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1561:Pavel Kurochkin
1555:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1403:Semyon Budyonny
1397:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1367:Aleksei Antonov
1361:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:Allied leaders:
1296:
1292:Italo Gariboldi
1286:
1284:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1099:Lothar Rendulic
1093:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1075:Georg Lindemann
1069:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1009:
1007:
997:
995:
985:
983:
973:
971:
961:
959:
949:
947:
937:
935:
925:
923:
919:Hans Jeschonnek
913:
911:
901:
899:
889:
887:
877:
875:
864:
862:
861:
851:
849:
839:
837:
829:
817:
815:
812:
811:
795:
789:
780:
778:
777:
772:
764:
762:
751:
749:
738:
736:
725:
723:
720:
719:
714:
710:
701:
692:
690:
681:
671:
669:
658:
648:
646:
644:
636:
630:
620:
618:
616:
603:
601:
599:
589:
587:
575:
573:
560:
548:
546:
533:
531:
521:
511:
509:
499:
490:
488:
476:
474:
464:
454:
452:
438:
436:
411:
369:
334:
333:
329:
318:
279:
265:
242:
236:
234:
225:
223:
220:
184:, 1943; German
182:Battle of Kursk
176:, 1945; German
172:tanks storming
164:
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
21294:
21284:
21283:
21278:
21273:
21268:
21251:
21250:
21248:
21247:
21242:
21237:
21232:
21230:Russian Winter
21226:
21223:
21222:
21220:
21219:
21214:
21209:
21204:
21199:
21198:
21197:
21192:
21187:
21182:
21172:
21166:
21164:
21158:
21157:
21155:
21154:
21149:
21144:
21139:
21134:
21129:
21124:
21119:
21114:
21109:
21104:
21099:
21094:
21089:
21084:
21079:
21074:
21069:
21064:
21059:
21057:Vlora incident
21054:
21049:
21044:
21039:
21034:
21029:
21024:
21019:
21014:
21009:
21008:
21007:
21002:
20997:
20996:
20995:
20985:
20980:
20975:
20970:
20969:
20968:
20958:
20953:
20943:
20938:
20933:
20928:
20916:
20911:
20906:
20901:
20896:
20891:
20886:
20885:
20884:
20879:
20874:
20869:
20864:
20859:
20854:
20849:
20848:
20847:
20842:
20837:
20827:
20822:
20820:Sochi conflict
20817:
20812:
20807:
20806:
20805:
20790:
20789:
20788:
20778:
20773:
20767:
20765:
20759:
20758:
20756:
20755:
20754:
20753:
20743:
20738:
20737:
20736:
20731:
20721:
20716:
20711:
20710:
20709:
20699:
20694:
20689:
20684:
20679:
20678:
20677:
20672:
20662:
20657:
20652:
20647:
20642:
20637:
20632:
20627:
20622:
20617:
20612:
20607:
20602:
20597:
20592:
20587:
20582:
20577:
20572:
20567:
20562:
20557:
20552:
20546:
20541:
20535:
20530:
20525:
20519:
20517:
20511:
20510:
20508:
20507:
20502:
20497:
20492:
20487:
20482:
20477:
20472:
20467:
20462:
20453:
20448:
20443:
20438:
20433:
20428:
20423:
20417:
20415:
20409:
20408:
20406:
20405:
20400:
20395:
20390:
20385:
20380:
20375:
20370:
20365:
20360:
20355:
20350:
20345:
20340:
20334:
20332:
20328:
20327:
20324:
20323:
20321:
20320:
20315:
20314:
20313:
20303:
20298:
20293:
20288:
20283:
20278:
20273:
20268:
20263:
20258:
20252:
20250:
20246:
20245:
20243:
20242:
20237:
20232:
20227:
20222:
20217:
20212:
20206:
20200:
20196:
20195:
20174:
20173:
20166:
20159:
20151:
20142:
20141:
20136:
20134:
20130:
20129:
20127:
20126:
20121:
20116:
20111:
20106:
20101:
20096:
20090:
20088:
20084:
20083:
20081:
20080:
20079:
20078:
20073:
20068:
20063:
20058:
20050:
20045:
20040:
20035:
20030:
20025:
20024:
20023:
20013:
20012:
20011:
20001:
19996:
19994:Border Service
19991:
19986:
19981:
19976:
19971:
19966:
19961:
19956:
19938:
19933:
19928:
19923:
19918:
19913:
19908:
19903:
19898:
19896:Flag of Russia
19893:
19891:Victory Banner
19887:
19885:
19877:
19876:
19869:
19867:
19865:
19864:
19857:
19852:
19847:
19842:
19837:
19832:
19827:
19822:
19817:
19812:
19807:
19802:
19797:
19792:
19787:
19782:
19777:
19772:
19767:
19762:
19757:
19752:
19747:
19742:
19737:
19732:
19727:
19722:
19717:
19712:
19707:
19702:
19697:
19692:
19686:
19684:
19680:
19679:
19662:
19661:
19654:
19647:
19639:
19630:
19629:
19627:
19626:
19619:
19612:
19605:
19598:
19591:
19583:
19581:
19580:Historiography
19577:
19576:
19574:
19573:
19568:
19563:
19558:
19552:
19550:
19546:
19545:
19543:
19542:
19537:
19532:
19527:
19522:
19517:
19511:
19509:
19505:
19504:
19502:
19501:
19496:
19491:
19485:
19483:
19477:
19476:
19474:
19473:
19468:
19463:
19445:
19440:
19434:
19432:
19428:
19427:
19425:
19424:
19419:
19414:
19409:
19391:
19373:
19355:
19350:
19343:Einsatzgruppen
19339:
19337:
19326:
19325:
19323:
19322:
19317:
19312:
19306:
19304:
19298:
19297:
19295:
19294:
19289:
19284:
19279:
19274:
19269:
19264:
19259:
19249:
19244:
19239:
19234:
19228:
19226:
19220:
19219:
19217:
19216:
19211:
19206:
19201:
19196:
19191:
19186:
19181:
19175:
19173:
19169:
19168:
19166:
19165:
19160:
19155:
19150:
19145:
19139:
19137:
19133:
19132:
19130:
19129:
19124:
19119:
19113:
19111:
19105:
19104:
19089:
19088:
19081:
19074:
19066:
19057:
19056:
19054:
19053:
19046:
19039:
19022:
19019:
19018:
19015:
19014:
19012:
19011:
19010:
19009:
19002:
18995:
18981:
18980:
18979:
18965:
18962:South Sakhalin
18958:
18957:
18956:
18942:
18935:
18928:
18921:
18914:
18913:
18912:
18898:
18891:
18884:
18877:
18870:
18863:
18856:
18849:
18842:
18835:
18828:
18821:
18814:
18807:
18799:
18797:
18791:
18790:
18788:
18787:
18780:
18779:
18778:
18762:
18755:
18754:
18753:
18739:
18732:
18725:
18718:
18711:
18702:
18693:
18686:
18677:
18670:
18663:
18656:
18647:
18640:
18633:
18626:
18619:
18612:
18605:
18596:
18589:
18580:
18571:
18562:
18555:
18548:
18537:
18527:
18525:
18519:
18518:
18516:
18515:
18508:
18507:
18506:
18499:
18485:
18478:
18471:
18464:
18457:
18456:
18455:
18441:
18434:
18425:
18418:
18411:
18404:
18397:
18390:
18387:Battle of Attu
18383:
18376:
18368:
18366:
18360:
18359:
18357:
18356:
18349:
18340:
18333:
18326:
18317:
18310:
18303:
18296:
18287:
18286:
18285:
18278:
18264:
18257:
18250:
18243:
18236:
18229:
18222:
18215:
18208:
18201:
18193:
18191:
18185:
18184:
18182:
18181:
18174:
18167:
18160:
18153:
18146:
18139:
18136:Battle of Guam
18132:
18125:
18118:
18111:
18104:
18097:
18090:
18083:
18076:
18069:
18062:
18059:Battle of Kiev
18055:
18048:
18034:
18033:
18032:
18018:
18011:
18004:
17997:
17990:
17989:
17988:
17974:
17967:
17960:
17952:
17950:
17944:
17943:
17941:
17940:
17931:
17924:
17917:
17910:
17903:
17896:
17889:
17882:
17875:
17868:
17861:
17854:
17847:
17840:
17833:
17826:
17819:
17812:
17804:
17802:
17796:
17795:
17793:
17792:
17785:
17778:
17771:
17764:
17757:
17750:
17742:
17740:
17734:
17733:
17731:
17730:
17729:
17728:
17721:
17714:
17707:
17700:
17686:
17685:
17684:
17677:
17663:
17662:
17661:
17646:
17644:
17635:
17629:
17628:
17625:
17624:
17622:
17621:
17614:
17607:
17606:
17605:
17598:
17586:
17585:
17584:
17570:
17563:
17562:
17561:
17558:United Kingdom
17554:
17547:
17546:
17545:
17526:
17518:
17516:
17510:
17509:
17507:
17506:
17499:
17498:
17497:
17490:
17478:
17471:
17464:
17457:
17450:
17443:
17436:
17429:
17422:
17415:
17408:
17401:
17394:
17387:
17380:
17379:
17378:
17371:
17357:
17350:
17343:
17336:
17329:
17322:
17315:
17308:
17301:
17294:
17287:
17280:
17273:
17266:
17259:
17252:
17244:
17242:
17236:
17235:
17233:
17232:
17225:
17218:
17211:
17204:
17197:
17190:
17183:
17176:
17169:
17162:
17154:
17152:
17146:
17145:
17143:
17142:
17135:
17128:
17121:
17113:
17106:
17099:
17092:
17091:
17090:
17075:
17068:
17061:
17054:
17047:
17040:
17032:
17025:
17018:
17010:
17002:
17000:
16994:
16993:
16991:
16990:
16983:
16982:
16981:
16967:
16966:
16965:
16962:British Empire
16955:United Kingdom
16951:
16944:
16937:
16930:
16923:
16916:
16904:
16897:
16890:
16883:
16876:
16869:
16862:
16855:
16848:
16836:
16829:
16822:
16815:
16808:
16796:
16788:
16781:
16774:
16771:Czechoslovakia
16767:
16760:
16753:
16746:
16734:
16727:
16720:
16713:
16705:
16703:
16694:
16688:
16687:
16684:
16683:
16681:
16680:
16679:
16678:
16671:
16668:Rape of Manila
16664:
16657:
16650:
16639:
16624:
16617:
16605:
16598:
16597:
16596:
16589:
16575:
16574:
16573:
16566:
16559:
16545:
16538:
16537:
16536:
16529:
16528:
16527:
16520:
16506:
16499:
16485:
16484:
16483:
16476:
16469:
16454:
16452:
16446:
16445:
16443:
16442:
16439:United Nations
16435:
16428:
16421:
16420:
16419:
16412:
16405:
16398:
16384:
16375:
16366:
16359:
16352:
16345:
16336:
16329:
16322:
16315:
16308:
16301:
16298:Decolonization
16294:
16287:
16279:
16277:
16271:
16270:
16268:
16267:
16260:
16259:
16258:
16244:
16237:
16236:
16235:
16228:
16221:
16207:
16206:
16205:
16198:
16184:
16183:
16182:
16175:
16168:
16161:
16154:
16147:
16132:
16130:
16124:
16123:
16121:
16120:
16113:
16106:
16099:
16092:
16085:
16078:
16071:
16070:
16069:
16062:
16048:
16041:
16034:
16027:
16020:
16013:
16006:
16005:
16004:
15990:
15983:
15982:
15981:
15974:
15971:United Kingdom
15967:
15953:
15946:
15939:
15932:
15925:
15918:
15911:
15910:
15909:
15894:
15892:
15883:
15879:
15878:
15876:
15875:
15868:
15861:
15860:
15859:
15852:
15845:
15833:
15832:
15831:
15817:
15809:
15806:
15805:
15798:
15797:
15790:
15783:
15775:
15768:
15767:
15738:
15735:
15734:
15722:
15710:
15698:
15678:
15677:
15658:
15631:
15616:
15597:
15568:
15565:
15564:
15563:
15554:
15542:
15530:
15525:
15520:
15514:
15508:
15499:
15494:
15482:
15481:External links
15479:
15478:
15477:
15459:(3): 567–587.
