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the current on a chart of the
Atlantic and add notes on how to avoid the current when sailing from England to America. Franklin then forwarded the chart to Anthony Todd, secretary of the British Post Office. Franklin's Gulf Stream chart was printed in 1769 in London, but it was mostly ignored by British sea captains. A copy of the chart was printed in Paris circa 1770–1773, and a third version was published by Franklin in Philadelphia in 1786.
2994:
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1893:
285:. The conservation of potential vorticity also causes bends along the Gulf Stream, which occasionally break off as the Gulf Stream's position shifts, forming separate warm and cold eddies. This overall process, known as western intensification, causes currents on the western boundary of an ocean basin, such as the Gulf Stream, to be stronger than those on the eastern boundary.
354:, maintains an average water temperature of at least 24 °C (75 °F) during the winter, and often 29 °C (84 °F) in summer and fall. East winds moving over this warm water move warm air from over the Gulf Stream inland, helping to keep temperatures milder across the state than elsewhere across the Southeastern United States during the winter.
454:(AMOC) weakens, it will not collapse, even if the AMOC were to collapse. Nevertheless, this slowing down will have significant effects, including a rise in sea level along the North American coast, reduced precipitation in the midlatitudes, changing patterns of strong precipitation around Europe and the tropics, and stronger storms in the North Atlantic.
393:, because it is the northern limit for southern varieties of plant life, and the southern limit for northern plant species, Nantucket being warmer during winter than the mainland in winter just 30 miles to the north. North of Nantucket Island along the New England coast northward to the eastern Canadian coast the cold
537:(counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere), and warm-core rings, which rotate anticyclonically. These rings have the capacity to transport the distinct biological, chemical, and physical properties of their originating waters to the new waters into which they travel.
303:
The Gulf Stream is typically 100 km (62 mi) wide and 800 to 1,200 m (2,600 to 3,900 ft) deep. The current velocity is fastest near the surface, with the maximum speed typically about 2.5 m/s (5.6 mph). As it travels north, the warm water transported by the Gulf Stream
281:'s western periphery and the increased relative vorticity of northward-moving water, transport is balanced by a narrow, accelerating poleward current. This flows along the western boundary of the ocean basin, outweighing the effects of friction with the western boundary current, and is known as the
183:
whaling captain, for an answer. Folger explained that merchant ships routinely crossed the current—which was identified by whale behaviour, measurement of the water's temperature, and changes in the water's colour—while the mail packet captains ran against it. Franklin had Folger sketch the path of
105:
The Gulf Stream influences the climate of the coastal areas of the East Coast of the United States from
Florida to southeast Virginia (near 36°N latitude), and to a greater degree, the climate of Northwest Europe. A consensus exists that the climate of Northwest Europe is warmer than other areas of
481:
normally requires water temperatures in excess of 26.5 °C (79.7 °F). Tropical cyclone formation is common over the Gulf Stream, especially in July. Storms travel westward through the
Caribbean and then either move in a northward direction and curve towards the eastern coast of the United
312:
and density. When sea ice forms, salts are left out of the ice, a process known as brine exclusion. These two processes produce water that is denser and colder (or more precisely, water that is still liquid at a lower temperature). In the North
Atlantic Ocean, the water becomes so dense that it
145:
to Spain. A summary of Ponce de LeĂłn's voyage log on April 22, 1513, noted, "A current such that, although they had great wind, they could not proceed forwards, but backwards and it seems that they were proceeding well; at the end, it was known that the current was more powerful than the wind."
513:
also tend to be generated near the Gulf Stream. About 75% of such systems documented between 1951 and 2000 formed near this warm-water current, with two annual peaks of activity occurring during May and
October. Cyclones within the ocean itself form under the Gulf Stream, extending as deep as
424:
zone, most of which is covered with ice and snow in winter. However, almost all of Norway's coast remains free of ice and snow throughout the year. The warming effect provided by the Gulf Stream has allowed fairly large settlements to be developed and maintained on the coast of
27:
1802:; Xiao, C.; AĂ°algeirsdĂłttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; PĂ©an, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.).
292:) through the Florida Straits. As it passes south of Newfoundland, this rate increases to 150 sverdrups. The volume of the Gulf Stream dwarfs all rivers that empty into the Atlantic combined, which total 0.6 sverdrups. It is weaker, however, than the
532:
The Gulf Stream periodically forms rings resulting from a meander of the Gulf Stream being closed off from an alternate route distinctive from that meander, creating an independent eddy. These eddies have two types - cold-core rings, which rotate
449:
addressed this issue specifically, and found that based on model projections and theoretical understanding, the Gulf Stream will not shut down in a warming climate. While the Gulf Stream is expected to slow down as the
4330:
296:. Given the strength and proximity of the Gulf Stream, beaches along the East Coast of the United States may be more vulnerable to large sea-level anomalies, which significantly impact rates of
1345:; Ortega, Pablo; Robson, Jon I.; Brierley, Chris M.; Davis, Renee; Hall, Ian R.; Moffa-Sanchez, Paola; Rose, Neil L.; Spooner, Peter T.; Yashayaev, Igor; Keigwin, Lloyd D. (11 April 2018).
235:, flows westwards off the coast of Central Africa. When this current interacts with the northeastern coast of South America, the current forks into two branches. One passes into the
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in spring and summer. Following the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, tropical fish are often encountered off the East Coast as they search for food, including several species of
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1811:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
433:, the third-largest city north of the Arctic Circle. Weather systems warmed by the Gulf Stream drift into Northern Europe, also warming the climate behind the
1846:
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212:. Its carrying warm water northeast across the Atlantic makes Western Europe and especially Northern Europe warmer and milder than it otherwise would be.
