796:
575:
50:
985:
word meant simply 'someone whom one cares for' and could therefore refer to both a friend and a relative, but it lost various degrees of the 'friend' sense in the
Scandinavian languages, while it mostly lost the sense of 'relative' in English (the plural
819:
If language A borrowed a word from language B, or both borrowed the word from a third language or inherited it from a common ancestor, and later the word shifted in meaning or acquired additional meanings in at least one of these languages, a
1266:'a funny joke', while in the closely related languages Danish and Norwegian it means 'calm' (as in "he was calm despite all the commotion around him"). However, the Swedish original meaning of 'calm' is retained in some related words such as
824:
of one language will face a false friend when learning the other. Sometimes, presumably both senses were present in the common ancestor language, but the cognate words took on different restricted senses in
Language A and Language B.
2144:
1414:
is also known for shifting the meanings of some words toward those of their
English cognates, but such words are considered false friends in European French. For example,
623:
is a word in a different language that looks or sounds similar to a word in a given language, but differs significantly in meaning. Examples of false friends include
763:
The origin of the term is as a shortened version of the expression "false friend of a translator", the
English translation of a French expression (
2154:
2080:
2163:
1991:
840:, has a different meaning in other European languages, in which it means 'current' or 'up-to-date', and has the logical derivative as a
2036:
1478:
2116:
2104:
2017:
1729:
1508:
2050:
1937:
1649:
1607:
1570:
716:, its meaning was restricted to a particular type of fear described as "a neurotic feeling of anxiety and depression". Also,
602:
1092:, but shifts in meaning of words with a shared etymology have in some instances resulted in 'bi-directional false friends':
492:
114:
712:
means 'fear' in a general sense (as well as 'anxiety') in German, but when it was borrowed into
English in the context of
1373:
became the new signifier for "farm" (Weinreich 1963: 49; see "one-to-one correlation between signifiers and referents").
86:
1739:
862:
English and
Spanish, both of which have borrowed from Ancient Greek and Latin, have multiple false friends, such as:
133:
1357:
lost its original meaning, "farm", in favor of "factory", owing to the phonetically similar surface-cognate
English
93:
1212:
855:'sugared almonds' has acquired a new meaning in English, French and Dutch; in Italian, the corresponding word is
452:
512:
457:
230:
71:
100:
487:
178:
67:
1343:'capricious' changed its meaning in American Portuguese to 'humorous', owing to the English surface-cognate
2092:
432:
298:
2045:, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). p. 102.
1814:
552:
258:
82:
1779:
Johnson, Chalmers (1980). "Omote (Explicit) and Ura (Implicit): Translating
Japanese Political Terms".
595:
542:
442:
268:
447:
390:
205:
27:
1473:
1426:
547:
385:
362:
60:
2183:
1005:
are related, which gives rise to false friends such as swapped forms for south and south-west:
703:
497:
464:
417:
333:
313:
293:
195:
173:
168:
2160:
1639:
1597:
1674:
1560:
1422:
273:
2056:
2148:
1453:
588:
517:
427:
308:
253:
150:
2113:
1339:—a real new meaning that is then commonly used in a language. For example, the Portuguese
107:
8:
1681:
False
Friends, or the treacherous pitfalls of English vocabulary (advice for translators)
1315:
independently from an analogous
English construct and with a different intended meaning.
1224:
725:
642:
358:
288:
263:
235:
1868:
771:) introduced by Maxime Kœssler and Jules Derocquigny in their 1928 book, with a sequel,
2101:
2042:
1796:
1385:
732:
in English, making the expressions into false friends in those languages as well as in
706:, which may then develop new meanings not found in the original language. For example,
678:
578:
557:
527:
482:
437:
405:
395:
283:
278:
1839:
2046:
1973:
1933:
1735:
1692:
1684:
1655:
1645:
1613:
1603:
1566:
1448:
1318:
998:
967:
itself has cognates in the other Germanic languages, but the Scandinavian ones (like
940:
574:
422:
400:
343:
1512:
2125:
1907:] (in Swedish). Vol. 19. Lund: Swedish Academy. 1950. p. spalt O 1337
1788:
1308:
1303:
1238:
1231:
1002:
968:
649:
631:
624:
522:
353:
348:
323:
318:
303:
1676:
Les faux amis: ou, Les trahisons du vocabulaire anglais (conseils aux traducteurs)
2167:
2135:
2120:
2108:
2096:
1954:
1716:
1533:
1463:
1336:
975:
764:
671:
660:
1930:
Anglicisms in German: Borrowing, Lexical Productivity, and Written Codeswitching
2188:
1754:
1468:
1220:
1089:
982:
821:
367:
2177:
1688:
1659:
1617:
1458:
1411:
733:
20:
2140:
1438:
1030:
1023:
795:
410:
200:
1898:
1418:
is commonly used as "eventually" in Quebec but means "perhaps" in Europe.