15446:
15445:Historiography
15443:
15441:
15440:
15433:
15426:
15409:
15403:
15393:
15378:
15356:
15341:Overy, Richard
15338:
15310:
15304:
15288:
15274:Mawdsley, Evan
15271:
15251:
15245:
15228:
15222:
15209:
15208:, USGPO, 1947.
15200:
15194:
15181:
15164:
15144:
15134:
15119:
15104:
15089:
15079:
15065:
15050:Beevor, Antony
15047:
15029:
15027:
15024:
15023:
15022:
15016:
15003:
14997:
14984:
14978:
14958:
14952:
14935:
14929:
14914:
14911:
14908:
14907:
14881:
14862:
14855:
14837:
14830:
14812:
14805:
14785:
14760:
14753:
14735:
14715:
14703:
14691:
14673:
14664:
14655:
14643:
14610:
14584:
14552:
14535:
14519:
14504:
14408:
14393:Martin Gilbert
14385:
14370:
14351:
14330:
14328:, pp. 265, 272
14309:
14283:
14274:
14243:
14231:
14209:
14188:
14172:
14160:
14144:
14122:
14113:
14103:
14094:
14081:
14057:
14036:
14009:(2): 216–230.
13991:
13982:
13973:
13961:
13943:
13925:
13913:
13890:
13883:
13865:
13850:
13826:
13796:
13789:
13771:
13765:
13747:
13745:, p. 181.
13735:
13733:, pp. 1–2
13723:
13706:
13699:
13679:
13657:
13634:
13609:
13602:
13581:
13575:978-1541674103
13574:
13553:
13546:
13524:
13505:(2): 312–336.
13489:
13472:
13447:
13429:
13411:
13404:
13384:
13372:
13355:
13338:
13321:
13304:
13284:
13277:
13257:
13231:
13199:
13192:
13170:
13163:
13140:
13112:
13084:
13077:
13057:
13038:
13031:
13008:
12982:
12964:
12957:
12931:
12880:
12871:
12862:
12855:
12828:
12821:
12803:
12768:
12761:
12743:
12736:
12718:
12711:
12685:
12670:
12652:
12637:
12630:
12603:
12596:
12573:
12535:
12504:10.1086/244076
12480:
12461:(4): 187–191.
12436:
12405:
12386:
12377:
12368:
12353:
12346:
12326:
12308:
12280:
12267:
12236:
12209:(3): 483–502.
12193:
12153:
12140:
12127:(2): 171–175.
12107:
12089:
12080:
12062:
12060:, p. 121.
12050:
12043:
12013:
12001:
11982:
11975:
11920:
11907:
11898:
11889:
11870:(2): 263–283.
11852:
11819:(3): 499–518.
11801:
11794:
11774:
11767:
11747:
11738:
11729:
11722:
11702:
11685:
11666:
11640:
11611:
11596:
11594:, p. 107.
11581:
11574:
11554:
11547:
11527:
11508:(4): 695–722.
11492:
11481:(2): 303–341.
11465:
11436:(4): 599–603.
11414:
11374:
11363:(2): 123–137.
11356:Soviet Studies
11345:
11331:
11324:
11304:
11297:
11274:
11267:
11247:
11240:
11217:
11210:
11190:
11183:
11165:
11148:
11128:
11105:
11092:10.1086/235167
11086:(4): 759–812.
11058:
11024:
10987:
10969:
10962:
10942:
10889:
10863:
10856:
10833:
10814:(2): 270–274.
10791:
10778:
10771:
10750:
10743:
10725:
10718:
10695:
10688:
10668:
10661:
10641:
10621:
10595:
10589:978-0582771857
10588:
10567:
10555:
10527:
10520:
10499:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10490:
10489:
10472:September 2022
10453:citation style
10448:
10446:
10439:
10433:
10430:
10427:
10426:
10400:
10365:
10338:
10329:
10312:
10300:
10288:
10272:Arctic convoys
10263:
10260:Arctic convoys
10247:
10227:
10206:
10149:
10125:
10112:
10090:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10081:
10076:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9968:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9950:Severity Order
9947:
9942:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9851:Latvian Legion
9806:, January 1942
9751:
9750:
9747:
9744:
9741:
9738:
9735:
9731:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9722:
9719:
9716:
9712:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9703:
9700:
9697:
9693:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9684:
9681:
9678:
9674:
9673:
9670:
9667:
9664:
9661:
9658:
9654:
9653:
9650:
9647:
9644:
9641:
9638:
9635:
9634:
9623:
9622:
9619:
9616:
9613:
9612:est 4,437,400
9610:
9609:est 5,078,000
9607:
9603:
9602:
9599:
9596:
9593:
9590:
9587:
9583:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9574:
9571:
9568:
9564:
9563:
9560:
9557:
9554:
9551:
9548:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9535:
9532:
9529:
9525:
9524:
9521:
9518:
9515:
9512:
9509:
9505:
9504:
9501:
9498:
9495:
9494:est 3,637,000
9492:
9491:est 4,137,000
9489:
9485:
9484:
9478:
9475:
9472:
9459:
9456:
9453:
9452:
9380:
9377:
9351:
9350:
9347:
9344:
9341:
9338:
9335:
9332:
9328:
9327:
9324:
9321:
9318:
9315:
9312:
9309:
9305:
9304:
9301:
9298:
9295:
9292:
9289:
9286:
9282:
9281:
9278:
9275:
9272:
9269:
9266:
9263:
9259:
9258:
9255:
9252:
9249:
9246:
9243:
9240:
9236:
9235:
9232:
9229:
9226:
9223:
9220:
9216:
9215:
9212:
9209:
9206:
9195:
9194:
9191:
9188:
9185:
9182:
9179:
9175:
9174:
9171:
9168:
9165:
9162:
9159:
9155:
9154:
9151:
9148:
9145:
9142:
9139:
9135:
9134:
9131:
9128:
9125:
9122:
9119:
9115:
9114:
9111:
9108:
9105:
9102:
9099:
9096:
9092:
9091:
9088:
9085:
9082:
9079:
9076:
9072:
9071:
9068:
9057:
9056:
9053:
9050:
9047:
9044:
9041:
9038:
9034:
9033:
9030:
9027:
9024:
9021:
9017:
9016:
9013:
9010:
9007:
9004:
9001:
8997:
8996:
8993:
8990:
8987:
8984:
8981:
8978:
8974:
8973:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8951:
8950:
8947:
8944:
8941:
8938:
8935:
8931:
8930:
8925:
8912:
8911:
8908:
8905:
8902:
8899:
8896:
8893:
8890:
8887:
8884:
8881:
8878:
8875:
8871:
8870:
8867:
8864:
8861:
8858:
8855:
8852:
8849:
8846:
8843:
8840:
8837:
8834:
8830:
8829:
8826:
8823:
8820:
8817:
8814:
8811:
8808:
8805:
8802:
8799:
8796:
8793:
8789:
8788:
8785:
8782:
8779:
8776:
8773:
8770:
8767:
8764:
8761:
8758:
8755:
8752:
8748:
8747:
8744:
8741:
8738:
8735:
8732:
8729:
8726:
8723:
8720:
8717:
8714:
8711:
8707:
8706:
8703:
8700:
8697:
8694:
8691:
8688:
8685:
8682:
8679:
8676:
8673:
8669:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8582:
8579:
8406:Einsatzgruppen
8328:. A member of
8310:
8266:
8263:
8212:shoulderboards
8194:Following the
8137:
8134:
8018:
8015:
7993:
7992:
7951:
7949:
7942:
7936:
7933:
7866:scorched earth
7757:
7754:
7710:Main article:
7707:
7704:
7659:Wilhelm Keitel
7609:their children
7523:Western Allies
7515:Victory Banner
7509:A flag of the
7476:
7473:
7442:Seelow Heights
7307:
7301:
7271:
7268:
7252:were withdrawn
7218:
7215:
7190:(AK) launched
7005:
7002:
6901:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6860:Dnepropetrovsk
6772:
6769:
6611:
6605:
6586:Main article:
6583:
6580:
6567:equipped with
6536:Operation Mars
6513:
6507:
6501:
6484:Operation Mars
6471:
6468:
6422:Vasily Chuikov
6399:the oil fields
6358:
6352:
6346:
6340:
6337:Operation Blue
6329:
6326:
6251:parachute drop
6209:Southern Front
6149:
6143:
6135:
6132:
6120:counter-attack
6105:Fedor von Bock
5936:
5933:
5904:Ural Mountains
5776:Beresina River
5634:Main article:
5625:
5619:
5613:
5607:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5576:
5565:
5553:
5552:
5537:
5536:
5525:
5513:
5512:
5497:
5496:
5485:
5474:
5462:
5461:
5422:Main article:
5419:
5416:
5391:Main article:
5388:
5385:
5317:
5314:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5158:
5142:Arctic convoys
5107:
5104:
5049:reconnaissance
4969:
4968:
4962:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4942:
4933:
4932:1 January 1945
4929:
4928:
4923:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4901:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4879:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4843:Soviet forces
4841:
4838:
4776:anti-Communist
4755:following the
4735:, against the
4716:Lossberg study
4707:
4704:
4692:Maxim Litvinov
4678:Czechoslovakia
4670:Imperial Japan
4662:anti-communist
4621:initiated the
4538:
4535:
4509:Battle of Kiev
4370:
4367:
4362:Main article:
4359:
4356:
4312:Eastern Poland
4283:Central Europe
4217:Central Powers
4205:Eastern Europe
4174:
4171:
4151:United Kingdom
4018:Eastern Europe
4014:Central Europe
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3864:Related topics
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3745:The Barricades
3742:
3740:January Events
3737:
3735:Dushanbe riots
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3631:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3504:Wars in Africa
3501:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3487:Yom Kippur War
3484:
3483:
3482:
3480:Fall of Saigon
3477:
3472:
3470:Operation Menu
3467:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3104:Russian Empire
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:East Pomerania
2983:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2677:Toropets–Kholm
2674:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:Baltic Nations
2399:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1869:
1867:Kimon Georgiev
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1807:Ludvík Svoboda
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1729:
1727:Ivan Bagramyan
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1649:
1647:Leonid Govorov
1637:
1623:
1621:Filipp Golikov
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1507:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1439:Pavel Zhigarev
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1282:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1226:Károly Beregfy
1216:
1204:
1202:Ferenc Szálasi
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1135:Iosif Iacobici
1125:
1113:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
969:
957:
945:
943:Fedor von Bock
933:
921:
909:
907:Hermann Göring
897:
885:
873:
859:
847:
845:Wilhelm Keitel
835:
807:
806:
805:
802:
801:
797:
796:
794:
793:
775:
760:
747:
745:British Empire
734:
713:
712:
711:
709:
708:
688:
666:
641:
635:
634:
614:
610:Czechoslovakia
597:
585:
569:
561:
559:
558:
543:
528:
506:
486:
471:
449:
431:
422:
421:
417:
416:
413:
412:
410:
409:
391:
383:
378:
367:
362:
357:
348:
324:
323:
322:
320:
314:
313:
312:
311:
305:
291:
278:
277:
276:Soviet victory
273:
271:
267:
266:
252:
250:
246:
245:
218:
210:
209:
198:Wilhelm Keitel
192:Einsatzgruppen
156:
155:
148:
147:
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
21293:
21282:
21279:
21277:
21274:
21272:
21269:
21267:
21264:
21263:
21261:
21246:
21243:
21241:
21238:
21236:
21233:
21231:
21228:
21227:
21224:
21218:
21215:
21213:
21210:
21208:
21205:
21203:
21200:
21196:
21195:2022 invasion
21193:
21191:
21190:War in Donbas
21188:
21186:
21183:
21181:
21178:
21177:
21176:
21173:
21171:
21168:
21167:
21165:
21159:
21153:
21150:
21148:
21145:
21143:
21140:
21138:
21135:
21133:
21130:
21128:
21125:
21123:
21120:
21118:
21115:
21113:
21110:
21108:
21105:
21103:
21100:
21098:
21095:
21093:
21090:
21088:
21085:
21083:
21080:
21078:
21075:
21073:
21070:
21068:
21065:
21063:
21060:
21058:
21055:
21053:
21050:
21048:
21045:
21043:
21040:
21038:
