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a woman, could not inherit the throne. The assemblies of the French barons and prelates and the
University of Paris decided that males who derive their right to inheritance through their mother should be excluded. Thus the nearest heir through male ancestry was Charles IV's first cousin, Philip, Count of Valois, and it was decided that he should be crowned
856:
When France's
Charles IV died in 1328 leaving only daughters, his nearest male relative was Edward III of England, the son of Isabella, the sister of the dead king; but the question arose whether she could legally transmit the inheritance of the throne of France to her son even though she herself, as
575:
Modern historians reject this hypothesis, which is sustained by no archeological evidence. For Juan José Larrea, and Pierre
Bonnassie, "a Vascon expansionism in Aquitany is not proved and is not necessary to understand the historical evolution of this region". This Basque-related culture and race is,
764:
yielded to the outcry and instituted a formal inquiry into Simon's administration. Simon was formally acquitted of the charges, but in August 1252 he was nevertheless dismissed. Henry then himself went to
Gascony, pursuing a policy of conciliation; he arranged the marriage between
576:
whatever the origin, attested in (mainly
Carolingian) Medieval documents, while their exact boundaries remain unclear ("Wascones, qui trans Garonnam et circa Pirineum montem habitant" -- "Wascones, who live across the Garonne and around the Pyrenees mountains", as stated in the
523:
like the rest of southern France. However, Novempopulania was far away from the home base of the Franks in northern France, and was only very loosely controlled by the Franks. During all the troubled and historically obscure period, starting from early 5th-century accounts, the
853:(later Edward III of England). Isabella's negotiations were successful, and it was agreed that the young Prince Edward would perform homage in the king's place, which he did on 24 September and so the duchy was returned to the English crown.
241:
and
Gascony. The region is vaguely defined, and the distinction between Guyenne and Gascony is unclear; by some they are seen to overlap, while others consider Gascony a part of Guyenne. Most definitions put Gascony east and south of
861:. Philip believed that Edward III was in breach of his obligations as vassal, so in May 1337 he met with his Great Council in Paris. It was agreed that Gascony should be taken back into Philip's hands, thus precipitating the
468:
reformed the administrative structures of the Roman Empire, Aquitania was split into three provinces. The territory south of the
Garonne River, corresponding to the original Aquitania, was made a province called
699:
in 982. In turn, the weakened ethnic polity known as Duchy of
Wasconia/Wascones, unable to get around the general spread of feudalization, gave way to a myriad of counties founded by Gascon lords.
695:
Meanwhile, Viking raiders conquered several Gascon towns, among them
Bayonne in 842–844. Their attacks in Gascony may have helped the political disintegration of the duchy until their defeat by
849:, who was sister to the French king, to negotiate a settlement. The Queen departed for France on 9 March 1325, and in September was joined by her son, the heir to the throne, Prince
1964:
572:, on the etymological link between the words "Basque" and "Gascon" – both derived from "Vascones" or "Wasconia", the latter being used to name the whole of Novempopulania.
1417:
1439:
1959:
407:, to the south by the Pyrenees mountain range, and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean. The Romans called this territory Aquitania, either from the Latin word
865:
between
England and France. At the end of the Hundred Years' War, after Gascony had changed hands several times, the English were finally defeated at the
752:
was appointed Governor in the unsettled Duchy of Gascony. Bitter complaints were excited by de Montfort's rigour in suppressing the excesses of both the
439:
was created. Gallia Aquitania was far larger than the original Aquitania, as it extended north of the Garonne, in fact all the way north to the river
1447:
1373:
1336:
1432:
1368:
796:
ceded to Henry land north and east of Gascony. In return, Henry renounced his claim to many of the territories that had been lost by
749:
324:
1673:
742:
413:(meaning "water"), in reference to the many rivers flowing from the Pyrenees through the area, or from the name of the Aquitanian
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declared the duchy forfeit at the end of June 1324, and military action by the French followed. Edward sent his wife
473:(that is, "land of the nine tribes"), while the part of Gallia Aquitania north of the Garonne became the province of
274:
126:
79:
696:
1113:
819:
528:
are often cited, social uprisings against tax exaction and feudalization, largely associated to Vasconic unrest.