16:
Words in two languages that sound similar but have very different meanings
1393:
1274:'worrisome, anxious', literally 'un-calm'. The Danish and Norwegian word
616:
562:
537:
158:
1049:
2084:
1323:
945:
713:
532:
215:
38:
2130:
1978:
The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright
1800:
1596:
Knospe, Sebastian; Onysko, Alexander; Goth, Maik (26 September 2016).
1599:
Crossing Languages to Play with Words: Multidisciplinary Perspectives
1488:
1483:
1351:
784:
749:
745:
507:
502:
338:
328:
220:
210:
1042:
49:
1792:
1443:
1312:
951:
699:
1219:"domesticated animal" became specialized in descendant languages:
990:
is still, rarely, used for "kinsfolk", as in the Scottish proverb
799:
An example of a West Slavic shared etymology; in Czech and Slovak
1955:"False friends in converting a text from one script into another"
1253:
34:
2089:
720:
meant both 'a place of education' and 'a place for exercise' in
225:
26:"False Friends" redirects here. For the Homeland episode, see
1088:
A high level of lexical similarity exists between German and
787:
point of view, false friends can be created in several ways.
721:
708:
2155:
Die Deutschen und ihr Englisch. The devil lies in the detail
2018:"Conheça as características da terra roxa ou terra vermelha"
1211:
The meanings could diverge significantly. For example, the
841:
848:(or 'actualize') in English means 'to make a reality of'.
752:, i.e., words in two or more languages that look similar (
698:
As well as producing completely false friends, the use of
2038:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
1408:
are still used interchangeably in Brazilian agriculture.
1335:
In bilingual situations, false friends often result in a
729:
736:, where it started out as 'a place for naked exercise'.
689:
Les faux amis: ou, Les trahisons du vocabulaire anglais
1932:. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 52–55.
693:
False friends, or, the betrayals of English vocabulary
1278:
means term (as in school term), but the Swedish word
1992:"Terra roxa: origens e como cuidar do solo vermelho"
1952:
943:
also have diverse false friends, many of them being
1961:: 126 – via Belgorod State University DSPACE.
1672:
1638:Aronoff, Mark; Rees-Miller, Janie (15 April 2008).
811:means 'hardened cookie (bakery)', while in Russian
702:often results in the use of a word in a restricted
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2161:Der DEnglische Patient – Kolumne von Peter Littger
1637:
2090:An online hypertext bibliography on false friends
1974:"Wasei eigo: English 'loanwords' coined in Japan"
33:For people who falsely appear to be friends, see
2175:
1959:Experientia Est Optima Magistra: Collected Arts.
1644:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 698.
1595:
2081:wikt:Category:False cognates and false friends
1554:
1552:
1550:
981:) predominantly mean 'relative'. The original
1673:Koessler, Maxime; Derocquigny, Jules (1928).
1591:
1589:
1146:means 'sea', and thus is not a false friend.
596:
2024:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 13 December 2014.
1565:. Helsinki: Suomen E-painos Oy. p. 35.
1321:is replete with pseudo-anglicisms, known as
844:, meaning 'to make current' or 'to update'.
1631:
1547:
1474:Linguistic interference (language transfer)
1369:, the phonetic adaptation American Italian
836:, which in English is usually a synonym of
2034:
1586:
1396:. The actual Portuguese word for "red" is
1392:to describe a type of soil similar to the
687:The term was introduced by a French book,
603:
589:
1953:Ruzhenkova, V.; Platoshina, V.V. (2011).
1815:"German and Dutch: similar or different?"
1712:
1710:
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
807:means 'stale bread', while in Ukrainian
794:
760:), but differ significantly in meaning.