21035:
21033:
21030:
21028:
21027:Ili Rebellion
21025:
21023:
21020:
21018:
21015:
21013:
21010:
21006:
21003:
21001:
20998:
20994:
20991:
20990:
20989:
20986:
20984:
20981:
20979:
20976:
20974:
20971:
20967:
20964:
20963:
20962:
20959:
20957:
20954:
20952:
20949:
20948:
20947:
20944:
20942:
20939:
20937:
20934:
20932:
20929:
20925:
20920:
20917:
20915:
20912:
20910:
20907:
20905:
20902:
20900:
20897:
20895:
20892:
20890:
20887:
20883:
20880:
20878:
20875:
20873:
20870:
20868:
20865:
20863:
20860:
20858:
20855:
20853:
20850:
20846:
20843:
20841:
20838:
20836:
20833:
20832:
20831:
20828:
20826:
20823:
20821:
20818:
20816:
20813:
20811:
20808:
20804:
20801:
20800:
20799:
20796:
20795:
20794:
20791:
20787:
20784:
20783:
20782:
20779:
20777:
20774:
20772:
20769:
20768:
20766:
20760:
20752:
20749:
20748:
20747:
20744:
20742:
20739:
20735:
20732:
20730:
20727:
20726:
20725:
20722:
20720:
20717:
20715:
20712:
20708:
20705:
20704:
20703:
20700:
20698:
20695:
20693:
20690:
20688:
20685:
20683:
20680:
20676:
20673:
20671:
20668:
20667:
20666:
20665:Caucasian War
20663:
20661:
20658:
20656:
20653:
20651:
20648:
20646:
20643:
20641:
20638:
20636:
20633:
20631:
20628:
20626:
20623:
20621:
20618:
20616:
20613:
20611:
20608:
20606:
20603:
20601:
20598:
20596:
20593:
20591:
20588:
20586:
20583:
20581:
20578:
20576:
20573:
20571:
20568:
20566:
20563:
20561:
20558:
20556:
20553:
20550:
20547:
20545:
20542:
20539:
20536:
20534:
20531:
20529:
20526:
20524:
20521:
20520:
20518:
20512:
20506:
20503:
20501:
20498:
20496:
20493:
20491:
20488:
20486:
20483:
20481:
20478:
20476:
20473:
20471:
20468:
20466:
20463:
20461:
20457:
20454:
20452:
20449:
20447:
20444:
20442:
20439:
20437:
20434:
20432:
20429:
20427:
20424:
20422:
20419:
20418:
20416:
20410:
20404:
20401:
20399:
20396:
20394:
20391:
20389:
20386:
20384:
20381:
20379:
20376:
20374:
20371:
20369:
20366:
20364:
20361:
20359:
20356:
20354:
20351:
20349:
20346:
20344:
20341:
20339:
20336:
20335:
20333:
20329:
20319:
20316:
20312:
20309:
20308:
20307:
20304:
20302:
20299:
20297:
20294:
20292:
20289:
20287:
20284:
20282:
20279:
20277:
20274:
20272:
20269:
20267:
20264:
20262:
20259:
20257:
20254:
20253:
20251:
20247:
20241:
20238:
20236:
20233:
20231:
20228:
20226:
20223:
20221:
20218:
20216:
20213:
20211:
20208:
20207:
20204:
20201:
20197:
20192:
20188:
20184:
20180:
20172:
20167:
20165:
20160:
20158:
20153:
20152:
20149:
20139:
20135:
20131:
20125:
20122:
20120:
20117:
20115:
20112:
20110:
20107:
20105:
20104:Eastern Front
20102:
20100:
20097:
20095:
20092:
20091:
20089:
20085:
20077:
20074:
20072:
20069:
20067:
20066:Crimean Wings
20064:
20062:
20059:
20057:
20054:
20053:
20051:
20049:
20046:
20044:
20041:
20039:
20036:
20034:
20031:
20029:
20026:
20022:
20019:
20018:
20017:
20014:
20010:
20007:
20006:
20005:
20002:
20000:
19997:
19995:
19992:
19990:
19987:
19985:
19982:
19980:
19977:
19975:
19972:
19970:
19967:
19965:
19962:
19960:
19957:
19954:
19950:
19946:
19942:
19939:
19937:
19934:
19932:
19929:
19927:
19924:
19922:
19919:
19917:
19914:
19912:
19909:
19907:
19904:
19902:
19899:
19897:
19894:
19892:
19889:
19888:
19886:
19884:of the parade
19878:
19873:
19863:
19862:
19858:
19856:
19853:
19851:
19848:
19846:
19843:
19841:
19838:
19836:
19833:
19831:
19828:
19826:
19823:
19821:
19818:
19816:
19813:
19811:
19808:
19806:
19803:
19801:
19798:
19796:
19793:
19791:
19788:
19786:
19783:
19781:
19778:
19776:
19773:
19771:
19768:
19766:
19763:
19761:
19758:
19756:
19753:
19751:
19748:
19746:
19743:
19741:
19738:
19736:
19733:
19731:
19728:
19726:
19723:
19721:
19718:
19716:
19713:
19711:
19708:
19706:
19703:
19701:
19698:
19696:
19693:
19691:
19688:
19687:
19685:
19681:
19676:
19672:
19668:
19660:
19655:
19653:
19648:
19646:
19641:
19640:
19637:
19625:
19624:
19620:
19618:
19617:
19613:
19611:
19610:
19606:
19604:
19603:
19599:
19597:
19596:
19592:
19590:
19589:
19585:
19584:
19582:
19578:
19572:
19569:
19567:
19564:
19562:
19559:
19557:
19556:The Holocaust
19554:
19553:
19551:
19547:
19541:
19538:
19536:
19533:
19531:
19528:
19526:
19523:
19521:
19520:Kharkov Trial
19518:
19516:
19513:
19512:
19510:
19506:
19500:
19497:
19495:
19492:
19490:
19487:
19486:
19484:
19482:
19478:
19472:
19469:
19467:
19464:
19461:
19457:
19453:
19449:
19446:
19444:
19441:
19439:
19436:
19435:
19433:
19429:
19423:
19420:
19418:
19415:
19413:
19410:
19407:
19403:
19399:
19395:
19392:
19389:
19385:
19381:
19377:
19374:
19371:
19367:
19363:
19359:
19356:
19354:
19351:
19348:
19344:
19341:
19340:
19338:
19335:
19331:
19327:
19321:
19318:
19316:
19313:
19311:
19308:
19307:
19305:
19303:
19299:
19293:
19290:
19288:
19285:
19283:
19280:
19278:
19275:
19273:
19270:
19268:
19265:
19263:
19260:
19257:
19253:
19250:
19248:
19245:
19243:
19240:
19238:
19235:
19233:
19230:
19229:
19227:
19225:
19221:
19215:
19212:
19210:
19207:
19205:
19202:
19200:
19197:
19195:
19192:
19190:
19187:
19185:
19184:Ludwig Kübler
19182:
19180:
19177:
19176:
19174:
19170:
19164:
19161:
19159:
19156:
19154:
19151:
19149:
19146:
19144:
19141:
19140:
19138:
19134:
19128:
19125:
19123:
19120:
19118:
19115:
19114:
19112:
19110:
19106:
19101:
19097:
19094:
19087:
19082:
19080:
19075:
19073:
19068:
19067:
19064:
19051:
19047:
19044:
19040:
19037:
19036:
19031:
19024:
19023:
19020:
19007:
19003:
19000:
18996:
18993:
18989:
18988:
18986:
18982:
18977:
18973:
18972:
18970:
18969:Kuril Islands
18966:
18963:
18959:
18954:
18950:
18949:
18947:
18943:
18940:
18936:
18933:
18929:
18926:
18922:
18919:
18915:
18910:
18906:
18905:
18903:
18899:
18896:
18892:
18889:
18885:
18882:
18878:
18875:
18871:
18868:
18864:
18861:
18857:
18854:
18850:
18847:
18843:
18840:
18836:
18833:
18829:
18826:
18822:
18819:
18815:
18812:
18808:
18805:
18801:
18800:
18798:
18796:
18792:
18785:
18781:
18776:
18775:
18770:
18769:
18767:
18763:
18760:
18756:
18751:
18747:
18746:
18744:
18740:
18737:
18736:Syrmian Front
18733:
18730:
18726:
18723:
18719:
18716:
18712:
18709:
18708:
18703:
18700:
18699:
18694:
18691:
18687:
18684:
18683:
18682:Market Garden
18678:
18675:
18671:
18668:
18664:
18661:
18657:
18654:
18653:
18648:
18645:
18641:
18638:
18634:
18631:
18627:
18624:
18620:
18617:
18613:
18610:
18606:
18603:
18602:
18597:
18594:
18590:
18587:
18586:
18581:
18578:
18577:
18572:
18569:
18568:
18563:
18560:
18556:
18553:
18549:
18546:
18542:
18541:Monte Cassino
18538:
18535:
18534:
18529:
18528:
18526:
18524:
18520:
18513:
18509:
18504:
18500:
18497:
18493:
18492:
18490:
18486:
18483:
18479:
18476:
18472:
18469:
18465:
18462:
18458:
18453:
18449:
18448:
18446:
18442:
18439:
18435:
18432:
18431:
18426:
18423:
18419:
18416:
18412:
18409:
18405:
18402:
18398:
18395:
18391:
18388:
18384:
18381:
18377:
18374:
18370:
18369:
18367:
18365:
18361:
18354:
18350:
18347:
18346:
18341:
18338:
18334:
18331:
18327:
18324:
18323:
18318:
18315:
18311:
18308:
18304:
18301:
18297:
18294:
18293:
18288:
18283:
18279:
18276:
18272:
18271:
18269:
18265:
18262:
18258:
18255:
18251:
18248:
18244:
18241:
18237:
18234:
18230:
18227:
18223:
18220:
18216:
18213:
18209:
18206:
18202:
18199:
18195:
18194:
18192:
18190:
18186:
18179:
18175:
18172:
18168:
18165:
18161:
18158:
18154:
18151:
18147:
18144:
18140:
18137:
18133:
18130:
18126:
18123:
18119:
18116:
18112:
18109:
18105:
18102:
18098:
18095:
18091:
18088:
18084:
18081:
18077:
18074:
18070:
18067:
18063:
18060:
18056:
18053:
18049:
18045:
18044:
18039:
18035:
18030:
18026:
18025:
18023:
18019:
18016:
18012:
18009:
18005:
18002:
17998:
17995:
17991:
17986:
17982:
17981:
17979:
17975:
17972:
17968:
17965:
17961:
17958:
17954:
17953:
17951:
17949:
17945:
17938:
17937:
17932:
17929:
17925:
17922:
17918:
17915:
17911:
17908:
17907:Baltic states
17904:
17901:
17897:
17894:
17890:
17887:
17883:
17880:
17876:
17873:
17869:
17866:
17862:
17859:
17855:
17852:
17848:
17845:
17841:
17838:
17834:
17831:
17827:
17824:
17820:
17817:
17813:
17810:
17806:
17805:
17803:
17801:
17797:
17790:
17786:
17783:
17779:
17776:
17772:
17769:
17765:
17762:
17758:
17755:
17751:
17748:
17744:
17743:
17741:
17739:
17735:
17726:
17722:
17719:
17715:
17712:
17708:
17705:
17701:
17698:
17694:
17693:
17691:
17687:
17682:
17678:
17675:
17671:
17670:
17668:
17664:
17659:
17655:
17654:
17652:
17648:
17647:
17645:
17643:
17639:
17636:
17634:
17630:
17619:
17615:
17612:
17608:
17603:
17599:
17596:
17592:
17591:
17587:
17582:
17578:
17577:
17575:
17571:
17568:
17564:
17559:
17555:
17552:
17551:United States
17548:
17543:
17539:
17538:
17536:
17532:
17531:
17527:
17524:
17520:
17519:
17517:
17515:
17511:
17504:
17500:
17495:
17491:
17488:
17487:Quốc dân Đảng
17484:
17483:
17479:
17476:
17472:
17469:
17465:
17462:
17458:
17455:
17451:
17448:
17444:
17441:
17437:
17434:
17430:
17427:
17423:
17420:
17416:
17413:
17409:
17406:
17402:
17399:
17395:
17392:
17388:
17385:
17381:
17376:
17372:
17369:
17365:
17364:
17362:
17358:
17355:
17351:
17348:
17344:
17341:
17337:
17334:
17330:
17327:
17323:
17320:
17316:
17313:
17309:
17306:
17302:
17299:
17295:
17292:
17288:
17285:
17281:
17278:
17274:
17271:
17267:
17264:
17260:
17257:
17253:
17250:
17246:
17245:
17243:
17241:
17237:
17230:
17226:
17223:
17219:
17216:
17212:
17209:
17205:
17202:
17198:
17195:
17191:
17188:
17187:Liechtenstein
17184:
17181:
17177:
17174:
17170:
17167:
17163:
17160:
17156:
17155:
17153:
17151:
17147:
17140:
17136:
17133:
17129:
17126:
17122:
17118:
17114:
17111:
17107:
17104:
17100:
17097:
17093:
17088:
17084:
17083:
17080:
17076:
17073:
17069:
17066:
17062:
17059:
17055:
17052:
17048:
17045:
17041:
17037:
17033:
17030:
17026:
17023:
17019:
17015:
17011:
17008:
17004:
17003:
17001:
16999:
16995:
16988:
16984:
16979:
16975:
16974:
16972:
16971:United States
16968:
16963:
16959:
16958:
16956:
16952:
16949:
16945:
16942:
16938:
16935:
16931:
16928:
16924:
16921:
16917:
16913:
16909:
16905:
16902:
16898:
16895:
16891:
16888:
16884:
16881:
16877:
16874:
16870:
16867:
16863:
16860:
16856:
16853:
16849:
16845:
16841:
16837:
16834:
16830:
16827:
16823:
16820:
16816:
16813:
16809:
16805:
16801:
16797:
16793:
16789:
16786:
16782:
16779:
16775:
16772:
16768:
16765:
16761:
16758:
16754:
16751:
16747:
16743:
16739:
16735:
16732:
16728:
16725:
16721:
16718:
16714:
16711:
16707:
16706:
16704:
16702:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16689:
16676:
16672:
16669:
16665:
16662:
16661:Comfort women
16658:
16655:
16651:
16648:
16645: /
16644:
16640:
16637:
16634: /
16633:
16630: /
16629:
16625:
16622:
16621:Camp brothels
