Juan Ponce de León

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was actually Florida, as it was thought to be an island for several years after its formal discovery. Historian and marine archeologist Samuel Turner says that Ponce de León sighted the Florida coast on Easter Sunday of 1513, and that many historians have misinterpreted Herrera's text by claiming it was one of the Bahama Islands Ponce saw on that date. Turner writes that because Beimini is described as an island, they assume that Herrera refers to one of the Bahama Islands, variously proposing that this "island" was

45: 715:, made a vigorous case for Juan Ponce's aristocratic heritage, determining that Juan Ponce's father was Pedro Ponce de León, the Fourth Lord of Villagarcía, and his mother was Leonor de Figueroa, the daughter of Lorenzo Suárez de Figueroa, Lord of Salvaleón, and María Manuel; consequently Juan Ponce's paternal grandmother, Teresa de Guzmán (Teresa Ponce de León y Guzmán), was La Señora de la Casa Toral, making Juan Ponce a Ponce de León on both sides of his family. 1869: 1022: 850: 992:, replacing Nicolás de Ovando. For several years Diego Colón had been waging a legal battle over his rights to inherit the titles and privileges granted to his father. The Crown regretted the sweeping powers that had been granted to Columbus and his heirs and sought to establish more direct control in the New World. In spite of the Crown's opposition, Colón prevailed in court and Ferdinand was required to appoint him Viceroy. 738:, the last Muslim polity surviving in the Iberian peninsula. Puerto Rican historian Vicente Murga Sanz states that as the squire of Pedro Núñez de Guzmán, it is possible that Juan Ponce de León fought on the side of Rodrigo Ponce de León at the Battle of Granada. Fernandez de Oviedo writes that when Juan Ponce de León arrived in the Americas he was a military man who had gained his experience in the 1533: 887:) that he had led an expedition there with several hundred men as early as 1506, under orders by Governor Ovando to explore, settle, and conquer the island. Puerto Rican scholar Aurelio Tió wrote two books which contain much archival material concerning Ponce de León, including documentation he discovered in Spain and in Puerto Rico. He writes in detail of the 1582:, and thousands of seabirds. From these islands they sailed southwest in an apparent attempt to circle around Cuba and return home to Puerto Rico. Failing to take into account the powerful currents pushing them eastward, they struck the northeast shore of Cuba and were initially confused about their location. 1388:, a Spanish historian who apparently had access to the original ships' logs or related secondary sources from which he created a summary of the voyage published in 1601. The brevity of the account and occasional gaps in the record have led historians to speculate and dispute many details of the voyage. 1627:

According to a popular legend, Ponce de León discovered Florida while searching for the Fountain of Youth. Though stories of vitality-restoring waters were known on both sides of the Atlantic long before Ponce de León, the story of his searching for them was not attached to him until after his death.

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Although the courts had ordered that Ponce de León should remain in office, Colón circumvented this directive on 28 October 1509 by appointing Juan Ceron chief justice and Miguel Diaz chief constable of the island, effectively overriding the authority of the governor. This situation prevailed until 2

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Although the identity of Juan Ponce de León's parents is still a matter of conjecture, according to Fuson and Arnade, citing Puerto Rican historian Aurelio Tió, Pedro Ponce de León and Leonor de Figueroa were most likely the parents of Juan Ponce de León. Thus Ponce appears to have been a member of a

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Several skirmishes followed with casualties on both sides. The Spaniards captured eight Calusa (four men and four women) and seized five war canoes abandoned by the retreating warriors. On 5 June, a final confrontation occurred when some 80 Calusa warriors attacked a party of eleven Spanish sailors.

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Herrera wrote that on 27 March 1513, Easter Sunday, they sighted land he described as an island that was unfamiliar to the sailors on the expedition. Because many Spanish seamen were acquainted with the Bahamas, which had been depopulated by slaving ventures, some scholars believe that this "island"

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Ponce de León returned to Spain in 1514 and was knighted by King Ferdinand, who also reinstated him as the governor of Puerto Rico and authorized him to settle Florida. He returned to the Caribbean in 1515, but plans to organize an expedition to Florida were delayed by the death of King Ferdinand in

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The expedition was deemed a great success and Ovando appointed Ponce de León governor of San Juan Bautista. This appointment was later confirmed by Ferdinand II on 14 August 1509. He was instructed to extend the settlement of the island and continue mining for gold. The new governor returned to the

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Although Ponce de León is widely credited with the discovery of Florida, he almost certainly was not the first European to reach the peninsula. Spanish slave expeditions had been regularly raiding the Bahamas since 1494 and there is some evidence that one or more of these slavers made it as far as

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sailboat. Samuel Turner dismisses this theory, pointing out that Ponce's fleet encountered a storm on 30 March, sailing in it for two days, with no indication in Herrera of the wind direction or how strong it was, and that this fact complicates any attempt to reconstruct the voyage (not to mention

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on his return to the area and possibly two or three other encounters. The campaign came to an abrupt end in 1516 when Ferdinand died. The king had been a strong supporter and Ponce de León felt it was imperative he return to Spain and defend his privileges and titles. He did receive assurances of

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The political struggle between Colón and Ponce de León continued in this manner for the next few years. Ponce de León had influential supporters in Spain and Ferdinand regarded him as a loyal servant. However, Colón's position as Viceroy made him a powerful opponent and eventually it became clear

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treated the Taínos very harshly and death rates were very high. The demand for slaves kidnapped from other islands grew. By June 1511, the Taínos, pushed to the limits of their endurance, began a short-lived rebellion, which was forcibly put down by Ponce de León and a small force of troops armed

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The contract stipulated that Ponce de León held exclusive rights to the discovery of Beniny and neighboring islands for the next three years. He would be governor for life of any lands he discovered, but he was expected to finance all costs of exploration and settlement himself. In addition, the

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was interested in forestalling further exploration and discovery by Colón. In an effort to reward Ponce de León for his services, Ferdinand urged him to seek these new lands outside the authority of Colón. Ponce de León readily agreed to a new venture, and in February 1512 a royal contract was

1478:, and obtained a reading of 30 degrees, 8 minutes of latitude, the coordinate recorded in the ship's log when it was closest to the landing site, as reported by Herrera (who had the original logbook) in 1601. This latitude corresponds to a spot north of St. Augustine between what is now the 1655:, a shipwreck survivor who had lived with the Native Americans of Florida for 17 years, published his memoir in which he locates the waters called the River Jordan (flowing out of Eden) in Florida, and says that Ponce de León was supposed to have looked for them there. 1489:

After remaining in the area of their first landing for about five days, the ships turned south for further exploration of the coast. On 8 April they encountered a current so strong that it pushed them backwards and forced them to seek anchorage. The smallest ship, the

1834:. Inscribed on the side panel of the altar-tomb in his mausoleum are these words in Latin: "MOLE SVB HAC FORTIS REQVIESCVNT OSSA LEONIS OVI VICIT FACTIS NOMINA MAGNA SVIS" ("Under this structure rest the bones of a lion, more for his great deeds than for his name"). 769:. This was Ponce de León's first glimpse of the place that would play a major role in his future. Historians are divided on what he did during the next several years, but it is possible that he returned to Spain at some point and made his way back to Hispaniola with 1775:

In early 1521, Ponce de León organized a colonizing expedition consisting of some 200 men, including priests, farmers and artisans, 50 horses and other domestic animals, and farming implements carried on two ships. The expedition landed somewhere on the coast of

1403:. Anton de Alaminos was their chief pilot. He was already an experienced sailor, and would become one of the most respected pilots in the region. After leaving Puerto Rico, they sailed northwest along the great chain of Bahama Islands, known then as the Lucayos. 836:

Around this time, Ponce de León married Leonora, an innkeeper's daughter. They had three daughters, Juana, Isabel and María, and one son, Luis. The large stone house Ponce de León ordered built for his growing family still stands today near the city of

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with further exploration while he returned home with the rest of crew. Ponce de León reached Puerto Rico on 19 October 1513 after having been away for almost eight months. The other ship, after further explorations returned safely on 20 February 1514.

