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that trade increases wages, with 31 percent of people believing it does, compared to 27 percent who believe it does not. In emerging economies, 47 percent of people believe trade increases wages, compared to 20 percent who says it lowers wages. There is a positive relationship of 0.66 between the average GDP growth rate for the years 2014 to 2017 and the percentage of people in a given country that say trade increases wages. Most people, in both advanced and emerging economies, believe that trade increases prices. 35 percent of people in advanced economies and 56 percent in emerging economies believe trade increases prices, and 29 percent and 18 percent, respectively, believe that trade lowers prices. Those with a higher level of education are more likely than those with less education to believe that trade lowers prices.
5854:(1848): "The bourgeoisie has set up that single, unconscionable freedom – free trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation". Marx supported free trade, however, solely because he felt that it would hasten the social revolution. He also viewed the tendency to support protectionism out of spite for free trade to be unsound. That is because Marx viewed protectionism as a means for domestic firms to establish "large-scale" industry within its borders, which would inevitably make it dependent on the world market so that it could make more revenue for example. He also argues that protectionism does not stop a country from developing a domestic economic system that ironically mirrors competitive free trade.
6016:
3704:, a proponent of industrial policy, believes higher levels may be justified in developing nations because the productivity gap between them and developed nations today is much higher than what developed nations faced when they were at a similar level of technological development. Underdeveloped nations today, Chang believes, are weak players in a much more competitive system. Counterarguments to Chang's point of view are that the developing countries are able to adopt technologies from abroad whereas developed nations had to create new technologies themselves and that developing countries can sell to export markets far richer than any that existed in the 19th century.
4236:
the impression that tariff cuts caused the crash and the reverse generated the recovery. Mr Irwin also methodically debunks the idea that protectionism made
America a great industrial power, a notion believed by some to offer lessons for developing countries today. As its share of global manufacturing powered from 23% in 1870 to 36% in 1913, the admittedly high tariffs of the time came with a cost, estimated at around 0.5% of GDP in the mid-1870s. In some industries, they might have sped up development by a few years. But American growth during its protectionist period was more to do with its abundant resources and openness to people and ideas.
6286:, the dominant view surrounding trade at the time which held that a country should aim to export more than it imports and thus amass wealth. Instead, Smith argues, countries could gain from each producing exclusively the goods in which they are most suited to, trading between each other as required for the purposes of consumption. In this vein, it is not the value of exports relative to that of imports that is important, but the value of the goods produced by a nation. However, the concept of absolute advantage does not address a situation where a country has no advantage in the production of a particular good or type of good.
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of people, the influence of those 63,000,000 of people elevates the rest of the world. We cannot take a step in the pathway of progress without benefitting mankind everywhere. Well, they say, 'Buy where you can buy the cheapest'…. Of course, that applies to labor as to everything else. Let me give you a maxim that is a thousand times better than that, and it is the protection maxim: 'Buy where you can pay the easiest.' And that spot of earth is where labor wins its highest rewards.
3819:. It is efficient for a good to be produced by the country which is the lowest cost producer, but this does not always take place if a high cost producer has a free trade agreement while the low cost producer faces a high tariff. Applying free trade to the high cost producer and not the low cost producer as well can lead to trade diversion and a net economic loss. This reason is why many economists place such high importance on negotiations for global tariff reductions, such as the
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3860:, "Few propositions command as much consensus among professional economists as that open world trade increases economic growth and raises living standards". In a survey of leading economists, none disagreed with the notion that "freer trade improves productive efficiency and offers consumers better choices, and in the long run these gains are much larger than any effects on employment".
4101:. Until the 1760s, few colonists openly advocated for free trade, in part because regulations were not strictly enforced (New England was famous for smuggling), but also because colonial merchants did not want to compete with foreign goods and shipping. According to historian Oliver Dickerson, a desire for free trade was not one of the causes of the
8284:
5126:
weighted average tariffs on manufactured products of approximately 40–50% up until the 1950s, augmented by the natural protectionism of high transportation costs in the 19th century. The most consistent practitioners of free trade have been
Switzerland, the Netherlands and to a lesser degree Belgium. Chang describes the
6345:
beneficial? The effect of such things is to lessen the cost of transporting commodities; the effect of tariffs is to increase it. If the protective theory be true, every improvement that cheapens the carriage of goods between country and country is an injury to mankind unless tariffs be commensurately increased.
8292:
4324:
Under free trade the trader is the master and the producer the slave. Protection is but the law of nature, the law of self-preservation, of self-development, of securing the highest and best destiny of the race of man. that protection is immoral . Why, if protection builds up and elevates 63,000,000
3773:
Sometimes consumers are better off and producers worse off and sometimes consumers are worse off and producers are better off, but the imposition of trade restrictions causes a net loss to society because the losses from trade restrictions are larger than the gains from trade restrictions. Free trade
8537:
Gentlemen deceive themselves. It is not free trade that they are recommending to our acceptance. It is, in effect, the
British colonial system that we are invited to adopt; and, if their policy prevail, it will lead, substantially, to the recolonization of these States, under the commercial dominion
5817:
holds that consumers would necessarily gain more than producers would lose. Since each of the domestic sugar producers would lose a lot while each of a great number of consumers would gain only a little, domestic producers are more likely to mobilize against the reduction in tariffs. More generally,
5089:
must constantly pedal towards greater liberalization. To achieve greater liberalization, decision makers must appeal to the greater welfare for consumers and the wider national economy over narrower parochial interests. However, Bergsten also posits that it is also necessary to compensate the losers
3769:
An almost identical analysis of this tariff from the perspective of a net producing country yields parallel results. From that country's perspective, the tariff leaves producers worse off and consumers better off, but the net loss to producers is larger than the benefit to consumers (there is no tax
4235:
Political dynamics would lead people to see a link between tariffs and the economic cycle that was not there. A boom would generate enough revenue for tariffs to fall, and when the bust came pressure would build to raise them again. By the time that happened, the economy would be recovering, giving
3866:
stated that free trade is greatly beneficial to the world as a whole, and especially beneficial to people in poorer nations, since it allows them to increase their standards of living. He also stated in 2007 that, as the US trades more with less-industrialized countries whose workers are paid less
3852:
The literature analyzing the economics of free trade is rich. Economists have done extensive work on the theoretical and empirical effects of free trade. Although it creates winners and losers, the broad consensus among economists is that free trade provides a net gain for society. In a 2006 survey
3765:
This has three effects on societal welfare. Consumers are made worse off because the consumer surplus (green region) becomes smaller. Producers are better off because the producer surplus (yellow region) is made larger. The government also has additional tax revenue (blue region). However, the loss
6273:
It is the maxim of every prudent master of a family, never to attempt to make at home what it will cost him more to make than to buy. If a foreign country can supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, better buy it of them with some part of the produce of our own industry,
5903:
that the impact of education on how voters think about trade and globalization has more to do with exposure to economic ideas and information about the aggregate and varied effects of these economic phenomena, than it does with individual calculations about how trade affects personal income or job
5812:
Domestic industries often oppose free trade on the grounds that lower prices for imported goods would reduce their profits and market share. For example, if the United States reduced tariffs on imported sugar, sugar producers would receive lower prices and profits, and sugar consumers would spend
3911:
An overwhelming number of people internationally – both in developed and developing countries – support trade with other countries, but are more split when it comes to whether or not they believe trade creates jobs, increases wages, and decreases prices. The median belief in advanced economies is
6303:
of production. A country should specialize in whatever good it can produce at the lowest cost, trading this good to buy other goods it requires for consumption. This allows for countries to benefit from trade even when they do not have an absolute advantage in any area of production. While their
5120:
reviews the history of free trade policies and economic growth and notes that many of the now-industrialized countries had significant barriers to trade throughout their history. The United States and
Britain, sometimes considered the homes of free trade policy, employed protectionism to varying
4217:
The program of the world's peace, therefore, is our program; and that program, the only possible program, all we see it, is this: 3. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and
6344:
We all hear with interest and pleasure of improvements in transportation by water or land; we are all disposed to regard the opening of canals, the building of railways, the deepening of harbors, the improvement of steamships as beneficial. But if such things are beneficial, how can tariffs be
4268:
contested several elections throughout the 1830s, 1840s and 1850s in part over the issue of the tariff and protection of industry. The
Democratic Party favored moderate tariffs used for government revenue only while the Whigs favored higher protective tariffs to protect favored industries. The
3777:
A 2021 study found that across 151 countries over the period 1963–2014, "tariff increases are associated with persistent, economically and statistically significant declines in domestic output and productivity, as well as higher unemployment and inequality, real exchange rate appreciation, and
5125:
which restricted import of grain in 1846 in response to domestic pressures and reduced protectionism for manufactures only in the mid 19th century when its technological advantage was at its height, but tariffs on manufactured products had returned to 23% by 1950. The United States maintained
5076:
Some degree of protectionism is nevertheless the norm throughout the world. From 1820 to 1980, the average tariffs on manufactures in twelve industrial countries ranged from 11 to 32%. In the developing world, average tariffs on manufactured goods are approximately 34%. The
American economist
4222:
According to economic historian
Douglas Irwin, a common myth about United States trade policy is that low tariffs harmed American manufacturers in the early 19th century and then that high tariffs made the United States into a great industrial power in the late 19th century. A review by the
5148:
The Global
Enabling Trade Report measures the factors, policies and services that facilitate the trade in goods across borders and to destinations. The index summarizes four sub-indexes, namely market access; border administration; transport and communications infrastructure; and business
6251:, not only did the CFS become a commercial entity directly or indirectly trading within its dominion, but Leopold had also been slowly monopolizing a considerable amount of the ivory and rubber trade by imposing export duties on the resources traded by other merchants within the CFS.
8145:
4120:
responded by effectively declaring economic independence, opening
American ports to foreign trade on 6 April 1776 – three months before declaring sovereign independence. According to historian John W. Tyler, "ree trade had been forced on the Americans, like it or not".
6820:
See P.Krugman, «The Narrow and Broad
Arguments for Free Trade», American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 83(3), 1993; and P. Krugman, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in the Age of Diminished Expectations, New York, W.W. Norton & Company,
6003:, Correa identified the difference between an "American system" opposed to a "British System" of free trade. The Americans explicitly viewed the latter, he says, as "part of the British imperialist system". According to Correa, Chang showed that Treasury Secretary
5040:
which limits in certain ways but does not eliminate tariffs and other trade barriers. Most countries are also members of regional free trade areas that lower trade barriers among participating countries. The European Union and the United States are negotiating a
3554:, establish a free trade zone among members while creating a protectionist barrier between that free trade area and the rest of the world. Most governments still impose some protectionist policies that are intended to support local employment, such as applying
3853:
of American economists (83 responders), "87.5% agree that the U.S. should eliminate remaining tariffs and other barriers to trade" and "90.1% disagree with the suggestion that the U.S. should restrict employers from outsourcing work to foreign countries".
6349:
George considers the general free trade argument inadequate. He argues that the removal of protective tariffs alone is never sufficient to improve the situation of the working class, unless accompanied by a shift towards a "single tax" in the form of a
5748:
fall into the economic category (trade hurts the economy or groups in the economy) or into the moral category (the effects of trade might help the economy but have ill effects in other areas). A general argument against free trade is that it represents
3843:. The free-trade shop is shown as full to the brim with customers due to its low prices. The shop based upon protectionism is shown as suffering from high prices and a lack of customers, with animosity between the business owner and the regulator.
6184:
and other domestic pressures over food prices. It also reduced protectionism for manufactures, but only in the mid 19th century when its technological advantage was at its height. Tariffs on manufactured products had returned to 23% by 1950.
5904:
security. This is not to say that the latter types of calculations are not important in shaping individuals' views of trade – just that they are not being manifest in the simple association between education and support for trade openness
5085:. According to this model, trade policy is dynamically unstable in that it constantly tends towards either liberalization or protectionism. To prevent falling off the bike (the disadvantages of protectionism), trade policy and
3692:
and by analyzing the impact of a tariff or import quota. An economic analysis using the law of supply and demand and the economic effects of a tax can be used to show the theoretical benefits and disadvantages of free trade.
3577:
Historically, openness to free trade substantially increased from 1815 to the outbreak of World War I. Trade openness increased again during the 1920s, but collapsed (in particular in Europe and North America) during the
3766:
to consumers is greater than the gains by producers and the government. The magnitude of this societal loss is shown by the two pink triangles. Removing the tariff and having free trade would be a net gain for society.
6188:
The United States maintained weighted average tariffs on manufactured products of approximately 40–50% up until the 1950s, augmented by the natural protectionism of high transportation costs in the 19th century. The
3983:
Economists who advocated free trade believed trade was the reason why certain civilizations prospered economically. For example, Smith pointed to increased trading as being the reason for the flourishing of not just
3867:
than equivalent US workers (2007 wages in Mexico were 1/10 what they were in the US, and in China less than 1/20), increased trade with those countries will put downward pressure on unskilled labor rates in the US.
3798:
found that reductions in trade costs since 1980 caused increases in agricultural productivity, food consumption and welfare across the world. The welfare gains were particularly large in some developing countries.
3589:
Economists are generally supportive of free trade. There is a broad consensus among economists that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare while free trade and the reduction of
3542:
agreements. States can unilaterally reduce regulations and duties on imports and exports, as well as form bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements. Free trade areas between groups of countries, such as the
4244:, since the end of the 18th century, the United States has been "the homeland and bastion of modern protectionism". In fact, the United States never adhered to free trade until 1945. For the most part, the
6537:
Parties of the left in government adopt protectionist policies for ideological reasons and because they wish to save worker jobs. Conversely, right-wing parties are predisposed toward free trade policies.
3737:
The chart at the right analyzes the effect of the imposition of an import tariff on some imaginary good. Prior to the tariff, the price of the good in the world market and hence in the domestic market is
6633:
Yet, certain national interests, regional trading blocks, and left-wing anti-globalization forces still favor protectionist practices, making protectionism a continuing issue for both American political
3770:
revenue in this case because the country being analyzed is not collecting the tariff). Under similar analysis, export tariffs, import quotas and export quotas all yield nearly identical results.
4316:(later to become President of the United States) stated the stance of the Republican Party (which won every election for president from 1868 until 1912, except the two non-consecutive terms of
5046:
1926:
8026:
Let us by all means apply the sacred principles of free trade to trade in vice, and regulate the relations of the sexes by the higgling of the market and the liberty of private contract.
5880:
see the agreement as materially harming the common people, but some of the arguments are actually against the particulars of government-managed trade, rather than against free trade
7674:
5090:
in trade and help them find new work as this will both reduce the backlash against globalization and the motives for trades unions and politicians to call for protection of trade.
6304:
gains from trade might not be equal to those of a country more productive in all goods, they will still be better off economically from trade than they would be under a state of
4020:
and pursuing a policy of free trade. This made the free trade/mercantilist dispute the most important question in economics for centuries. Free trade policies have battled with
9286:
9463:
7472:
6892:, September/October 2004, 86(5), pp. 1: "most observers agree that 'he consensus among mainstream economists on the desirability of free trade remains almost universal.'"
4105:. "The idea that the basic mercantile practices of the eighteenth century were wrong", wrote Dickerson, "was not a part of the thinking of the Revolutionary leaders".
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6872:(April 24, 2015): "Economists are famous for disagreeing with one another.... But economists reach near unanimity on some topics, including international trade."
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have long portrayed free trade as a form of colonialism or imperialism. In the 19th century, such groups criticized British calls for free trade as cover for
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producers often favor domestic subsidies and tariffs on imports in their home countries while objecting to subsidies and tariffs in their export markets.
3966:
was "the first to set forth the notions (though not the terms) of freedom of commerce and freedom of the seas". Vitoria made the case under principles of
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1690:
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Owen, Erica; Johnston, Noel P. (2017). "Occupation and the Political Economy of Trade: Job Routineness, Offshorability, and Protectionist Sentiment".
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Globalization and the State: Volume II: Trade Agreements, Inequality, the Environment, Financial Globalization, International Law and Vulnerabilities
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Research shows that support for trade restrictions is highest among respondents with the lowest levels of education. Hainmueller and Hiscox find:
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Cimoli, Mario; Dosi, Giovanni; Landesmann, Michael A.; Mazzucato, Mariana; Page, Tim; Pianta, Mario; Stiglitz, Joseph E.; Walz, Rainer (2015).