16618:
16615:
16611:
16610:
16606:
16603:
16599:
16594:
16590:
16587:
16583:
16582:
16580:
16576:
16571:
16567:
16564:
16560:
16557:
16553:
16552:
16550:
16546:
16543:
16539:
16534:
16530:
16525:
16521:
16518:
16514:
16513:
16511:
16510:The Holocaust
16507:
16504:
16500:
16497:
16496:forced labour
16493:
16492:
16490:
16486:
16481:
16477:
16474:
16470:
16467:
16463:
16462:
16460:
16456:
16455:
16453:
16451:
16447:
16440:
16436:
16433:
16429:
16426:
16422:
16417:
16413:
16410:
16406:
16403:
16399:
16396:
16392:
16391:
16389:
16385:
16382:
16381:
16376:
16373:
16372:
16367:
16364:
16360:
16357:
16353:
16350:
16349:Marshall Plan
16346:
16343:
16342:
16337:
16334:
16330:
16327:
16323:
16320:
16316:
16313:
16309:
16306:
16302:
16299:
16295:
16292:
16288:
16285:
16281:
16280:
16278:
16276:
16272:
16265:
16261:
16256:
16252:
16251:
16249:
16245:
16242:
16238:
16233:
16229:
16226:
16222:
16219:
16215:
16214:
16212:
16208:
16203:
16202:Eastern Front
16199:
16196:
16195:Western Front
16192:
16191:
16189:
16185:
16180:
16176:
16173:
16169:
16166:
16162:
16159:
16155:
16152:
16148:
16145:
16141:
16140:
16138:
16134:
16133:
16131:
16129:
16125:
16118:
16114:
16111:
16107:
16104:
16100:
16097:
16093:
16090:
16089:Puppet states
16086:
16083:
16079:
16076:
16072:
16067:
16063:
16060:
16056:
16055:
16053:
16049:
16046:
16042:
16039:
16035:
16032:
16031:Naval history
16028:
16025:
16021:
16018:
16014:
16011:
16007:
16002:
15998:
15997:
15995:
15991:
15988:
15984:
15979:
15978:United States
15975:
15972:
15968:
15965:
15961:
15960:
15958:
15954:
15951:
15947:
15944:
15940:
15937:
15933:
15930:
15926:
15923:
15919:
15916:
15912:
15907:
15903:
15902:
15900:
15896:
15895:
15893:
15891:
15887:
15884:
15880:
15873:
15869:
15866:
15862:
15857:
15853:
15850:
15846:
15843:
15839:
15838:
15834:
15829:
15825:
15824:
15822:
15818:
15815:
15811:
15810:
15807:
15803:
15796:
15791:
15789:
15784:
15782:
15777:
15776:
15773:
15764:
15763:
15751:
15750:
15747:
15741:
15733:
15723:
15721:
15711:
15709:
15699:
15697:
15687:
15686:
15683:
15675:
15671:
15667:
15663:
15659:
15656:
15652:
15648:
15644:
15643:Sönke Neitzel
15640:
15636:
15632:
15629:
15625:
15621:
15617:
15614:
15610:
15609:Robert Citino
15607:, lecture by
15606:
15602:
15598:
15595:
15591:
15587:
15583:
15580:, lecture by
15579:
15575:
15571:
15570:
15562:
15558:
15555:
15553:, 8 May 2015.
15552:
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15470:
15466:
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15454:
15449:
15448:
15439:, USGPO, 1975
15438:
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15423:0-7528-3751-6
15420:
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15376:0-88029-084-6
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15179:0-375-71422-7
15176:
15172:
15168:
15167:Hastings, Max
15165:
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15161:0-306-81101-4
15158:
15154:
15153:
15152:Panzer Leader
15148:
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15131:0-7486-0504-5
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15101:0-304-36541-6
15098:
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15087:online review
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15077:0-670-88695-5
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15062:0-14-028458-3
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15044:0-7603-0923-X
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14979:0-7006-0899-0
14975:
14971:
14967:
14963:
14962:Glantz, David
14959:
14955:
14949:
14946:. Routledge.
14944:
14943:
14936:
14932:
14926:
14923:. Macmillan.
14922:
14917:
14916:
14895:
14891:
14885:
14879:
14878:0-7139-9309-X
14875:
14871:
14870:Richard Overy
14866:
14858:
14856:9781399061308
14852:
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14806:9780313263903
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14668:
14659:
14653:, p. 89.
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14581:1-85409-267-7
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14492:9783881990738
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14469:
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14464:5-224-01515-4
14461:
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14456:0-7139-9309-X
14453:
14449:
14448:Richard Overy
14436:on 2 May 2013
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14425:3-486-56531-1
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14405:0-688-12364-3
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14323:
14319:
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14298:on 2 May 2013
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14259:
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14241:, p. 85.
14240:
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14222:The Telegraph
14219:
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14192:
14185:
14184:Richard Overy
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12544:Indrek Paavle
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11615:
11609:, p. 68.
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11435:
11431:
11430:
11429:Slavic Review
11425:
11418:
11410:
11406:
11402:
11398:
11394:
11390:
11389:
11384:
11383:Resis, Albert
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10772:90-411-2177-3
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10744:0-275-96337-3
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10551:5-93165-107-1
10548:
10545:Moscow 2004.
10544:
10540:
10537:According to
10534:
10532:
10523:
10517:
10513:
10512:
10504:
10500:
10486:
10483:
10475:
10465:
10461:
10455:
10454:
10449:This article
10447:
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10414:
10410:
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10378:
10374:
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10257:
10251:
10245:
10244:Syrmian Front
10241:
10237:
10231:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10210:
10203:
10199:
10195:
10191:
10187:
10183:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10159:
10153:
10146:
10142:
10141:Italian units
10138:
10134:
10133:Croatian army
10129:
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10109:
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10101:
10095:
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9914:
9913:
9906:
9903:
9898:
9896:
9891:
9887:
9883:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9868:; during the
9867:
9863:
9858:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9819:Andrey Vlasov
9815:
9813:
9805:
9800:
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9783:
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9463:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9454:
9449:
9443:
9441:
9435:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9424:the Holocaust
9419:
9415:
9407:
9399:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9376:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9357:
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9264:
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9260:
9256:
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9250:
9247:
9244:
9241:
9238:
9237:
9234:Total German
9233:
9231:Total Soviet
9230:
9227:
9224:
9221:
9218:
9217:
9214:Total labour
9203:
9192:
9189:
9186:
9183:
9180:
9177:
9176:
9172:
9169:
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8844:
8841:
8838:
8835:
8832:
8831:
8827:
8824:
8821:
8818:
8815:
8812:
8809:
8806:
8803:
8800:
8797:
8794:
8791:
8790:
8786:
8783:
8780:
8777:
8774:
8771:
8768:
8765:
8762:
8759:
8756:
8753:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8742:
8739:
8736:
8733:
8730:
8727:
8724:
8721:
8718:
8715:
8712:
8709:
8708:
8704:
8701:
8698:
8695:
8692:
8689:
8686:
8683:
8680:
8677:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8645:
8639:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8599:
8592:
8587:
8578:
8576:
8570:
8568:
8564:
8559:
8555:
8553:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8535:
8513:
8504:
8499:
8495:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8484:forced labour
8481:
8475:
8473:
8469:
8460:
8456:
8449:
8444:
8440:
8438:
8437:
8431:
8427:
8419:
8414:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8401:
8398:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8338:
8334:
8332:
8331:Einsatzgruppe
8327:
8323:
8316:
8309:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8262:
8260:
8256:
8250:
8247:
8243:
8240:and to penal
8239:
8235:
8234:
8229:
8228:court-martial
8225:
8224:Order No. 227
8220:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8204:
8201:
8200:Baltic states
8197:
8192:
8190:
8186:
8181:
8179:
8174:
8173:Grigory Kulik
8170:
8169:obscurantists
8166:
8161:
8159:
8155:
8146:
8145:Joseph Stalin
8142:
8136:Joseph Stalin
8132:
8128:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8108:Schutzstaffel
8104:
8100:
8096:
8091:
8089:
8085:
8080:
8074:
8069:
8067:
8062:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8046:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8027:
8023:
8014:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7989:
7986:
7978:
7968:
7964:
7958:
7957:
7952:This section
7950:
7946:
7941:
7940:
7932:
7930:
7926:
7920:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7909:Roman Rudenko
7904:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7858:
7850:
7849:872-day siege
7845:
7840:
7835:
7833:
7832:Harry Hopkins
7828:
7826:
7825:United States
7822:
7818:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7805:
7800:
7799:Western Front
7796:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7771:
7762:
7753:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7742:Kuril Islands
7739:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7713:
7703:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7689:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7670:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7639:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7616:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7577:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7534:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7516:
7512:
7507:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7454:Upper Silesia
7452:(1UF) out of
7451:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7422:
7420:
7416:
7415:Hel Peninsula
7412:
7407:
7403:
7402:on 13 April.