868:, which he had first seen as a member of Christopher Columbus's second voyage in 1493, describing a fertile land with much gold to be found in the many rivers. Inspired by the possibility of riches, Ponce de León requested and received permission from 1498:, occurring where it reaches maximum force between the Florida coast and the Bahamas. Because of the powerful boost provided by the current, it would soon become the primary route for eastbound ships leaving the Spanish West Indies bound for Europe. 1737:

was to be read to the inhabitants of the islands prior to their conquest. Ponce de León was also ordered to organize an armada for the purpose of attacking and subduing the Caribs, who continued to attack Spanish settlements in the Caribbean.

661:. Although early historians placed his birth in 1460, and this date has been used traditionally, more recent evidence shows he was likely born in 1474. The surname Ponce de León dates from the 13th century. The Ponce de León lineage began with 1753:

Three ships were purchased for his armada and after repairs and provisioning Ponce de León left Spain on 14 May 1515 with his little fleet. The record of his activities against the Caribs is vague. There was one engagement in

891:, according to which a temporary base was established on the west coast of Puerto Rico near the Bay of Añasco in 1506. This earlier trip was said to have been done quietly because the Spanish crown in 1504 had commissioned 1766:

Meanwhile, there had been at least two unauthorized voyages to "his" Florida both ending in repulsion by the native Calusa or Tequesta warriors. Ponce de León realized he had to act soon if he was to maintain his claim.

565:, the late Christopher Columbus's son, over the right to govern Puerto Rico. After a long court battle, Columbus replaced Ponce de León as governor in 1511. Ponce de León decided to follow the advice of the sympathetic 623:

people fiercely resisted the incursion, and Ponce de Léon was seriously wounded in a skirmish. The colonization attempt was abandoned, and he died from his wounds soon after returning to Cuba in early July. He was

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Ponce de León decided he should return to Spain and personally report the results of his recent expedition. He left Puerto Rico in April 1514 and was warmly received by Ferdinand when he arrived at court in

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Miami mound town at the mouth of the Miami River. The Tequesta people did not engage the Spanish, but instead evacuated into the coastal woodlands. On 15 May they left Biscayne Bay and sailed along the

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and Florida, which was then presumed to be an island. In addition to the usual directions for sharing gold and other valuables with the king, the contract was one of the first to stipulate that the

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Ponce de León equipped three ships with at least 200 men at his own expense and set out from Puerto Rico on 4 March 1513. The only near contemporary description known for this expedition comes from

534:, Spain, in 1474. Though little is known about his family, he was of noble birth and served in the Spanish military from a young age. He first came to the Americas as a "gentleman volunteer" with 1525:(the Martyrs). Eventually they found a gap in the reefs and sailed "to the north and other times to the northeast" until they reached the Florida mainland on 23 May, where they encountered the 1381:

contract gave specific instructions for the distribution of gold, Native Americans, and other profits extracted from the new lands; the contract made no mention of a rejuvenating fountain.

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Ponce de León searched inland until he found a suitable site about two miles from the bay. Here he erected a storehouse and a fortified house, creating the first settlement in Puerto Rico,

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Nuevas fuentes para la historia de Puerto Rico : documentos inéditos o poco conocidos cuyos originales se encuentran en el Archivo General de Indias en la ciudad de Seville, España

833:(Queen Isabella having opposed the exploitation of natives but dying in 1504) authorized Ponce de León to conquer the remaining Taínos and exploit them by forcing them to mine gold. 742:, but Arnade cautions, "Without proof the biographers of the conquistador state that he accompanied Pedro Núñez de Guzmán in the war against the Moors during the Granada campaign". 937:

island as instructed, bringing with him his wife and children. The rush of Spaniards from Hispaniola wanting to mine gold disrupted the way of life of the Taíno native people.

1355: 6665: 1722:, which was the central bureaucracy and clearinghouse for all of Spain's activities in the New World. The Casa took detailed notes of his discoveries and added them to the 1702:

tribes. The explorer suspected that Colón was working to further undermine his position on the island and perhaps even to take his claims for the newly discovered Florida.

765:, and anchored on the coast of a large island the native people called Borikén (Boriquen in Spanish), "the land of the brave lord", which would eventually become known as 1479: 825:

where Spanish ships stocked supplies before the long voyage back to Spain. In 1505 Ovando authorized Ponce de León to establish a new town in Higüey, which he named

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to the New World. Ponce de León, nineteen years old, was able to get passage in this expedition, with Núñez de Guzmán's help, as one of 200 "gentleman volunteers".

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March 1510, when Ferdinand issued orders reaffirming Ponce de León's position as governor. Ponce de León then had Ceron and Diaz arrested and sent back to Spain.

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attempted to notify Spanish authorities. Ovando rewarded his victorious commander by appointing him frontier governor of the newly conquered province, then named

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people who dominated southern Florida and whose principal town was nearby. Ponce de León was mortally wounded in the skirmish when, historians believe, an arrow

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that Ponce de León's position on San Juan was not tenable. Finally, on 28 November 1511, Ceron returned from Spain and was officially reinstated as governor.

925:. By early 1509 Ponce de León decided to return to Hispaniola. His expedition had collected a good quantity of gold but was running low on food and supplies. 910:

of gold in the western end of the island. This expedition, consisting of about 50 men in one ship, left Hispaniola on 12 July 1508 and eventually anchored in

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Anderson-Córdova, Karen F. (2005). "The Aftermath of Conquest: The Indians of Puerto Rico during the Early Sixteenth Century". In Siegel, Peter E. (ed.).

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expedition to the island, which the Spanish then called San Juan Bautista. Ponce de León led a small exploratory party to Puerto Rico in 1508 that found

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to explore the island and build a fort. Pinzón did not fulfill his commission and it expired in 1507, leaving the way clear for Ponce de León.

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The precise location of their landing on the Florida coast has been disputed for many years. Some historians believe it occurred at or near

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Back on his island, Ponce de León parceled out the native Taínos among himself and other settlers using the system of forced labor known as

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Once they regained their bearings, the fleet retraced their route east along the Florida Keys and around the Florida peninsula, reaching

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1516, after which Ponce de León again traveled to Spain to defend his grants and titles. He did not return to Puerto Rico for two years.

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Even as Ponce de León was settling the island of San Juan, significant changes were taking place in the politics and government of the

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On 14 June they set sail again looking for a chain of islands in the west that had been described by their captives. They reached the

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His earlier exploration had confirmed the presence of gold and gave him a good understanding of the geography of the island. In 1508,

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that Peck's boat was nothing like the Spanish ships). On 2 April, after the weather improved, Ponce's pilot Anton de Alaminos took a

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Juan Ponz de León... went from Florida in search of the River Jordan... that he might become young from bathing in such a stream.

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Through this grandmother, Ponce de León was related to another notable family, the Núñez de Guzmáns; a contemporary chronicler,

692:. The descendants of this marriage added the "de León" to their patronymic and were known thereafter by the name Ponce de León. 3469: 1658:

Though Fontaneda doubted that Ponce de León had really gone to Florida looking for the waters, the account was included in the

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to spy on Ponce de León. Shortly thereafter Miruelo's ship was wrecked in a storm and Ponce de León rescued the stranded crew.