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and up the eastern coastline of the United States, then veers east near 36°N latitude (North
Carolina) and moves toward Northwest Europe as the
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As a consequence, the resulting Gulf Stream is a strong ocean current. It transports water at a rate of 30 million cubic metres per second (30
160:: "Why did it take British packets several weeks longer to reach New York from England than it took an average American merchant ship to reach
33:
in the western North
Atlantic: Most of the North American landmass is black and dark blue (cold), while the Gulf Stream is red (warm). Source:
1966:
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Cold-air cyclogenesis along the Gulf-Stream front: investigation of diabatic impacts on cyclone development, frontal structure, and track.
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98:, it splits in two, with the northern stream, the North Atlantic Drift, crossing to Northern Europe and the southern stream, the
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Henry
Stommel. (1958). The Gulf Stream: A Physical and Dynamical Description. Berkeley: University of California Press. p.22
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1830:
1712:"A crucial ocean circulation is showing signs of instability. Its shutdown would have serious impacts on our weather"
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The warm water and temperature contrast along the edge of the Gulf Stream often increase the intensity of cyclones,
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The Gulf Stream carries a wide variety of tropical fish and organisms northward along the East Coast from
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causes the Gulf Stream to be a northward-accelerating current off the east coast of North
America. Around
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circulation patterns. In 1768, while in England, Franklin heard a curious complaint from the Colonial
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similar latitude at least partially because of the strong North Atlantic Current. It is part of the
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412:. A noticeable effect of the Gulf Stream and the strong westerly winds on Europe occurs along the
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in 2012 was a recent example of a hurricane tracking along the Gulf Stream and gaining strength.
30:
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The North Atlantic Current of the Gulf Stream, along with similar warm air currents, helps keep
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1190:
Theuerkauf, Ethan J.; Rodriguez, Antonio B.; Fegley, Stephen R.; Luettich, Richard A. (2014).
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3671:
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1512:
1347:"Anomalously weak Labrador Sea convection and Atlantic overturning during the past 150 years"
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undergoes evaporative cooling. The cooling is wind-driven; wind moving over the water causes
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2235:
2185:
1986:
1973:
Hátún; Sandø, AB; Drange, H; Hansen, B; Valdimarsson, H; et al. (September 16, 2005).
1950:
1585:
Report of the Annual Meeting: On the Influence of the Gulf-stream on the Climate of Ireland
1419:
1361:
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The possibility of a Gulf Stream collapse has been covered by some news publications. The
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2010:
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831:"Uncharted Waters: Nantucket Whalers and the Franklin-Folger Chart of the Gulf Stream"
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a few degrees warmer than the east. However, the difference is most dramatic in the
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130:
4245:
2014:
486:. Such storms have the potential to create strong winds and extensive damage to the
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noted, "very little water from the Gulf of Mexico is actually in the stream". The
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2195:
1687:"Gulf Stream could be veering toward irreversible collapse, a new analysis warns"
1520:
1167:
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1023:
1000:
491:
426:
351:
297:
169:
1934:
1403:
Caesar, L.; Rahmstorf, S.; Robinson, A.; Feulner, G.; Saba, V. (11 April 2018).
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Lesson 6: Unraveling the Gulf Stream Puzzle - On a Warm Current Running North.
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2538:
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1897:
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1168:
Ryan Smith; Melicie Desflots; Sean White; Arthur J. Mariano; Edward H. Ryan.
915:
712:
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502:
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intensified as it tracked northward along the axis of the Gulf Stream in 2012
405:
386:
362:
236:
201:
164:, despite the merchant ships leaving from London and having to sail down the
85:
72:
48:
4332:
Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.
1998:
1405:"Observed fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation"
1240:
869:
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4652:
4173:
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3712:
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2006:
1439:
1381:
877:
390:
165:
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2862:
2822:
2787:
1975:"Influence of the Atlantic Subpolar Gyre on the Thermohaline Circulation"
1817:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: 1321.
1216:
1191:
940:
462:
378:
305:
251:
197:
2660:
2018:
1121:
National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (2009).
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lies within the current, although seaweed lies in clusters to its east.
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2924:
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2817:
2487:
2081:
1951:
Cyclogenesis in the deep ocean beneath the Gulf Stream. 1. Description.
1661:"Climate crisis: Scientists spot warning signs of Gulf Stream collapse"
1342:
1145:
332:
In April 2018, two studies published in the British scientific journal
314:
255:
157:
115:
3913:
2645:
548:
224:
Evolution of the Gulf Stream to the west of Ireland continuing as the
141:, after which it became widely used by Spanish ships sailing from the
137:
European discovery of the Gulf Stream dates to the 1512 expedition of
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3514:
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3198:
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found the Gulf Stream to be at its weakest for at least 1,600 years.
318:
244:
142:
3929:
1737:"A Crucial System of Ocean Currents Is Faltering, Research Suggests"
664:
430:
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before they sailed across the Atlantic, while the packets left from
4725:
4126:
3848:
3570:
3429:
3321:
3311:
3256:
2732:
1797:
665:"What is the Gulf Stream? | NOAA SciJinks – All About Weather"
366:
309:
289:
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begins to sink down through less salty and less dense water. (The
3717:
3707:
2877:
2847:
1920:
S. Businger, T. M. Graziano, M. L. Kaplan, and R. A. Rozumalski.
1896:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1462:"Gulf Stream current at its weakest in 1,600 years, studies show"
1265:. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Archived from
1189:
534:
401:
370:
358:
326:
111:
607:
Latitude of the Gulf Stream and the Gulf Stream north wall index
3424:
2837:
1533:
1316:
806:. NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research. Archived from
421:
417:
1402:
258:
blow eastwards at mid-latitudes. This wind pattern applies a
4520:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
3786:
3605:
3384:
3339:
321:.) This downdraft of cold, dense water becomes a part of the
247:. These two branches rejoin north of the Straits of Florida.