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Hainmueller, Jens; Hiscox, Michael J. (2006). "Learning to Love Globalization: Education and Individual Attitudes Toward International Trade".
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3711:, it must be high enough to allow domestic manufactured goods to compete with imported goods in order to be successful. This theory, known as
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to only 3% for imports and exports and in 1790. Ottoman free trade policies were praised by British economists advocating free trade such as
1715:
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After the Corn Laws were repealed, ending Ireland's virtual monopoly of the British grain market, the Irish land system changed radically.
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marked the beginning of the trend of returning to protectionism in the United States, an ideology incorporated into Republican president
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became a leading proponent of the American System of economics. This mercantilist American System was opposed by the Democratic Party of
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to exports. Governments may also restrict free trade to limit exports of natural resources. Other barriers that may hinder trade include
552:
14233:
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Although George is very critical towards protectionism, he discusses the subject in particular with respect to the interests of labor:
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5065:. Non-economic considerations may inhibit free trade as a country may espouse free trade in principle but ban certain drugs, such as
1720:
840:
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12841:
10878:
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10853:
10843:
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Left-wing governments are considered more likely than others to intervene in the economy and to enact protectionist trade policies.
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2110:
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to protect domestic goods and industry from international competition, and to raise government revenue in lieu of other forms of
4429:
4361:, the United States has often been a proponent of reduced tariff-barriers and free trade. The United States helped establish the
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creates winners and losers, but theory and empirical evidence show that the gains from free trade are larger than the losses.
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1807:
713:
525:
163:
4186:, was put in place in 1860 between Britain and France which led to successive agreements between other countries in Europe.
3598:
can cause significant and unequally distributed losses and the economic dislocation of workers in import-competing sectors.
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The notion of a free trade system encompassing multiple sovereign states originated in a rudimentary form in 16th century
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3586:). Economists and economic historians contend that current levels of trade openness are the highest they have ever been.
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1998:
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4308:, who called himself a "Henry Clay tariff Whig", strongly opposed free trade and implemented a 44% tariff during the
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565:
366:
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Under balanced trade, nations are required to provide a fairly even reciprocal trade pattern; they cannot run large
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Some opponents of free trade favor free-trade theory but oppose free-trade agreements as applied. Some opponents of
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9353:
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6007:(in office 1789–1795), rather than List, first presented a systematic argument defending industrial protectionism.
5991:(in office from 2007 to 2017) denounced the "sophistry of free trade" in an introduction he wrote for a 2006 book,
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Swedberg, Richard (2018). "Folk economics and its role in Trump's presidential campaign: an exploratory study".
4396:(EEC) in 1958. Two core objectives of the EEC were the development of a common market, subsequently renamed the
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Protection or Free Trade: An Examination of the Tariff Question, with Especial Regard to the Interests of Labor
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theory, the selective application of free trade agreements to some countries and tariffs on others can lead to
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6299:, it makes a case for free trade based not on absolute advantage in production of a good, but on the relative
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Research suggests that attitudes towards free trade do not necessarily reflect individuals' self-interests.
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This theoretical shortcoming was addressed by the theory of comparative advantage. Generally attributed to
5995:, which was written in part by Correa's Energy Minister Alberto Acosta. Citing as his source the 2002 book
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groups oppose free trade based on their assertion that free-trade agreements generally do not increase the
5143:
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4078:, who cited the Ottoman Empire as "an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition" in the 1846
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537:
532:
218:
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A 2017 study found that individuals whose occupations are routine-task-intensive and who do jobs that are
4312:, in part to pay for railroad subsidies and for the war effort and in part to protect favored industries.
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3582:. Trade openness increased substantially again from the 1950s onwards (albeit with a slowdown during the
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or trade surpluses. Fair trade involves allowing trade but taking into account other interests, such as
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debate, arguing that it destroyed what had been "some of the finest manufactures of the world" in 1812.
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8517:"In Defense of the American System: In the Senate of the United States, February 2d, 3d, and 6th, 1832"
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361:
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17:
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Nations and Firms in the Global Economy : An Introduction to International Economics and Business
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5809:
Economic arguments against free trade criticize the assumptions or conclusions of economic theories.
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William McKinley speech, October 4, 1892 in Boston, MA William McKinley Papers (Library of Congress)
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4373:. Since the 1970s, United States governments have negotiated managed-trade agreements, such as the
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1988:
1973:
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1735:
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602:
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356:
278:
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4055:, dating back to the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with
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2003:
1968:
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885:
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133:
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905:
655:
607:
457:
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6426: – Geographic area where economic activity between and within countries is less regulated
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Economic models indicate that free trade leads to greater technology adoption and innovation.
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12881:
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11771:
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less for the same amount of sugar because of those same lower prices. The economic theory of
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2196:
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2125:
2070:
2008:
1983:
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273:
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has a positive effect on economic growth and economic stability. However, in the short run,
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2674:
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2130:
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2023:
2018:
1978:
1963:
1941:
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1802:
1762:
1282:
1247:
1156:
1109:
954:
828:
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761:
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328:
323:
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11656:
8184:
Brakman, Steven; Harry Garretsen; Charles Van Marrewijk; Arjen Van Witteloostuijn (2006).
7168:
6787:
6247:. In direct violation of his promises of free trade within the CFS under the terms of the
1272:
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8:
14253:
14223:
14083:
14078:
13835:
13785:
13679:
13659:
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13083:
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12983:
12773:
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11631:
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11311:
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11103:
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10443:
10393:
10374:
9797:
9787:
9782:
9765:
9656:
9639:
9552:
8741:
8321:
Speech to the Democratic Association of Brussels at its public meeting of January 9, 1848
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2574:
2511:
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1958:
1931:
1874:
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1605:
1377:
1317:
1267:
1040:
959:
900:
833:
803:
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771:
730:
91:
10040:
7906:
7389:
6902:
5698:
3894:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3733:
The light red regions are the net loss to society caused by the existence of the tariff.
60:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1035:
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852:
645:
487:
263:
173:
13568:
13528:
12230:
11370:
7397:
7070:
Kicking Away the Ladder: Good Policies and Good Institutions in Historical Perspective
6652:
Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History
6569:
Left-wing parties tend to support more protectionist policies than right-wing parties.
3516:. In government, free trade is predominantly advocated by political parties that hold
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7524:"Americans, Like Many in Other Advanced Economies, Not Convinced of Trade's Benefits"
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which is credited by economists with the prolonging and worldwide propagation of the
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4143:. Despite this, the export of national corn was forbidden to ensure the food for the
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displaying their views on the differences between an economy based on free trade and
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670:
482:
228:
201:
111:
9303:
Smugglers & Patriots: Boston Merchants and the Advent of the American Revolution
8765:
8446:"Support for Free Trade: Self-Interest, Sociotropic Politics, and Out-Group Anxiety"
6722:
Bown, C. P.; Crowley, M. A. (2016-01-01), Bagwell, Kyle; Staiger, Robert W. (eds.),
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6300:
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6154:
5964:
Free-trade debates and associated matters involving the colonial administration of
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862:
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776:
675:
640:
238:
128:
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who later developed the idea of free trade into its modern and recognizable form.
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13048:
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8551:
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8002:
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1055:
915:
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781:
542:
452:
389:
153:
138:
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6615:
Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior: A–M, Volume 1
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9391:
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7118:
Furceri, Davide; Hannan, Swarnali A; Ostry, Jonathan D; Rose, Andrew K (2021).
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strongly opposed protectionism. In the 19th century, statesmen such as Senator
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1020:
981:
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813:
685:
577:
409:
394:
243:
233:
183:
148:
82:
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12320:
8924:
King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa
8828:
8461:
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8414:
8357:
7324:
6885:
6664:
6647:
5134:
as "far more sophisticated and fine-tuned than their historical equivalents".
4404:
between its member states. After expanding its membership, the EEC became the
3684:
Two simple ways to understand the proposed benefits of free trade are through
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1387:
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12345:
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11923:
11444:
11348:
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9510:
9425:
9377:
9271:
9212:
9205:
8749:
8469:
8422:
8365:
7886:
7734:
World Economic Outlook, May 1997: Globalization: Opportunities and Challenges
7638:
7376:
7282:
7235:
7192:
7153:
7034:
6926:
Tenreyro, Silvana; Lisicky, Milan; Koren, Miklós; Caselli, Francesco (2019).
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5117:
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808:
572:
477:
467:
404:
399:
313:
308:
208:
168:
9144:
8639:
8052:
Constant Ends, Flexible Means: C. Fred Bergsten and the Quest for Open Trade
7227:
7214:
Eaton, Jonathan; Kortum, Samuel (2002). "Technology, Geography, and Trade".
6217:, often at the expense of the colonies. The imperial trade practices of the
5149:
environment. As of 2016, the top 30 countries and areas were the following:
3831:
14038:
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13825:
13815:
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13714:
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13513:
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12160:
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10803:
10598:
10278:
10205:
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10120:
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9802:
9254:
9173:
8882:
8164:
7670:
7428:
7135:
6312:
6283:
6194:
6150:
5946:
5082:
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4900:
4797:
4545:
4490:
4354:
4241:
4202:
4179:
4144:
4134:
4129:
4029:
4021:
4009:
3997:
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3281:
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2714:
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1655:
1630:
1560:
1407:
1237:
1227:
1030:
495:
414:
303:
223:
11759:
9248:
7907:"The New Liberallism : Trade Policy Developments in Emerging Markets"
7730:
6583:
Votes, Vetoes, and the Political Economy of International Trade Agreements
5049:
came into force, which includes eleven countries that have borders on the
4150:
4108:
Free trade came to what would become the United States as a result of the
4071:(1834), but criticized by British politicians opposing free trade such as
14153:
13775:
13365:
13255:
13230:
13205:
13110:
12574:
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12360:
12335:
12130:
12115:
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11365:
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11088:
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10448:
10288:
10170:
10125:
10115:
10065:
10055:
10005:
9812:
9116:
8291:. U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis. Archived from
7184:
6946:
6441:
6408:
6330:
6123:
6078:
5778:
5738:
5526:
5400:
5302:
5176:
4938:
4696:
4691:
4671:
4520:
4159:
3968:
3571:
3551:
3396:
2946:
2664:
2556:
2531:
2506:
1640:
1442:
1427:
1402:
1197:
1182:
1089:
942:
890:
462:
178:
31:
9094:
8852:"Biden Struggles to Push Trade Deals with Allies as Election Approaches"
8757:
8725:
6087:
4992:
4408:
in 1993. The European Union, now the world's largest single market, has
4128:
ordered some liberalization of trade to face the economic crisis in the
4089:
Average tariff rates in France, the United Kingdom and the United States
3457:
2359:
13669:
13435:
13330:
13130:
13090:
12933:
12741:
12707:
12702:
12355:
12145:
12120:
11238:
11073:
11014:
10582:
10560:
10535:
10423:
10230:
10225:
10090:
10015:
9874:
9792:
9772:
9365:
9281:
9217:
Kicking Away The Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective
8624:
Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective
8553:
Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development
8121:
Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective
7243:
7144:
7119:
6748:
6674:
6465:
6447:
6444: – Contracting formerly internal tasks to an external organization
6402:
6260:
6131:
5954:
5909:
5829:
5782:
5665: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5204:
4769:
4666:
4628:
4282:
4249:
4198:
4155:
3973:
3820:
3622:
2896:
2734:
2629:
2431:
2278:
2244:
2239:
1909:
1422:
1212:
1187:
1094:
927:
738:
472:
143:
99:
35:
10343:
9435:
7586:
The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times
7562:"5. Public views on trade and prices are at odds with economic theory"
3715:, is largely considered ineffective for currently developing nations.
3621:
The absence of "trade-distorting" policies (such as taxes, subsidies,
14093:
13745:
13450:
13250:
13021:
12953:
12280:
11449:
10530:
10463:
9901:
9725:
9624:
7543:"4. Nearly half of adults in emerging markets say trade raises wages"
6471:
6259:
The value of free trade was first observed and documented in 1776 by
6198:
6177:
6146:
5977:
5845:
5554:
5512:
5190:
5162:
5122:
5101:
5047:
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
4676:
4475:
4438:
4385:
4079:
4033:
3925:
3651:
3525:
3336:
3036:
2749:
2551:
2347:
2145:
1347:
867:
505:
447:
5968:
have periodically (such as in 1846 and 1906) caused ructions in the
5929:
5640:
14103:
13845:
13699:
12746:
12719:
12135:
11928:
11796:
11328:
11189:
10657:
9473:
66 contemporary British illustrations about free trade, 1830s–1910s
7274:
6170:
5753:
in disguise. The moral category is wide, including concerns about:
5540:
4754:
4600:
4358:
4125:
4037:
3647:
3548:
3346:
3144:
3021:
2283:
2256:
2160:
1951:
1202:
1045:
9417:
9352:
Galiani, Sebastian, Norman Schofield, and Gustavo Torrens (2014).
9148:
6337:"remains perhaps the best-argued tract on free trade to this day".
5832:
frequently oppose free trade on the ground that it allows maximum
4341:. From 1934, trade liberalization began to take place through the
13350:
13041:
12819:
12325:
11142:
11078:
10611:
8726:"The Fair Trade Movement: Parameters, Issues and Future Research"
7415:
Whaples, Robert (2006). "Do Economists Agree on Anything? Yes!".
6305:
6166:
5965:
5414:
5344:
5316:
5288:
5274:
5246:
5232:
5066:
4968:
4333:
took hold in the United States, most famously in the form of the
3729:
3646:
Inability of firms to distort markets through government-imposed
3559:
3513:
3509:
2649:
1392:
998:
932:
253:
9479:
4369:, although it had rejected an earlier version in the 1950s, the
3941:
3746:. The higher price causes domestic production to increase from Q
11960:
11206:
10453:
10327:
6493: – Failed 2005 trade agreement for North and South America
6474: – Economic conflict using tariffs or other trade barriers
6365:
5737:
Academics, governments and interest groups debate the relative
5568:
5484:
5386:
5330:
5218:
4980:
3956:
3724:
3555:
1062:
213:
123:
118:
9287:
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
7847:
7167:
Perla, Jesse; Tonetti, Christopher; Waugh, Michael E. (2021).
4197:) and in the United States for much of the 20th century (e.g.
10982:
8778:
8492:"Why Don't Trade Preferences Reflect Economic Self-Interest?"
8317:, gentlemen, that I vote in favor of free trade." Marx, Karl
8262:
6886:
Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart
6118:
The following alternatives to free trade have been proposed:
5889:
5877:
5442:
5372:
5358:
5596:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
4182:
to world trade in 1843. The first free trade agreement, the
8147:
The Divide: Global Inequality from Conquest to Free Markets
6925:
6866:
Economists Actually Agree on This: The Wisdom of Free Trade
6180:(which had restricted import of grain), in response to the
5866:
4097:
was regulated by the British mercantile system through the
3700:
should set their tariff rates quite low, but the economist
9354:"Factor Endowments, Democracy and Trade Policy Divergence"
6239:
also engaged in unequal exchange, most notoriously in the
5884:. For example, it is argued that it would be wrong to let
4193:, especially in 19th and early 20th century Britain (e.g.
9140:
6697:
Federico, Giovanni; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2018-07-28).
4051:
free trade policies by the 18th century, with origins in
188:
8525:. Vol. II. Greeley & McElrath. pp. 23–24.
3618:
Trade in services without taxes or other trade barriers.
27:
Absence of government restriction on international trade
6419:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
6023:
would form one of the world's largest free trade areas.
4379:
Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement
7841:
7117:
5984:
issues throughout the 19th and early-20th centuries).
5825:
United States real wages vs. trade as a percent of GDP
4357:, in part due to industrial size and the onset of the
7303:
7169:"Equilibrium Technology Diffusion, Trade, and Growth"
6724:"Chapter 1 – The Empirical Landscape of Trade Policy"
6696:
6645:
5896:) because of its ruinous effects to Mexican farmers.
5888:
corn from the United States into Mexico freely under
3615:(e.g., quotas on imports or subsidies for producers).
9260:, 13th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin (2007).