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The fleet reached the Caribbean in November 1493. They visited several islands before arriving at their primary destination in

285: 4867: 1486:. The expedition sailed north for the remainder of the day before anchoring for the night and rowing ashore the next morning. 6862: 6503: 4614: 4286: 4265: 4227: 4098: 4066: 4039: 4018: 3972: 3951: 3930: 3874: 3842: 3810: 3776: 3755: 3698: 3677: 3656: 3576: 3538: 3517: 3496: 3458: 3437: 3382: 3258: 3178: 1529:, who refused to trade and drove off the Spanish ships by surrounding them with warriors in sea canoes armed with long bows. 5465: 5334: 4961: 4957: 1555:. Other historians have argued the distances were too great to cover in the available time and the more likely location was 6842: 6598: 6593: 5961: 5367: 5010: 4463: 1243: 1095: 1011: 864:

who had been captured when they raided Spanish colonies. They told him of gold on the neighboring island of San Juan, now

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in 1509. While Ponce de León grew quite wealthy from his plantations and mines, he faced an ongoing legal conflict with

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They continued down the coast hugging the shore to avoid the strong head current. By 4 May the fleet reached and named

580:, which he named during his first voyage to the area. He landed somewhere along Florida's east coast, then charted the 6792: 5896: 4109: 1293: 722:, says that as a young man he served as a page and then as a squire to Pedro Núñez de Guzmán, Knight Commander of the 6872: 6493: 6402: 5800: 5344: 4897: 4527: 4206: 4148: 3901: 3635: 3224: 1068: 755: 4334: 3745: 1446:(Festival of Flowers). The following day they came ashore to seek information and take possession of this new land. 20: 6832: 6693: 5377: 4861: 4639: 1729:

During his stay in Spain, a new contract was drawn up for Ponce de León confirming his rights to settle and govern

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The result was a standoff with neither party willing to come within striking distance of their opponents' weapons.

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Hoffman, Paul E. (February 2000). "Ponce de León, Juan (1474–1521), Spanish explorer and discoverer of Florida".

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from 1502, which shows a peninsula near Cuba that looks like Florida's and includes characteristic place names.

1536: 948:. The Indians were put to work growing food crops and mining for gold. Ponce put those assigned to his personal 6892: 6650: 6588: 6387: 5805: 5518: 5498: 5470: 5387: 5362: 5222: 5030: 4937: 4877: 4844: 3614: 1644: 1078: 1051: 821:

Ponce de León prospered in this new role. He found a ready market for his farm produce and livestock at nearby

6817: 6613: 6442: 6199: 1563:. Here Ponce de León anchored for several days to take on water and repair the ships. They were approached by 1120: 254: 6765: 6743: 6698: 6640: 6618: 6432: 6204: 5886: 5675: 5660: 4745: 4609: 4562: 1796: 1137: 1110: 5994: 1283: 1183: 6902: 6857: 6852: 6635: 6603: 6134: 5999: 5435: 4815: 4624: 4420: 4120: 3991: 3509:

Surviving Spanish Conquest: Indian Fight, Flight, and Cultural Transformation in Hispaniola and Puerto Rico

1494:, was carried out of sight and lost for two days. This was the first known encounter by Europeans with the 1213: 1188: 1132: 1100: 6623: 5956: 4348: 3866:

The European Struggle to Settle North America: Colonizing Attempts by England, France and Spain, 1521–1608

1115: 892: 6608: 6508: 6139: 5591: 5523: 4492: 1691: 1427: 1105: 854: 6059: 5966: 3048: 1173: 604:, there is no contemporary evidence to support the story, which most modern historians consider a myth. 6543: 5906: 5553: 5440: 5352: 5324: 4951: 4921: 4726: 4557: 1947: 1781: 1288: 5926: 5881: 4322: 4159: 3821: 6462: 6412: 6270: 6169: 5665: 5538: 5503: 5455: 5357: 4969: 4853: 4542: 4512: 4507: 2002: 1942: 1687: 1544: 918: 5087: 2030: 1208: 921:. Although a few crops were planted, the settlers spent most of their time and energy searching for 805: 6407: 6290: 6250: 6189: 6184: 6124: 5543: 5533: 5319: 5022: 4933: 4634: 3768:

Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the present

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Spain in the Southwest: A Narrative History of Colonial New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and California

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The official settlement of San Juan by Spaniards is often dated to 1508, when Ponce landed in a

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the shores of Florida. Another piece of evidence that others came before Ponce de León is the

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Before October 1235, a son of Ponce Vela de Cabrera and his wife Teresa Rodríguez Girón named

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From a distance the Keys reminded Ponce de León of men who were suffering, so he named them

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with about fifty men on the southern coast of the island, but there is documentation in the

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By the early 1500s, Ponce de León was a top military official in the colonial government of

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on Florida's western coast. Though in popular culture he was supposedly searching for the

8: 6772: 6528: 6513: 6397: 6377: 6330: 6310: 6114: 6109: 6054: 6024: 5790: 5415: 5372: 5329: 5258: 5227: 4998: 4977: 4943: 4849: 4819: 4750: 4594: 4567: 4467: 3374: 1610: 1579: 1268: 977: 838: 6518: 6219: 4239:"Contra la Leyenda Negra: la mentira de Ponce de León y la fuente de la eterna juventud" 3550:"Literatura y rivalidad familiar en el linaje de los Ponce de León a fines del siglo XV" 3311: 6533: 6523: 6498: 6452: 6417: 6275: 5984: 5861: 5734: 5232: 5212: 4872: 4760: 4487: 3907: 3788: 3690:

Juan Ponce de Leon: The Exploration of Florida and the Search for the Fountain of Youth

3199:. Translation by Buckingham Smith, 1854. From keyshistory.org. Retrieved 28 March 2007. 1874: 1552: 1377:

dispatched outlining his rights and authorities to search for "the Islands of Beniny".

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Upon his return to Puerto Rico, Ponce de León found the island in turmoil. A party of

1457:. Some believe that Ponce came ashore even farther south near the present location of 1430:, when they sighted land which Ponce de León believed was another island. He named it 6713: 6655: 6488: 6260: 6234: 6224: 6214: 6149: 6104: 6034: 6014: 5989: 5936: 5911: 5176: 4703: 4644: 4599: 4458: 4282: 4261: 4223: 4202: 4183: 4144: 4094: 4062: 4035: 4014: 3968: 3947: 3926: 3920: 3911: 3897: 3870: 3838: 3806: 3800: 3772: 3751: 3730: 3694: 3673: 3652: 3631: 3610: 3572: 3554:

Actas del IX Congreso Internacional de la Asociación Hispánica de Literatura Medieval

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La Florida Del Inca and the Struggle for Social Equality in Colonial Spanish America

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on the island's eastern side, Ovando assigned Ponce de León to crush the rebellion.

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with the first large-scale attempt to establish a Spanish colony in what is now the

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is the most commonly identified spot, while some assert a landing further north at

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Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

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The History of Puerto Rico: From the Spanish Discovery to the American Occupation

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Sixteenth Century North America: The Land and the People as Seen by the Europeans

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Datzman, Ken. "Did the famous explorer Ponce de León first hit Melbourne Beach",

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Guide to the Materials for the History of the United States in Spanish Archives

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Before the settlement could be established, the colonists were attacked by the

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on 8 July. They were surprised to come across another Spanish ship, piloted by

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Ponce de León was actively involved in the Higüey massacre, about which friar

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New World Gold: Cultural Anxiety and Monetary Disorder in Early Modern Spain

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Ponce de León and the Discovery of Florida: The Man, the Myth, and the Truth

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The expedition immediately abandoned the colonization attempt and sailed to

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Again, the exact site of their landfall is controversial. The vicinity of

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in November 1503. In 1504, when Taínos overran a small Spanish garrison in

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The Verge: Reformation, Renaissance, and Forty Years that Shook the World

4090:

Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan

3826:. Vol. Part 2, Book 16. Imprenta de la Real Academia de la Historia. 1823: 1556: 1495: 1462: 1416: 865: 766: 739: 727: 550: 519: 5609: 4160:"The Caribbean World of Juan Ponce de León and His Discovery of Florida" 1830:

from 1559 to 1836, when his remains were exhumed and transferred to the

1698:

used the attack as a pretext for renewing hostilities against the local

1674:

were far more imperative than any potential search for such a fountain.