220:
1851:"Frequently Asked Questions: How do tropical cyclones form?"
1769:"A major Atlantic current is at a critical transition point"
1626:
26:
4369:
Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One
3218:
1854:
1607:"Satellites Record Weakening North Atlantic Current Impact"
514:
3,500 m (11,500 ft) beneath the ocean's surface.
34:
4283:
A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain
1491:. Cooperative Institute For Marine and Atmospheric Studies
1340:
1172:. Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies
1150:. Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies
945:. Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies
916:
Barbie Bischof; Arthur J. Mariano; Edward H. Ryan (2003).
800:"1785: Benjamin Franklin's 'Sundry Maritime Observations'"
2030:(Increased temperature and salinity in the Nordic Seas.)
501:
have been shown to deepen significantly along a shallow
350:. The portion off the Florida coast, referred to as the
1093:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1037.
962:
829:
Richardson, Philip L.; Adams, Nathan T. (Spring 2018).
482:
States or stay on a north-westward track and enter the
1972:
4411:
A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks
651:"BBC - Weather Centre - Climate Change - Gulf Stream"
133:'s chart of the Gulf Stream printed in London in 1769
1935:
P 1.43 A FIFTY YEAR HISTORY OF SUBTROPICAL CYCLONES.
1847:
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
544:
110:. Its presence has led to the development of strong
1086:
941:Elizabeth Rowe; Arthur J. Mariano; Edward H. Ryan.
748:
The First Salute: A View of the American Revolution
719:. Historical Preservation Society of the Upper Keys
4534:Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky
4321:"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)
1875:"Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)"
1581:
1558:"Nantucket | island, Massachusetts, United States"
679:
3634:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
1146:Joanna Gyory; Arthur J. Mariano; Edward H. Ryan.
971:. American Meteorological Society. Archived from
677:
4956:
266:across the north Atlantic Ocean. The resulting
4390:Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America
3624:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
1015:Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey (2001).
828:
750:. New York: Ballantine Books. pp. 221–222.
262:to the subtropical ocean surface with negative
1192:"Sea level anomalies exacerbate beach erosion"
1059:
457:
3945:
2676:
2062:
1486:
791:
4623:Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin
2076:
1839:
1709:
804:Ocean Explorer: Readings for ocean explorers
682:Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration
277:caused by the northward-moving winds on the
179:Franklin asked his cousin Timothy Folger, a
4340:Experiments and Observations on Electricity
617:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
452:Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
4376:Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)
4142:Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart
3952:
3938:
2683:
2669:
2069:
2055:
1903:
1684:
922:National Oceanographic Partnership Program
215:
4470:Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology
4241:President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society
2690:
1513:Climatic Wind Data for the United States.
1215:
738:
736:
734:
4089:Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention
1804:"Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"
1317:Edward and George William Blunt (1857).
911:
909:
760:
505:, forced by the Gulf Stream, during the
461:
219:
125:
25:
3982:Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
1793:
1791:
1789:
1627:Erik A. Rasmussen; John Turner (2003).
1531:
1017:Regional Oceanography: an Introduction.
854:"What Is the Thermohaline Circulation?"
742:
308:, cooling the water and increasing its
254:blow westwards in the tropics, and the
4957:
4419:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
4303:Early American publishers and printers
2955:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
1867:
1734:
1635:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1050:at San Diego. Retrieved on 2009-05-06.
851:
731:
686:. W. W. Norton & Company. p.
488:United States' Southeast coastal areas
346:The Gulf Stream is influential on the
3972:President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788)
3959:
3933:
2664:
2050:
1969:(German, Transported amount of power)
1066:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 96.
906:
710:
440:
3902:
1786:
1588:. Richard Taylor and William Francis
1238:
517:
341:
325:, a southgoing stream. Very little
208:, in contrast, is largely driven by
4480:Benjamin Franklin National Memorial
4194:Academy and College of Philadelphia
410:western coastal islands of Scotland
13:
4926:Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)
4326:"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)
4025:Committee of Secret Correspondence
3782:National Oceanographic Data Center
3209:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
3097:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
1967:Corona Magazine Issue 124: Science
1959:
1538:University of Massachusetts Boston
1260:
918:"The North Atlantic Drift Current"
763:"Ben Franklin and the Gulf Stream"
678:Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006).
14:
4986:
4911:Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)
4561:University of Pennsylvania statue
3629:Global Sea Level Observing System
2035:
1534:"Description of Nantucket Island"
1323:. Edward and George William Blunt
852:Wunsch, Carl (November 8, 2002).
381:. The Gulf Stream's proximity to
233:Atlantic North Equatorial Current
231:A river of sea water, called the
102:, recirculating off West Africa.
4939:
4938:
4891:Alexander Bache (great-grandson)
4648:Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union)
4221:Continental Currency dollar coin
4122:Franklin's electrostatic machine
4094:Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly
3977:Ambassador to France (1779–1785)
3912:
3901:
3892:
3891:
3087:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
3003:
2992:
2644:
2633:
1891:
1286:
1263:"Thermohaline Ocean Circulation"
992:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
963:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
797:
575:
561:
547:
348:climate of the Florida peninsula
4886:Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)
4861:Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)
4316:The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)
4267:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin
4184:Library Company of Philadelphia
3817:Ocean thermal energy conversion
3540:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
1943:
1938:American Meteorological Society
1927:
1914:
1849:, Hurricane Research Division.