6487: – European free trade zone established in 1994
6361:
6197:'s platform and largely maintained by his successor
4229:
Clashing over Commerce: A History of US Trade Policy
12621:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
10731:
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
9276:
On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
9001:
On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
8653:"protectionism | Definition, Examples, & Facts"
8444:Mansfield, Edward D.; Mutz, Diana C. (2009-07-01).
7731:International Monetary Fund Research Dept. (1997).
7049:
7047:
6646:Federico, Giovanni; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2019).
6296:
On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
1691:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
9434:
8870:
8226:
7645:The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism
7642:
7583:
7259:"Trade, Technology, and Agricultural Productivity"
7256:
6519:State Aid for Newspapers: Theories, Cases, Actions
6274:employed in a way in which we have some advantage.
4166:In Britain, free trade became a central principle
10752:Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa
8386:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
8333:
7304:Fuller, Dan; Geide-Stevenson, Doris (Fall 2003).
7166:
3754:and causes domestic consumption to decline from Q
14215:
10700:Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia
10684:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
9305:. Boston: Northeastern University Press (1986).
9161:. Princeton: Princeton University Press (2002).
8050:Destler, Mac and Noland, Marcus (July 2, 2014).
7676:Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes
7578:
7044:
6789:International Trade: What Everyone Needs to Know
5056:
4168:practiced by the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846
9234:The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution
9127:
7850:International Financial Management, 6th Edition
7706:The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution
7617:
7613:
7611:
7496:
7494:
7257:Farrokhi, Farid; Pellegrina, Heitor S. (2023).
6829:
6827:
5036:Most countries in the world are members of the
3972:. However, it was two early British economists
8259:Databases, Tables & Calculators by Subject
8056:Peterson Institute for International Economics
6963:International Political Economy: Sixth Edition
6450: – Transnational relocation of operations
6399: – Financial penalties applied by nations
6393: – International economic interdependence
6387: – Bypassing non-tariff barriers to trade
5607:to make improvements to the overall structure.
5043:Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
4162:and to open all of China to British merchants.
3742:. The tariff increases the domestic price to P
3707:If the chief justification for a tariff is to
12835:
12646:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
12616:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
10998:
10359:
9495:
8443:
5017:
4170:. Large-scale agitation was sponsored by the
3778:insignificant changes to the trade balance."
3482:
2384:
1716:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
1686:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
707:
13974:For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto
9448:"History of the multilateral trading system"
8586:
8400:
8261:. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived from
7773:"A historian on the myths of American trade"
7737:. International Monetary Fund. p. 113.
7669:
7608:
7500:
7491:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7008:
6824:
6499: – Intergovernmental trade organization
6468: – Intergovernmental open trading group
6021:European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement
5741:, benefits and beneficiaries of free trade.
5121:degrees at all times. Britain abolished the
4205:), believed that free trade promoted peace.
3781:
10679:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
9442:. London: Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co.
8781:"Which Industrial Policy Does Europe Need?"
7631:
7572:
7213:
7081:
7079:
6721:
4765:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
4218:associating themselves for its maintenance.
3789:
3611:without taxes (including tariffs) or other
12842:
12828:
11005:
10991:
10366:
10352:
9502:
9488:
9278:, Library of Economics and Liberty (1999).
8917:
8556:(2 ed.). Routledge (published 2017).
8289:National Income and Product Accounts Table
8179:
8177:
6176:In 1846, the United Kingdom abolished the
5024:
5010:
4426:List of multilateral free trade agreements
4112:. After the British Parliament issued the
3696:Most economists would recommend that even
3489:
3475:
2391:
2377:
714:
700:
12651:International Federation of Liberal Youth
8530:
8347:
8188:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8004:Encyclopedia of prostitution and sex work
7848:Eun, Cheol S.; Resnick, Bruce G. (2011).
7143:
7097:
7095:
7005:
6814:
6747:
6673:
6663:
6648:"World Trade, 1800–1938: A New Synthesis"
6580:
6516:
6010:
5762:undermining long-run economic development
5725:Learn how and when to remove this message
5623:Learn how and when to remove this message
5073:, and limiting international free trade.
3643:Unregulated access to market information.
1721:International Federation of Liberal Youth
13246:Free association (Marxism and anarchism)
10762:West African Economic and Monetary Union
9371:
8814:
8587:Acosta, Alberto; Correa, Rafael (2006).
7802:(New York: Sentinel, 2011), pp. 106–124.
7649:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
7366:
7076:
7028:
6890:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review
6282:to present an argument in opposition to
6014:
5928:
5912:are more likely to favor protectionism.
5820:
5092:
4433:
4149:
4116:in 1775, blockading colonial ports, the
4084:
3940:
3830:
3728:
2547:Free association (Marxism and anarchism)
12631:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
10373:
9172:
9117:"Protection or Free Trade – Chapter 16"
8849:
8549:
8211:, James D. Gwartney, Russell S. Sobel,
8174:
8000:
7637:
7624:A concise history of the law of nations
7414:
7306:"Consensus Among Economists: Revisited"
6785:
6405: – Sustainable and equitable trade
5081:devised the bicycle theory to describe
4430:List of bilateral free trade agreements
4040:and other policies over the centuries.
1701:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
14:
14216:
10674:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
10494:UN Conference on Trade and Development
9432:
9095:"Protection or Free Trade – Chapter 3"
8868:
8143:
7559:
7540:
7521:
7449:
7092:
6959:
6612:
6548:
6293:, who expanded on it in his 1817 book
5892:at prices well below production cost (
5793:accentuating poverty in poor countries
5137:
4720:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
4412:with many countries around the world.
4363:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
3535:Most nations are today members of the
12823:
10986:
10439:Import substitution industrialization
10347:
9483:
9062:
8877:. Boston: Little, Brown and company.
8723:
8620:
8329:
8327:
8285:"Table 1.1.5. Gross Domestic Product"
8224:
8218:
8118:
7872:
7767:
7765:
6699:"The World Trade Historical Database"
6231:Spanish American Wars of Independence
6064:United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement
5993:The Hidden Face of Free Trade Accords
4209:included free-trade rhetoric in his "
3847:
3713:import substitution industrialization
14144:Libertarianism in the United Kingdom
10967:
10693:Europe, Central Asia, and North Asia
9865:New international division of labour
8514:
8213:Economics: Private and Public Choice
7041:, Second Edition, Chapter 20. p. 255
6798:10.1093/wentk/9780190900465.001.0001
6462: – US internal economic program
6456: – Branch of conflict economics
6432: – Political and social concept
6411: – Form of market-based economy
6082:
5663:adding citations to reliable sources
5634:
5580:
4348:
3874:
3856:Quoting Harvard economics professor
3528:political parties generally support
3387:Libertarianism in the United Kingdom
40:
14149:Libertarianism in the United States
12671:Liberal South East European Network
10653:Central American Integration System
9038:Weir, "A Fragile Alliance," 425–425
8850:Hayashi, Yuka (December 28, 2023).
8522:The Life and Speeches of Henry Clay
8313:"It is in this revolutionary sense
8144:Hickel, Jason (February 13, 2018).
7560:Stokes, Bruce (26 September 2018).
7541:Stokes, Bruce (26 September 2018).
7522:Stokes, Bruce (26 September 2018).
6321:was read out loud in full into the
6278:This statement uses the concept of
6060:North American Free Trade Agreement
6034:African Continental Free Trade Area
5953:, notably in the works of American
4760:North American Free Trade Agreement
4375:North American Free Trade Agreement
4053:capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
3392:Libertarianism in the United States
1741:Liberal South East European Network
24:
14239:Conservatism in the United Kingdom
12849:
9383:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
9317:
9147:, 2015, retrieved: March 8, 2021 (
8873:Origins of the American Revolution
8742:10.1023/B:BUSI.0000039400.57827.c3
8324:
7762:
7501:Paul Krugman (December 12, 2007).
6988:"What's Wrong with Protectionism?"
6953:
6935:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
5980:issues in the 1820s to the 1840s,
5108:summit in Santiago de Chile, 2004.
4949:Criticism of intellectual property
4725:Bank for International Settlements
4018:throwing off Spanish Imperial rule
3870:
3835:Political poster from the British
3802:
3669:
98:
25:
14275:
14234:Conservatism in the United States
13877:Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism
12661:Liberal Network for Latin America
10516:International Chamber of Commerce
10419:Export-oriented industrialization
9509:
9454:
9446:World Trade Organization (2018).
9358:Journal of Public Economic Theory
9183:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
7398:10.1038/scientificamerican1193-42
7066:
6225:were contributing factors to the
5873:and frequently make them poorer.
5128:export-oriented industrialization
5104:of China meet while attending an
5061:Free trade may apply to trade in
4390:European Coal and Steel Community
2812:Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism
1731:Liberal Network for Latin America
1164:(contributions to liberal theory)
367:International Chamber of Commerce
14188:
10966:
10957:
10956:
10326:
10316:
10315:
9526:
9188:Library of Economics and Liberty
9109:
9087:
8169:Economics: Principles and Policy
8007:. Greenwood Press. p. 581.
7873:Irwin, Douglas A. (2017-09-19).
7811:
7683:. pp. 31–32. Archived from
7120:"The Macroeconomy After Tariffs"
6417: – Regional trade agreement
6364:
6329:congressmen. American economist
6254:
6160:
6086:
5639:
5585:
5561:
5547:
5533:
5519:
5505:
5491:
5477:
5463:
5449:
5435:
5421:
5407:
5393:
5379:
5365:
5351:
5337:
5323:
5309:
5295:
5281:
5267:
5253:
5239:
5225:
5211:
5197:
5183:
5169:
5155:
5069:, or certain practices, such as
4991:
4979:
4967:
4702:Economic liberalization in India
4371:International Trade Organization
3879:
3456:
3444:
3432:
2358:
2346:
745:
45:
13371:Natural rights and legal rights
12949:Consequentialist libertarianism
9527:
9290:, Digireads Publishing (2009),
9056:
9041:
9032:
9019:
9006:
8993:
8980:
8967:
8954:
8941:
8911:
8906:Independence in Spanish America
8902:Independence of Spanish America
8890:
8862:
8843:
8808:
8795:
8772:
8717:
8693:
8669:
8645:
8614:
8580:
8543:
8508:
8484:
8437:
8394:
8307:
8277:
8247:
8202:
8154:
8137:
8119:Chang, Ha-Joon (July 1, 2002).
8112:
8100:
8087:
8074:
8061:
8044:
8031:
7994:
7972:
7950:
7928:
7899:
7866:
7852:. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
7832:
7805:
7789:
7751:
7724:
7711:
7698:
7663:
7553:
7534:
7515:
7465:
7443:
7408:
7360:
7297:
7250:
7207:
7160:
7111:
7060:
6980:
6928:"Diversification Through Trade"
6919:
6895:
6875:
6855:
6841:
6523:Springer Science+Business Media
6491:Free Trade Area of the Americas
6068:
5650:needs additional citations for
5087:multilateral trade negotiations
4591:Structural Adjustment Programme
4410:concluded free trade agreements
4343:Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
4158:to force China to legalize the
4059:in 1673, in 1740 which lowered
3922:Timeline of international trade
2670:Natural rights and legal rights
14139:Libertarianism in South Africa
14054:Center for Libertarian Studies
11249:Separation of church and state
11012:
10757:Southern African Customs Union
9186:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis:
9003:, Chapter 7 "On Foreign Trade"
8001:Ditmore, Melissa Hope (2006).
7450:Mankiw, Gregory (7 May 2006).
7124:The World Bank Economic Review
6779:
6715:
6690:
6639:
6606:
6574:
6542:
6510:
6438: – Type of trade barriers
6204:
5918:
3962:noted that Spanish theologian
3532:, the opposite of free trade.
3382:Libertarianism in South Africa
3297:Center for Libertarian Studies
1105:Separation of church and state
13:
1:
13201:Decriminalization of sex work
12979:Bleeding-heart libertarianism
12969:Natural-rights libertarianism
9461:The Online Library of Liberty
9219:. London: Anthem Press 2003.
9145:Institute of European History
9141:EGO – European History Online
8319:On the Question of Free Trade
8150:. W. W. Norton & Company.
8107:"Global Enabling Trade Index"
7023:Price Theory and Applications
6851:. IGM Forum. October 4, 2016.
6740:10.1016/bs.hescop.2016.04.015
6728:Handbook of Commercial Policy
6372:Business and economics portal
5057:Degree of free trade policies
4415:
2502:Decriminalization of sex work
14089:Freeman on the land movement
13984:Law, Legislation and Liberty
13356:Libertarianism (metaphysics)
13261:Free-market environmentalism
10914:Telecommunications equipment
10719:Middle East and North Africa
10710:European Union Customs Union
9433:Medley, George Webb (1881).
9343:Resources in other libraries
9128:General and cited references
9063:Cowen, Tyler (May 1, 2009).
8898:Spanish American Revolutions
8701:"Balanced Trade - Explained"
7936:"EU position in world trade"
7875:"Steve Bannon's Bad History"
7800:What Would the Founders Say?
7263:Journal of Political Economy
7089:, Second Edition, Chapter 9.
6837:. IGM Forum. March 13, 2012.
6503:
6436:Non-tariff barriers to trade
5758:destroying infant industries
5144:Global Enabling Trade Report
4745:Greater Arab Free Trade Area
4687:Positive non-interventionism
4329:During the interwar period,
4099:Acts of Trade and Navigation
3930:
3796:Journal of Political Economy
3664:
3332:Freeman on the land movement
2655:Libertarianism (metaphysics)
2562:Free-market environmentalism
443:Intellectual property rights
7:
14134:Libertarian science fiction
12944:Conservative libertarianism
10643:Andean Community of Nations
10521:Bilateral investment treaty
10489:International Monetary Fund
9583:Environmental globalization
9558:Anti-globalization movement
9236:. New York: Barnes (1963).
9119:. Protection or Free Trade.
8705:The Business Professor, LLC
8677:"Imperialism - an overview"
7681:University of Chicago Press
7627:. Macmillan Co. p. 62.
7475:. IGM Forum. Archived from
7108:, Fifth Edition, Chapter 7.
7025:, Sixth Edition, Chapter 8.
6792:. Oxford University Press.
6460:Trade Adjustment Assistance
6357:
6053:
5576:
4750:International Monetary Fund
4394:European Economic Community
3826:
3709:stimulate infant industries
3660:which encourage free trade.
3601:
3377:Libertarian science fiction
425:Economic and monetary union
347:International Monetary Fund
284:Voluntary export restraints
10:
14280:
14169:Sovereign citizen movement
13994:Anarchy, State, and Utopia
10509:International Trade Centre
9731:Offshore financial centres
9400:10.4135/9781412965811.n115
8730:Journal of Business Ethics
8450:International Organization
8403:International Organization
8336:International Organization
7982:. World Trade Organisation
7816:. Prospect. Archived from
7313:Journal of Economic Review
6587:Princeton University Press
6581:Mansfield, Edward (2012).
6191:2016 presidential election
6072:
6057:
6042:
6031:
5922:
5141:
4571:Public–private partnership
4441:is the top country in the
4419:
3934:
3919:
3915:
3722:
3718:
3680:International trade theory
3673:
3625:, or laws) that give some
3412:Sovereign citizen movement
420:Customs and monetary union
362:World Customs Organization
352:International Trade Centre
29:
14202:Outline of libertarianism
14195:Libertarianism portal
14182:
14016:
13945:
13859:
13798:
13733:
13592:
13496:
13489:
13123:
13002:
12959:Libertarian transhumanism
12909:
12902:
12859:
12806:
12791:Sexually liberal feminism
12698:Bias in American academia
12678:
12636:European Democratic Party
12604:
12386:
12106:
12074:
12026:
11939:
11690:
11614:
11573:
11564:
11471:Constitutional patriotism
11458:
11406:
11378:
11298:
11291:
11022:
10952:
10784:Aircraft & Spacecraft
10774:
10739:
10718:
10692:
10666:
10635:
10626:
10569:
10477:
10429:Foreign exchange reserves
10381:
10311:
10269:
10144:
10079:
9996:
9987:
9914:
9751:
9672:
9665:
9545:
9517:
9338:Resources in your library
9176:(2008). "Free Trade". In
8829:10.1007/s11186-018-9308-8
8610:– via Google Books.