17:
1048:
1016:
86:
64:
508:, while other than the region of the Garonne river their actual grip on the area may have been rather loose.
564:
Old historical literature sometimes claims the Basques took control of the whole of Novempopulania in the
145:
A map of Gascony, showing a wide definition of the region. Other definitions may encompass a smaller area.
397:
93:
1573:
1553:
1397:
338:
262:
713:
75:
60:
31:
1844:
328:
1944:
1483:
365:
Typical view of the hilly countryside of Gascony, with the Pyrenees mountains in the far distance
53:
823:
814:, for the lands in Gascony. However, in May 1294, Philip confiscated the lands, initiating the
1829:
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8:
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866:
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639:). The gradual abandonment of the Basque-related Aquitanian language in favor of a local
381:
258:
222:
1834:
1693:
1473:
1330:
846:
793:
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481:. The territory of Novempopulania corresponded quite well to what we call now Gascony.
350:
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to recover Gascony, but Philip was able to retain most of the territory until the
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The Aquitanians inhabited a territory limited to the north and east by the river
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as their federate settlement lands and became part of the Visigoth kingdom of
1933:
1915:
1902:
1608:
1508:
1362:
804:
478:
459:
421:
290:
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Current communes and departments included in the ancient province of Gascony
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and Gascony. This addition to his already plentiful holdings made Henry the
1068:
778:
640:
552:
474:
425:
1718:
1623:
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From the 17th century onwards, the government of Gascony was united with
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1513:
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996:
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was not reversed. The replacing local Vulgar Latin evolved into Gascon.
316:
has been spoken, although it is classified as a regional variant of the
1808:
1648:
924:
815:
516:
465:
1109:
960:. The other most important river is Adour, along with its tributaries
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1733:
1728:
1613:
1578:
1478:
738:
501:
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allowed the former to gain control of his new wife's possessions of
304:. The name Gascony comes from the same root as the word Basque (see
42:
1813:
1798:
1788:
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1658:
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1110:"The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050"
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that inhabited the regions between the rivers Garonne and Loire.
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297:
266:
238:
300:-related people who appear to have spoken a language similar to
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1738:
1708:
1638:
1628:
1488:
1392:
1279:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 184.
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traditionally call anyone who does not speak Basque a "Gascon".
417:
tribe, in which case Aquitania would mean "land of the Ausci".
141:
1329:
1874:
1869:
1803:
1793:
1743:
1713:
1493:
1044:
910:), with its capital at Bordeaux, lasted until the end of the
645:
It was heavily influenced by the original Aquitanian language
447:
444:
440:
414:
500:
in 407–409. In 416–418, Novempopulania was delivered to the
1076:
975:
777:. Alfonso renounced all claims to Gascony and assisted the
278:
179:
173:
680:
674:
420:
In the 50s BC, Aquitania was conquered by lieutenants of
164:
161:
1965:
States and territories established in the 1st millennium
361:
1377:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 689–690.
1097:
La Navarre du IVe au XIIe siècle: peuplement et société
869:
on 17 July 1453; Gascony remained French from then on.
687:
Interestingly, the Basques from the French side of the
1254:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 872.
237:(1789–1799), it was part of the combined Province of
176:
170:
167:
756:of the nobility and the contending factions in the
717:
Homage of Edward I (kneeling) to Philip IV (seated)
556:
The Duchy was meant to hold sway over the Basques (
158:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1224:
952:(East) from the Pyrenees to the confluence of the
872:
27:Former province in southwestern France (1453–1789)
1349:
1347:
1340:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). pp. 494–495.
1931:
837:, failed to pay homage to the French king after
1344:
1433:
1249:
668:
431:Later, in 27 BC, during the reign of Emperor
1960:History of Occitania (administrative region)
1304:. Westport CT: Greenwood Press. p. 79.
904:
662:
233:(602–1453). From the 17th century until the
1112:. The Library of Iberian Resources Online.