6483: 5217: 4497: 3648:

Juan Ponce de León and the Spanish Discovery of Puerto Rico and Florida

3474:

Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida

1892: 1755: 1707: 1560: 1369: 1319: 943: 814: 786: 762: 542: 4257:

Spanish Sea: The Gulf of Mexico in North American Discovery, 1500–1685

3964:

The World Encompassed: The First European Maritime Empires c. 800–1650

3790:

The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages A.D. 1492–1616

849: 750:

In September 1493, some 1,200 sailors, colonists, and soldiers joined

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Ancient Borinquen: Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Native Puerto Rico

1548: 1408: 961: 932:

Juan Ponce de León Conquistador monument in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico

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La Casa de Arcos entre Sevilla y la frontera de Granada (1374–1474)

2971:, vol 30, no. 1 (Melbourne, Florida: 2 January 2012), pp. 1 and 19. 1510: 970: 966: 861: 841:; he named it Salvaleón after his grandmother's estate in Castile. 625: 32: 1021: 576:

In 1513, Ponce de León led the first known European expedition to

546: 6782: 6753: 5263: 5248: 4405: 3045: 2075: 1908: 1719: 876: 523: 3884:

Richards, John F. (31 December 2019). "Part III. The Americas".

3609:. Spartanburg, South Carolina: The Reprint Company, Publishers. 2529: 1822:, where Ponce de León soon died of his wounds. He was buried in 5719: 5273: 5268: 5045: 4138: 3922:

The Tainos: Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus

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From here the little fleet disbanded. Ponce de León tasked the

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in recognition of the verdant landscape and because it was the

711:"), and Juan Ponce de León's first cousin. Aurelio Tió, in his 708: 620: 549:

people. He was authorized to explore the neighboring island of

198: 4172:"Juan Ponce de León and the Discovery of Florida Reconsidered" 3747:

The Discovery of Florida and Its Discoverer Juan Ponce de Leon

2697: 2673: 2589: 2565: 2402: 2174: 1505:. They took on water at an island they named Santa Marta (now 812:

also. Ponce de León received a substantial land grant with an

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Juan Ponce de Leon, King Ferdinand, and the Fountain of Youth

1426:

For the next several days the fleet crossed open water until

704: 3630:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 135. 2378: 2210: 518:

known for leading the first official European expedition to

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Torres Sevilla-Quiñones de León, Margarita Cecilia (1999).

3669:

América: The Epic Story of Spanish North America, 1493–1898

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Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve

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Burials at the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista, Puerto Rico

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An unauthenticated 17th-century engraving of Ponce de León

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from a neighboring island had attacked the settlement of

1593:, who was either on a slaving voyage or had been sent by 860:

As provincial governor, Ponce de León heard stories from

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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

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wrote that Ponce de León was looking for the waters of

4141:

Linajes nobiliarios de León y Castilla: Siglos IX–XIII

4121:"Doña Leonor Ponce de León: la primera puertorriqueña" 4079:

Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors

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Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

3468:

Arnade, Charles W. (1967). Tebeau, Charlton W (ed.).

3135: 2896: 2757: 2661: 2481: 2354: 2294: 2258: 2063: 1925: 1923: 480: 477: 468: 462: 437: 434: 425: 405: 377: 374: 365: 344: 319: 316: 307: 4128:

Boletín de la Academia Puertorriqueña de la Historia

3588:"History of Juan Ponce de Leon's Voyages to Florida" 3527:

Armstrong, Catherine; Chmielewski, Laura M. (2013).