7401:
7398:and captured
7397:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7376:
7375:
7369:
7365:
7360:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7298:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7267:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7244:
7241:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7214:
7212:
7208:
7203:
7201:
7200:Vistula River
7197:
7194:. During the
7193:
7189:
7184:
7182:
7178:
7177:Tali-Ihantala
7174:
7170:
7165:
7161:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7134:
7130:
7125:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7102:
7098:
7096:
7092:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7057:
7053:
7052:Armia Krajowa
7048:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6970:
6964:
6961:
6960:Hube's Pocket
6957:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6948:Generaloberst
6943:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6932:
6924:
6922:
6917:
6913:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6872:Christmas Eve
6868:
6863:
6861:
6857:
6852:
6849:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6832:
6828:
6823:
6821:
6816:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6768:
6766:
6761:
6758:
6752:
6749:
6745:
6737:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6693:Zhizdra River
6689:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6666:Western Front
6663:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6603:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6552:
6549:
6545:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6467:
6465:
6464:North Ossetia
6461:
6457:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6338:
6334:
6325:
6323:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6305:Andrey Vlasov
6302:
6301:Volkhov River
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6205:Volkhov Front
6202:
6198:
6194:
6193:Kalinin Front
6190:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6140:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:Field Marshal
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6010:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5999:Arctic Circle
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5932:
5930:
5925:
5921:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5808:
5803:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5780:Dnieper river
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5756:Brest-Litovsk
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5581:
5577:
5570:
5566:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5519:
5515:
5514:
5506:
5502:
5501:Second period
5499:
5498:
5490:
5486:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5435:
5432:A map of the
5430:
5425:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5399:forced labour
5394:
5387:Forced labour
5384:
5382:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5342:
5336:
5334:
5326:
5322:
5313:
5311:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5223:
5212:
5201:
5190:
5179:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5092:Lucy spy ring
5089:
5088:Willi Lehmann
5085:
5084:Richard Sorge
5079:
5077:
5076:Georgy Zhukov
5074:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5041:
5037:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5026:two-front war
5022:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4639:Fascist Italy
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4611:Popular Front
4608:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4580:Joseph Stalin
4577:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4551:
4550:Georgy Zhukov
4547:
4543:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4463:(subhumans).
4462:
4461:
4460:Untermenschen
4456:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4336:Baltic states
4333:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4201:Soviet Russia
4199:(1914–1918).
4198:
4194:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4147:United States
4143:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4076:
4075:at Stalingrad
4072:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3976:Eastern Front
3965:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3905:Soviet Empire
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3720:Black January
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:Polish strike
3571:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:Prague Spring
3490:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:Space program
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3240:Moscow trials
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:War communism
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
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2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:Little Saturn
2741:
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2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:Velikiye Luki
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
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2717:
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2710:
2707:
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2532:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2502:Naval warfare
2501:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2491:Eastern Front
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2449:
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2342:
2341:
2340:
2334:
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2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Syria–Lebanon
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
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2279:
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2258:
2255:
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2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:Pacific Ocean
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Eastern Front
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:Western Front
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2085:
2082:Campaigns of
2076:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1762:
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1750:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1694:
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1670:
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1650:
1648:
1638:
1635:
1624:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1537:Ivan Tyulenev
1528:
1526:
1524:
1518:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1499:Dmitry Pavlov
1495:
1490:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1475:Markian Popov
1466:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1331:Georgy Zhukov
1322:
1320:
1319:
1318:Joseph Stalin
1308:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1293:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1190:Miklós Horthy
1181:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1123:Ion Antonescu
1114:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1006:
1004:
994:
992:
982:
980:
970:
968:
958:
956:
946:
944:
934:
932:
922:
920:
910:
908:
898:
896:
895:Kurt Zeitzler
886:
884:
874:
871:
860:
858:
848:
846:
836:
834:
832:
826:
825:
814:
813:
810:
809:Axis leaders:
804:
803:
798:
788:
776:
771:
761:
759:
748:
746:
735:
733:
732:United States
722:
721:
717:
705:
700:
689:
685:
679:
667:
662:
656:
643:
642:
639:
628:
615:
611:
598:
596:
586:
584:
583:
571:
570:
567:
566:
562:
556:
544:
541:
529:
525:
519:
507:
503:
498:
487:
484:
472:
468:
462:
450:
448:
446:
433:
432:
429:
428:
424:
423:
418:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
390:
387:
384:
382:
379:
376:
372:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
352:
349:
347:
343:
339:
336:
335:
332:
327:
321:
316:
315:
310:
307:Beginning of
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:
288:Western Front
285:
281:
280:
275:
274:
272:
269:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
248:
247:
241:
230:
219:
216:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
193:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
157:
154:
149:
146:Eastern Front
144:
141:
133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
20982:
20946:World War II
20470:Smolensk War
20436:Livonian War
20103:
19936:Russian Navy
19859:
19621:
19614:
19607:
19600:
19593:
19586:
19481:Major crimes
19330:Order Police
19043:Bibliography
19026:
18839:Project Hula
18804:Vistula–Oder
18773:
18706:
18697:
18681:
18651:
18600:
18584:
18575:
18566:
18532:
18429:
18344:
18320:
18290:
18041:
17934:
17879:North Africa
17581:Soviet Union
17535:Soviet Union
17461:Soviet Union
17229:Vatican City
17139:Vichy France
17044:German Reich
16941:Soviet Union
16927:South Africa
16920:Sierra Leone
16873:Newfoundland
16692:Participants
16675:Marocchinate
16379:
16370:
16340:
16218:North Africa
16201:
16179:Indian Ocean
16038:Nazi plunder
15929:Cryptography
15802:World War II
15765:from Commons
15760:
15739:
15732:Soviet Union
15646:
15589:
15585:
15584:, author of
15582:David Stahel
15548:
15506:The Atlantic
15505:
15456:
15452:
15436:
15429:
15414:
15399:
15381:
15367:
15363:
15359:
15344:
15317:
15295:
15276:
15257:
15248:
15233:
15213:
15204:
15185:
15170:
15150:
15137:
15122:
15107:
15092:
15082:
15081:Dick, C. J.
15068:
15053:
15033:
15007:
14988:
14969:
14941:
14920:
14898:. Retrieved
14894:the original
14884:
14865:
14846:
14840:
14821:
14815:
14795:
14788:
14776:. Retrieved
14772:
14763:
14744:
14738:
14718:
14706:
14694:
14685:
14676:
14667:
14658:
14646:
14634:. Retrieved
14630:the original
14625:
14601:. Retrieved
14597:the original
14587:
14572:
14560:
14555:
14538:
14522:
14438:. Retrieved
14434:the original
14416:
14411:
14396:
14388:
14364:
14354:
14338:
14333:
14317:
14312:
14300:. Retrieved
14296:the original
14286:
14277:
14265:. Retrieved
14255:
14246:
14234:
14226:the original
14221:
14212:
14196:
14191:
14179:
14175:
14139:
14136:Russia's War
14135:
14116:
14106:
14097:
14084:
14065:
14060:
14044:
14039:
14006:
14000:
13994:
13985:
13976:
13964:
13955:
13946:
13937:
13928:
13921:
13916:
13893:
13874:
13868:
13836:
13829:
13817:. Retrieved
13813:the original
13808:
13799:
13780:
13774:
13757:Night Combat
13756:
13750:
13738:
13731:Bellamy 2007
13726:
13716:
13689:
13682:
13669:
13660:
13645:
13637:
13629:the original
13622:
13612:
13593:
13584:
13565:
13556:
13537:
13527:
13502:
13498:
13492:
13480:
13475:
13463:. Retrieved
13457:
13450:
13441:
13432:
13423:
13414:
13394:
13387:
13375:
13363:
13358:
13346:
13341:
13329:
13324:
13312:
13307:
13295:
13267:
13260:
13248:. Retrieved
13244:
13234:
13222:. Retrieved
13215:
13202:
13183:
13173:
13150:
13143:
13131:. Retrieved
13124:
13115:
13103:. Retrieved
13096:
13087:
13067:
13060:
13051:
13047:
13041:
13021:
13011:
12999:. Retrieved
12995:the original
12985:
12976:
12967:
12947:
12905:
12899:
12874:
12865:
12846:
12812:
12806:
12784:(1): 21–28.
12781:
12777:
12771:
12752:
12746:
12727:
12721:
12696:
12688:
12661:
12655:
12646:
12640:
12616:
12606:
12586:
12576:
12552:
12538:
12498:(1): 27–46.
12495:
12489:
12483:
12458:
12452:
12415:
12408:
12399:
12395:
12389:
12380:
12371:
12362:
12356:
12336:
12329:
12320:
12303:the original
12293:
12283:
12275:
12270:
12258:. Retrieved
12254:the original
12244:
12239:
12206:
12202:
12196:
12165:
12148:
12143:
12124:
12120:
12110:
12101:
12092:
12083:
12075:BBC Bitesize
12074:
12065:
12053:
12026:
12016:
11985:
11965:
11915:
11910:
11901:
11892:
11867:
11861:
11855:
11841:cite journal
11816:
11810:
11804:
11784:
11777:
11757:
11750:
11741:
11732:
11712:
11705:
11695:
11688:
11679:
11675:
11669:
11660:
11656:
11643:
11631:. Retrieved
11627:the original
11621:
11614:
11564:
11557:
11537:
11530:
11505:
11501:
11495:
11478:
11474:
11468:
11433:
11427:
11417:
11395:(1): 33–56.
11392:
11386:
11377:
11360:
11354:
11348:
11334:
11314:
11307:
11287:
11277:
11257:
11250:
11230:
11200:
11193:
11174:
11168:
11155:
11151:
11141:
11140:
11133:. Retrieved
11118:
11114:Lower, Wendy
11108:
11083:
11077:
11061:
11052:
11041:. Retrieved
11036:
11027:
11002:
10996:
10990:
10981:
10972:
10952:
10945:
10904:
10898:
10892:
10884:
10881:the original
10876:
10866:
10846:
10836:
10811:
10805:
10794:
10781:
10762:
10734:
10728:
10708:
10678:
10671:
10651:
10644:
10634:
10630:Nolte, Ernst
10624:
10612:. Retrieved
10608:The Atlantic
10607:
10598:
10579:
10563:Bellamy 2007
10558:
10542:
10510:
10503:
10478:
10469:
10450:
10403:
10368:
10341:
10332:
10325:1st Air Army
10315:
10303:
10291:
10266:
10250:
10230:
10209:
10158:Anders' Army
10152:
10128:
10115:
10094:
9938:Why We Fight
9936:
9930:
9899:
9889:
9886:Kampfgruppen
9859:
9834:
9816:
9809:
9793:
9790:
9786:
9781:
9778:
9770:
9643:KIA/DOW/MIA
9618:est 637,000
9436:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9368:
9365:Albert Speer
9358:
9354:
8624:
8620:
8618:production.
8616:
8600:
8596:
8571:
8560:
8556:
8540:
8536:
8508:
8476:
8471:
8464:
8434:
8423:
8404:
8402:
8393:
8374:
8362:
8357:
8342:
8329:
8302:anti-Semitic
8291:
8251:
8245:
8231:
8221:
8205:
8193:
8182:
8162:
8150:
8130:
8113:
8106:
8103:20 July Plot
8092:
8087:
8076:
8071:
8066:Erhard Milch
8063:
8058:
8054:
8047:
8031:
8026:Adolf Hitler
8017:Adolf Hitler
7996:
7981:
7975:October 2023
7972:
7961:Please help
7956:verification
7953:
7921:
7905:
7874:
7854:
7837:
7829:
7803:
7791:
7767:
7715:
7701:
7698:
7690:
7671:
7654:
7640:
7617:
7578:
7535:
7520:
7423:
7411:Vistula Spit
7408:
7404:
7361:
7353:Army Group A
7346:
7315:
7245:
7237:
7234:
7206:
7204:
7185:
7157:
7138:
7103:
7099:
7094:
7087:
7062:
7061:
6982:East Prussia
6974:
6968:
6965:
6946:
6944:
6930:
6925:
6912:Steppe Front
6909:
6864:
6853:
6844:
6835:
6824:
6814:
6812:
6764:
6762:
6753:
6741:
6690:
6674:
6661:
6659:
6619:
6553:
6540:
6521:
6453:
6441:Transylvania
6430:
6425:
6415:
6384:
6313:Donets River
6293:Velikie Luki
6270:
6266:
6264:
6244:
6221:
6186:
6175:
6111:
6109:
6086:Franz Halder
6077:
6058:
6056:of the war.