940:mountains (southern limit); as the area of
656:
408:
1440:
1426:
1154:
568:, founding its claims on the testimony of
1229:. London: Boydell Press. pp. 34–36.
1099:, pp. 123-129, De Boeck Université, 1998.
902:. The government of Guyenne and Gascony (
519:. Novempopulania then became part of the
341:, the eponymous character of the play by
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1277:The Hundred Years War I: Trial by Battle
1274:
1252:The shorter Cambridge Medieval History 2
923:
882:
720:
712:
551:
360:
140:
1218:
14:
1932:
1324:
1299:
984:, with both Basque and Gascon identity
548:Basque people in the Early Middle Ages
384:, the inhabitants of Gascony were the
296:Gascony was historically inhabited by
1421:
1302:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
349:, who later became king of France as
208:
195:
1095:Juan José Larrea, Pierre Bonnassie:
249:It is currently divided between the
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
531:
511:The Visigoths were defeated by the
24:
25:
1976:
1385:
1142:from the original on 9 March 2023
702:
1672:
1449:
1403:
1391:
1354:
1227:Fourteenth Century England VI: 6
1225:Chris Given-Wilson, ed. (2010).
1116:from the original on 22 May 2013
818:. Between 1294 and 1298, Edward
515:in 507, and fled into Spain and
453:
154:
41:
1318:
1293:
1268:
873:Province of Guyenne and Gascony
820:sent three expeditionary forces
785:, who had taken control of the
484:The Aquitania Novempopulana or
52:needs additional citations for
1243:
1201:
1184:
1167:
1128:
1102:
1089:
971:The most important towns are:
743:most powerful vassal in France
488:suffered like the rest of the
13:
1:
1955:History of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
1408:The dictionary definition of
1207:Chronicle of Britain, p. 297
1190:Chronicle of Britain, p. 280
1173:Chronicle of Britain, p. 276
1082:
697:William II Sánchez of Gascony
305:
1250:Previte-Orton, C.W. (1978).
919:
369:
7:
1823:Foreign territories in 1789
1682:Minor provinces and regions
1275:Sumption, Jonathan (1991).
769:, his 14-year-old son, and
331:'s character d'Artagnan in
10:
1981:
1950:Former provinces of France
948:(North), and close to the
932:Gascony is limited by the
876:
706:
541:
535:
457:
400:related to modern Basque.
398:non-Indo-European language
373:
356:
29:
1822:
1681:
1670:
1466:
496:tribes, most notably the
337:, as well as the land of
978:, the historical capital
936:(western limit) and the
32:Gascony (disambiguation)
1374:Encyclopædia Britannica
1337:Encyclopædia Britannica
1300:Wagner, John A (2006).
824:Treaty of Paris in 1303
781:against rebels such as
725:Coat of arms of Gascony
603:under the influence of
424:and became part of the
323:Gascony is the land of
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492:from the invasions of
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1840:Menton and Roquebrune
1136:"History of Vasconia"
1071:, a tributary of the
927:
886:
877:Further information:
833:, in his capacity as
810:before the new king,
729:The 1152 marriage of
724:
716:
578:Royal Frankish Annals
555:
443:, thus including the
364:
345:. It is also home to
144:
1589:Lorraine and Barrois
1456:Historical provinces
1400:at Wikimedia Commons
1063:also belongs to the
944:, it extends to the
831:Edward II of England
735:Eleanor of Aquitaine
647:(for example, Latin
490:Western Roman Empire
477:and the province of
347:Henry III of Navarre
334:The Three Musketeers
273:) and the region of
263:Pyrénées-Atlantiques
225:of the southwestern
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
1912: /
1467:General governments
1055:are crossed by the
1043:are crossed by the
1023:and Gascon identity
906:Guienne et Gascogne
867:Battle of Castillon
859:Philip VI of France
812:Philip IV of France
599:often evolved into
464:In 297, as Emperor
229:that succeeded the
1067:of the Adour. The