3526: 3099: 3010: 2974: 2841: 2793: 2733: 2709: 2685: 2493: 2414: 2342: 2270: 2198: 2081: 1864: 492: 471: 450: 442: 428: 393: 385: 368: 335: 324: 310: 19:"Ponce de León" redirects here. For other uses, see 2865: 2769: 2721: 2637: 2366: 2318: 2186: 2147: 2099: 1578:on 21 June. There they captured giant sea turtles, 1470:by the sun at noon in nine fathoms of water with a 1368:Rumors of undiscovered islands to the northwest of 818:of sufficient Indian labor to farm his new estate. 456: 399: 332: 3858:(in Spanish). Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. 3798: 3787: 2947: 2535: 2246: 1920: 1666:of 1615. Most historians hold that the search for 1003: 545:, where he helped crush a rebellion of the native 3863:Pickett, Margaret F.; Pickett, Dwayne W. (2014). 3246: 3170:A History of Ideas About the Prolongation of Life 2505: 1660:Historia general de los hechos de los castellanos 611:In March 1521, Ponce de León finally returned to 6809: 3627:The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492–1526 3505: 3484: 2595: 2583: 2001: 653:in the northern part of what is now the Spanish 5295: 4349:Yale University Genocide Studies on Puerto Rico 4082:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 334. 3799:Manucy, Albert; Torres-Reyes, Ricardo (1979) . 3530:The Atlantic Experience: Peoples, Places, Ideas 3425: 2180: 1694:was destroyed and his family narrowly escaped. 902:gave permission to Ponce de León for the first 853:The ruins of Juan Ponce de León's residence at 628:in Puerto Rico; his tomb is located inside the 512:; 1474 – July 1521) was a Spanish explorer and 3862: 3651:. McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company. 3568:Chivalry and Violence in Late Medieval Castile 3547: 3316:. Carnegie institution of Washington. p. 3253:. University of California Press. p. 26. 2384: 2216: 1710:. There he was knighted, and given a personal 713:Nuevas fuentes para la historia de Puerto Rico 649:Juan Ponce de León was born in the village of 557:Governor of Puerto Rico by appointment of the 4940:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 4421: 4194: 3453:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 210. 3303: 2751: 2703: 2679: 2408: 1391:The three ships in this small fleet were the 1349: 955: 949: 941: 16:Spanish explorer and conquistador (1474–1521) 4615:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 4059:Literature of Travel and Exploration: G to P 696:distinguished and influential noble family. 4341:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography 4034:. University of Alabama Press. p. 33. 3686: 3173:. Springer Publishing Company. p. 35. 2093: 745: 4428: 4414: 3693:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 80. 3160: 3062: 3060: 1356: 1342: 596:believed that he sailed perhaps as far as 43: 6734:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 4237:Villatoro, Manuel P. (23 November 2021). 4236: 3802:Puerto Rico and The Forts of Old San Juan 3718:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.2000274 3409: 3240: 1770: 6739:Colonial universities in the Philippines 4048: 4027: 4006: 3984:"Puerto Rico | Genocide Studies Program" 3981: 3960: 3883: 3823:Historia general y natural de las Indias 3602: 3564: 3429:Las villas ducales como tipología urbana 3366: 2929: 2619: 2547: 2420: 2396: 2300: 2288: 2228: 2129: 1740: 1630:Historia general y natural de las Indias 1539:in Plaza San José, San Juan, Puerto Rico 1531: 927: 848: 5730:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 4215: 4075: 3785: 3707: 3665: 3202: 3057: 2917: 2487: 2444: 2312: 2117: 2105: 2069: 2057: 6883:People from the Province of Valladolid 6810: 6683: 4253: 4169: 4157: 4086: 3946:(in Spanish). Universidad de Sevilla. 3819: 3764: 3743: 3724: 3467: 3166: 3141: 3117: 3105: 3078: 3033: 3021: 3004: 2992: 2980: 2941: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2847: 2823: 2799: 2763: 2739: 2727: 2667: 2643: 2631: 2559: 2463: 2372: 2360: 2336: 2276: 2264: 2240: 2204: 781:In 1502 the newly appointed governor, 6682: 6578: 6577: 5701: 5579: 5294: 5153: 5121: 5058: 4995: 4910: 4833: 4773: 4687: 4676: 4448: 4447: 4409: 4274: 4195:Van Middeldyk, Rudolph Adams (1903). 3939: 3918: 3851: 3820:Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernández de (1851). 3644: 3623: 3585: 3446: 3397: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3129: 3093: 2859: 2835: 2811: 2787: 2775: 2715: 2691: 2655: 2607: 2523: 2499: 2475: 2432: 2348: 2324: 2192: 2153: 1929: 507: 5011:Captaincy General of the Philippines 4503:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 3830: 2953: 2169:Torres Sevilla-Quiñones de León 1999 2142:Torres Sevilla-Quiñones de León 1999 1837: 1634:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés 1616: 720:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés 701:Rodrigo Ponce de León, Duke of Cádiz 159:Sánchez Velázquez/Antonio de la Gama 6714:Indochristian painting in New Spain 4834: 4118: 4107: 3506:Anderson-Córdova, Karen F. (2017). 2959: 2571: 2511: 2252: 1895:, a dog owned by Juan Ponce de León 1440:season, which the Spaniards called 688:, an illegitimate daughter of King 13: 6898:Spanish explorers of North America 6878:History of Brevard County, Florida 5681:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 5154: 4435: 4260:. Texas A&M University Press. 4158:Turner, Samuel P. (3–6 May 2012). 3940:Rubio, Juan Luis Carriazo (2003). 3855:Historia de Puerto Rico, 1537–1700 3710:American National Biography Online 3548:Carriazo Rubio, Juan Luis (2005). 3209:Douglas, Marjory Stoneman (1947). 1677: 988:, arrived in Hispaniola as acting 793:, and consequently authorized the 553:in 1508 and to take office as the 14: 6914: 4911: 4774: 4655:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 4297: 4119:Tió, Aurelio (31 December 1971). 4093:. Random House Publishing Group. 4051:"Ponce de León, Juan (1474–1521)" 4007:Slavicek, Louise Chipley (2009). 1745:The Tomb of Ponce de León in the 914:, near today's city of San Juan. 6766:Criollos in the colonial society 6694:Spanish missions in the Americas 5816:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 4176:The Florida Historical Quarterly 3729:. University of Oklahoma Press. 3645:Fuson, Robert Henderson (2000). 3426:Alegre-Carvajal, Esther (2014). 3360: 3310:William Robert Shepherd (1907). 2082:Armstrong & Chmielewski 2013 1867: 1664:Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas 1386:Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas 1330:Spanish missions in the Americas 1020: 707:wars (sometimes known as a "new 421: 361: 303: 284: 6793:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 4677: 4222:. University of Chicago Press. 3512:. University of Alabama Press. 3491:. University of Alabama Press. 3418: 3190: 3147: 3039: 1653:Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda 1372:had reached Spain by 1511, and 1004:First voyage to Florida in 1513 6888:Royal governors of Puerto Rico 6868:Explorers of the United States 6838:16th-century Spanish explorers 5122: 4845:Captaincy General of Guatemala 4553:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 4028:Steigman, Jonathan D. (2005). 3786:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1974). 3432:(in Spanish). Editorial UNED. 3212:The Everglades: River of Grass 3167:Gruman, Gerald Joseph (2003). 3155:Historia General de las Indias 2536:Manucy & Torres-Reyes 1979 2036:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 2023: 1995: 1966: 1935: 1832:Cathedral of San Juan Bautista 1747:Cathedral of San Juan Bautista 1649:Historia general de las Indias 844: 734:finally conquered in 1492 the 630:Cathedral of San Juan Bautista 538:'s second expedition in 1493. 213:Cathedral of San Juan Bautista 21:Ponce de León (disambiguation) 1: 6744:General Archive of the Indies 6005:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 5676:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 5661:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 4610:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 4563:War of the Spanish Succession 4528:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 3672:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 3603:Devereux, Anthony Q. (1993). 3470:"Who Was Juan Ponce de Leon?" 2011:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 1761:Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros 1643:A similar account appears in 1401:Santa Maria de la Consolacion 1194:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 776: 703:, a celebrated figure in the 6863:Explorers of Spanish Florida 5702: 4816:Captaincy General of Yucatan 4746:Union with Holy Roman Empire 4725:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 4640:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 4323:Resources in other libraries 4245:(in Spanish). Archived from 3687:Greenberger, Robert (2005). 3592:Florida Historical Quarterly 3586:Davis, T. Frederick (1935). 3565:Claussen, Samuel A. (2020). 1914: 1780:, likely in the vicinity of 639: 509:[ˈxwanˈponθeðeleˈon] 7: 6843:16th century in Puerto Rico 5580: 5296:Administrative subdivisions 4493:War of the League of Cognac 4335:"Ponce de Leon, Juan" 4076:Swanton, John Reed (1922). 