8550:Hechter, Michael (1999).
8462:10.1017/S0020818309090158
8415:10.1017/S0020818317000339
8358:10.1017/S0020818306060140
8225:Pugel, Thomas A. (2003).
7372:"The Case for Free Trade"
7325:10.1080/00220480309595230
7087:Introduction to Economics
6786:Krueger, Anne O. (2020).
6665:10.1017/S0212610918000216
6038:
6027:
5773:environmental degradation
4516:Foreign direct investment
4392:in 1951 which became the
3888:This section needs to be
3782:Technology and innovation
3633:an advantage over others.
3439:Libertarianism portal
2328:Sexually liberal feminism
2235:Bias in American academia
1706:European Democratic Party
1162:List of liberal theorists
385:Preferential trading area
54:This article needs to be
14114:Libertarian conservatism
13481:Workers' self-management
13381:Non-aggression principle
12974:Neo-classical liberalism
12939:Christian libertarianism
11131:Labor theory of property
10504:World Trade Organization
9573:Democratic globalization
9437:England Under Free Trade
8869:Miller, John C. (1943).
8590:El rostro oculto del TLC
7719:Smugglers & Patriots
7503:"The Trouble with Trade"
7173:American Economic Review
6734:, North-Holland: 3–108,
6613:Warren, Kenneth (2008).
6517:Murschetz, Paul (2013).
6497:World Trade Organization
6335:Protection or Free Trade
6318:Protection or Free Trade
6049:European Free Trade Area
5116:, development economist
5038:World Trade Organization
4934:Authoritarian capitalism
4775:World Trade Organization
4506:Economic interdependence
4422:World Trade Organization
4367:World Trade Organization
4124:In March 1801, the Pope
4016:prospered greatly after
3790:Productivity and welfare
3537:World Trade Organization
3357:Libertarian conservatism
2780:Workers' self-management
2680:Non-aggression principle
987:Labor theory of property
666:Balassa–Samuelson effect
661:Ricardian trade theories
548:Largest consumer markets
357:World Trade Organization
30:Not to be confused with
14129:Libertarian Republicans
13391:Participatory economics
13236:Expropriative anarchism
12626:Arab Liberal Federation
11508:Neoclassical liberalism
11032:Consent of the governed
10705:Eurasian Economic Union
10593:Repeal of the Corn Laws
9855:Investor-state disputes
9808:Illicit financial flows
9652:Political globalization
9600:Global financial system
9258:International Economics
9065:"Anti-Capitalist Rerun"
9027:International Economics
8988:International Economics
8975:International Economics
8856:The Wall Street Journal
8803:Kicking Away the Ladder
8657:Encyclopedia Britannica
8621:Chang, Ha-Joon (2002).
8593:. Editorial Abya Yala.
8532:2027/njp.32101013125040
8360:(inactive 2024-09-03).
8233:. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
8229:International economics
8095:Kicking Away the Ladder
8082:Kicking Away the Ladder
8069:Kicking Away the Ladder
8039:Kicking Away the Ladder
7980:"Members and Observers"
7228:10.1111/1468-0262.00352
7055:International Economics
6960:Oatley, Thomas (2019).
6549:Peláez, Carlos (2008).
6213:for the benefit of the
6165:Protectionism involves
5997:Kicking Away the Ladder
5851:The Communist Manifesto
5114:Kicking Away the Ladder
4944:Criticism of capitalism
4511:Economic liberalization
4335:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act
4201:and Secretary of State
4184:Cobden-Chevalier Treaty
3815:through the process of
3596:liberalization of trade
3508:that does not restrict
3372:Libertarian Republicans
2690:Participatory economics
2537:Expropriative anarchism
1696:Arab Liberal Federation
886:Consent of the governed
681:Lerner symmetry theorem
14069:Conscientious objector
13964:The Market for Liberty
13396:Propaganda of the deed
13346:Individual reclamation
13341:Individualist feminism
13301:Freedom of information
13281:Freedom of association
13241:Federalism (anarchist)
12912:Libertarian capitalism
12641:European Liberal Youth
12611:Africa Liberal Network
11052:Economic globalization
10747:East African Community
10628:Regional organizations
10196:Christopher Chase-Dunn
9964:Primitive accumulation
9647:Military globalization
9578:Economic globalization
9563:Cultural globalization
9372:Griswold, Dan (2008).
7429:10.2202/1553-3832.1156
6485:European Economic Area
6391:Economic globalization
6347:
6276:
6024:
6011:Major free trade areas
5941:Various proponents of
5938:
5906:
5826:
5109:
4446:
4377:in the 1990s, and the
4331:economic protectionism
4327:
4238:
4220:
4163:
4090:
4069:Dictionary of Commerce
3948:
3844:
3734:
3636:Unregulated access to
3545:European Economic Area
3312:Conscientious objector
2695:Propaganda of the deed
2645:Individual reclamation
2640:Individualist feminism
2600:Freedom of information
2580:Freedom of association
2542:Federalism (anarchist)
1711:European Liberal Youth
1681:Africa Liberal Network
906:Economic globalization
656:Gravity model of trade
553:Leading trade partners
458:Government procurement
259:Exchange rate controls
103:
14124:Libertarian socialism
14119:Libertarian Democrats
14049:Austro-libertarianism
13902:Intellectual property
13466:Voluntary association
13291:Freedom of conscience
13146:Anti-authoritarianism
13141:Age of consent reform
13064:libertarian communism
13005:Libertarian socialism
12688:Anti-authoritarianism
12656:Liberal International
10588:The Wealth of Nations
10546:Special economic zone
10409:Comparative advantage
9386:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
9069:The American Interest
8904:, 14–18. Kinsbruner,
8724:Moore, Geoff (2004).
8255:"Earnings – National"
7960:. European Commission
7938:. European Commission
7417:The Economists' Voice
7354:registration required
6903:"Trade Within Europe"
6342:
6271:
6266:The Wealth of Nations
6018:
5987:Ecuadorian President
5945:and of the school of
5932:
5923:Further information:
5901:
5824:
5096:
4974:Capitalism portal
4954:Market fundamentalism
4730:European Central Bank
4561:Mundell–Fleming model
4541:Intellectual property
4437:
4400:, and establishing a
4322:
4256:'s themes within the
4233:
4227:of Irwin's 2017 book
4215:
4153:
4088:
3944:
3935:Further information:
3834:
3813:economic inefficiency
3732:
3723:Further information:
3690:comparative advantage
3674:Further information:
3631:factors of production
3570:, such as regulatory
3367:Libertarian socialism
3362:Libertarian Democrats
3292:Austro-libertarianism
3210:Historical background
2837:Intellectual property
2765:Voluntary association
2590:Freedom of conscience
2447:Anti-authoritarianism
2442:Age of consent reform
2353:Liberalism portal
2225:Anti-authoritarianism
1726:Liberal International
636:Heckscher–Ohlin model
631:Competitive advantage
626:Comparative advantage
513:Trade and development
274:Countervailing duties
102:
14174:Technolibertarianism
14159:Public choice theory
14109:Green libertarianism
14064:Classical liberalism
14059:Civil libertarianism
13892:Foreign intervention
13376:Night-watchman state
12919:Right-libertarianism
12867:Age of Enlightenment
11518:Right-libertarianism
11388:Liberal conservatism
11254:Separation of powers
10608:Economic nationalism
10526:Economic integration
10261:Immanuel Wallerstein
9922:Capital accumulation
9788:Endangered languages
9394:. pp. 189–191.
9231:Dickerson, Oliver M.
8900:, 27–34. Rodríguez,
8681:ScienceDirect Topics
8515:Clay, Henry (1843).
7814:"Free Trade Fallacy"
7185:10.1257/aer.20151645
7136:10.1093/wber/lhab016
6442:Offshore outsourcing
6323:Congressional Record
6209:Imperialism entails
5970:British Conservative
5943:economic nationalism
5659:improve this article
5471:United Arab Emirates
4986:Economics portal
4808:Adam Smith Institute
4803:World Economic Forum
4793:Mont Pelerin Society
4501:Economic integration
4443:Enabling Trade Index
4178:, China opened five
4172:Anti-Corn Law League
4118:Continental Congress
3964:Francisco de Vitoria
3937:Anti-Corn Law League
3926:Trade § History
3809:mainstream economics
3522:economic nationalist
3518:economically liberal
3451:Anarchism portal
3417:Technolibertarianism
3402:Public choice theory
3352:Green libertarianism
3307:Classical liberalism
3302:Civil libertarianism
3218:Age of Enlightenment
2827:Foreign intervention
2675:Night-watchman state
1157:Age of Enlightenment
1110:Separation of powers
651:Intra-industry trade
379:Economic integration
329:Economic integration
324:Economic nationalism
14084:Economic liberalism
14079:Cultural liberalism
13922:Political alliances
13411:Reproductive rights
13386:Non-interventionism
13326:Homestead principle
13306:Freedom of religion
13296:Freedom of contract
13276:Freedom of assembly
13211:Drug liberalization
13106:Libertarian Marxism
13012:Left-libertarianism
12984:Paleolibertarianism
11513:Paleolibertarianism
11498:Left-libertarianism
11212:Civil and political
11185:Popular sovereignty
11047:Economic liberalism
10864:Integrated circuits
10648:Caribbean Community
10444:Net capital outflow
10394:Balance of payments
10375:International trade
10333:Business portal
9892:Transnational crime
9798:Forced displacement
9783:Economic inequality
9657:Trade globalization
9553:Alter-globalization
9133:Bannerman, Gordon,
9097:. Truefreetrade.org
7879:Wall Street Journal
7566:Pew Research Center
7547:Pew Research Center
7528:Pew Research Center
7452:"Outsourcing Redux"
7404:on 22 January 2007.
7390:1993SciAm.269e..42B
7019:Steven E. Landsburg
6479:Trade organizations
6227:American Revolution
5957:, architect of the
5605:editing the article
5138:Free trade in goods
4998:Politics portal
4929:Alter-globalization
4662:Fiscal conservatism
4271:Henry Charles Carey
4110:American Revolution
4103:American Revolution
3568:non-tariff barriers
3463:Politics portal
3327:Economic liberalism
3322:Cultural liberalism
2857:Political alliances
2710:Reproductive rights
2685:Non-interventionism
2625:Homestead principle
2605:Freedom of religion
2595:Freedom of contract
2575:Freedom of assembly
2512:Drug liberalization
2365:Politics portal
1068:Civil and political
1041:Popular sovereignty
901:Economic liberalism
279:Anti-dumping duties
219:Non-tariff barriers
164:Import substitution
13882:Capital punishment
13872:Affirmative action
13421:Right to sexuality
13401:Property is theft!
13316:Freedom of thought
12929:Anarcho-capitalism
11665:Centrist reformist
11180:Permissive society
11160:Limited government
10776:Exports by product
10726:Arab Customs Union
10389:Absolute advantage
10106:Andre Gunder Frank
9880:Race to the bottom
9870:North–South divide
9588:Global citizenship
9466:2021-01-28 at the
9366:10.1111/jpet.12057
9360:. 16(1): 119–156.
9178:David R. Henderson
8817:Theory and Society
7508:The New York Times
7085:Alan C. Stockman,
7039:Unequal Protection
6947:10.1093/qje/qjz028
6555:Palgrave MacMillan
6397:Economic sanctions
6385:Borderless selling
6280:absolute advantage
6098:. You can help by
6025:
6005:Alexander Hamilton
5939:
5859:anti-globalization
5827:
5789:race to the bottom
5110:
5063:goods and services
4924:Anti-globalization
4447:
4254:Alexander Hamilton
4213:" speech of 1918:
4191:classical liberals
4164:
4154:Britain waged two
4091:
3949:
3848:Economist opinions
3845:
3735:
3698:developing nations
3540:multilateral trade
2817:Capital punishment
2807:Affirmative action
2720:Right to sexuality
2700:Property is theft!
2615:Freedom of thought
1036:Permissive society
1016:Limited government
646:Economic geography
453:Competition policy
249:Technical barriers
229:Tariff-rate quotas
174:Trade facilitation
159:Export orientation
104:
14229:Commercial policy
14211:
14210:
14099:Geolibertarianism
14074:Constitutionalism
14029:Anti-collectivism
13927:Political parties
13794:
13793:
13476:Workers' councils
13471:Voluntary society
13456:Stateless society
13446:Spontaneous order
13311:Freedom of speech
13286:Freedom of choice
13186:Counter-economics
13181:Cognitive liberty
13119:
13118:
12817:
12816:
12810:Liberalism Portal
12703:Bias in the media
12102:
12101:
11941:Latin America and
11560:
11559:
11503:Geolibertarianism
11433:Liberal socialism
11344:Civic nationalism
11217:Natural and legal
10980:
10979:
10770:
10769:
10740:Subsaharan Africa
10571:Political economy
10341:
10340:
10307:
10306:
10166:K. Anthony Appiah
10161:Daniele Archibugi
9910:
9909:
9699:COVID-19 pandemic
9605:Global governance
9324:Library resources
9155:Bhagwati, Jagdish
9053:(New York: 1887).
9012:Bhagwati (2002),
8962:Wealth of Nations
8947:Bhagwati (2002),
8934:978-1-74329-160-3
8538:of Great Britain.
8209:Richard L. Stroup
7820:on 6 January 2006
7590:. Verso. p.
7102:N. Gregory Mankiw
6862:N. Gregory Mankiw
6553:. United States:
6430:Freedom of choice
6301:opportunity costs
6182:famine in Ireland
6136:industrial policy
6116:
6115:
5925:Dependency theory
5767:income inequality
5735:
5734:
5727:
5709:
5633:
5632:
5625:
5598:layout guidelines
5132:Four Asian Tigers
5034:
5033:
4876:Yasuhiro Nakasone
4866:Margaret Thatcher
4856:James M. Buchanan
4486:Denationalization
4353:Since the end of
4349:Post-World War II
4264:. The opposition
4176:Treaty of Nanking
4076:Benjamin Disraeli
3988:cultures such as
3909:
3908:
3858:N. Gregory Mankiw
3676:Supply and demand
3629:, households, or
3520:positions, while
3499:
3498:
3342:Geolibertarianism
3317:Constitutionalism
3272:Anti-collectivism
3177:National variants
3027:Friedman (Milton)
2862:Political parties
2775:Workers' councils
2770:Voluntary society
2755:Stateless society
2745:Spontaneous order
2610:Freedom of speech
2585:Freedom of choice
2487:Counter-economics
2482:Cognitive liberty
2401:
2400:
2240:Bias in the media
1756:Regional variants
1073:Natural and legal
724:
723:
671:Linder hypothesis
483:Emissions trading
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
14271:
14204:
14193:
14192:
14191:
14164:Small government
14009:
13999:
13989:
13979:
13969:
13959:
13907:Internal debates
13494:
13493:
13221:Economic freedom
13196:Decentralization
13191:Crypto-anarchism
13166:Artistic freedom
13136:Academic freedom
13015:
13007:
12922:
12914:
12907:
12906:
12854:
12844:
12837:
12830:
12821:
12820:
12732:Economic freedom
12725:Radical centrism
11571:
11570:
11525:Radical centrism
11438:Social democracy
11421:Liberal feminism
11296:
11295:
11244:Secular humanism
11170:Natural monopoly
11121:Internationalism
11017:
11007:
11000:
10993:
10984:
10983:
10970:
10969:
10960:
10959:
10633:
10632:
10499:World Bank Group
10399:Balance of trade
10368:
10361:
10354:
10345:
10344:
10331:
10330:
10319:
10318:
10272:
10181:Jean Baudrillard
10149:
10096:Giovanni Arrighi
10084:
10041:Branko Milanović
10021:Jagdish Bhagwati
9999:
9994:
9993:
9885:pollution havens
9850:Invasive species
9754:
9675:
9670:
9669:
9620:Global workforce
9530:
9529:
9504:
9497:
9490:
9481:
9480:
9443:
9441:
9429:
9255:Pugel, Thomas A.
9209:
9174:Blinder, Alan S.