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896:
794:Louis IX of France
792:In December 1259,
771:Eleanor of Castile
727:
719:
562:
435:, the province of
367:
339:Cyrano de Bergerac
255:Nouvelle-Aquitaine
210:[ɡasˈkuɲɔ]
147:
1895:
1894:
1396:Media related to
1311:978-0-313-32736-0
1286:978-0-8122-1655-4
1261:978-0-521-20963-2
1236:978-1-8438-3530-1
990:, crossed by the
890:, Union Gascona (
863:Hundred Years War
835:Duke of Aquitaine
750:Simon de Montfort
605:Romance languages
566:Early Middle Ages
312:until today, the
308:below). From the
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1919: /
1878: [
1865:Sarrewerden
1845:Montbéliard
1514:Bourbonnais
1057:Gave de Pau
962:Gave de Pau
808:paid homage
386:Aquitanians
310:Middle Ages
1934:Categories
1921:44.0; -0.5
1809:Vermandois
1699:Beaujolais
1649:Roussillon
1083:References
843:Charles IV
816:Gascon War
673:, Occitan
667:, Spanish
542:See also:
517:Septimania
466:Diocletian
374:See also:
325:d'Artagnan
117:April 2019
87:newspapers
1860:Salm-Salm
1734:Couserans
1729:Comminges
1719:Cambrésis
1654:Saintonge
1624:Orléanais
1614:Nivernais
1579:Languedoc
1529:Champagne
1479:Angoumois
956:with the
920:Geography
916:in 1792.
839:a dispute
798:King John
775:Alfonso X
762:Henry III
754:seigneurs
748:In 1248,
739:Aquitaine
661:, French
637:Guillaume
613:guarantee
583:The word
502:Visigoths
370:Aquitania
275:Occitanie
219:Gaskoinia
76:"Gascony"
1850:Mulhouse
1830:Créhange
1814:Vivarais
1799:Valromey
1789:Rouergue
1779:Ponthieu
1774:Périgord
1769:Nébouzan
1754:Gévaudan
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1724:Cévennes
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1659:Touraine
1644:Provence
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1594:Lyonnais
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1544:Flanders
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1328:(1911).
1164:, p. 47.
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938:Pyrenees
847:Isabella
787:Pyrenees
731:Henry II
621:guardian
609:warranty
593:Gasconia
589:Wasconia
585:Vasconia
558:Vascones
526:bagaudae
506:Toulouse
494:Germanic
433:Augustus
394:Aquitani
376:Vascones
351:Henry IV
306:Wasconia
244:Bordeaux
223:province
221:) was a
206:Gasconha
193:Gascogne
1940:Gascony
1904:44°00′N
1764:Labourd
1704:Bigorre
1689:Agenais
1634:Picardy
1569:Hainaut
1564:Guyenne
1559:Gascony
1534:Corsica
1411:Gascony
1369:Guienne
1365::
1146:9 March
1073:Garonne
1053:Lourdes
1033:Bayonne
1002:Lourdes
992:Garonne
982:Bayonne
954:Garonne
946:Garonne
900:Guyenne
879:Guyenne
651:became
633:William
498:Vandals
405:Garonne
357:History
267:Gironde
239:Guyenne
202:Occitan
150:Gascony
101:scholar
1907:0°30′W
1784:Quercy
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1709:Bresse
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767:Edward
670:fuerza
658:fortia
617:warden
607:; cf.
513:Franks
445:Celtic
302:Basque
298:Basque
259:Landes
251:region
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189:French
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1875:Tende
1870:Savoy
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1744:Forez
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1599:Maine
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1494:Aunis
1484:Anjou
1045:Adour
682:hòrça
676:fòrça
664:force
629:guile
448:Gauls
441:Loire
415:Ausci
390:Latin
108:JSTOR
94:books
1855:Nice
1835:Dabo
1549:Foix
1306:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1256:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1148:2023
1122:2010
1077:Auch
1051:and
1039:and
976:Auch
964:and
733:and
635:and
627:and
625:wile
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611:and
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279:Gers
80:news
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1458:of
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