3771:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 9–11. 3712:. Oxford University Press. 3153:Francisco López de Gómara. 2574:, pp. 18, 27, 30, 110. 1860: 255:Juan Ponce de León y Loayza 10: 6919: 6010:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 5995:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 5897:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 5059: 4795:), Western United States ( 4688: 4558:Portuguese Restoration War 4254:Weddle, Robert S. (1985). 3982:Schimmer, Russell (2015). 3794:. Oxford University Press. 3744:Lawson, Edward W. (1946). 3450:North American Exploration 3447:Allen, John Logan (1997). 3367:Grunwald, Michael (2007). 3247:Carl Ortwin Sauer (1975). 1948:Collins English Dictionary 1620: 1294:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 1284:Tristán de Luna y Arellano 1184:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 1179:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 18: 6778:Slavery in Spanish Empire 6689: 6678: 6584: 6573: 6471: 6365: 6358: 6243: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6065:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 5975: 5844: 5806:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 5768: 5712: 5708: 5697: 5666:Barcelona Trading Company 5633: 5590: 5586: 5575: 5479: 5431:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 5401: 5343: 5305: 5301: 5290: 5241: 5200: 5164: 5160: 5149: 5128: 5065: 5006: 4938:Venezuela, part of Guyana 4917: 4840: 4791:, Central United States ( 4780: 4694: 4683: 4672: 4523:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 4508:Expulsion of the Moriscos 4454: 4443: 4396: 4387: 4381: 4371: 4362: 4356: 4318:Resources in your library 3925:. Yale University Press. 3894:10.1525/9780520939356-007 3831:Peck, Douglas T. (1993). 3533:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 1670:and the expansion of the 1645:Francisco López de Gómara 889:Probanza de Juan González 885:Archivo General de Indias 736:Nasrid Kingdom of Granada 617:continental United States 292: 280: 272: 264: 241: 233: 223: 208: 188: 172: 167: 163: 153: 143: 132: 122: 112: 101: 89: 77: 66: 58: 54: 42: 30: 6873:Governors of Puerto Rico 6719:Quito painting tradition 6709:Cusco painting tradition 6070:García López de Cárdenas 6060:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 5967:Felipe González de Ahedo 5887:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 4464:Conquest of the Americas 4216:Vilches, Elvira (2010). 4061:. Taylor & Francis. 3961:Scammell, G. V. (2018). 3852:Perea, Salvador (1972). 3725:Kessel, John L. (2003). 3666:Goodwin, Robert (2019). 3571:. Boydell & Brewer. 3051:2 September 2010 at the 1749:in San Juan, Puerto Rico 1204:Luis de Carvajal y Cueva 1174:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 746:Arrival in the New World 675:Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera 644: 569:and explore more of the 526:in 1513. He was born in 6833:15th-century Castilians 6504:Comuneros (New Granada) 6281:Balearic Islands (1558) 6000:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 5927:Ruy López de Villalobos 5882:Miguel López de Legazpi 5796:García de Toledo Osorio 4660:Western Sahara conflict 4650:Independence of Morocco 4590:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 4533:Piracy in the Caribbean 4518:French Wars of Religion 4390:Governor of Puerto Rico 4365:Governor of Puerto Rico 4275:Wyman, Patrick (2021). 4170:Turner, Samuel (2013). 4049:Sterling, Eric (2003). 4013:. Infobase Publishing. 1985:Oxford University Press 1899:History of the Americas 1856:was named in his honor. 1651:of 1551. Then in 1575, 1214:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 1189:Sebastián de Belalcázar 872:to explore the island. 699:His relatives included 671:Sancha Ponce de Cabrera 61:Governor of Puerto Rico 6749:Colonial Spanish Horse 6423:Colonia del Sacramento 5646:Spanish treasure fleet 5223:Royal Decree of Graces 3919:Rouse, Irving (1992). 3765:Marley, David (2008). 1771:Last voyage to Florida 1759:support from Cardinal 1750: 1540: 1537:Ponce de León's statue 1209:Bartolomé de las Casas 956: 950: 942: 933: 900:Ferdinand II of Aragon 857: 806:Bartolomé de las Casas 682:Pedro Ponce de Cabrera 665:, descendant of count 663:Ponce Vélaz de Cabrera 619:. However, the native 59:1st, 3rd, and 7th 6893:Spanish conquistadors 5907:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 5867:Juan Sebastián Elcano 5182:Council of the Indies 4543:Spanish–Moro conflict 4513:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 4473:Treaty of Tordesillas 4108:Tió, Aurelio (1961). 4087:Thomas, Hugh (2013). 3886:The Unending Frontier 3805:. The Chatham Press. 3046:San Juan municipality 2968:Brevard Business News 2596:Anderson-Córdova 2017 2584:Anderson-Córdova 2005 1991:on 23 September 2021. 1981:UK English Dictionary 1974:"Ponce de León, Juan" 1744: 1535: 1289:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 1244:Pedro de Portocarrero 1239:Francisco de Orellana 1012:Spanish colonization 931: 881:Archive of the Indies 852: 249:Juan Ponce de León II 217:San Juan, Puerto Rico 6704:Mesoamerican Codices 6428:Comuneros (Paraguay) 6266:Siege of Castelnuovo 5852:Christopher Columbus 5671:Consulate of the Sea 5651:Casa de Contratación 5242:Titles and positions 4635:Spanish–American War 4625:Liberal constitution 4468:Asia and the Pacific 4384:Cristóbal de Mendoza 4249:on 23 November 2021. 3624:Floyd, Troy (1973). 3375:Simon & Schuster 3197:"Fontaneda's Memoir" 2181:Alegre-Carvajal 2014 2120:, pp. 502, 529. 2060:, pp. 502, 515. 1786:Caloosahatchee River 1716:Casa de Contratación 1580:Caribbean monk seals 1224:Francisco de Montejo 1154:Christopher Columbus 986:Christopher Columbus 893:Vicente Yáñez Pinzón 752:Christopher Columbus 588:and north along the 536:Christopher Columbus 149:Cristóbal de Mendoza 6903:Spanish West Indies 6858:Deaths by poisoning 6853:Spanish Puerto Rico 6433:Cartagena de Indias 6055:Diego de Mazariegos 6025:Pere Fages i Beleta 5892:Sebastián de Ocampo 5373:Provincias Internas 5345:Captaincies General 5259:Municipal president 5228:School of Salamanca 4999:Spanish East Indies 4978:Misiones Orientales 4850:Spanish West Indies 4814:, Central America ( 4761:Pyrénées-Orientales 4714:Union with Portugal 4605:Napoleonic invasion 4585:War of Jenkins' Ear 3994:on 18 December 2015 3400:, pp. 173–176. 3345:, pp. 136–138. 3333:, pp. 128–132. 3300:, pp. 129–131. 3288:, pp. 125–127. 3276:, pp. 121–124. 3096:, pp. 108–110. 3066:Allen, pp. 215–216. 2862:, pp. 103–115. 2385:PickettPickett 2014 2217:Carriazo Rubio 2005 1509:) and explored the 1476:mariner's astrolabe 1455:Ponce de León Inlet 980:. On 10 July 1509, 978:Spanish West Indies 839:San Rafael del Yuma 651:Santervás de Campos 528:Santervás de Campos 179:Santervás de Campos 6818:Juan Ponce de León 6729:Academia Antártica 6684:Other civil topics 6050:Pánfilo de Narváez 5952:Sebastián Vizcaíno 5917:Andrés de Urdaneta 5877:Juan Ponce de León 5862:Ferdinand Magellan 5836:Bernardo de Gálvez 5735:Indian auxiliaries 5233:Trial of residence 5213:Laws of the Indies 4997:Asia and Oceania ( 4858:Dominican Republic 4309:Juan Ponce de León 4010:Juan Ponce de León 2838:, pp. 99–103. 2752:Van Middeldyk 1903 2704:Van Middeldyk 1903 2680:Van Middeldyk 1903 2562:, pp. 34, 55. 2550:, pp. 28, 34. 2409:Van Middeldyk 1903 2243:, pp. 36, 45. 2231:, pp. 1, 154. 1875:Puerto Rico portal 1826:, in the crypt of 1811:struck his thigh. 1751: 1541: 1325:Indian auxiliaries 1264:Nikolaus Federmann 1229:Pánfilo de Narváez 1219:Juan Ponce de León 1047:Strait of Magellan 934: 858: 724:Order of Calatrava 690:Alfonso IX of León 584:coast down to the 299:Juan Ponce de León 84:Office established 37:Juan Ponce de León 6805: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6674: 6673: 6579:Spanish conquests 6569: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6354: 6353: 6035:Pedro de Alvarado 6020:Gaspar de Portolà 6015:Pedro de Valdivia 5990:Francisco Pizarro 5942:Nicolás de Ovando 5937:Alonso de Ercilla 5912:Alonso de Salazar 5745:Ships of the line 5693: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5117: 5116: 5074:Northern Africa ( 5070:Equatorial Guinea 5054: 5053: 4991: 4990: 4906: 4905: 4829: 4828: 4820:Spanish Caribbean 4793:Spanish Louisiana 4769: 4768: 4704:Crown of Castille 4668: 4667: 4645:Spanish Civil War 4620:Adams–Onís Treaty 4600:Nootka Convention 4548:Thirty Years' War 4538:Eighty Years' War 4459:Catholic Monarchs 4449:Timeline–immersed 4404: 4403: 4399:Sánchez Velázquez 4397:Succeeded by 4372:Succeeded by 4304:Library resources 4288:978-1-5387-0117-1 4267:978-0-89096-211-4 4229:978-0-226-85619-3 4100:978-0-8041-5214-3 4068:978-1-57958-424-5 4041:978-0-8173-5257-8 4020:978-1-4381-0684-7 3974:978-1-351-01469-4 3953:978-84-472-0761-9 3932:978-0-300-16183-0 3876:978-0-7864-6221-6 3844:978-1-880654-02-6 3812:978-0-912627-62-5 3778:978-1-59884-100-8 3757:978-1-258-92984-8 3700:978-0-8239-3627-4 3679:978-1-63286-724-7 3658:978-0-939923-84-7 3578:978-1-78327-546-5 3540:978-1-137-40434-3 3519:978-0-8173-1946-5 3498:978-0-8173-5238-7 3460:978-0-8032-1015-8 3439:978-84-362-6876-8 3384:978-0-7432-5107-5 3357:, pp. 51–66. 