9159:Free Trade Today
9121:
9120:
9113:
9107:
9106:
9104:
9102:
9091:
9085:
9084:
9082:
9080:
9060:
9054:
9045:
9039:
9036:
9030:
9023:
9017:
9014:Free Trade Today
9010:
9004:
8999:Ricardo (1817),
8997:
8991:
8984:
8978:
8971:
8965:
8958:
8952:
8949:Free Trade Today
8945:
8939:
8938:
8919:Hochschild, Adam
8915:
8909:
8894:
8888:
8886:
8876:
8866:
8860:
8859:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8812:
8806:
8799:
8793:
8792:
8776:
8770:
8769:
8721:
8715:
8714:
8712:
8711:
8697:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8687:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8649:
8643:
8638:
8627:. Anthem Press.
8618:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8607:
8584:
8578:
8577:
8572:
8570:
8547:
8541:
8540:
8534:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8497:. Archived from
8496:
8488:
8482:
8481:
8441:
8435:
8434:
8398:
8392:
8391:
8385:
8377:
8351:
8331:
8322:
8311:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8270:
8265:on 15 March 2012
8251:
8245:
8244:
8232:
8222:
8216:
8206:
8200:
8199:
8181:
8172:
8158:
8152:
8151:
8141:
8135:
8134:
8123:. Anthem Press.
8116:
8110:
8104:
8098:
8091:
8085:
8078:
8072:
8065:
8059:
8048:
8042:
8035:
8029:
8028:
8023:
8021:
7998:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7987:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7965:
7954:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7921:
7911:
7903:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7845:
7839:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7809:
7803:
7796:Larry Schweikart
7793:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7769:
7760:
7755:
7749:
7748:
7728:
7722:
7715:
7709:
7702:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7648:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7615:
7606:
7605:
7589:
7580:Giovanni Arrighi
7576:
7570:
7569:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7538:
7532:
7531:
7519:
7513:
7512:
7498:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7447:
7441:
7440:
7412:
7406:
7405:
7400:. Archived from
7368:Friedman, Milton
7364:
7358:
7357:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7341:
7335:. Archived from
7310:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7269:(9): 2509–2555.
7254:
7248:
7247:
7222:(5): 1741–1779.
7211:
7205:
7204:
7164:
7158:
7157:
7147:
7115:
7109:
7099:
7090:
7083:
7074:
7073:
7067:Chang, Ha-Joon,
7064:
7058:
7051:
7042:
7032:
7026:
7016:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6984:
6978:
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6710:
6709:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6677:
6667:
6643:
6637:
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6610:
6604:
6603:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6514:
6420:
6374:
6369:
6368:
6241:Congo Free State
6211:unequal exchange
6155:environmentalism
6111:
6108:
6090:
6083:
5935:colonial empires
5863:economic freedom
5798:national defense
5730:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5710:
5708:
5667:
5643:
5635:
5628:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5608:
5589:
5588:
5581:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5130:policies of the
5079:C. Fred Bergsten
5026:
5019:
5012:
4996:
4995:
4984:
4983:
4972:
4971:
4896:Alberto Fujimori
4891:Hernando de Soto
4861:Augusto Pinochet
4836:Ludwig von Mises
4596:Supranationalism
4496:Economic freedom
4449:
4448:
4339:Great Depression
4318:Grover Cleveland
4314:William McKinley
4302:Republican Party
4279:Martin Van Buren
4266:Democratic Party
4195:John Stuart Mill
4095:colonial America
3904:
3901:
3895:
3883:
3882:
3875:
3794:A 2023 study in
3658:Trade agreements
3580:Great Depression
3491:
3484:
3477:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3407:Small government
3067:Friedman (David)
2842:Internal debates
2522:Economic freedom
2497:Decentralization
2492:Crypto-anarchism
2467:Artistic freedom
2437:Academic freedom
2403:
2402:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2363:
2362:
2351:
2350:
2269:Economic freedom
2262:Radical centrism
1100:Secular humanism
1026:Natural monopoly
977:Internationalism
794:Internationalist
749:
726:
725:
716:
709:
702:
676:Leontief paradox
641:New trade theory
244:Export subsidies
129:Balance of trade
77:
76:
70:
67:
61:
49:
48:
41:
21:
14279:
14278:
14274:
14273:
14272:
14270:
14269:
14268:
14244:Economic policy
14214:
14213:
14212:
14207:
14200:
14189:
14187:
14178:
14012:
14007:
13997:
13987:
13977:
13967:
13957:
13941:
13932:Theories of law
13855:
13790:
13729:
13588:
13485:
13426:Self-governance
13406:Refusal of work
13171:Civil liberties
13151:Anti-capitalism
13115:
13101:Guild socialism
13059:insurrectionary
13009:
13008:
13003:
12998:
12989:Propertarianism
12916:
12915:
12910:
12898:
12877:Aristotelianism
12855:
12850:
12848:
12818:
12813:
12802:
12801:
12800:
12674:
12666:Liberal parties
12600:
12599:
12598:
12382:
12381:
12380:
12098:
12070:
12022:
11942:
11935:
11686:
11610:
11556:
11454:
11402:
11374:
11324:Equity feminism
11287:
11286:
11285:
11281:State of nature
11269:Social services
11259:Social contract
11222:To own property
11018:
11013:
11011:
10981:
10976:
10948:
10894:Pharmaceuticals
10766:
10735:
10714:
10688:
10662:
10622:
10618:Dedollarisation
10565:
10551:Trade agreement
10541:Free-trade zone
10482:
10480:
10473:
10414:Current account
10404:Capital account
10377:
10372:
10342:
10337:
10325:
10303:
10284:Thomas Friedman
10270:
10265:
10216:Anthony Giddens
10191:Manuel Castells
10156:Arjun Appadurai
10147:
10145:
10140:
10082:
10080:
10075:
10071:Joseph Stiglitz
10011:Richard Baldwin
9997:
9989:
9983:
9942:Fiscal localism
9906:
9860:McDonaldization
9778:Development aid
9752:
9747:
9716:Multilingualism
9711:Labor arbitrage
9687:Climate justice
9673:
9661:
9615:Global politics
9568:Deglobalization
9541:
9513:
9508:
9468:Wayback Machine
9457:
9410:
9349:
9348:
9347:
9332:
9331:
9327:
9320:
9318:Further reading
9301:Tyler, John W.
9198:
9130:
9125:
9124:
9115:
9114:
9110:
9100:
9098:
9093:
9092:
9088:
9078:
9076:
9061:
9057:
9046:
9042:
9037:
9033:
9029:, pp. 35–38, 40
9024:
9020:
9011:
9007:
8998:
8994:
8985:
8981:
8972:
8968:
8959:
8955:
8946:
8942:
8935:
8916:
8912:
8895:
8891:
8867:
8863:
8848:
8844:
8813:
8809:
8800:
8796:
8777:
8773:
8722:
8718:
8709:
8707:
8699:
8698:
8694:
8685:
8683:
8675:
8674:
8670:
8661:
8659:
8651:
8650:
8646:
8635:
8619:
8615:
8605:
8603:
8601:
8585:
8581:
8568:
8566:
8564:
8548:
8544:
8513:
8509:
8501:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8485:
8442:
8438:
8399:
8395:
8379:
8378:
8349:10.1.1.407.4650
8332:
8325:
8312:
8308:
8298:
8296:
8283:
8282:
8278:
8268:
8266:
8253:
8252:
8248:
8241:
8223:
8219:
8207:
8203:
8196:
8182:
8175:
8159:
8155:
8142:
8138:
8131:
8117:
8113:
8105:
8101:
8092:
8088:
8079:
8075:
8066:
8062:
8049:
8045:
8036:
8032:
8019:
8017:
8015:
7999:
7995:
7985:
7983:
7978:
7977:
7973:
7963:
7961:
7956:
7955:
7951:
7941:
7939:
7934:
7933:
7929:
7919:
7917:
7909:
7905:
7904:
7900:
7891:
7889:
7871:
7867:
7860:
7846:
7842:
7837:
7833:
7823:
7821:
7812:Lind, Matthew.
7810:
7806:
7794:
7790:
7781:
7779:
7771:
7770:
7763:
7758:Fourteen Points
7756:
7752:
7745:
7729:
7725:
7716:
7712:
7703:
7699:
7690:
7688:
7668:
7664:
7657:
7636:
7632:
7619:Arthur Nussbaum
7616:
7609:
7602:
7577:
7573:
7558:
7554:
7539:
7535:
7520:
7516:
7499:
7492:
7482:
7480:
7479:on 22 June 2016
7471:
7470:
7466:
7456:
7454:
7448:
7444:
7413:
7409:
7365:
7361:
7351:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7308:
7302:
7298:
7255:
7251:
7212:
7208:
7165:
7161:
7116:
7112:
7100:
7093:
7084:
7077:
7065:
7061:
7052:
7045:
7033:
7029:
7017:
7006:
6997:
6995:
6992:Mercatus Center
6986:
6985:
6981:
6974:
6958:
6954:
6930:
6924:
6920:
6911:
6909:
6901:
6900:
6896:
6880:
6876:
6860:
6856:
6849:"Import Duties"
6847:
6846:
6842:
6833:
6832:
6825:
6819:
6815:
6808:
6784:
6780:
6772:
6770:
6760:
6720:
6716:
6707:
6705:
6695:
6691:
6644:
6640:
6629:
6621:. p. 680.
6611:
6607:
6597:
6589:. p. 128.
6579:
6575:
6565:
6547:
6543:
6533:
6515:
6511:
6506:
6454:Peace economics
6424:Free-trade zone
6418:
6415:Free-trade area
6379:Concepts/topics
6370:
6363:
6360:
6311:Exceptionally,
6257:
6245:King Leopold II
6223:Spanish Empires
6207:
6163:
6112:
6106:
6103:
6096:needs expansion
6081:
6073:Main articles:
6071:
6066:
6058:Main articles:
6056:
6051:
6043:Main articles:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6013:
5982:Irish Home Rule
5959:American System
5927:
5921:
5844:. For example,
5804:cultural change
5731:
5720:
5714:
5711:
5668:
5666:
5656:
5644:
5629:
5618:
5612:
5609:
5603:Please help by
5602:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5574:
5562:
5560:
5548:
5546:
5534:
5532:
5520:
5518:
5506:
5504:
5492:
5490:
5478:
5476:
5464:
5462:
5450:
5448:
5436:
5434:
5422:
5420:
5408:
5406:
5394:
5392:
5380:
5378:
5366:
5364:
5352:
5350:
5338:
5336:
5324:
5322:
5310:
5308:
5296:
5294:
5282:
5280:
5268:
5266:
5254:
5252:
5240:
5238:
5226:
5224:
5212:
5210:
5198:
5196:
5184:
5182:
5170:
5168:
5156:
5154:
5146:
5140:
5059:
5045:. in 2018, the
5030:
4990:
4978:
4966:
4959:
4958:
4919:Anti-capitalism
4914:
4906:
4905:
4851:Milton Friedman
4841:Walter Lippmann
4831:Friedrich Hayek
4826:
4818:
4817:
4788:
4780:
4779:
4740:Federal Reserve
4715:
4707:
4706:
4657:
4649:
4648:
4619:Austrian School
4614:
4606:
4605:
4576:School vouchers
4481:Balanced budget
4471:
4454:politics series
4432:
4420:Main articles:
4418:
4351:
4306:Abraham Lincoln
4291:Franklin Pierce
4262:American System
4260:under the name
4211:Fourteen Points
4114:Prohibitory Act
4065:J. R. McCulloch
3960:Arthur Nussbaum
3939:
3933:
3928:
3918:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3871:Public opinions
3850:
3829:
3817:trade diversion
3805:
3803:Trade diversion
3792:
3784:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3727:
3721:
3682:
3672:
3670:Economic models
3667:
3604:
3584:1973 oil crisis
3495:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3228:Aristotelianism
3211:
3203:
3202:
3178:
3170:
3169:
3110:
3102:
3101:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2867:Theories of law
2795:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2725:Self-governance
2705:Refusal of work
2472:Civil liberties
2452:Anti-capitalism
2425:
2397:
2357:
2345:
2338:
2337:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2014:North Macedonia
1758:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1736:Liberal parties
1674:
1666:
1665:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1178:
1168:
1167:
1152:
1142:
1141:
1137:State of nature
1125:Social services
1115:Social contract
1078:To own property
881:
873:
872:
757:
720:
691:
690:
621:
613:
612:
568:
558:
557:
528:
518:
517:
488:Trade sanctions
438:
430:
429:
390:Free-trade area
380:
372:
371:
342:
334:
333:
299:
289:
288:
234:Import licenses
204:
194:
193:
154:Trade diversion
114:
71:
65:
62:
59:
50:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14277:
14267:
14266:
14261:
14259:Libertarianism
14256:
14251:
14246:
14241:
14236:
14231:
14226:
14209:
14208:
14206:
14205:
14198:
14183:
14180:
14179:
14177:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14161:
14156:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14106:
14101:
14096:
14091:
14086:
14081:
14076:
14071:
14066:
14061:
14056:
14051:
14046:
14044:Anti-socialism
14041:
14036:
14034:Anti-communism
14031:
14026:
14020:
14018:
14014:
14013:
14011:
14010:
14004:Free to Choose
14000:
13990:
13980:
13970:
13960:
13954:Atlas Shrugged
13949:
13947:
13943:
13942:
13940:
13939:
13934:
13929:
13924:
13919:
13914:
13909:
13904:
13899:
13894:
13889:
13884:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13863:
13861:
13857:
13856:
13854:
13853:
13848:
13843:
13838:
13833:
13828:
13823:
13818:
13813:
13808:
13802:
13800:
13796:
13795:
13792:
13791:
13789:
13788:
13783:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13743:
13737:
13735:
13731:
13730:
13728:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13712:
13707:
13702:
13697:
13692:
13687:
13682:
13677:
13672:
13667:
13662:
13657:
13652:
13647:
13642:
13637:
13632:
13627:
13622:
13617:
13612:
13607:
13602:
13596:
13594:
13590:
13589:
13587:
13586:
13581:
13576:
13571:
13566:
13561:
13556:
13551:
13546:
13541:
13536:
13531:
13526:
13521:
13516:
13511:
13506:
13500:
13498:
13491:
13487:
13486:
13484:
13483:
13478:
13473:
13468:
13463:
13461:Tax resistance
13458:
13453:
13448:
13443:
13441:Social ecology
13438:
13433:
13431:Self-ownership
13428:
13423:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13393:
13388:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13358:
13353:
13348:
13343:
13338:
13333:
13328:
13323:
13318:
13313:
13308:
13303:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13283:
13278:
13273:
13268:
13266:Free migration
13263:
13258:
13253:
13248:
13243:
13238:
13233:
13228:
13226:Egalitarianism
13223:
13218:
13213:
13208:
13203:
13198:
13193:
13188:
13183:
13178:
13176:Class struggle
13173:
13168:
13163:
13158:
13156:Antimilitarism
13153:
13148:
13143:
13138:
13133:
13127:
13125:
13121:
13120:
13117:
13116:
13114:
13113:
13108:
13103:
13098:
13093:
13088:
13087:
13086:
13081:
13076:
13071:
13066:
13061:
13056:
13051:
13046:
13045:
13044:
13034:
13029:
13018:
13016:
13000:
12999:
12997:
12996:
12991:
12986:
12981:
12976:
12971:
12966:
12961:
12956:
12951:
12946:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12925:
12923:
12904:
12900:
12899:
12897:
12896:
12895:
12894:
12889:
12879:
12874:
12869:
12863:
12861:
12857:
12856:
12852:Libertarianism
12847:
12846:
12839:
12832:
12824:
12815:
12814:
12812:
12807:
12804:
12803:
12799:
12798:
12796:Utilitarianism
12793:
12788:
12783:
12782:
12781:
12776:
12769:Libertarianism
12766:
12764:Land value tax
12761:
12760:
12759:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12737:Egalitarianism
12734:
12729:
12728:
12727:
12717:
12716:
12715:
12705:
12700:
12695:
12693:Anti-communism
12690:
12684:
12683:
12682:
12680:
12679:Related topics
12676:
12675:
12673:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12653:
12648:
12643:
12638:
12633:
12628:
12623:
12618:
12613:
12608:
12606:
12602:
12601:
12597:
12592:
12587:
12582:
12577:
12572:
12567:
12562:
12557:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12502:
12497:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12417:
12412:
12407:
12402:
12397:
12392:
12391:
12390:
12388:
12384:
12383:
12379:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12363:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12333:
12328:
12323:
12318:
12313:
12308:
12303:
12298:
12293:
12288:
12283:
12278:
12273:
12268:
12263:
12258:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12238:
12233:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12208:
12203:
12201:Wollstonecraft
12198:
12193:
12188:
12183:
12178:
12173:
12168:
12163:
12158:
12153:
12148:
12143:
12138:
12133:
12128:
12123:
12118:
12112:
12111:
12110:
12108:
12104:
12103:
12100:
12099:
12097:
12096:
12091:
12090:
12089:
12078:
12076:
12072:
12071:
12069:
12068:
12067:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12036:
12030:
12028:
12024:
12023:
12021:
12020:
12015:
12010:
12005:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11964:
11963:
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11899:United Kingdom
11896:
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11543:
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11520:
11515:
11510:
11505:
11500:
11493:Libertarianism
11490:
11485:
11480:
11475:
11474:
11473:
11466:Constitutional
11462:
11460:
11456:
11455:
11453:
11452:
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11440:
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11404:
11403:
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11384:
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11375:
11373:
11371:Encyclopaedist
11368:
11363:
11358:
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11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
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11326:
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11320:
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11264:Social justice
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11165:Market economy
11162:
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11155:
11150:
11140:
11133:
11128:
11126:Invisible hand
11123:
11118:
11116:Harm principle
11113:
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10789:Aircraft parts
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10469:Trading nation
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10186:Zygmunt Bauman
10183:
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10074:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10051:Thomas Piketty
10048:
10046:Kevin O'Rourke
10043:
10038:
10036:Michael Hudson
10033:
10028:
10026:Robert Brenner
10023:
10018:
10013:
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10000:
9991:
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9897:Westernization
9894:
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9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
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9769:
9768:
9757:
9755:
9749:
9748:
9746:
9745:
9740:
9739:
9738:
9736:Tax inversions
9733:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9706:Digital divide
9703:
9702:
9701:
9691:
9690:
9689:
9682:Climate change
9678:
9676:
9667:
9663:
9662:
9660:
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9507:
9506:
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9492:
9484:
9478:
9477:
9476:
9475:
9456:
9455:External links
9453:
9452:
9451:
9444:
9430:
9409:978-1412965804
9408:
9392:Cato Institute
9378:Hamowy, Ronald
9369:
9346:
9345:
9340:
9334:
9333:
9322:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9315:
9314:
9299:
9279:
9272:Ricardo, David
9269:
9266:978-0073523026
9252:
9242:978-0374921620
9228:
9225:978-1843310273
9213:Chang, Ha-Joon
9210:
9197:978-0865976658
9196:
9170:
9152:
9129:
9126:
9123:
9122:
9108:
9086:
9055:
9047:Henry George,
9040:
9031:
9025:Pugel (2007),
9018:
9005:
8992:
8986:Pugel (2007),
8979:
8973:Pugel (2007),
8966:
8964:, pp. 264–265.