6011:
5967:
5917:
5912:Central Asia
5889:
5886:
5876:, the Group
5828:
5812:
5791:
5742:
5704:
5685:
5683:
5679:Northwestern
5655:
5651:
5604:Soviet Union
5541:Third period
5540:
5500:
5450:First period
5449:
5439:
5412:
5396:
5374:
5370:
5337:
5330:
5316:Nazi Germany
5309:
5306:
5302:
5300:of the war.
5298:
5294:
5290:
5282:
5247:
5244:Soviet Union
5235:
5230:
5225:
5139:
5109:
5100:
5080:
5046:
5030:
5023:
5012:
5000:
4988:Kriegsmarine
4972:
4964:
4958:
4952:1 April 1945
4944:
4938:
4925:
4919:
4906:
4897:
4884:
4875:
4861:
4854:
4848:22 June 1941
4840:Axis forces
4821:
4789:
4787:
4771:
4765:
4737:Soviet Union
4730:
4681:
4659:
4635:Nazi Germany
4604:
4573:
4516:
4506:
4497:
4470:
4458:
4452:
4445:Übermenschen
4444:
4430:, including
4425:
4415:had put the
4409:slave labour
4394:
4388:
4386:
4329:
4305:World War II
4298:
4287:
4268:
4256:
4243:Adolf Hitler
4241:
4190:
4144:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4079:
4068:
4054:
4046:Nazi Germany
4006:Soviet Union
3994:World War II
3985:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3848:
3389:Wage reforms
3256:
3247:World War II
3010:
2991:Lake Balaton
2979:
2964:East Prussia
2953:Vistula–Oder
2951:
2897:
2890:
2878:
2824:
2813:2nd Smolensk
2790:
2774:
2757:
2743:
2736:
2723:
2701:
2669:
2648:Air war 1941
2623:
2586:
2562:1st Smolensk
2529:
2518:Arctic Ocean
2490:
2401:
2400:
2389:Indian Ocean
2350:Ecuador–Peru
2338:
2337:
2307:Middle East
2281:North Africa
2269:
2268:
2208:Asia-Pacific
2206:
2205:
2188:
2093:
2084:World War II
2034:
2007:
1982:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1795:Edvard Beneš
1744:
1664:
1522:
1316:
1302:
1154:Ilie Șteflea
1051:Walter Model
991:Wilhelm List
883:Franz Halder
830:
824:Adolf Hitler
822:
808:
773:(until 1944)
715:
637:
582:Soviet Union
572:
563:
434:
425:
420:Belligerents
394:East Prussia
303:Iron Curtain
299:Eastern Bloc
284:Nazi Germany
200:signing the
191:
165:
151:Part of the
140:
125:
119:October 2023
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
21052:Vietnam War
20922: [
20781:World War I
20702:Crimean War
20635:Finnish War
20551:(1740–1748)
20540:(1733–1738)
20465:Ingrian War
20181:(including
20114:Pobedobesie
19671:Victory Day
19530:Minsk Trial
19438:Hunger Plan
19336:Detachments
19098:during the
18774:Bodenplatte
18660:Gothic Line
17886:West Africa
17433:Philippines
17412:Netherlands
17277:Czech lands
17215:Switzerland
17159:Afghanistan
17110:Philippines
16978:Puerto Rico
16894:Philippines
16880:New Zealand
16866:Netherlands
16819:Free France
16570:Prosecution
16371:Osoaviakhim
16241:West Africa
16225:East Africa
15872:Conferences
15588:(2013) and
14686:WW2 Weapons
14383:, p. .
14218:"Telegraph"
13743:Glantz 2005
13465:20 February
13398:. Penguin.
13336:pp. 217–233
13001:2 September
12548:Toomas Hiio
12513:10945/44218
12102:peakoil.com
11633:2 September
11592:Glantz 1998
11135:22 December
10907:(1): 1–33.
10614:26 November
10323:as part of
9835:Ostlegionen
9749:13,581,483
9672:13,581,483
9640:Total Dead
9458:Total Dead
9361:Sportpalast
9346:12,400,000
9326:18,000,000
9314:10,400,000
9303:16,800,000
9291:11,100,000
9280:16,200,000
9268:11,600,000
9257:16,400,000
9254:11,000,000
9245:12,900,000
9242:11,000,000
8468:Ostlegionen
8298:anti-Slavic
8287:Hunger Plan
8259:Ivan Koniev
8158:Great Purge
8099:coup d'etat
7678:Victory Day
7589:Karl Dönitz
7217:Autumn 1944
7135:, mid-1944.
7058:, July 1944
7004:Summer 1944
6721:Prokhorovka
6639:barbed wire
6569:Tiger tanks
6548:Kotelnikovo
6524:bridgeheads
6433:Malka River
6084:), General
6046:took Rostov
6014:Sea of Azov
5846:17th Armies
5832:, with the
5807:RIA Novosti
5718:18th Armies
5360:, Finland,
5004:Alfred Jodl
4891:9 July 1943
4869:7 June 1942
4814:Free French
4794:in Slovakia
4768:Anti-Soviet
4700:Axis Powers
4558:Great Purge
4401:master race
4303:, starting
4237:a civil war
4221:surrendered
4197:World War I
4193:the outcome
4139:Ernst Nolte
4135:Hunger Plan
4008:(USSR) and
3998:Axis powers
3760:August Coup
3730:War of Laws
3609:Perestroika
3460:Vietnam War
3450:Six-Day War
3235:Great Purge
3190:: Stalinism
3109:World War I
2786:Gorky Blitz
2781:3rd Kharkov
2697:2nd Kharkov
2599:1st Kharkov
2594:Sea of Azov
2372:Air Warfare
2286:East Africa
1715:Ivan Petrov
1427:Ivan Isakov
1138: [
1039:Ernst Busch
857:Alfred Jodl
790:(from 1943)
787:Free France
631:(from 1944)
317:Territorial
21260:Categories
21087:Ogaden War
21037:Korean War
20956:Winter War
20825:Heimosodat
20412:Tsardom of
20038:Young Army
19911:Red Square
19535:Riga Trial
19431:Milestones
19172:Commanders
18874:West Hunan
18707:Pointblank
18043:Silver Fox
18029:Summer War
17782:Winter War
17761:Phoney War
17542:Azerbaijan
17503:Yugoslavia
17398:Luxembourg
17240:Resistance
16987:Yugoslavia
16852:Luxembourg
16654:Sook Ching
16450:War crimes
16052:Technology
16045:Opposition
15987:Lend-Lease
15964:Australian
15957:Home front
15915:Blitzkrieg
15865:Casualties
15856:Commanders
15828:Operations
15651:The Agenda
15561:Yad Vashem
15491:Yad Vashem
15398:. (1960).
14778:2 February
14731:078647470X
14484:078647470X
14045:Stalingrad
13909:Yad Vashem
13485:References
13368:References
13353:pp. 81–111
13351:References
13334:References
13317:References
13300:References
13071:. Helion.
12753:Barbarossa
12058:Braun 1990
10464:footnoting
10432:References
10415:"Ukraine"
10256:Lend-Lease
10188:and later
9833:and other
9740:6,880,600
9663:6,829,600
9432:chilblains
9379:Casualties
9340:2,900,000
9334:9,500,000
9323:9,000,000
9320:7,600,000
9311:8,200,000
9300:7,700,000
9297:5,700,000
9288:7,500,000
9277:7,250,000
9274:4,600,000
9265:7,200,000
9251:3,500,000
9084:Hungarian
8943:Hungarian
8699:Hungarian
8611:Lend-Lease
8430:starvation
8397:Erich Koch
8339:, in 1942.
8269:See also:
8095:leadership
8034:Rastenburg
7935:Leadership
7857:atrocities
7779:Stalingrad
7740:, and the
7566:First Army
7446:Ivan Konev
7357:Königsberg
7240:Dukla Pass
7056:in Vilnius
6916:Kremenchug
6856:Zaporozhye
6744:historians
6678:Olkhovatka
6662:blitzkrieg
6631:tank traps
6418:Stalingrad
6054:withdrawal
6050:Mius River
6038:Sevastopol
5948:rasputitsa
5900:front line
5772:9th Armies
5231:17,499,861
5217:3,673,819
5206:6,217,622
5195:4,794,545
5184:2,453,097
5017:, and the
4913:1 May 1944
4907:10,300,000
4710:See also:
4592:revolution
4556:See also:
4518:Blitzkrieg
4454:Herrenvolk
4428:leadership
4396:Lebensraum
4390:Mein Kampf
4375:Mein Kampf
4358:Ideologies
4348:Bessarabia
4342:(Northern
4334:the three
4321:Winter War
4288:status quo
4233:Versailles
4213:Bolsheviks
4177:See also:
4173:Background
4155:Lend-Lease
4110:Lebensraum
3895:Leadership
3822:Khrushchev
3775:referendum
3750:Referendum
3634:Baltic Way
3309:Korean War
3150:Red Terror
3077:Bolshevism
3066:Background
2910:2nd Baltic
2905:Dukla Pass
2892:Doppelkopf
2864:2nd Crimea
2808:2nd Donbas
2798:1st Donbas
2775:Polar Star
2725:Stalingrad
2609:Sevastopol
2604:1st Crimea
2547:1st Baltic
2531:Barbarossa
2508:Baltic Sea
2413:Yugoslavia
2394:Madagascar
2357:Antarctica
2328:Dodecanese
2148:Resistance
2116:Winter War
2106:Phoney War
1573:Ivan Konev
1262:Aksel Airo
1238:Risto Ryti
770:Tannu Tuva
627:Yugoslavia
524:until 1943
502:until 1944
467:until 1944
237:1945-05-08
226:1941-06-22
89:newspapers
20707:Åland War
20675:Murid War
20514:18th–19th
19677:(1941–45)
19102:, 1941–45
19093:Wehrmacht
18939:Manchuria
18825:Indochina
18601:Bagration
18052:Lithuania
17697:Anschluss
17494:Viet Minh
17391:Lithuania
17333:Hong Kong
17103:Manchukuo
17058:Azad Hind
16717:Australia
16517:Aftermath
16380:Paperclip
16275:Aftermath
16075:Total war
15943:Diplomacy
15906:In Europe
15655:TVOntario
15473:142875289
15294:(2007) ,
14502:Table 198
14031:147065225
13126:Army News
13098:Army News
12973:"Estonia"
12647:Total War
12562:cite book
12530:143690841
12425:cite book
12231:159846665
11522:144385167
11460:159765625
11409:153557275
11142:Ostrausch
11100:143904500
11043:5 January
10495:Citations
10390:romanized
10381:Ukrainian
10355:romanized
10160:" (under
10108:installed
9965:Kantokuen
9890:Wehrmacht
9847:Waffen-SS
9715:Bulgaria
9517:400,000+
9090:Japanese
9087:Romanian
9070:Aircraft
8949:Japanese
8946:Romanian
8705:Japanese
8702:Romanian
8660:Aluminium
8607:total war
8503:16th Army
8472:Wehrmacht
8418:occupying
8388:Ivanhorod
8358:Wehrmacht
8354:Lithuania
8306:Total war
8246:tramplers
8242:companies
8233:politruks
8198:, of the
8178:Stalinist
8055:Wehrmacht
7931:by 1968.
7917:Nuremberg
7783:Leningrad
7730:Mengjiang
7726:Manchukuo
7626:near the
7624:Flensburg
7583:and then
7581:Eva Braun
7550:Stralsund
7533:program.