3260:978-0-520-02777-0 3180:978-0-8261-1875-2 3132:, pp. 88–89. 3120:, pp. 46–47. 3081:, pp. 43–45. 3036:, pp. 43–44. 3007:, pp. 14–15. 2944:, pp. 29–32. 2893:, pp. 40–41. 2826:, pp. 84–88. 2814:, pp. 92–95. 2790:, pp. 88–91. 2706:, pp. 36–41. 2682:, pp. 27–29. 2658:, pp. 75–77. 2634:, pp. 12–13. 2610:, pp. 72–75. 2526:, pp. 66–68. 2478:, pp. 63–65. 2435:, pp. 56–57. 2411:, pp. 12–15. 2339:, pp. 44–45. 2039:. Merriam-Webster 1838:Legacy and honors 1778:southwest Florida 1623:Fountain of Youth 1617:Fountain of Youth 1484:Ponte Vedra Beach 1366: 1365: 1259:Pedro de Valdivia 1249:Francisco Pizarro 1169:Pedro de Alvarado 1042:Pacific Northwest 783:Nicolás de Ovando 771:Nicolás de Ovando 732:Catholic Monarchs 613:Southwest Florida 602:Fountain of Youth 592:coast; historian 296: 295: 196:(aged 46–47) 6910: 6680: 6679: 6646:Chibchan Nations 6575: 6574: 6544:Santiago de Cuba 6403:Guadalupe Island 6363: 6362: 6090: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6045:Diego de Almagro 5922:Antonio de Ulloa 5826:Ambrosio Spinola 5821:Pedro de Zubiaur 5791:Alfonso d'Avalos 5781:Antonio de Leyva 5725:Army of Flanders 5710: 5709: 5699: 5698: 5588: 5587: 5577: 5576: 5303: 5302: 5292: 5291: 5162: 5161: 5151: 5150: 5119: 5118: 5092:Peñón of Algiers 5056: 5055: 4993: 4992: 4908: 4907: 4831: 4830: 4813: 4771: 4770: 4685: 4684: 4674: 4673: 4595:Seven Years' War 4568:Queen Anne's War 4445: 4444: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4382:Preceded by 4357:Preceded by 4354: 4353: 4345: 4337: 4292: 4271: 4250: 4233: 4212: 4191: 4166: 4164: 4154: 4135: 4125: 4115: 4104: 4083: 4072: 4055:Speake, Jennifer 4045: 4024: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3990:. Archived from 3978: 3957: 3936: 3915: 3880: 3859: 3848: 3827: 3816: 3795: 3793: 3782: 3761: 3740: 3721: 3704: 3683: 3662: 3641: 3620: 3599: 3582: 3561: 3544: 3523: 3502: 3481: 3464: 3443: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3164: 3158: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3082: 3076: 3067: 3064: 3055: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2995:, pp. 9–15. 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2466:, pp. 9–11. 2461: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2094:Greenberger 2005 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2016: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1987:. Archived from 1970: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1782:Charlotte Harbor 1545:Charlotte Harbor 1468:navigational fix 1358: 1351: 1344: 1299:Amerigo Vespucci 1254:Hernando de Soto 1164:Diego de Almagro 1024: 1008: 1007: 959: 953: 947: 795:Jaragua massacre 511: 506: 502: 501: 498: 497: 494: 489: 488: 483: 482: 479: 476: 473: 470: 465: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 448: 447: 444: 440: 439: 436: 433: 430: 427: 420: 412: 411: 408: 407: 404: 401: 398: 395: 391: 390: 387: 383: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 360: 351: 350: 347: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 330: 329: 326: 322: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 288: 257:(great-grandson) 195: 168:Personal details 156: 146: 137: 125: 115: 106: 92: 80: 71: 47: 28: 27: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6797: 6773:Old inquisition 6685: 6670: 6580: 6553: 6509:Trinidad (1797) 6479:La Noche Triste 6467: 6463:San Juan (1797) 6413:San Juan (1595) 6350: 6239: 6079:Notable battles 6074: 6040:Martín de Ursúa 5971: 5902:Alonso de Ojeda 5872:Juan de la Cosa 5857:Pinzón brothers 5840: 5811:John of Austria 5786:Martín de Goiti 5764: 5704: 5685: 5629: 5582: 5563: 5475: 5471:Terra Australis 5466:Río de la Plata 5411:Castilla de Oro 5397: 5339: 5335:Río de la Plata 5297: 5278: 5237: 5196: 5192:Santa Hermandad 5156: 5137: 5133:Terra Australis 5124: 5113: 5080:Spanish Morocco 5061: 5050: 5041:Northern Taiwan 5002: 4987: 4958:Río de la Plata 4913: 4902: 4836: 4835:Central America 4825: 4807: 4776: 4765: 4709:Crown of Aragon 4690: 4679: 4664: 4580:Bourbon Reforms 4450: 4439: 4434: 4400: 4393: 4385: 4377: 4368: 4360: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4268: 4230: 4209: 4201:. D. Appleton. 4162: 4151: 4123: 4101: 4069: 4042: 4021: 3997: 3995: 3975: 3954: 3933: 3904: 3877: 3845: 3813: 3779: 3758: 3737: 3701: 3680: 3659: 3638: 3617: 3579: 3541: 3520: 3499: 3461: 3440: 3421: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3217:Pineapple Press 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3165: 3161: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3053:Wayback Machine 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2909: 2905:, pp. 8–9. 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2766:, pp. 5–7. 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2670:, pp. 3–4. 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2363:, pp. 4–5. 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2031:"Ponce de León" 2029: 2028: 2024: 2014: 2012: 2003:"Ponce de León" 2000: 1996: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1943:"Ponce de León" 1941: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1921: 1917: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1840: 1828:San José Church 1809:manchineel tree 1773: 1680: 1678:Between voyages 1625: 1619: 1459:Melbourne Beach 1362: 1304:Juan de la Cosa 1274:Pedro de Candia 1159:Alonso de Ojeda 1014:of the Americas 1013: 1006: 957:Hacienda Grande 908:placer deposits 847: 829:. In 1508 King 779: 748: 686:Aldonza Alfonso 647: 642: 594:John R. Swanton 504: 491: 485: 467: 449: 441: 424: 415: 414: 392: 384: 364: 354: 353: 331: 323: 306: 302: 260: 197: 193: 177: 154: 144: 138: 133: 123: 113: 107: 102: 90: 78: 72: 67: 50: 38: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6916: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6589:Canary Islands 6585: 6582: 6581: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6443:Túpac Amaru II 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6388:Bogotá savanna 6385: 6380: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6296:Spanish Armada 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6190:White Mountain 6187: 6185:Cape Celidonia 6182: 6180:English Armada 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6096: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5957:Juan Fernández 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5932:Diego Columbus 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5760:Army of Africa 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5740:Spanish Armada 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5716: 5714: 5706: 5705: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5641:Manila galleon 5637: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5596: 5594: 5584: 5583: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5299: 5298: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5168: 5166: 5158: 5157: 5155:Administration 5147: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5076:Western Sahara 5072: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5007: 5004: 5003: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4974:Banda Oriental 4955: 4941: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4789:Coastal Alaska 4781: 4778: 4777: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4681: 4680: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4441: 4440: 4437:Spanish Empire 4433: 4432: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4370: 4361: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298:External links 4296: 4294: 4293: 4287: 4272: 4266: 4251: 4234: 4228: 4213: 4207: 4192: 4167: 4155: 4149: 4136: 4116: 4105: 4099: 4084: 4073: 4067: 4046: 4040: 4025: 4019: 4004: 3979: 3973: 3958: 3952: 3937: 3931: 3916: 3902: 3881: 3875: 3860: 3849: 3843: 3837:. Pogo Press. 3828: 3817: 3811: 3796: 3783: 3777: 3762: 3756: 3741: 3736:978-1928874201 3735: 3722: 3705: 3699: 3684: 3678: 3663: 3657: 3642: 3636: 3621: 3615: 3600: 3583: 3577: 3562: 3556:(in Spanish). 3545: 3539: 3524: 3518: 3503: 3497: 3482: 3465: 3459: 3444: 3438: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3410:Villatoro 2021 3402: 3390: 3383: 3377:. p. 25. 3359: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3302: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3259: 3239: 3225: 3201: 3189: 3179: 3159: 3157:, second part. 3146: 3144:, p. 482. 3134: 3122: 3110: 3098: 3083: 3068: 3056: 3038: 3026: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2958: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2920:, p. 507. 2907: 2895: 2883: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2718:, p. 135. 2708: 2696: 2694:, p. 158. 2684: 2672: 2660: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2622:, p. 325. 2612: 2600: 2588: 2586:, p. 342. 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2502:, p. 155. 2492: 2480: 2468: 2449: 2447:, p. 125. 2437: 2425: 2413: 2401: 2399:, p. 396. 2389: 2377: 2365: 2353: 2351:, p. 210. 2341: 2329: 2317: 2315:, p. 502. 2305: 2293: 2281: 2269: 2267:, p. 261. 2257: 2255:, p. 535. 