1761:
1728:
1703:
1678:
1653:
1620:
1599:
1575:
1550:
1525:
1502:
1489:"Caribbean Mean SSTs and Winds"
1480:
1454:
1396:
1334:
1310:
1280:
1254:
1232:
1183:
1161:
1139:
1134:North Carolina State University
1115:
1090:Encyclopedia of Coastal Science
1080:
1053:
1037:
1009:
1004:American Meteorological Society
986:
956:
934:
897:
845:
273:Because of the conservation of
4965:Currents of the Atlantic Ocean
4179:American Philosophical Society
4074:1776 Pennsylvania Constitution
4069:Staten Island Peace Conference
2042:Current map of the Gulf Stream
1949:D. K. Savidge and J. M. Bane.
1735:Murphy, Heather (2021-08-05).
1710:Angela Dewan (6 August 2021).
822:
754:
704:
671:
657:
643:
629:
243:, flows north and east of the
114:of all types, both within the
1:
4277:Silence Dogood letters (1722)
4206:Philadelphia Contributionship
1509:National Climatic Data Center
1289:"Atlantic Ocean water masses"
1123:Investigating the Gulf Stream
623:
294:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
187:
4881:Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)
4871:Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)
4514:The Apotheosis of Washington
4439:Franklin's phonetic alphabet
4397:"The Morals of Chess" (1786)
4290:The Busy-Body columns (1729)
4231:United States Postal Service
4141:
4057:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
3077:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
3047:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
2803:Luke's variational principle
1196:Geophysical Research Letters
1087:Maurice L. Schwartz (2006).
713:"History of the Gulf Stream"
447:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
192:The Gulf Stream proper is a
21:Gulf Stream (disambiguation)
7:
4866:William Franklin (grandson)
4586:Jefferson Memorial pediment
4507:Royal Society of Arts medal
4382:A Letter to a Royal Academy
4042:Declaration of Independence
1582:Professor Hennessy (1858).
1293:California State University
540:
479:Tropical cyclone generation
458:Effect on cyclone formation
196:current, driven largely by
168:and then the length of the
16:Warm Atlantic Ocean current
10:
4991:
4921:Richard Bache (son-in-law)
4916:Peter Folger (grandfather)
4611:Washington–Franklin stamps
4576:Stanford University statue
4199:University of Pennsylvania
3142:Ocean dynamical thermostat
2990:
1940:. Retrieved on 2008-09-21.
1910:The Making of a Superstorm
1877:(Database). United States
1295:Long Beach. Archived from
1170:"The Antarctic CP Current"
1136:. Retrieved on 2009-05-06.
1034:. Retrieved on 2009-05-06.
1026:Matthias Tomczak, pp. 42.
1006:. Retrieved on 2009-04-15.
761:Isserman, Maurice (2002).
637:"What is the Gulf Stream?"
612:North Atlantic oscillation
521:
121:
18:
4970:Effects of climate change
4934:
4876:Louis F. Bache (grandson)
4838:
4785:
4745:(2002 documentary series)
4729:(1997 documentary series)
4669:
4628:Benjamin Franklin College
4475:Benjamin Franklin Parkway
4447:
4259:
4112:
4020:Hutchinson letters affair
3990:
3967:
3887:
3726:
3700:
3677:Ocean acoustic tomography
3662:
3614:
3553:
3490:Mohorovičić discontinuity
3448:
3320:
3217:
3082:General circulation model
3012:
2718:Benjamin–Feir instability
2698:
2629:
2561:
2531:
2495:
2486:
2461:
2355:
2279:
2128:
2097:
2088:
1879:National Hurricane Center
1823:10.1017/9781009157896.011
1685:Ben Turner (2021-08-06).
1515:Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
1432:10.1038/s41586-018-0006-5
1374:10.1038/s41586-018-0007-4
1341:Thornalley, David J. R.;
404:and the western coast of
323:North Atlantic Deep Water
200:. In 1958, oceanographer
152:became interested in the
4975:Regional climate effects
4901:James Franklin (brother)
4896:Josiah Franklin (father)
4566:Portland, Oregon, statue
4434:Franklin as a journalist
4403:An Address to the Public
4296:The Pennsylvania Gazette
4052:Franco-American alliance
4003:(1754 political cartoon)
3807:Ocean surface topography
3182:Thermohaline circulation
3172:Subsurface ocean current
3112:Hydrothermal circulation
2945:Wave–current interaction
2723:Boussinesq approximation
2621:Thermohaline circulation
1953:Retrieved on 2008-09-21.
1924:Retrieved on 2008-09-21.
1320:The American Coast Pilot
1048:University of California
569:Tropical cyclones portal
210:thermohaline circulation
4804:The New-England Courant
4601:One-hundred-dollar bill
4502:Benjamin Franklin Medal
4465:Benjamin Franklin House
4309:Poor Richard's Almanack
4216:Early American currency
4167:111th Infantry Regiment
4035:"...to be self-evident"
3844:Sea surface temperature
3827:Outline of oceanography
3022:Atmospheric circulation
2960:shallow water equations
2950:Waves and shallow water
2843:Significant wave height
2569:Atmospheric circulation
2120:Transpolar Drift Stream
1999:10.1126/science.1114777
1562:Encyclopedia Britannica
1060:Angela Colling (2001).
969:Glossary of Meteorology
870:10.1126/science.1079329
317:action is similar to a
216:Formation and behaviour
65:western intensification
51:that originates in the
4856:Francis Franklin (son)
4851:William Franklin (son)
4798:American Enlightenment
4737:(2002 animated series)
4606:Franklin silver dollar
4581:Washington D.C. statue
4556:Columbus, Ohio, statue
4541:Revolutionary War Door
4427:Bagatelles and Satires
4421:(1771–1790, pub. 1791)
4361:Pennsylvania Chronicle
4246:Master, Les Neuf SĹ“urs
3839:Sea surface microlayer
3204:Wind generated current
2640:Environment portal
2594:Marine garbage patches
2408:Indonesian Throughflow
2312:Indonesian Throughflow
1519:June 13, 2007, at the
1487:Geoff Samuels (2008).