7464:-mounted
7438:Frankfurt
7380:Pomerania
7207:Wehrmacht
7181:Ilomantsi
7118:armistice
7114:Bucharest
7095:Bagration
7063:Wehrmacht
7054:soldiers
6988:, a main
6969:Wehrmacht
6921:Cherkassy
6765:Wehrmacht
6651:artillery
6647:pillboxes
6635:landmines
6627:anti-tank
6445:Slovakian
6426:Wehrmacht
6391:Don river
6369:Case Blue
6112:Wehrmacht
6034:peninsula
5975:Oka River
5944:Wehrmacht
5882:Lokhvytsa
5792:Wehrmacht
5732:regions.
5710:Leningrad
5695:encircled
5686:Luftwaffe
5443:campaigns
5333:resources
5032:obtained
4983:Luftwaffe
4979:Waffen SS
4965:6,410,000
4959:1,960,000
4945:6,532,000
4939:2,330,000
4926:6,425,000
4920:3,370,000
4898:3,933,000
4885:9,350,000
4876:3,720,000
4862:5,500,000
4855:3,767,000
4790:Wehrmacht
4779:partisans
4772:Wehrmacht
4683:Anschluss
4676:and with
4627:proxy war
4596:Comintern
4531:Bolshevik
4501:Ostrausch
4465:Wehrmacht
4426:The Nazi
4179:Anschluss
4142:bitter".
4070:Fall Blau
3885:Geography
3880:Education
3842:Gorbachev
3837:Chernenko
3725:Osh riots
3705:Jeltoqsan
3591:1982–1991
3427:1964–1982
3332:1953–1964
3211:Holodomor
3188:1927–1953
3127:1917–1927
3072:Communism
2935:Gumbinnen
2880:Bagration
2719:Sinyavino
2703:Case Blue
2588:Leningrad
2513:Black Sea
2264:Australia
2160:Alps 1940
2153:1944–1945
1831:Michael I
704:from 1944
684:from 1944
661:from 1944
168:: Soviet
21240:Cold War
21102:Gulf War
20458:and the
20331:Internal
20187:Imperial
19540:Ukase 43
19489:Babi Yar
19050:Category
18999:document
18909:document
18766:Ardennes
18750:Budapest
18698:Crossbow
18576:Overlord
18415:Smolensk
17633:Timeline
17468:Slovakia
17454:Thailand
17305:Ethiopia
17270:Bulgaria
17194:Portugal
17132:Thailand
17014:Bulgaria
16792:Eswatini
16785:Ethiopia
16738:Bulgaria
16563:Unit 731
16524:Response
16341:Keelhaul
16291:Cold War
16264:Americas
16255:timeline
16248:Atlantic
16128:Theaters
15536:Archived
15322:Archived
14968:(1995).
14365:Die Zeit
14201:Archived
14043:Beevor,
13901:Archived
13860:60671899
13592:(2017).
13564:(2020).
13479:Ziemke,
13362:Beevor,
13345:Ziemke,
13328:Beevor,
13319:Page 138
13311:Beevor,
13294:Ziemke,
13133:15 April
13105:15 April
13019:(1997).
12945:(2002).
12680:58342844
12614:(1989).
12584:(2007).
12223:30036339
12185:Archived
12174:Archived
11993:Archived
11285:(1970).
10980:(2005).
10937:41052845
10929:20077627
10844:(2007).
10632:(1966).
10460:citation
10223:Red Army
10194:Red Army
10176:through
9909:See also
9864:and the
9853:and the
9843:Normandy
9727:Unknown
9724:Unknown
9708:Unknown
9696:Romania
9689:Unknown
9686:Unknown
9621:Unknown
9601:158,000
9586:Finland
9556:500,000
9553:245,000
9550:300,000
9547:Hungary
9537:500,000
9534:226,000
9531:281,000
9528:Romania
9523:118,127
9520:Unknown
9514:215,000
9511:215,000
9503:Unknown
9500:500,000
9428:Narkomat
9367:'s (the
9317:800,000
9294:200,000
9081:Italian
8940:Italian
8696:Italian
8603:materiel
8480:genocide
8370:Cossacks
8337:Vinnitsa
8311:—
8038:Vinnitsa
8011:ideology
7806:magazine
7718:Japanese
7466:Katyusha
7388:Budapest
7260:Courland
7256:Saaremaa
7173:VKT-line
6977:Novgorod
6867:Zhytomyr
6840:Westwall
6807:Katyusha
6719:outside
6697:Karachev
6670:Belgorod
6643:trenches
6561:Manstein
6456:Malgobek
6449:regiment
6437:littoral
6279:, which
6277:Demyansk
6273:garrison
6124:reserves
6042:held out
6040:, which
5908:Caucasus
5796:Guderian
5784:Smolensk
5730:Novgorod
5720:and the
5699:infantry
5663:brigades
5366:Bulgaria
5173:360,778
4655:Red Army
4344:Bukovina
4279:protocol
4149:and the
4094:Bulgaria
4086:at Kursk
4065:Caucasus
3900:Politics
3847:List of
3832:Andropov
3827:Brezhnev
3817:Malenkov
3604:Glasnost
3299:Cold War
3041:a series
3039:Part of
2980:Solstice
2940:Budapest
2930:Courland
2920:Debrecen
2915:Belgrade
2837:2nd Kiev
2709:Caucasus
2682:Demyansk
2643:Chechnya
2577:1st Kiev
2433:Bulgaria
2362:Atlantic
2345:Americas
2298:Adriatic
1888:Strength
758:Mongolia
716:Support:
678:Bulgaria
540:Slovakia
301:and the
295:Cold War
282:Fall of
249:Location
196:, 1942;
21180:Outline
21163:century
20764:century
20516:century
20199:Related
20183:Tsarist
20133:Part of
20087:Related
20076:Berkuts
20061:Strizhi
19683:By year
19673:in the
19665:Annual
18976:Shumshu
18743:Hungary
18690:Estonia
18674:Lapland
18652:Dragoon
18585:Neptune
18567:Ichi-Go
18533:Tempest
18475:Changde
18430:Cottage
18322:Jubilee
18038:Finland
17936:Compass
17642:Prelude
17595:Finland
17481:Vietnam
17447:Romania
17319:Germany
17298:Estonia
17284:Denmark
17263:Belgium
17256:Austria
17249:Albania
17180:Ireland
17166:Andorra
17150:Neutral
17117:Romania
17051:Hungary
17036:Finland
16908:Romania
16800:Finland
16778:Denmark
16724:Belgium
16710:Algeria
16416:Romania
16402:Hungary
16158:Pacific
15882:General
15836:Leaders
15821:Battles
15814:Outline
15720:Romania
15696:Hungary
15682:Portals
15666:YouTube
15639:YouTube
15624:YouTube
15605:YouTube
15578:YouTube
15493:website
15489:on the
14913:Sources
14636:5 April
14440:10 July
14302:10 July
14267:15 June
14186:p. 498.
14071:, 2007
14023:2192342
13922:pg 1270
13911:website
13907:on the
13819:7 March
13809:bdsa.ru
13519:1983926
13302:page 71
13250:18 July
12926:1861311
12912:–1388.
12798:1988530
12522:1906049
12475:1987464
12247:(1997)
11884:1432205
11833:2592851
11452:2495264
11049:citing
10921:4546842
10828:4546609
10409:Himmler
10392::
10357::
10346:Russian
9721:10,000
9718:10,000
9705:80,000
9702:17,000
9699:17,000
9683:24,000
9680:24,000
9677:Poland
9657:Soviet
9592:62,731
9589:63,204
9579:27,000
9576:70,000
9573:55,000
9570:82,000
9562:89,313
9559:55,000
9540:55,000
9271:50,000
9228:German
9225:Soviet
9222:German
9219:Soviet
9181:20,052
9173:28,180
9164:39,807
9161:40,246
9153:16,693
9144:25,527
9141:34,845
9124:15,556
9121:25,436
9101:11,776
9098:15,735
9078:German
9075:Soviet
9040:15,400
9026:27,300
9023:28,963
9006:19,800
9003:24,089
8980:24,446
8937:German
8934:Soviet
8693:Soviet
8690:German
8687:Soviet
8684:German
8681:Soviet
8678:German
8675:Soviet
8672:German
8589:Soviet
8529:⁄
8519:⁄
8492:disease
8346:Estonia
8003:leaders
7911:at the
7895:of the
7889:Silesia
7814:General
7770:theatre
7756:Results
7599:as new
7591:as new
7576:river.
7564:of the
7556:of the
7542:Stettin
7396:Austria
7169:VT-line
7158:On the
7141:Tallinn
7129:Jelgava
7110:Romania
7091:Belarus
6836:Ostwall
6655:mortars
6598:Kharkov
6573:Poltava
6557:riposte
6247:salient
6062:Kremlin
6026:Stalino
6018:Kharkov
5987:Bryansk
5850:Galicia
5809:archive
5693:forces
5671:Western
5580:Russian
5569:Russian
5558:Russian
5545:Russian
5529:Russian
5518:Russian
5505:Russian
5489:Russian
5478:Russian
5467:Russian
5454:Russian
5377:Swedish
5362:Croatia
5358:Hungary
5350:Romania
5310:exactly
5162:(tons)
5131:Hungary
5127:Romania
5113:by the
5066:Marshal
5056:on the
5019:Balkans
4957:Total:
4937:Total:
4918:Total:
4905:Total:
4896:Total:
4883:Total:
4874:Total:
4853:Total:
4733:Finland
4552:in 1940
4405:Siberia
4325:Karelia
4263:Ukraine
4223:to the
4090:Romania
4034:Balkans
4028:), and
4026:Baltics
3990:theatre
3890:History
3875:Economy
3870:Culture
3849:troikas
3455:Détente
2974:Breslau
2969:Silesia
2874:Karelia
2826:Dnieper
2692:Bamberg
2633:Finland
2582:Tallinn
2438:Hungary
2428:Romania
2277:Africa
2177:Balkans
2172:Britain
2126:Lapland
2121:Karelia
2111:Finland
1745:†
1665:†
1523:†
831:†
699:Finland
655:Romania
555:Croatia
497:Finland
483:Hungary
461:Romania
445:Germany
342:Austria
319:changes
263:Austria
259:Germany
235: (
224: (
190:German
178:Tiger I
103:scholar
20490:Deluge
20414:Russia
20193:times)
20191:Soviet
20179:Russia
19406:PB 320
19402:PB 315
19398:PB 304
19388:PB 314
19384:PB 303
19370:PB 322
19366:PB 316
19362:PB 307
19302:HSS-PF
19122:Centre
18953:Debate
18925:Taipei
18918:Borneo
18496:Tarawa
17690:Europe
17651:Africa
17440:Poland
17426:Norway
17405:Malaya
17384:Latvia
17326:Greece
17312:France
17208:Sweden
17173:Bhutan
16901:Poland
16887:Norway
16859:Mexico
16826:Greece
16812:France
16750:Canada
16731:Brazil
16701:Allies
16647:Serbia
16636:Poland
16409:Poland
16395:Baltic
16188:Europe
15890:Topics
15842:Allied
15708:Poland
15567:Videos
15471:
15421:
15388:
15374:
15351:
15333:
15302:
15283:
15266:
15240:
15220:
15192:
15177:
15159:
15129:
15114:
15099:
15075:
15060:
15042:
15014:
14995:
14976:
14950:
14927:
14900:9 July
14890:"1945"
14876:
14853:
14828:
14803:
14751:
14729:
14603:9 July
14579:
14567:
14546:
14530:
14498:
14490:
14482:
14470:
14462:
14454:
14423:
14403:
14349:p. 289
14345:
14324:
14111:Forces
14079:p. 391
14075:
14051:
14029:
14021:
13881:
13858:
13848:
13787:
13763:
13697:
13600:
13572:
13544:
13517:
13487:p. 134
13481:Berlin
13402:
13366:, see
13364:Berlin
13349:, see
13347:Berlin
13332:, see
13330:Berlin
13315:, see