8953:
8940:
8933:
8910:
8889:
8861:
8842:
8807:
8801:Chang (2003),
8794:
8785:Intereconomics
8771:
8736:(1/2): 73–86.
8716:
8692:
8668:
8644:
8634:978-0857287618
8633:
8613:
8600:978-9978226100
8599:
8579:
8563:978-1351511926
8562:
8542:
8507:
8504:on 2016-02-03.
8483:
8456:(3): 425–457.
8436:
8409:(4): 665–699.
8393:
8342:(2): 469–498.
8323:
8306:
8276:
8246:
8240:978-0071198752
8239:
8217:
8201:
8195:978-0521832984
8194:
8173:
8161:William Baumol
8153:
8136:
8129:
8111:
8099:
8093:Chang (2003),
8086:
8080:Chang (2003),
8073:
8067:Chang (2003),
8060:
8043:
8037:Chang (2003),
8030:
8014:978-0313329685
8013:
7993:
7971:
7949:
7927:
7916:. January 1997
7898:
7865:
7859:978-0078034657
7858:
7840:
7831:
7804:
7788:
7761:
7750:
7744:978-1455278886
7743:
7723:
7710:
7697:
7662:
7656:978-0393068948
7655:
7639:Appleby, Joyce
7630:
7607:
7601:978-1859840153
7600:
7571:
7552:
7533:
7514:
7490:
7473:"Poll Results"
7464:
7442:
7407:
7359:
7319:(4): 369–387.
7296:
7275:10.1086/724319
7249:
7206:
7159:
7130:(2): 361–381.
7110:
7106:Macroeconomics
7091:
7075:
7059:
7057:, pp. 311–312.
7053:Pugel (2007),
7043:
7027:
7004:
6979:
6973:978-1351034647
6972:
6952:
6941:(1): 449–502.
6918:
6894:
6874:
6870:New York Times
6854:
6840:
6823:
6813:
6807:978-0190900465
6806:
6778:
6759:978-0444632807
6758:
6714:
6689:
6638:
6628:978-1412954891
6627:
6605:
6596:978-0691135304
6595:
6573:
6564:978-0230205314
6563:
6557:. p. 68.
6541:
6532:978-3642356902
6531:
6525:. p. 64.
6508:
6507:
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6412:
6406:
6400:
6394:
6388:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6359:
6356:
6352:land value tax
6256:
6253:
6215:mother country
6206:
6203:
6162:
6159:
6143:trade deficits
6128:balanced trade
6114:
6113:
6093:
6091:
6070:
6067:
6055:
6052:
6045:European Union
6040:
6037:
6032:Main article:
6029:
6026:
6012:
6009:
5951:British Empire
5920:
5917:
5807:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5785:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5760:
5751:neocolonialism
5744:Arguments for
5733:
5732:
5647:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5630:
5593:
5591:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5558:
5544:
5530:
5516:
5502:
5499:Czech Republic
5488:
5474:
5460:
5446:
5432:
5418:
5404:
5390:
5376:
5362:
5348:
5334:
5320:
5306:
5292:
5278:
5264:
5261:United Kingdom
5250:
5236:
5222:
5208:
5194:
5180:
5166:
5151:
5142:Main article:
5139:
5136:
5098:George W. Bush
5058:
5055:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4988:
4976:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4913:Related topics
4912:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4886:Alan Greenspan
4883:
4878:
4873:
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4858:
4853:
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4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4735:European Union
4732:
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4722:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
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4658:
4655:
4654:
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4647:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4624:Chicago School
4621:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4556:Market economy
4553:
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4533:
4523:
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4508:
4503:
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4478:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4417:
4414:
4406:European Union
4365:and later the
4350:
4347:
4300:The fledgling
4295:James Buchanan
4275:Andrew Jackson
4207:Woodrow Wilson
4073:Prime Minister
4045:Ottoman Empire
4000:, but also of
3953:Imperial Spain
3932:
3929:
3917:
3914:
3907:
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3655:
3644:
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3619:
3616:
3613:trade barriers
3603:
3600:
3592:trade barriers
3558:to imports or
3497:
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3479:
3471:
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3339:
3334:
3329:
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3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:Anti-socialism
3284:
3279:
3277:Anti-communism
3274:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3259:Related topics
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3248:
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3246:
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3195:
3193:United Kingdom
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2762:
2760:Tax resistance
2757:
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2747:
2742:
2740:Social ecology
2737:
2732:
2730:Self-ownership
2727:
2722:
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2567:Free migration
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2549:
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2529:
2527:Egalitarianism
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:Class struggle
2474:
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2457:Antimilitarism
2454:
2449:
2444:
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2427:
2426:
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2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:Libertarianism
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2381:
2373:
2370:
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2335:
2333:Utilitarianism
2330:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2306:Libertarianism
2303:
2301:Land value tax
2298:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2274:Egalitarianism
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2230:Anti-communism
2227:
2221:
2219:Related topics
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2173:Arizona School
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2141:United Kingdom
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
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2063:
2058:
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2052:
2051:
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2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
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1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1268:Wollstonecraft
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1120:Social justice
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1021:Market economy
1018:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1006:
996:
989:
984:
982:Invisible hand
979:
974:
972:Harm principle
969:
968:
967:
962:
957:
952:
951:
950:
945:
930:
925:
924:
923:
918:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
882:
879:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
849:
848:
843:
838:
837:
836:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
785:
784:
774:
769:
764:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
742:
741:
735:
734:
722:
721:
719:
718:
711:
704:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
686:Terms of trade
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
611:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
578:Trading nation
575:
569:
564:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
529:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
510:
509:
508:
503:
498:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
410:Economic union
407:
402:
397:
395:Currency union
392:
387:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
300:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
239:Customs duties
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
209:Trade barriers
205:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
186:
184:Domestic trade
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
149:Trade creation
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
115:
110:
109:
106:
105:
95:
94:
88:
87:
73:
72:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14276:
14265:
14264:Neoliberalism
14262:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14249:Globalization
14247:
14245:
14242:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14221:
14219:
14203:
14199:
14197:
14196:
14185:
14184:
14181:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14107:
14105:
14102:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14067:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14055:
14052:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14042:
14040:
14037:
14035:
14032:
14030:
14027:
14025:
14022:
14021:
14019:
14015:
14006:
14005:
14001:
13996:
13995:
13991:
13986:
13985:
13981:
13976:
13975:
13971:
13966:
13965:
13961:
13956:
13955:
13951:
13950:
13948:
13944:
13938:
13935:
13933:
13930:
13928:
13925:
13923:
13920:
13918:
13915:
13913:
13910:
13908:
13905:
13903:
13900:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13885:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13864:
13862:
13858:
13852:
13849:
13847:
13844:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13832:
13829:
13827:
13824:
13822:
13819:
13817:
13814:
13812:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13803:
13801:
13797:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13738:
13736:
13732:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13706:
13703:
13701:
13698:
13696:
13693:
13691:
13688:
13686:
13683:
13681:
13678:
13676:
13673:
13671:
13668:
13666:
13663:
13661:
13658:
13656:
13653:
13651:
13648:
13646:
13643:
13641:
13638:
13636:
13633:
13631:
13628:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13616:
13613:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13603:
13601:
13598:
13597:
13595:
13591:
13585:
13582:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13565:
13562:
13560:
13557:
13555:
13552:
13550:
13547:
13545:
13542:
13540:
13537:
13535:
13532:
13530:
13527:
13525:
13522:
13520:
13517:
13515:
13512:
13510:
13507:
13505:
13502:
13501:
13499:
13495:
13492:
13488:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13439:
13437:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13336:Individualism
13334:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13317:
13314:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13229:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13216:Direct action
13214:
13212:
13209:
13207:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13197:
13194:
13192:
13189:
13187:
13184:
13182:
13179:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13132:
13129:
13128:
13126:
13122:
13112:
13109:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13089:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13075:
13074:philosophical
13072:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13054:individualist
13052:
13050:
13047:
13043:
13040:
13039:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13024:
13023:
13020:
13019:
13017:
13013:
13006:
13001:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12970:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12940:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12926:
12924:
12920:
12913:
12908:
12905:
12901:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12884:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12864:
12862:
12858:
12853:
12845:
12840:
12838:
12833:
12831:
12826:
12825:
12822:
12811:
12808:
12805:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12771:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12758:
12755:
12754:
12753:
12752:Individualism
12750:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12726:
12723:
12722:
12721:
12718:
12714:
12711:
12710:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12685:
12681:
12677:
12672:
12669:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12629:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12609:
12607:
12605:Organisations
12603:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12408:
12406:
12403:
12401:
12398:
12396:
12393:
12389:
12385:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12352:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12309:
12307:
12304:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12177:
12174:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12157:
12154:
12152:
12149:
12147:
12144:
12142:
12139:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12113:
12109:
12105:
12095:
12092:
12088:
12085:
12084:
12083:
12080:
12079:
12077:
12073:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12041:
12040:
12039:United States
12037:
12035:
12032:
12031:
12029:
12027:North America
12025:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11962:
11959:
11958:
11957:
11954:
11952:
11949:
11948:
11946:
11944:
11943:the Caribbean
11938:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11901:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11789:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11761:
11758:
11757:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11697:
11695:
11693:
11689:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11660:
11655:
11654:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11619:
11617:
11613:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11578:
11576:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11563:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11532:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11495:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11488:International
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11472:
11469:
11468:
11467:
11464:
11463:
11461:
11457:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11445:Progressivism
11443:
11439:
11436:
11435:
11434:
11431:
11427:
11424:
11423:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11413:
11411:
11409:
11405:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11385:
11383:
11381:
11377:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11339:Anti-clerical
11337:
11336:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11309:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11301:
11297:
11294:
11290:
11282:
11279:
11275:
11274:Welfare state
11272:
11270:
11267:
11266:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11209:
11208:
11205:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11192:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11145:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11138:
11137:Laissez-faire
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11086:
11085:
11082:
11081:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11059:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11029:
11025:
11021:
11016:
11008:
11003:
11001:
10996:
10994:
10989:
10988:
10985:
10973:
10965:
10963:
10955:
10954:
10951:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10899:Photovoltaics
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10777:
10773:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10744:
10742:
10738:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10723:
10721:
10717:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10697:
10695:
10691:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10671:
10669:
10665:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10640:
10638:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10625:
10619:
10616:
10613:
10609:
10605:
10604:Protectionism
10602:
10600:
10597:
10594:
10590:
10589:
10584:
10580:
10577:
10576:
10574:
10572:
10568:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10556:Trade barrier
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10486:
10484:
10479:Organizations
10476:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10459:Trade justice
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10434:Globalization
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10386:
10384:
10380:
10376:
10369:
10364:
10362:
10357:
10355:
10350:
10349:
10346:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10322:
10314:
10313:
10310:
10300:
10299:Vandana Shiva
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10276:
10274:
10268:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10251:Saskia Sassen
10249:
10247:
10246:George Ritzer
10244:
10242:
10241:Antonio Negri
10239:
10237:
10236:L. H. M. Ling
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10221:Michael Hardt
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10201:Alfred Crosby
10199:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10153:
10151:
10143:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10131:Susan Strange
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10101:Robert W. Cox
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10088:
10086:
10078:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10061:Jeffrey Sachs
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10001:
9995:
9992:
9986:
9980:
9979:World-systems
9977:
9975:
9974:World history
9972:
9970:
9969:Social change
9967:
9965:
9962:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9949:
9948:
9947:Modernization
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9919:
9917:
9913:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9886:
9883:
9882:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9815:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9767:
9764:
9763:
9762:
9759:
9758:
9756:
9750:
9744:
9741:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9728:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9700:
9697:
9696:
9695:
9692:
9688:
9685:
9684:
9683:
9680:
9679:
9677:
9671:
9668:
9664:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9632:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9610:Global health
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9594:
9591:
9590:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9550:
9548:
9544:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9519:
9516:
9512:
9511:Globalization
9505:
9500:
9498:
9493:
9491:
9486:
9485:
9482:
9474:
9471:
9470:
9469:
9465:
9462:
9459:
9458:
9449:
9445:
9440:
9438:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9385:
9384:
9379:
9375:
9370:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9350:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9312:
9308:
9304:
9300:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9288:
9283:
9280:
9277:
9273:
9270:
9267:
9263:
9259:
9256:
9253:
9250:
9246:
9243:
9239:
9235:
9232:
9229:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9214:
9211:
9207:
9203:
9199:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9184:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9153:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9137:
9132:
9131:
9118:
9112:
9096:
9090:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9059:
9052:
9051:
9044:
9035:
9028:
9022:
9015:
9009:
9002:
8996:
8989:
8983:
8976:
8970:
8963:
8957:
8950:
8944:
8936:
8930:
8926:
8925:
8920:
8914:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8893:
8884:
8880:
8875:
8874:
8865:
8857:
8853:
8846:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8811:
8804:
8798:
8791:(3): 120–155.