943:"The Antilles Current"
772:. TERC. Archived from
499:extratropical cyclones
470:
435:Scandinavian Mountains
239:, while a second, the
228:
226:North Atlantic Current
206:North Atlantic Current
134:
118:and within the ocean.
61:North Atlantic Current
55:and flows through the
37:
4688:Ben Franklin in Paris
4591:Refunding Certificate
4189:Pennsylvania Hospital
4084:Treaty of Paris, 1783
3672:Deep scattering layer
3654:World Geodetic System
3162:Princeton Ocean Model
3042:Coriolis–Stokes force
2692:Physical oceanography
2469:Antarctic Circumpolar
592:Arctic dipole anomaly
465:
361:to extreme southeast
223:
162:Newport, Rhode Island
129:
29:
4793:Age of Enlightenment
4719:A More Perfect Union
4596:Franklin half dollar
4571:San Francisco statue
4347:Birch letters (1755)
4008:Albany Plan of Union
3692:Underwater acoustics
3252:Perigean spring tide
3117:Langmuir circulation
2828:Rossby-gravity waves
1243:. USNA/Johns Hopkins
1217:10.1002/2014GL060544
511:Subtropical cyclones
416:. Northern parts of
154:North Atlantic Ocean
44:is a warm and swift
31:Surface temperatures
19:For other uses, see
4906:Jane Mecom (sister)
4846:Deborah Read (wife)
4818:American Revolution
4811:The American Museum
4690:(1964 musical play)
4661:Ben Franklin effect
3854:Science On a Sphere
3460:Convergent boundary
3132:Modular Ocean Model
3092:Geostrophic current
2808:Mild-slope equation
2513:South Atlantic Gyre
2508:North Atlantic Gyre
1991:2005Sci...309.1841H
1985:(5742): 1841–1844.
1424:2018Natur.556..191C
1366:2018Natur.556..227T
1208:2014GeoRL..41.5139T
1099:2006ecs..book.....S
1043:Earthguide (2007).
864:(5596): 1179–1181.
810:on 18 December 2005
744:Tuchman, Barbara W.
275:potential vorticity
194:western-intensified
108:North Atlantic Gyre
82: /
4769:(2022 documentary)
4671:In popular culture
4485:Franklin Institute
4211:Union Fire Company
4099:Postmaster General
4079:Libertas Americana
4062:Treaty of Alliance
3510:Seafloor spreading
3500:Outer trench swell
3465:Divergent boundary
3365:Continental margin
3350:Carbonate platform
3247:Lunitidal interval
2523:South Pacific Gyre
2518:North Pacific Gyre
2398:Equatorial Counter
2302:Equatorial Counter
1775:. 17 February 2022
1741:The New York Times
1239:Phillips, Pamela.
1128:2010-05-03 at the
1022:2009-09-14 at the
999:2010-06-22 at the
835:Historic Nantucket
711:Wilkinson, Jerry.
522:See main article:
471:
441:Future predictions
268:Sverdrup transport
229:
139:Juan Ponce de LeĂłn
135:
57:Straits of Florida
38:
4952:
4951:
4777:(2024 miniseries)
4767:Benjamin Franklin
4761:(2015 miniseries)
4753:(2008 miniseries)
4743:Benjamin Franklin
4710:Benjamin Franklin
4643:State of Franklin
4353:The Way to Wealth
4030:Committee of Five
3961:Benjamin Franklin
3927:
3926:
3919:Oceans portal
3879:World Ocean Atlas
3869:Underwater glider
3812:Ocean temperature
3475:Hydrothermal vent
3440:Submarine volcano
3375:Continental shelf
3355:Coastal geography
3345:Bathymetric chart
3227:Amphidromic point
2915:Wave nonlinearity
2773:Infragravity wave
2658:
2657:
2651:Oceans portal
2557:
2556:
2503:Indian Ocean Gyre
2482:
2481:
1418:(7700): 191–196.
1360:(7700): 227–230.
1241:"The Gulf Stream"
1202:(14): 5139–5147.
1148:"The Gulf Stream"
1108:978-1-4020-3880-8
1073:978-0-08-053794-8
1063:Ocean Circulation
697:978-0-393-06259-5
518:Gulf Stream rings
420:lie close to the
342:Localized effects
279:subtropical ridge
150:Benjamin Franklin
131:Benjamin Franklin
86:40.000°N 30.000°W
63:. The process of
4982:
4942:
4941:
4653:Ships named USS
4104:Founding Fathers
3954:
3947:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3917:
3916:
3905:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3834:Pelagic sediment
3772:Marine pollution
3566:Deep ocean water
3435:Submarine canyon
3370:Continental rise
3262:Rule of twelfths
3177:Sverdrup balance
3107:Humboldt Current
3032:Boundary current
3007:
2996:
2813:Radiation stress
2783:Iribarren number
2758:Equatorial waves
2713:Ballantine scale
2708:Airy wave theory
2685:
2678:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2637:
2574:Boundary current
2493:
2492:
2448:South Equatorial
2433:North Korea Cold
2428:North Equatorial
2342:South Equatorial
2332:North Madagascar
2271:West Spitsbergen
2261:South Equatorial
2241:North Equatorial
2095:
2094:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2017:. Archived from
1954:
1947:
1941:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1808:
1798:Fox-Kemper, B.;
1795:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1634:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1603:
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1594:
1593:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1554:
1548:
1547:
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1544:
1529:
1523:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1351:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1284:
1278:
1277:
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1274:
1258:
1252:
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1249:
1248:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1143:
1137:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1057:
1051:
1041:
1035:
1013:
1007:
990:
984:
983:
981:
980:
960:
954:
953:
951:
950:
938:
932:
931:
929:
928:
913:
904:
901:
895:
889:
849:
843:
842:
826:
820:
819:
817:
815:
795:
789:
788:
786:
784:
778:
767:
758:
752:
751:
740:
729:
728:
726:
724:
708:
702:
701:
685:
675:
669:
668:
661:
655:
654:
647:
641:
640:
633:
602:Humboldt Current
597:Boundary current
585:
580:
579:
571:
566:
565:
564:
557:
552:
551:
395:Labrador Current
283:Labrador Current
270:is equatorward.