13313:Berlin
13298:, see
13296:Berlin
13275:
13224:14 May
13190:
13161:
13075:
13029:
12955:
12924:
12853:
12819:
12796:
12759:
12734:
12709:
12678:
12668:
12628:
12594:
12528:
12520:
12473:
12344:
12260:20 May
12229:
12221:
12182:Part 2
12151:(1997)
12041:
11973:
11882:
11831:
11792:
11765:
11720:
11572:
11545:
11520:
11458:
11450:
11407:
11322:
11295:
11265:
11238:
11208:
11181:
11126:
11098:
11019:578338
11017:
10960:
10935:
10927:
10919:
10854:
10826:
10769:
10741:
10716:
10686:
10659:
10586:
10549:
10518:
10373:German
10278:(with
10168:, was
10143:, and
10137:German
9882:German
9734:Total
9606:Total
9595:3,500
9567:Italy
9391:, and
9193:8,263
9184:7,544
9133:8,861
9127:2,818
9113:5,088
9110:1,000
9104:3,503
8986:1,252
8983:9,300
8960:5,200
8957:6,590
8880:149.3
8848:245.3
8839:121.5
8836:509.8
8807:250.0
8795:521.4
8766:264.0
8754:513.1
8725:233.6
8716:151.4
8713:483.4
8512:Khatyn
8488:famine
8352:, and
8350:Latvia
8285:, and
8084:Korsun
7925:rabies
7819:, the
7682:Russia
7632:Mürwik
7628:Danish
7570:Torgau
7552:. The
7487:, and
7458:Neisse
7400:Vienna
7338:Poznań
7334:Danzig
7322:fronts
7318:Warsaw
7309:
7303:
7290:, and
7229:, and
7133:Latvia
7071:Berlin
7040:, and
6990:Baltic
6931:Wiking
6903:
6897:
6891:
6885:
6831:Donbas
6795:, and
6713:Oboyan
6682:Ponyri
6629:guns,
6613:
6607:
6532:Kalach
6515:
6509:
6503:
6490:, and
6460:Grozny
6403:Maikop
6379:, and
6360:
6354:
6348:
6342:
6291:, and
6289:Velizh
6203:, the
6182:Stalin
6178:Zhukov
6170:, and
6151:
6145:
6094:Moscow
6066:Khimki
6030:Crimea
6024:, and
5983:Vyazma
5979:Plavsk
5962:, and
5896:Stavka
5866:Odessa
5862:Fourth
5836:, the
5770:, and
5691:panzer
5667:Baltic
5627:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5346:Norway
5341:France
5325:Europe
5160:Amount
4810:Second
4798:Poland
4706:Forces
4641:, and
4568:, and
4477:German
4436:Nazism
4381:, and
4225:Allies
4185:, and
4010:Poland
4002:Allies
3910:Russia
3812:Stalin
3043:on the
3018:Prague
3012:Berlin
3001:Vienna
2818:Lenino
2660:Lyuban
2625:Moscow
2614:Rostov
2572:Odessa
2367:Arctic
2199:Sicily
2101:Poland
2095:Europe
2008:Total:
1983:Total:
1741:
1661:
1519:
1501:
1276:
827:
784:
755:
742:
729:
696:
675:
652:
624:
607:
595:Poland
579:
565:Allies
552:
537:
515:
494:
480:
458:
442:
402:Poland
400:) and
270:Result
208:, 1943
174:Poznań
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
20926:]
19380:PB 45
19292:707th
19287:454th
19282:444th
19277:403rd
19272:286th
19267:285th
19262:281st
19252:221st
19247:213th
19242:207th
19237:203rd
19232:201st
19127:South
19117:North
18729:Leyte
18559:Narva
18545:Anzio
18503:Makin
18461:Burma
18345:Torch
18314:Rzhev
18275:Kiska
17361:Korea
17347:Japan
17340:Italy
17222:Tibet
17201:Spain
17079:Italy
16840:Italy
16833:India
16757:China
16632:Japan
16232:Italy
16144:China
16096:Women
15762:Media
15662:Video
15635:Video
15620:Video
15601:Video
15574:Video
15559:from
15469:S2CID
14399:1988
14069:Knopf
14027:S2CID
14019:JSTOR
13515:JSTOR
13155:(PDF)
13050:[
12922:JSTOR
12908:(5):
12794:JSTOR
12705:–11.
12622:242–3
12526:S2CID
12518:JSTOR
12471:JSTOR
12227:S2CID
12219:JSTOR
12171:Part1
11880:JSTOR
11829:JSTOR
11678:[
11653:(PDF)
11518:S2CID
11456:S2CID
11448:JSTOR
11405:S2CID
11096:S2CID
11074:(PDF)
11015:JSTOR
10933:S2CID
10917:JSTOR
10824:JSTOR
10413:HSSPF
10186:First
10086:Notes
10067:Lists
9804:Kholm
9369:Reich
9331:1945
9308:1944
9285:1943
9262:1942
9239:1941
9205:Year
9178:1945
9158:1944
9138:1943
9118:1942
9095:1941
9067:Year
9037:1945
9020:1944
9000:1943
8977:1942
8954:1941
8924:Year
8898:19.4
8892:86.3
8886:12.3
8874:1945
8857:18.2
8851:82.7
8845:10.9
8842:28.5
8833:1944
8819:0.01
8816:18.0
8810:62.3
8801:34.6
8798:93.1
8792:1943
8778:0.01
8775:22.0
8769:51.7
8760:32.1
8757:75.5
8751:1942
8737:0.12
8734:33.0
8722:17.9
8719:31.8
8710:1941
8655:Steel
8647:Year
8552:Gulag
8466:(see
8171:like
7891:were
7787:Kursk
7734:Korea
7680:– in
7651:Reims
7643:SHAEF
7605:Magda
7568:near
7462:truck
7264:Memel
6848:Kaniv
6602:Kursk
6395:Volga
6317:Izyum
6285:Kholm
6197:Rzhev
6074:Orsha
6022:Kursk
5971:Oryol
5892:Dvina
5858:Third
5819:Gomel
5760:Minsk
5726:Pskov
5354:Italy
5286:Loran
5226:Total
5214:1945
5209:35.5
5203:1944
5198:27.4
5192:1943
5181:1942
5170:1941
5157:Year
4837:Date
4806:First
4668:with
4450:Aryan
4421:Slavs
3807:Lenin
2859:Narva
2832:Nevel
2792:Kursk
2758:Iskra
2687:Kholm
2671:Rzhev
2638:Kerch
2619:Gorky
2552:Brody
2537:Brest
2448:Japan
2423:Italy
2402:Coups
2303:Malta
2247:Japan
2215:China
2194:Italy
2043:below
2027:below
2002:below
1142:]
518:Italy
186:Stuka
110:JSTOR
96:books
21161:21st
20762:20th
20189:and
19974:GRAU
19951:and
19861:2025
19855:2024
19850:2023
19845:2022
19840:2021
19835:2020
19830:2019
19825:2018
19820:2017
19815:2016
19810:2015
19805:2014
19800:2013
19795:2012
19790:2011
19785:2010
19780:2009
19775:2008
19770:2007
19765:2006
19760:2005
19755:2004
19750:2003
19745:2002
19740:2001
19735:2000
19730:1999
19725:1998
19720:1997
19715:1996
19710:1995
19705:1990
19700:1985
19695:1965
19690:1945
19347:PB 9
19332:and
18795:1945
18523:1944
18364:1943
18292:Blue
18282:Attu
18189:1942
17948:1941
17800:1940
17738:1939
17667:Asia
17514:POWs
17354:Jews
17072:Iraq
16998:Axis
16948:Tuva
16764:Cuba
15849:Axis
15419:ISBN
15386:ISBN
15372:ISBN
15349:ISBN
15331:ISBN
15300:ISBN
15281:ISBN
15264:ISBN
15238:ISBN
15218:ISBN
15190:ISBN
15175:ISBN
15157:ISBN
15127:ISBN
15112:ISBN
15097:ISBN
15073:ISBN
15058:ISBN
15040:ISBN
15012:ISBN
14993:ISBN
14974:ISBN
14948:ISBN
14925:ISBN
14902:2018
14874:ISBN
14851:ISBN
14826:ISBN
14801:ISBN
14780:2018
14749:ISBN
14727:ISBN
14638:2014
14605:2018
14577:ISBN
14565:ISBN
14544:ISBN
14528:ISBN
14496:ISBN
14488:ISBN
14480:ISBN
14468:ISBN
14460:ISBN
14452:ISBN
14442:2018
14421:ISBN
14401:ISBN
14343:ISBN
14322:ISBN
14304:2018
14269:2011
14073:ISBN
14055:p 60
14049:ISBN
13879:ISBN
13856:OCLC
13846:ISBN
13821:2019
13785:ISBN
13761:ISBN
13695:ISBN
13624:Time
13598:ISBN
13570:ISBN
13542:ISBN
13467:2023
13400:ISBN
13273:ISBN
13252:2023
13245:ENRS
13226:2007
13188:ISBN
13159:ISBN
13135:2020
13107:2020
13073:ISBN
13027:ISBN
13003:2016
12953:ISBN
12910:1365
12851:ISBN
12817:ISBN
12757:ISBN
12732:ISBN
12707:ISBN
12676:OCLC
12666:ISBN
12626:ISBN
12592:ISBN
12568:link
12431:link
12402:(1).
12342:ISBN
12262:2008
12180:and
12039:ISBN
11971:ISBN
11847:link
11790:ISBN
11763:ISBN
11718:ISBN
11635:2016
11570:ISBN
11543:ISBN
11320:ISBN
11293:ISBN
11263:ISBN
11236:ISBN
11206:ISBN
11179:ISBN
11137:2023
11124:ISBN
11045:2009
10958:ISBN
10925:PMID
10852:ISBN
10767:ISBN
10739:ISBN
10714:ISBN
10684:ISBN
10657:ISBN
10616:2014
10584:ISBN
10547:ISBN
10516:ISBN
10462:and
10307:see
10295:see
10282:and
10258:and
10242:and
10234:see
10178:Iran
10139:and
10106:was
9598:473
9170:773
9150:267
9147:967
9055:137
9032:353
9015:558
9012:105
9009:336
8995:557
8989:500
8972:595
8963:595
8910:0.1
8895:1.3
8866:3.5
8854:5.5
8828:2.3
8825:5.3
8822:0.8
8813:7.6
8804:8.5
8787:1.8
8784:5.7
8781:0.7
8772:6.6
8763:8.1
8743:5.5
8740:0.4
8731:5.7
8650:Coal
8591:T-34
8548:POWs
8490:and
8257:and
8005:had
7804:Time
7607:and
7574:Elbe
7413:and
7342:Oder
7262:and
7179:and
7067:Lviv
6940:Prut
6827:Mius
6820:Psel
6730:The
6705:Hoth
6653:and
6600:and
6411:NKVD
6240:49th
6238:and
6236:43rd
6232:33rd
6230:and
6215:and
6090:Army
6070:Tula
5985:and
5874:Uman
5860:and
5844:and
5842:11th
5750:and
5728:and
5716:and
5714:16th
5673:and
5381:iron
5364:and
5352:and
5176:2.1
5144:and
5129:and
5117:and
5086:and
5071:and
4975:Heer
4808:and
4796:and
4745:Axis
4714:and
4548:and
4438:and
4417:Jews
4346:and
4269:The
4133:and
4092:and
4000:and
3974:The
2946:1945
2843:1944
2751:1943
2737:Mars
2654:1942
2567:Uman
2524:1941
2418:Iraq
2321:Iran
2311:Iraq
2165:1944
2143:1940
2041:See
2025:See
2000:See
1966:1945
1959:1944
1952:1943
1945:1942
1938:1941
1925:1945
1918:1944
1911:1943
1904:1942
1897:1941
427:Axis
373:and
353:and
344:and
261:and
217:Date
170:T-34
82:news
19669:on
15664:on
15637:on
15622:on
15603:on
15576:on
15461:doi
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14182:by
14011:doi
13842:158
13652:356
13507:doi
12914:doi
12786:doi
12508:hdl
12500:doi
12463:doi
12211:doi
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12031:doi
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11821:doi
11510:doi
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11365:doi
11088:doi
11007:doi
11003:110
10909:doi
10816:doi
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9814:).
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9470:MIA
9466:DOW
9462:KIA
8665:Oil
8629:to
8573:in
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7965:by
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