8790:
8786:
8782:
8775:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8720:
8706:
8702:
8696:
8682:
8678:
8672:
8658:
8654:
8648:
8641:
8636:
8630:
8626:
8625:
8617:
8602:
8596:
8592:
8591:
8583:
8576:
8565:
8559:
8555:
8554:
8546:
8539:
8533:
8528:
8524:
8523:
8518:
8511:
8500:
8493:
8487:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8440:
8432:
8428:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8397:
8389:
8383:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8330:
8328:
8320:
8316:
8310:
8295:on 2012-09-11
8294:
8290:
8286:
8280:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8250:
8242:
8236:
8231:
8230:
8221:
8214:
8210:
8205:
8197:
8191:
8187:
8180:
8178:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8157:
8149:
8148:
8140:
8132:
8126:
8122:
8115:
8108:
8103:
8096:
8090:
8083:
8077:
8070:
8064:
8057:
8053:
8047:
8040:
8034:
8027:
8016:
8010:
8006:
8005:
7997:
7981:
7975:
7959:
7953:
7937:
7931:
7915:
7908:
7902:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7869:
7861:
7855:
7851:
7844:
7835:
7819:
7815:
7808:
7801:
7797:
7792:
7778:
7777:The Economist
7774:
7768:
7766:
7759:
7754:
7746:
7740:
7736:
7735:
7727:
7720:
7714:
7707:
7701:
7687:on 2017-10-12
7686:
7682:
7678:
7677:
7672:
7666:
7658:
7652:
7647:
7646:
7640:
7634:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7614:
7612:
7603:
7597:
7593:
7588:
7587:
7581:
7575:
7567:
7563:
7556:
7548:
7544:
7537:
7529:
7525:
7518:
7510:
7509:
7504:
7497:
7495:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7453:
7446:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7411:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7378:
7377:Hoover Digest
7373:
7369:
7363:
7355:
7342:on 2004-09-20
7338:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7307:
7300:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7253:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7210:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7179:(1): 73–128.
7178:
7174:
7170:
7163:
7155:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7114:
7107:
7103:
7098:
7096:
7088:
7082:
7080:
7072:
7071:
7063:
7056:
7050:
7048:
7040:
7036:
7035:Thom Hartmann
7031:
7024:
7020:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7009:
6993:
6989:
6983:
6975:
6969:
6966:. Routledge.
6965:
6964:
6956:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6929:
6922:
6908:
6904:
6898:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6882:William Poole
6878:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6858:
6850:
6844:
6836:
6830:
6828:
6817:
6809:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6790:
6782:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6718:
6704:
6700:
6693:
6685:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6642:
6635:
6630:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6609:
6602:
6598:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6566:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6534:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6513:
6509:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6458:
6455:
6452:
6449:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6362:
6355:
6353:
6346:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6319:
6315:'s 1886 book
6314:
6309:
6307:
6302:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6291:David Ricardo
6287:
6285:
6281:
6275:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6255:In literature
6252:
6250:
6249:Berlin Treaty
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6183:
6179:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6161:Protectionism
6158:
6156:
6152:
6149:, protecting
6148:
6144:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6120:protectionism
6110:
6107:February 2019
6101:
6097:
6094:This section
6092:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6075:Protectionism
6065:
6061:
6050:
6046:
6035:
6022:
6017:
6008:
6006:
6002:
6001:Ha-Joon Chang
5998:
5994:
5990:
5989:Rafael Correa
5985:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5905:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5874:
5872:
5871:working class
5868:
5864:
5860:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5815:David Ricardo
5810:
5805:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5747:
5746:protectionism
5742:
5740:
5729:
5726:
5718:
5715:November 2019
5707:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5679:
5676: –
5675:
5671:
5670:Find sources:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5648:This section
5646:
5642:
5637:
5636:
5627:
5624:
5616:
5613:February 2019
5606:
5600:
5599:
5594:This section
5592:
5583:
5582:
5570:
5559:
5556:
5545:
5542:
5531:
5528:
5517:
5514:
5503:
5500:
5489:
5486:
5475:
5472:
5461:
5458:
5457:United States
5447:
5444:
5433:
5430:
5419:
5416:
5405:
5402:
5391:
5388:
5377:
5374:
5363:
5360:
5349:
5346:
5335:
5332:
5321:
5318:
5307:
5304:
5293:
5290:
5279:
5276:
5265:
5262:
5251:
5248:
5237:
5234:
5223:
5220:
5209:
5206:
5195:
5192:
5181:
5178:
5167:
5164:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5145:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5118:Ha-Joon Chang
5115:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5052:
5051:Pacific Ocean
5048:
5044:
5039:
5027:
5022:
5020:
5015:
5013:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:Roger Douglas
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4871:Ronald Reagan
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4846:Louis Rougier
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4787:Organizations
4784:
4783:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:New Democrats
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4586:Single market
4584:
4582:
4581:Shock therapy
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4566:Privatization
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4551:Marketization
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:Globalization
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:Neoliberalism
4460:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4402:customs union
4399:
4398:single market
4395:
4391:
4387:
4386:six countries
4382:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4287:James K. Polk
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4246:Jeffersonians
4243:
4240:According to
4237:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4057:capitulations
4054:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4026:protectionist
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3986:Mediterranean
3981:
3979:
3978:David Ricardo
3975:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3946:David Ricardo
3943:
3938:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3903:
3891:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3854:
3842:
3841:protectionism
3838:
3837:Liberal Party
3833:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3807:According to
3800:
3797:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3731:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3702:Ha-Joon Chang
3699:
3694:
3691:
3688:'s theory of
3687:
3686:David Ricardo
3681:
3677:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3564:import quotas
3561:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3530:protectionism
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3198:United States
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2791:
2790:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Individualism
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:Direct action
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:Individualism
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2168:United States
2166:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:Latin America
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1673:Organizations
1670:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
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1451:
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1416:
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1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1130:Welfare state
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
995:
994:
993:Laissez-faire
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
939:
936:
935:
934:
931:
929:
926:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
877:
876:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
847:
844:
842:
839:
835:
832:
831:
830:
827:
826:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
783:
780:
779:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
753:
752:
748:
744:
743:
740:
737:
736:
732:
728:
727:
717:
712:
710:
705:
703:
698:
697:
695:
694:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
617:
616:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
583:United States
581:
579:
576:
574:
573:Trade mission
571:
570:
567:
562:
561:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
527:
522:
521:
514:
511:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
478:Trade justice
476:
474:
471:
469:
468:Globalization
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
434:
433:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
405:Single market
403:
401:
400:Customs union
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
376:
375:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
341:Organizations
338:
337:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
314:Laissez-faire
312:
310:
309:Protectionism
307:
305:
302:
301:
298:
293:
292:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
224:Import quotas
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
203:
198:
197:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
169:Trade finance
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
113:
108:
107:
101:
97:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
84:
79:
78:
69:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
14186:
14039:Anti-fascism
14024:Abolitionism
14002:
13992:
13982:
13972:
13962:
13952:
13937:War on Drugs
13836:Korwin-Mikke
13756:de La Boétie
13660:Korwin-Mikke
13490:Philosophers
13416:Right to die
13321:Gift economy
13270:
13161:Anti-statism
13027:collectivist
12994:Voluntaryism
12786:Pirate Party
12515:Lloyd George
12107:Philosophers
12049:Jeffersonian
11792:Berlusconism
11658:
11596:South Africa
11380:Conservative
11366:Physiocratic
11227:To bear arms
11175:Open society
11135:
10874:Live animals
10854:Gas turbines
10667:Asia-Pacific
10599:Mercantilism
10586:
10578:
10481:and policies
10294:John R. Saul
10279:Noam Chomsky
10271:Non–academic
10211:Susan George
10206:Nancy Fraser
10176:Walden Bello
10121:David Harvey
10111:Stephen Gill
10031:Jayati Ghosh
9937:Earth system
9803:Human rights
9743:Water crisis
9640:early modern
9436:
9382:
9374:"Free Trade"
9357:
9328:
9302:
9285:
9275:
9257:
9233:
9216:
9181:
9158:
9135:
9111:
9099:. Retrieved
9089:
9077:. Retrieved
9072:
9068:
9058:
9049:
9043:
9034:
9026:
9021:
9013:
9008:
9000:
8995:
8987:
8982:
8974:
8969:
8961:
8956:
8948:
8943:
8923:
8913:
8908:, 14–17, 23.
8905:
8901:
8897:
8892:
8872:
8864:
8855:
8845:
8820:
8816:
8810:
8802:
8797:
8788:
8784:
8774:
8733:
8729:
8719:
8708:. Retrieved
8704:
8695:
8684:. Retrieved
8680:
8671:
8660:. Retrieved
8656:
8647:
8623:
8616:
8604:. Retrieved
8589:
8582:
8574:
8567:. Retrieved
8552:
8545:
8536:
8521:
8510:
8499:the original
8486:
8453:
8449:
8439:
8406:
8402:
8396:
8382:cite journal
8339:
8335:
8314:
8309:
8297:. Retrieved
8293:the original
8288:
8279:
8267:. Retrieved
8263:the original
8258:
8249:
8228:
8220:
8204:
8185:
8165:Alan Blinder
8156:
8146:
8139:
8120:
8114:
8102:
8094:
8089:
8081:
8076:
8068:
8063:
8046:
8038:
8033:
8025:
8018:. Retrieved
8003:
7996:
7984:. Retrieved
7974:
7962:. Retrieved
7958:"Agreements"
7952:
7940:. Retrieved
7930:
7918:. Retrieved
7913:
7901:
7890:. Retrieved
7878:
7868:
7849:
7843:
7834:
7822:. Retrieved
7818:the original
7807:
7799:
7791:
7780:. Retrieved
7776:
7753:
7733:
7726:
7718:
7713:
7705:
7700:
7689:. Retrieved
7685:the original
7675:
7671:Paul Bairoch
7665:
7644:
7633:
7623:
7585:
7574:
7565:
7555:
7546:
7536:
7527:
7517:
7506:
7481:. Retrieved
7477:the original
7467:
7455:. Retrieved
7445:
7420:
7416:
7410:
7402:the original
7384:(4): 42–49.
7381:
7375:
7362:
7344:. Retrieved
7337:the original
7316:
7312:
7299:
7266:
7262:
7252:
7219:
7216:Econometrica
7215:
7209:
7176:
7172:
7162:
7127:
7123:
7113:
7105:
7086:
7069:
7062:
7054:
7038:
7030:
7022:
6996:. Retrieved
6994:. 2018-08-20
6991:
6982:
6962:
6955:
6938:
6934:
6921:
6910:. Retrieved
6906:
6897:
6889:
6877:
6869:
6857:
6843:
6835:"Free Trade"
6816:
6788:
6781:
6771:, retrieved
6731:
6727:
6717:
6706:. Retrieved
6702:
6692:
6655:
6651:
6641:
6632:
6614:
6608:
6600:
6582:
6576:
6568:
6550:
6544:
6536:
6518:
6512:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6334:
6316:
6313:Henry George
6310:
6294:
6288:
6284:mercantilism
6277:
6272:
6264:
6258:
6243:(CFS) under
6235:
6208:
6195:Donald Trump
6187:
6175:
6164:
6151:labor rights
6140:
6117:
6104:
6100:adding to it
6095:
6069:Alternatives
5996:
5992:
5986:
5963:
5947:mercantilism
5940:
5914:
5907:
5902:
5898:
5881:
5875:
5856:
5849:
5834:exploitation
5828:
5811:
5808:
5743:
5736:
5721:
5712:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5674:"Free trade"
5669:
5657:Please help
5652:verification
5649:
5619:
5610:
5595:
5147:
5113:
5111:
5083:trade policy
5075:
5071:prostitution
5060:
5035:
4901:Bill Clinton
4798:Chicago boys
4644:Trickle-down
4634:Neoclassical
4546:Laffer curve
4525:
4521:Free markets
4491:Deregulation
4452:Part of the
4383:
4355:World War II
4352:
4328:
4323:
4299:
4242:Paul Bairoch
4239:
4234:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4203:Cordell Hull
4188:
4180:treaty ports
4174:. Under the
4165:
4145:Papal States
4140:Le più colte
4138:
4135:motu proprio
4133:
4130:Papal States
4123:
4107:
4092:
4068:
4042:
4030:isolationist
4022:mercantilist
3982:
3967:
3950:
3910:
3897:
3889:
3864:Paul Krugman
3862:
3855:
3851:
3806:
3795:
3793:
3785:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3736:
3706:
3695:
3683:
3588:
3576:
3566:, taxes and
3552:open markets
3534:
3506:trade policy
3501:
3500:
3282:Anti-fascism
3267:Abolitionism
3183:South Africa
3150:Korwin-Mikke
2886:Philosophers
2872:War on Drugs
2715:Right to die
2620:Gift economy
2462:Anti-statism
2323:Pirate Party
2183:Jeffersonian
2091:South Africa
1581:Lloyd George
1176:Philosophers
1083:To bear arms
1031:Open society
991:
947:
767:Conservative
496:Currency war
415:Fiscal union
318:
304:Mercantilism
202:Restrictions
80:
63:
55:
14154:Objectivism
13988:(1973–1979)
13917:Objectivism
13912:LGBT rights
13897:Immigration
13799:Politicians
13680:de Molinari
13625:M. Friedman
13620:D. Friedman
13366:Natural law
13256:Free market
13231:Evictionism
13206:Departurism
13111:Syndicalism
13096:Communalism
13084:syndicalist
13037:free-market
12585:Verhofstadt
12580:Balcerowicz
12387:Politicians
12316:Collingwood
12256:Tocqueville
12131:Montesquieu
12094:New Zealand
12064:Progressive
12054:Libertarian
11909:Libertarian
11904:Gladstonian
11884:Switzerland
11834:Netherlands
11735:Czech lands
11677:Philippines
11670:Progressive
11652:South Korea
11426:Ecofeminism
11354:Utilitarian
11234:Rule of law
11037:Due process
10879:Natural gas
10844:Electronics
10839:Electricity
10449:Outsourcing
10382:Terminology
10289:Naomi Klein
10171:Ulrich Beck
10146:Politics /
10136:Robert Wade
10126:Ronen Palan
10116:Peter Gowan
10066:Amartya Sen
10056:Dani Rodrik
10006:David Autor
9932:Development
9813:Imperialism
9761:Brain drain
9282:Smith, Adam
9079:15 November
8887:, pp. 95–99
8823:(1): 1–36.
7704:Dickerson,
7145:10986/36630
6749:10986/24161
6675:10016/36110
6658:(1): 9–41.