241:Antilles Current
181:Nantucket Island
158:Board of Customs
97:
96:
94:
93:
92:
87:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4930:
4834:
4781:
4759:Sons of Liberty
4665:
4537:(1816 painting)
4529:(1783 painting)
4526:Treaty of Paris
4443:
4272:Founders Online
4255:
4236:Street lighting
4152:Kite experiment
4114:
4108:
4013:Albany Congress
3992:
3991:Founding of the
3986:
3963:
3958:
3928:
3923:
3911:
3883:
3722:
3696:
3658:
3639:Sea-level curve
3610:
3549:
3535:Transform fault
3485:Mid-ocean ridge
3451:
3444:
3410:Oceanic plateau
3316:
3302:Tidal resonance
3272:Theory of tides
3213:
3122:Longshore drift
3072:Ekman transport
3008:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2988:
2940:Wave turbulence
2873:Trochoidal wave
2798:Longshore drift
2694:
2689:
2659:
2654:
2643:
2632:
2625:
2584:Ekman transport
2553:
2527:
2478:
2457:
2393:East Korea Warm
2388:East Australian
2351:
2347:West Australian
2297:East Madagascar
2275:
2124:
2110:North Icelandic
2084:
2075:
2038:
2033:
2024:
2022:
1962:
1960:Further reading
1957:
1948:
1944:
1933:David M. Roth.
1932:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1892:
1884:
1882:
1881:. April 5, 2023
1873:
1872:
1868:
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1857:
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1806:
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1767:
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1762:
1753:
1751:
1733:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1691:livescience.com
1683:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1659:
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1654:
1647:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1591:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1530:
1526:
1521:Wayback Machine
1507:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1468:. 12 April 2018
1460:
1459:
1455:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1349:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1299:on May 23, 2008
1285:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1261:Russel, Randy.
1259:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1130:Wayback Machine
1120:
1116:
1109:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1058:
1054:
1042:
1038:
1024:Wayback Machine
1014:
1010:
1001:Wayback Machine
991:
987:
978:
976:
961:
957:
948:
946:
939:
935:
926:
924:
914:
907:
902:
898:
850:
846:
827:
823:
813:
811:
796:
792:
782:
780:
779:on 21 July 2011
776:
765:
759:
755:
741:
732:
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698:
676:
672:
663:
662:
658:
649:
648:
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635:
634:
630:
626:
621:
581:
574:
567:
562:
560:
553:
546:
543:
530:
520:
492:Hurricane Sandy
467:Hurricane Sandy
460:
443:
427:Northern Norway
414:Norwegian coast
352:Florida Current
344:
298:coastal erosion
218:
190:
170:English Channel
124:
91:40.000; -30.000
90:
88:
84:
81:
76:
73:
71:
69:
68:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4988:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4840:
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4835:
4833:
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4827:
4826:
4825:
4815:
4807:
4800:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4771:
4763:
4755:
4747:
4739:
4735:Liberty's Kids
4731:
4723:
4715:
4706:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4675:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4638:Mount Franklin
4635:
4633:Franklin Field
4630:
4625:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4551:Chicago statue
4548:
4543:
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4522:
4517:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4460:Franklin Court
4457:
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4449:
4445:
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4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4399:
4394:
4386:
4378:
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4365:
4357:
4349:
4344:
4336:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
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4287:
4279:
4274:
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4254:
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4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4159:
4157:Pay it forward
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4137:Glass armonica
4134:
4132:Franklin stove
4129:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4005:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3909:
3899:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3859:Stratification
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3751:
3749:Color of water
3746:
3744:Benthic lander
3741:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3649:Sea level rise
3646:
3644:Sea level drop
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3480:Marine geology
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3420:Passive margin
3417:
3415:Oceanic trench
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3147:Ocean dynamics
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3037:Coriolis force
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2858:Stokes problem
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2793:Kinematic wave
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2609:North Atlantic
2606:
2601:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2579:Coriolis force
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2474:Tasman Outflow
2471:
2465:
2463:
2462:Southern Ocean
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2307:Indian Monsoon
2304:
2299:
2294:
2292:Agulhas Return
2289:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2266:West Greenland
2263:
2258:
2256:South Atlantic
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2231:North Atlantic
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2181:East Greenland
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2129:Atlantic Ocean
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2105:East Greenland
2101:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2078:Ocean currents
2074:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2036:External links
2034:
2032:
2031:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1942:
1926:
1913:
1902:
1866:
1838:
1831:
1785:
1760:
1727:
1702:
1677:
1652:
1645:
1619:
1598:
1574:
1549:
1524:
1501:
1479:
1453:
1395:
1343:Oppo, Delia W.
1333:
1309:
1279:
1253:
1231:
1182:
1160:
1138:
1114:
1107:
1079:
1072:
1052:
1036:
1008:
985:
955:
933:
905:
896:
844:
821:
790:
770:Study of place
753:
730:
717:Keys Historeum
703:
696:
670:
656:
642:
627:
625:
622:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
588:
587:
586:
583:Weather portal
572:
558:
542:
539:
528:Warm Core Ring
524:Cold Core Ring
519:
516:
484:Gulf of Mexico
477:or otherwise.