2245: 2233: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2183:, p. 333. 2173: 2171:, p. 191. 2158: 2146: 2144:, p. 188. 2134: 2132:, p. 973. 2122: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2072:, p. 334. 2062: 2050: 2022: 1994: 1965: 1934: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1839: 1836: 1772: 1769: 1679: 1676: 1672:Spanish Empire 1621:Main article: 1618: 1615: 1463:Bermuda-rigged 1443:Pascua Florida 1364: 1363: 1361: 1360: 1353: 1346: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1269:Inés de Suárez 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1017: 1016: 1005: 1002: 846: 843: 778: 775: 747: 744: 673:, daughter of 646: 643: 641: 638: 567:King Ferdinand 294: 293: 290: 289: 282: 278: 277: 274: 270: 269: 266: 262: 261: 259: 258: 252: 245: 243: 239: 238: 235: 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 210: 206: 205: 190: 186: 185: 174: 170: 169: 165: 164: 161: 160: 157: 151: 150: 147: 141: 140: 130: 129: 126: 120: 119: 116: 110: 109: 99: 98: 93: 87: 86: 81: 75: 74: 64: 63: 56: 55: 52: 51: 48: 40: 39: 36: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6915: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6724:Tapada limeña 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6681: 6677: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6583: 6576: 6572: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6316:Montes Claros 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6256:Vienna (1529) 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5985:Hernán Cortés 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5977:Conquistadors 5974: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5947:Juan de Ayala 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5801:Duke of Savoy 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5696: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5600:Dollar (Peso) 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5574: 5560: 5559:Santo Domingo 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5436:New Andalusia 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5383:Santo Domingo 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5307:Viceroyalties 5304: 5300: 5293: 5289: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5148: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5120: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5057: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5005: 5000: 4994: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4912:South America 4909: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4832: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4797:Spanish Texas 4794: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4775:North America 4772: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4756:Franche-Comté 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4671: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4453: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4392: 4391: 4380: 4376: 4367: 4366: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4336: 4331: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4214: 4210: 4208:9781548743741 4204: 4200: 4199: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4150:84-7846-781-5 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4005: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3967:. Routledge. 3966: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3903:9780520939356 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3869:. McFarland. 3868: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3797: 3792: 3791: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3643: 3639: 3637:9780826302830 3633: 3629: 3628: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3411: 3406: 3399: 3394: 3386: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3344: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3243: 3228: 3226:9781561641352 3222: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3205: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3163: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3119: 3114: 3108:, p. 45. 3107: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3042: 3035: 3030: 3024:, p. 42. 3023: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3006: 3001: 2994: 2989: 2983:, p. 15. 2982: 2977: 2970: 2969: 2962: 2956:, p. 39. 2955: 2950: 2943: 2938: 2932:, p. 33. 2931: 2930:Steigman 2005 2926: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2904: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2861: 2856: 2850:, p. 51. 2849: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2820: 2813: 2808: 2802:, p. 40. 2801: 2796: 2789: 2784: 2778:, p. 95. 2777: 2772: 2765: 2760: 2754:, p. 18. 2753: 2748: 2742:, p. 10. 2741: 2736: 2729: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2620:Richards 2019 2616: 2609: 2604: 2598:, p. 42. 2597: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2561: 2556: 2549: 2548:Devereux 1993 2544: 2538:, p. 23. 2537: 2532: 2525: 2520: 2514:, p. 21. 2513: 2508: 2501: 2496: 2490:, p. 36. 2489: 2484: 2477: 2472: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2421:Schimmer 2015 2417: 2410: 2405: 2398: 2397:Scammell 2018 2393: 2387:, p. 17. 2386: 2381: 2374: 2369: 2362: 2357: 2350: 2345: 2338: 2333: 2327:, p. 73. 2326: 2321: 2314: 2309: 2302: 2301:Devereux 1993 2297: 2291:, p. 14. 2290: 2289:Slavicek 2009 2285: 2279:, p. 44. 2278: 2273: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2229:Claussen 2020 2225: 2219:, p. 66. 2218: 2213: 2207:, p. 40. 2206: 2201: 2195:, p. 38. 2194: 2189: 2182: 2177: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2156:, p. 26. 2155: 2150: 2143: 2138: 2131: 2130:Sterling 2003 2126: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2096:, p. 80. 2095: 2090: 2084:, p. 38. 2083: 2078: 2071: 2066: 2059: 2054: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2026: 2010: 2009: 2004: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1975: 1969: 1954: 1953:HarperCollins 1950: 1949: 1944: 1938: 1932:, p. 26. 1931: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1865: 1855: 1854: 1853:Ponce De Leon 1849: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1735:Requerimiento 1732: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1606: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1591:Diego Miruelo 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1492:San Cristobal 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451:St. Augustine 1447: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413:Man-O-War Cay 1410: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1397:San Cristobal 1394: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1234:Juan de Oñate 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1199:Hernán Cortés 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1037:Inter caetera 1035: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1001: 997: 993: 991: 987: 984:, the son of 983: 979: 974: 973:(long guns). 972: 968: 963: 958: 952: 946: 945: 938: 930: 926: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 867: 863: 862:Island Caribs 856: 851: 842: 840: 834: 832: 828: 824: 819: 817: 816: 811: 807: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 785:, arrived in 784: 774: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 756:second voyage 753: 743: 741: 737: 733: 730:in which the 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 697: 693: 691: 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 668: 667:Bermudo Núñez 664: 660: 656: 652: 637: 635: 631: 627: 622: 618: 614: 609: 605: 603: 599: 598:Apalachee Bay 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 574: 572: 571:Caribbean Sea 568: 564: 560: 559:Spanish crown 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 516: 510: 500: 418: 410: 358: 349: 300: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 256: 253: 250: 247: 246: 244: 240: 236: 232: 229: 226: 222: 218: 214: 211: 209:Resting place 207: 204: 200: 191: 187: 184: 180: 175: 171: 166: 162: 158: 152: 148: 142: 136: 131: 127: 121: 117: 111: 105: 100: 97: 94: 88: 85: 82: 76: 70: 65: 62: 57: 53: 46: 41: 34: 29: 26: 22: 6699:Architecture 6594:The Americas 6458:Newfoundland 6448:Túpac Katari 6438:Cuerno Verde 6373:Tenochtitlan 6205:Valenciennes 5962:Luis Fajardo 5876: 5831:Blas de Lezo 5776:Duke of Alba 5656:Spanish Road 5494:Buenos Aires 5403:Governorates 5172:Ayuntamiento 5165:Organization 4630:Carlist Wars 4478:Italian Wars 4388: 4363: 4339: 4308: 4281:. Hachette. 4277: 4256: 4247:the original 4242: 4218: 4197: 4179: 4175: 4140: 4131: 4127: 4110: 4089: 4078: 4058: 4030: 4009: 3996:. Retrieved 3992:the original 3988:gsp.yale.edu 3987: 3963: 3942: 3921: 3885: 3865: 3854: 3833: 3822: 3801: 3789: 3767: 3746: 3726: 3709: 3689: 3668: 3647: 3626: 3605: 3595: 3591: 3567: 3557: 3553: 3529: 3508: 3487: 3480:(27): 29–58. 3477: 3473: 3449: 3428: 3419:Bibliography 3405: 3393: 3369: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3312: 3305: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3249: 3242: 3230:. 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