6409:Free market
6333:wrote that
6331:Tyler Cowen
6269:, writing:
6205:Imperialism
6124:imperialism
6079:Imperialism
5999:written by
5919:Colonialism
5910:offshorable
5787:creating a
5779:child labor
5777:supporting
5771:tolerating
5527:South Korea
5401:New Zealand
5303:Switzerland
5177:Netherlands
4939:Blatcherism
4697:Rogernomics
4692:Reaganomics
4672:Thatcherism
4639:Supply-side
4388:formed the
4384:In Europe,
4320:) as thus:
4160:opium trade
4014:Netherlands
3969:jus gentium
3955:. American
3623:regulations
3572:legislation
3397:Objectivism
3109:Politicians
2852:Objectivism
2847:LGBT rights
2832:Immigration
2665:Natural law
2557:Free market
2532:Evictionism
2507:Departurism
2151:Gladstonian
2111:Switzerland
2096:South Korea
2039:Philippines
1999:New Zealand
1994:Netherlands
1651:Verhofstadt
1646:Balcerowicz
1455:Politicians
1383:Collingwood
1323:Tocqueville
1198:Montesquieu
1090:Rule of law
891:Due process
501:Trade costs
463:Outsourcing
179:Trade route
92:World trade
32:Free market
14254:Liberalism
14224:Free trade
14218:Categories
13751:Konkin III
13593:Right-wing
13436:Single tax
13331:Illegalism
13271:Free trade
13131:Abstention
13091:Autonomism
12964:Minarchism
12934:Autarchism
12882:Liberalism
12742:Empiricism
12713:Democratic
12708:Capitalism
12044:Jacksonian
11914:Manchester
11829:Montenegro
11814:Luxembourg
11349:Republican
11239:Secularism
11074:Federalism
11015:Liberalism
10919:Telephones
10583:Adam Smith
10579:Free trade
10561:Trade bloc
10536:ATA Carnet
10424:Fair trade
10231:Paul Hirst
10226:David Held
10091:Samir Amin
10081:Political
10016:Ravi Batra
9957:history of
9952:ecological
9927:Dependency
9875:Offshoring
9838:scientific
9828:linguistic
9793:Fair trade
9773:Care drain
9726:Tax havens
9721:Population
9630:History of
9418:2008009151
9329:Free trade
9311:0930350766
9296:1420932063
9167:0691091560
9136:Free Trade
8710:2022-10-18
8686:2022-10-18
8662:2020-10-14
8130:1843310279
7892:2017-09-20
7782:2017-11-26
7691:2017-08-16
7457:22 January
7346:2007-01-22
6998:2021-09-24
6912:2017-06-24
6773:2019-10-07
6708:2019-10-07
6466:Trade bloc
6448:Offshoring
6403:Fair trade
6327:Democratic
6261:Adam Smith
6132:fair trade
5955:Henry Clay
5886:subsidized
5869:or of the
5830:Socialists
5783:sweatshops
5765:promoting
5685:newspapers
5205:Luxembourg
4770:World Bank
4714:Governance
4667:Fujimorism
4629:Monetarism
4526:Free trade
4416:Modern era
4283:John Tyler
4269:economist
4258:Whig Party
4252:continued
4250:Henry Clay
4199:Henry Ford
4156:Opium Wars
4006:East India
3974:Adam Smith
3920:See also:
3900:April 2024
3821:Doha Round
3502:Free trade
3233:Liberalism
2735:Single tax
2630:Illegalism
2571:Free trade
2432:Abstention
2279:Empiricism
2250:Democratic
2245:Capitalism
2156:Manchester
1989:Montenegro
1974:Luxembourg
1910:Venizelism
1840:Costa Rica
1095:Secularism
928:Federalism
880:Principles
739:Liberalism
566:By country
473:Fair trade
319:Free trade
269:Safeguards
144:Trade bloc
139:Trade pact
36:Fair trade
18:Free-trade
14094:Fusionism
13887:Criticism
13831:Jorgensen
13806:Cleveland
13675:von Mises
13630:Goldwater
13559:Kropotkin
13497:Left-wing
13451:Squatting
13251:Free love
13069:mutualism
13032:communist
13022:Anarchism
12954:Fusionism
12887:classical
12872:Anarchism
12757:Anarchist
12555:Roosevelt
12525:Ståhlberg
12520:Venizelos
12475:Sarmiento
12465:Gladstone
12425:Lamartine
12395:Jefferson
12246:Martineau
12196:De Gouges
12181:Condorcet
12166:Priestley
12082:Australia
11998:Nicaragua
11819:Macedonia
11809:Lithuania
11760:Orléanist
11627:Hong Kong
11566:By region
11535:Christian
11530:Religious
11483:Corporate
11450:Third Way
11300:Classical
11042:Democracy
10814:Computers
10799:Car parts
10794:Aluminium
10531:Incoterms
10464:Trade war
10256:John Urry
10148:sociology
9998:Economics
9902:World war
9625:Globality
9593:education
9426:750831024
9249:490386016
9206:237794267
9143:, Mainz:
8837:149378537
8750:0167-4544
8470:1531-5088
8431:158781474
8423:0020-8183
8374:152381282
8366:1531-5088
8344:CiteSeerX
8171:, p. 722.
7986:3 January
7887:0099-9660
7824:3 January
7721:, p. 238.
7708:, p. 140.
7437:201123406
7333:143617926
7291:235357218
7283:0022-3808
7236:0012-9682
7201:234358882
7193:0002-8282
7154:0258-6770
6907:IGM Forum
6768:204484666
6703:VoxEU.org
6684:0212-6109
6504:Citations
6472:Trade war
6199:Joe Biden
6178:Corn Laws
6147:dirigisme
5976:) Party (
5848:wrote in
5846:Karl Marx
5555:Lithuania
5513:Australia
5191:Hong Kong
5163:Singapore
5123:Corn Laws
5102:Hu Jintao
4813:Third Way
4677:Third Way
4656:Movements
4613:Economics
4476:Austerity
4439:Singapore
4381:in 2006.
4310:Civil War
4225:Economist
4132:with the
4093:Trade in
4080:Corn Laws
4034:socialist
3931:Early era
3665:Economics
3652:oligopoly
3607:Trade of
3560:subsidies
3526:left-wing
3337:Fusionism
3238:classical
3223:Anarchism
3140:Goldwater
3130:Cleveland
3120:Gladstone
2992:De Cleyre
2917:Jefferson
2892:La Boétie
2822:Criticism
2750:Squatting
2552:Free love
2294:Anarchist
2202:Venezuela
2178:Classical
2146:Cobdenism
2049:Cracovian
2004:Nicaragua
1969:Lithuania
1828:Hong Kong
1783:Australia
1621:Roosevelt
1591:Ståhlberg
1586:Venizelos
1541:Sarmiento
1531:Gladstone
1491:Lamartine
1461:Jefferson
1313:Martineau
1263:De Gouges
1248:Condorcet
1233:Priestley
896:Democracy
868:Third Way
829:Christian
824:Religious
762:Classical
588:Argentina
506:Trade war
448:Smuggling
134:Trade law
14104:Georgism
13867:Abortion
13811:Coolidge
13710:Rothbard
13695:Paterson
13655:Kinsella
13650:Jillette
13574:Proudhon
13554:Hodgskin
13529:Déjacque
13509:Bookchin
13361:Localism
13124:Concepts
12747:Humanism
12720:Centrism
12535:Rathenau
12510:Milyukov
12430:Macaulay
12400:Kołłątaj
12371:Kymlicka
12351:Friedman
12296:Cassirer
12286:Hobhouse
12221:Constant
12216:Humboldt
12176:Beccaria
12141:Rousseau
12136:Voltaire
12008:Paraguay
11988:Honduras
11973:Colombia
11929:Whiggist
11919:Muscular
11869:Slovenia
11864:Slovakia
11844:Portugal
11797:Liberism
11720:Bulgaria
11659:Chinilpa
11606:Zimbabwe
11478:Cultural
11393:National
11329:Georgist
11307:Economic
11190:Property
11153:Positive
11148:Negative
11104:Religion
11084:Economic
11057:Equality
10962:Category
10934:Vehicles
10924:Textiles
10869:Iron ore
10834:Diamonds
10658:Mercosur
10636:Americas
10321:Category
9990:scholars
9915:Theories
9823:cultural
9818:academic
9522:Journals
9464:Archived
8921:(2006).
8883:6453380M
8766:55108569
8758:25123283
8569:4 August
8299:16 March
8269:16 March
8215:, p. 46.
7964:17 March
7673:(1995).
7641:(2010).
7621:(1947).
7582:(1994).
7370:(1993).
6634:parties.
6358:See also
6325:by five
6229:and the
6171:taxation
6054:Americas
5978:Corn Law
5802:forcing
5796:harming
5577:Politics
5541:Portugal
4755:MERCOSUR
4601:Tax cuts
4359:Cold War
4126:Pius VII
4038:populist
3827:Opinions
3648:monopoly
3602:Features
3549:Mercosur
3547:and the
3347:Georgism
3135:Coolidge
3087:Lottieri
3042:Rothbard
3032:Bookchin
3012:Paterson
2957:Proudhon
2932:Hodgskin
2902:Franklin
2802:Abortion
2660:Localism
2424:Concepts
2408:a series
2406:Part of
2284:Humanism
2257:Centrism
2207:Zimbabwe
2161:Whiggism
2121:Thailand
2086:Slovenia
2081:Slovakia
2056:Portugal
2029:Paraguay
1952:Liberism
1917:Honduras
1835:Colombia
1808:Bulgaria
1601:Rathenau
1576:Milyukov
1496:Macaulay
1466:Kołłątaj
1438:Kymlicka
1418:Friedman
1363:Cassirer
1353:Hobhouse
1288:Constant
1283:Humboldt
1243:Beccaria
1208:Rousseau
1203:Voltaire
1046:Property
1009:Positive
1004:Negative
960:Religion
938:Economic
911:Equality
834:Catholic
804:National
799:Muscular
777:Feminist
772:Cultural
731:a series
729:Part of
593:Pakistan
83:a series
81:Part of
66:May 2024
14017:Related
13851:Sarwark
13826:Johnson
13786:Thoreau
13776:Stirner
13771:Spooner
13761:McElroy
13725:Stossel
13720:Spencer
13640:Herbert
13615:Emerson
13610:Brennan
13600:Bastiat
13564:Marcuse
13544:Goldman
13534:Fourier
13519:Chomsky
13504:Bakunin
13351:Liberty
13042:agorism
12903:Schools
12892:radical
12860:Origins
12575:Jenkins
12570:Kennedy
12560:Pearson
12545:Einaudi
12530:Gokhale
12490:Itagaki
12485:Naoroji
12480:Mommsen
12460:Lincoln
12450:Mazzini
12435:Kossuth
12420:Broglie
12415:Bolívar
12410:Artigas
12405:Madison
12266:Spencer
12251:Emerson
12241:Bastiat
12226:Ricardo
12186:Bentham
12126:Spinoza
12087:Small-l
12075:Oceania
12018:Uruguay
11983:Ecuador
11951:Bolivia
11924:Radical
11894:Ukraine
11849:Romania
11824:Moldova
11782:Hungary
11772:Germany
11767:Georgia
11750:Finland
11745:Estonia
11740:Denmark
11725:Croatia
11715:Belgium
11710:Austria
11705:Armenia
11700:Albania
11601:Tunisia
11591:Senegal
11586:Nigeria
11547:Secular
11540:Islamic
11334:Radical
11292:Schools
11195:Private
11143:Liberty
11079:Freedom
10972:Commons
10849:Engines
10612:Autarky
10083:economy
9988:Notable
9766:reverse
9694:Disease
9635:archaic
9546:Aspects
9537:Studies
9532:Outline
9380:(ed.).
9180:(ed.).
9101:2 March
8990:, p. 34
8977:, p. 33
8960:Smith,
8896:Lynch,
8805:, p. 17
8606:2 March
8478:2134093
8097:, p. 50
8084:, p. 59
8071:, p. 17
8041:, p. 66
7920:2 March
7914:Wto.org
7717:Tyler,
7386:Bibcode
7244:3082019
6306:autarky
6237:Belgium
6219:British
6167:tariffs
6157:, etc.
5966:Ireland
5937:in 1945
5933:Map of
5894:dumping
5865:of the
5842:capital
5838:workers
5699:scholar
5429:Ireland
5415:Iceland
5345:Estonia
5317:Denmark
5289:Belgium
5275:Germany
5247:Austria
5233:Finland
5067:ethanol
4304:led by
4231:notes:
4067:in his
4049:liberal
3916:History
3890:updated
3719:Tariffs
3638:markets
3556:tariffs
3514:exports
3510:imports
3243:radical
3155:Johnson
3115:Bastiat
3097:Brennan
3072:Van Dun
3047:Chomsky
2997:Goldman
2982:Herbert
2977:Spencer
2972:Thoreau
2967:Bakunin
2962:Andrews
2952:Spooner
2947:Stirner
2942:Emerson
2922:Bentham
2650:Liberty
2197:Uruguay
2136:Ukraine
2126:Tunisia
2071:Senegal
2061:Romania
2009:Nigeria
1984:Moldova
1927:Iceland
1922:Hungary
1900:Germany
1895:Georgia
1885:Finland
1880:Estonia
1870:Ecuador
1865:Denmark
1860:Czechia
1845:Croatia
1798:Bolivia
1793:Belgium
1788:Austria
1778:Armenia
1773:Albania
1641:Jenkins
1636:Kennedy
1626:Pearson
1611:Einaudi
1596:Gokhale
1556:Itagaki
1551:Naoroji
1546:Mommsen
1526:Lincoln
1516:Mazzini
1501:Kossuth
1486:Broglie
1481:Bolívar
1476:Artigas
1471:Madison
1333:Spencer
1318:Emerson
1308:Bastiat
1293:Ricardo
1253:Bentham
1193:Spinoza
1150:History
1051:Private
999:Liberty
933:Freedom
853:Secular
841:Islamic
819:Radical
756:Schools
603:Vietnam
598:Romania
543:Tariffs
538:Exports
533:Imports
297:History
264:Embargo
254:Bribery
214:Tariffs
56:updated
14008:(1980)
13998:(1974)
13978:(1973)
13968:(1970)
13958:(1957)
13860:Issues
13821:Gandhi
13816:Farage
13741:George
13690:Nozick
13584:Tucker
13579:Warren
13569:Öcalan
13549:Guérin
13539:Godwin
13524:Cleyre
13079:social
12595:Macron
12540:Madero
12505:Deakin
12495:Levski
12470:Cavour
12455:Juárez
12445:Cobden
12376:Badawi
12366:Nozick
12346:Berlin
12336:Popper
12311:Keynes
12306:Ortega
12271:Arnold
12231:Guizot
12191:Korais
12156:Turgot
12116:Milton
12059:Modern
12034:Canada
12003:Panama
11993:Mexico
11961:Lulism
11956:Brazil
11889:Turkey
11879:Sweden
11859:Serbia
11854:Russia
11839:Norway
11804:Latvia
11777:Greece
11755:France
11730:Cyprus
11692:Europe
11682:Turkey
11642:Israel
11574:Africa
11552:Techno
11408:Social
11312:Fiscal
11207:Rights
11200:Public
11109:Speech
11089:Market
11062:Gender
10929:Trucks
10889:Petrol
10829:Cotton
10819:Copper
10809:Coffee
10454:Tariff
9843:social
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4061:duties
4008:) and
4002:Bengal
3994:Greece
3957:jurist
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3725:Tariff
3654:power.
3165:Hannan
3092:Huemer
3077:Konkin
3057:Machan
3052:Nozick
3002:Gandhi
2987:George
2937:Warren
2927:Godwin
2794:Issues
2190:Modern
2131:Turkey
2116:Taiwan
2106:Sweden
2076:Serbia
2066:Russia
2044:Poland
2024:Panama
2019:Norway
1979:Mexico
1964:Latvia
1942:Israel
1905:Greece
1890:France
1855:Cyprus
1813:Canada
1803:Brazil
1763:Europe
1661:Macron
1606:Madero
1571:Deakin
1561:Levski
1536:Cavour
1521:Juárez
1511:Cobden
1443:Badawi
1433:Nozick
1413:Berlin
1403:Popper
1378:Keynes
1373:Ortega
1338:Arnold
1298:Guizot
1258:Korais
1223:Turgot
1183:Milton
1063:Rights
1056:Public
965:Speech
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863:Techno
858:Social
846:Jewish
782:Equity
620:Theory
437:Issues
124:Export
119:Import
112:Policy
13946:Works
13841:Milei
13781:Szasz
13766:Paine
13734:Other
13715:Simon
13670:Locke
13645:Hoppe
13635:Hayek
13605:Block
13514:Camus
13049:green
12779:Right
12590:Obama
12565:Ohlin
12500:Kemal
12356:Rawls
12331:Hayek
12321:Čapek
12301:Mises
12291:Croce
12281:Weber
12276:Acton
12206:Staël
12171:Paine
12161:Burke
12146:Smith
12121:Locke
11968:Chile
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11787:Italy
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11647:Japan
11632:India
11622:China
11581:Egypt
11459:Other
11416:Green
11099:Press
11093:Trade
11067:Legal
11023:Ideas
10939:Wheat
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7329:S2CID
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7197:S2CID
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6821:1994.
6764:S2CID
5890:NAFTA
5878:NAFTA
5857:Many
5739:costs
5706:JSTOR
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5373:Japan
5359:Spain
4470:Ideas
4189:Many
4010:China
3990:Egypt
3740:world
3627:firms
3609:goods
3504:is a
3188:Spain
3160:Milei
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3082:Hoppe
3062:Block
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3007:Mises
2912:Paine
2907:Burke
2897:Locke
2316:Right
2101:Spain
1959:Japan
1947:Italy
1932:India
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1823:China
1818:Chile
1656:Obama
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1423:Rawls
1398:Hayek
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1368:Mises
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1273:Staël
1238:Paine
1228:Burke
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1188:Locke
955:Press
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789:Green
608:India
526:Lists
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13705:Read
13700:Rand
13685:Nock
13665:Lane
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12440:Deák
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12261:Mill
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12151:Kant
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11978:Cuba
11637:Iran
11615:Asia
11398:Ordo
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10944:Wine
10859:Gold
10824:Corn
10804:Coal
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9081:2014
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8789:2015
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8571:2019
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8271:2012
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