459:
456:
442:
439:
389:, adds to its
343:
340:
217:
214:
189:
186:
176:in Cornwall?"
123:
120:
100:Canary Current
53:Gulf of Mexico
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4987:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4945:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4830:Syng inkstand
4828:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4698:(1969 musical
4697:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4546:Boston statue
4544:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:Lightning rod
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4002:
4001:Join, or Die.
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:United States
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3943:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3900:
3898:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:Marine energy
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3734:Acidification
3732:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3687:SOFAR channel
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Oceanic crust
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:Fracture zone
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:Oceanic basin
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Abyssal plain
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Internal tide
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Ocean current
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3006:
2995:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2935:Wave shoaling
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Ursell number
2893:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Internal wave
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Breaking wave
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2614:South Pacific
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Great Pacific
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Marine debris
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Beaufort Gyre
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:North Pacific
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
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2021:on 2007-08-06
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1885:September 18,
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989:
975:on 2008-12-11
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965:"trade winds"
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4712:(miniseries)
4709:
4695:
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4682:(1953 short)
4679:
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4616:other stamps
4532:
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4513:
4512:Depicted in
4455:Bibliography
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4402:
4389:
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4339:
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4295:
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4115:other events
4047:Model Treaty
4000:
3874:Water column
3822:Oceanography
3797:Observations
3792:Explorations
3762:Marginal sea
3755:
3713:OSTM/Jason-2
3545:Volcanic arc
3520:Slab suction
3237:Head of tide
3127:Loop Current
3101:
3067:Ekman spiral
2853:Stokes drift
2763:Gravity wave
2738:Cnoidal wave
2642:
2631:
2604:Indian Ocean
2549:Weddell Gyre
2453:Tasman Front
2280:Indian Ocean
2236:North Brazil
2205:
2186:East Iceland
2098:Arctic Ocean
2023:. Retrieved
2019:the original
1982:
1978:
1945:
1929:
1916:
1905:
1883:. Retrieved
1869:
1858:. Retrieved
1841:
1814:
1810:
1800:Hewitt, H.T.
1777:. Retrieved
1772:
1763:
1752:. Retrieved
1740:
1730:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:
1705:
1694:. Retrieved
1690:
1680:
1669:. Retrieved
1667:. 2021-08-05
1665:the Guardian
1664:
1655:
1630:
1622:
1611:. Retrieved
1601:
1590:. Retrieved
1584:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1561:
1552:
1541:. Retrieved
1527:
1504:
1493:. Retrieved
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:The Guardian
1465:
1456:
1415:
1411:
1398:
1357:
1353:
1336:
1325:. Retrieved
1319:
1312:
1301:. Retrieved
1297:the original
1282:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:the original
1256:
1245:. Retrieved
1234:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1174:. Retrieved
1163:
1152:. Retrieved
1141:
1117:
1089:
1082:
1062:
1055:
1039:
1011:
988:
977:. Retrieved
973:the original
968:
958:
947:. Retrieved
936:
925:. Retrieved
899:
861:
857:
847:
838:
834:
824:
812:. Retrieved
808:the original
803:
793:
781:. Retrieved
774:the original
769:
756:
747:
721:. Retrieved
716:
706:
681:
673:
659:
645:
631:
535:cyclonically
531:
503:frontal zone
496:
472:
444:
429:, including
399:
391:biodiversity
356:
345:
333:
331:
302:
287:
272:
249:
230:
191:
178:
166:River Thames
148:
136:
104:
41:
39:
4721:(1989 film)
4429:(pub. 1845)
4311:(1732–1758)
4298:(1729–1790)
4162:Associators
4113:Inventions,
3864:Thermocline
3581:Mesopelagic
3554:Ocean zones
3525:Slab window
3390:Hydrography
3330:Abyssal fan
3297:Tidal range
3287:Tidal power
3282:Tidal force
3167:Rip current
3102:Gulf Stream
3062:Ekman layer
3052:Downwelling
3027:Baroclinity
3014:Circulation
2910:Wave height
2900:Wave action
2883:megatsunami
2863:Stokes wave
2823:Rossby wave
2788:Kelvin wave
2768:Green's law
2532:Other gyres
2496:Major gyres
2206:Gulf Stream
1773:www.pbs.org
1567:5 September
994:Westerlies.
841:(1): 17–24.
507:cold season
379:Triggerfish
306:evaporation
252:trade winds
245:West Indies
198:wind stress
89: /
42:Gulf Stream
4959:Categories
4751:John Adams
4680:Ben and Me
4226:Fugio cent
4174:Junto club
3802:Reanalysis
3701:Satellites
3682:Sofar bomb
3530:Subduction
3505:Ridge push
3400:Ocean bank
3380:Contourite
3307:Tide gauge
3292:Tidal race
3277:Tidal bore
3267:Slack tide
3232:Earth tide
3152:Ocean gyre
2972:Wind setup
2967:Wind fetch
2930:Wave setup
2925:Wave radar
2920:Wave power
2818:Rogue wave
2748:Dispersion
2373:California
2327:Mozambique
2322:Madagascar
2025:2007-08-02
1860:2006-07-26
1779:2022-05-23
1754:2022-05-23
1721:2022-05-23
1696:2022-05-23
1671:2022-05-23
1631:Polar Lows
1613:2008-09-10
1592:2009-01-06
1543:2009-01-06
1495:2009-01-16
1327:2009-01-06
1303:2009-01-06
1273:2009-01-06
1247:2007-08-02
1176:2009-01-06
1154:2009-01-06
979:2008-09-08
949:2009-01-06
927:2008-09-10
890:(see also
624:References
397:is found.
315:convective
256:westerlies
188:Properties
116:atmosphere
4703:1972 film
4251:Gravesite
3664:Acoustics
3616:Sea level
3515:Slab pull
3452:tectonics
3360:Cold seep
3322:Landforms
3199:Whirlpool
3194:Upwelling
2977:Wind wave
2905:Wave base
2833:Sea state
2753:Edge wave
2743:Cross sea
2544:Ross Gyre
2413:Kamchatka
2246:Norwegian
2221:Lomonosov
2176:Caribbean
2171:Cape Horn
2115:Norwegian
1749:0362-4331
1287:Behl, R.
1226:129869096
892:Rahmstorf
886:129518576
383:Nantucket
375:Barracuda
319:lava lamp
290:sverdrups
143:Caribbean
4944:Category
4823:patriots
4813:magazine
4775:Franklin
4727:Liberty!
4655:Franklin
4260:Writings
4127:Bifocals
3897:Category
3849:Seawater
3576:Littoral
3571:Deep sea
3430:Seamount
3312:Tideline
3257:Rip tide
3187:shutdown
3157:Overflow
2890:Undertow
2733:Clapotis
2423:Mindanao
2418:Kuroshio
2403:Humboldt
2383:Davidson
2378:Cromwell
2368:Aleutian
2251:Portugal
2216:Labrador
2211:Irminger
2191:Falkland
2156:Benguela
2141:Antilles
2090:Currents
2015:38690976
2007:16166513
1517:Archived
1472:12 April
1440:29643485
1382:29643484
1126:Archived
1020:Archived
997:Archived
878:12424356
746:(1988).
541:See also
475:tropical
367:Batoidea
310:salinity
174:Falmouth
112:cyclones
46:Atlantic
4786:Related
3907:Commons
3777:Mooring
3727:Related
3718:Jason-3
3708:Jason-1
3591:Pelagic
3586:Oceanic
3561:Benthic
2878:Tsunami
2848:Soliton
2562:Related
2443:Oyashio
2317:Leeuwin
2287:Agulhas
2196:Florida
1987:Bibcode
1979:Science
1448:4781781
1420:Bibcode
1390:4771341
1362:Bibcode
1204:Bibcode
1095:Bibcode
858:Science
814:15 July
783:15 July
723:15 July
497:Strong
402:Ireland
371:Dolphin
359:Florida
327:seaweed
122:History
4839:Family
4714:(1972)
4490:awards
4448:Legacy
4413:(1789)
4405:(1789)
4392:(1784)
4384:(1781)
4371:(1773)
4363:(1767)
4355:(1758)
4342:(1751)
4334:(1751)
4285:(1725)
3596:Photic
3425:Seabed
2838:Seiche
2363:Alaska
2337:Somali
2201:Guinea
2166:Canary
2161:Brazil
2146:Azores
2136:Angola
2013:
2005:
1829:
1747:
1643:
1609:. NASA
1446:
1438:
1412:Nature
1388:
1380:
1354:Nature
1224:
1105:
1070:
1030:
920:. The
884:
876:
798:Anon.
694:
431:Tromsø
422:Arctic
418:Norway
377:, and
335:Nature
260:stress
77:30°0′W
74:40°0′N
4495:medal
3787:Ocean
3756:Alvin
3606:Swash
3450:Plate
3395:Knoll
3385:Guyot
3340:Atoll
3219:Tides
2982:model
2868:Swell
2700:Waves
2488:Gyres
2082:gyres
2011:S2CID
1807:(PDF)
1444:S2CID
1408:(PDF)
1386:S2CID
1350:(PDF)
1222:S2CID
882:S2CID
777:(PDF)
766:(PDF)
4696:1776
3754:DSV
3739:Argo
3601:Surf
3057:Eddy
2226:Loop
2080:and
2003:PMID
1887:2024
1855:NOAA
1827:ISBN
1815:2021
1745:ISSN
1641:ISBN
1569:2023
1474:2018
1436:PMID
1378:PMID
1103:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1028:ISBN
874:PMID
816:2010
785:2010
725:2010
692:ISBN
264:curl
250:The
40:The
35:NASA
1995:doi
1983:309
1819:doi
1716:CNN
1428:doi
1416:556
1370:doi
1358:556
1212:doi
866:doi
862:298
688:194
509:.
4961::
2009:.
2001:.
1993:.
1981:.
1977:.
1853:.
1825:.
1813:.
1809:.
1788:^
1771:.
1743:.
1739:.
1714:.
1689:.
1663:.
1639:.
1637:68
1560:.
1536:.
1511:.
1464:.
1442:.
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1426:.
1414:.
1410:.
1384:.
1376:.
1368:.
1356:.
1352:.
1291:.
1220:.
1210:.
1200:41
1198:.
1194:.
1132:.
1101:.
967:.
908:^
894:.)
880:.
872:.
860:.
856:.
839:68
837:.
833:.
802:.
768:.
733:^
715:.
690:.
526:,
490:.
437:.
385:,
373:,
369:,
300:.
4705:)
3953:e
3946:t
3939:v
2684:e
2677:t
2670:v
2070:e
2063:t
2056:v
2028:.
1997::
1989::
1900:.
1889:.
1863:.
1835:.
1821::
1782:.
1757:.
1724:.
1699:.
1674:.
1649:.
1616:.
1595:.
1571:.
1546:.
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1476:.
1450:.
1430::
1422::
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1372::
1364::
1330:.
1306:.
1276:.
1250:.
1228:.
1214::
1206::
1179:.
1157:.
1111:.
1097::
1076:.
982:.
952:.
930:.
888:.
868::
818:.
787:.
727:.
700:.
667:.
653:.
639:.
23:.
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