739:
1998:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 7 March 2022
1778:
1558:
803:means 'fresh bread', whereas in Polish
724:, but its meaning became restricted to
2176:
1971:
1927:
1731:Euro-English: assessing variety status
1727:
1707:
1479:List of Chinese–Japanese false friends
1365:, 'factory'). Instead of the original
1286:means lunch, while the Norwegian word
1376:Due to the closeness between Italian
1559:Korpela, Jukka K. (12 August 2014).
1297:
655:(both meaning 'relatives'); English
493:Conservative and innovative language
72:adding citations to reliable sources
43:
1980:: 123–139 – via ResearchGate.
1717:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
1683:] (in French). Paris: Vuibert.
1602:. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 116.
1449:Equivalence in language translation
790:
13:
1330:
1311:are new words formed from English
958:
14:
2200:
2074:
1757:Confetto in Enciclopedia Treccani
1905:The Swedish Academy's Dictionary
1871:dürfen / müssen / sollen / mögen
1842:valse vrienden – Falsche Freunde
992:Friends agree best at a distance
573:
48:
2028:
2010:
1984:
1965:
1946:
1921:
1890:
1861:
1832:
1807:
1421:This phenomenon is analyzed by
1282:means holiday. The Danish word
828:
809:черстве печиво (čerstve pečyvo)
684:, both 'married' and 'poison'.
59:needs additional citations for
1772:
1747:
1721:
1526:
1509:"German Loan Words in English"
1501:
1:
2131:English/Russian false friends
2126:Italian/English false friends
2102:Spanish/English false friends
1534:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
1494:
2114:French/English false friends
2035:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003).
1065:'spirit; ghost' and Finnish
773:Autres Mots anglais perfides
744:False friends are bilingual
433:Functional discourse grammar
299:Ethnography of communication
7:
2147:according to rules in this
2136:English/Dutch false friends
1781:Journal of Japanese Studies
1641:The Handbook of Linguistics
1511:. About.com. Archived from
1432:
1247:
553:Second-language acquisition
10:
2205:
1928:Onysko, Alexander (2007).
1380:'red soil' and Portuguese
1301:
1251:
1073:'interesting' and Finnish
231:Syntax–semantics interface
32:
25:
18:
1900:Svenska Akademiens Ordbok
1386:Italian farmers in Brazil
778:
543:Philosophy of linguistics
443:Interactional linguistics
1081:'a cleaner' and Finnish
28:False Friends (Homeland)
19:Not to be confused with
2170:(Manager Magazin, 2016)
2157:(tagesspiegel.de, 2015)
1728:Mollin, Sandra (2006),
1562:Introduction to Finnish
1427:phono-semantic matching
1213:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
769:faux amis du traducteur
1972:Miller, Laura (1997).
1734:, Gunter Narr Verlag,
1394:red Mediterranean soil
1361:(cf. Standard Italian
1327:'Japan-made English'.
1077:'amusing' or Estonian
816:
768:
695:), published in 1928.
380:Theoretical frameworks
334:Philosophy of language
314:History of linguistics
1850:(in Dutch and German)
1294:both mean breakfast.
1290:and the Swedish word
1258:In Swedish, the word
798:
740:Definition and origin
274:Conversation analysis
1454:Etymological fallacy
1069:'wife'; or Estonian
879:English translation
873:Spanish translation
756:) or sound similar (
637:'pregnant'; English
518:Internet linguistics
428:Construction grammar
68:improve this article
1150:
1096:
994:, quoted in 1721).
866:
815:means "stale" again
666:'ask'; and English
453:Systemic functional
248:Applied linguistics
190:General linguistics
2166:2016-10-25 at the
2119:2009-01-29 at the
2107:2008-05-17 at the
2095:2007-04-29 at the
2043:Palgrave Macmillan
1996:Canal Agro Estadão
1423:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
1149:
1095:
865:
817:
558:Theory of language
528:Origin of language
483:Autonomy of syntax
438:Grammaticalization
284:Discourse analysis
279:Corpus linguistics
2052:978-1-4039-1723-2
1939:978-3-11-019946-8
1651:978-0-470-75634-8
1609:978-3-11-046560-0
1572:978-952-6613-26-0
1425:as "(incestuous)
1309:Pseudo-anglicisms
1298:Pseudo-anglicisms
1209:
1208:
1140:
1139:
1059:
1058:
1003:Finnish languages
937:
936:
851:The Italian word
805:czerstwe pieczywo
728:in German and to
613:
612:
401:Distributionalism
344:Psycholinguistics
144:
143:
136:
118:
2196:
2068:
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2064:
2055:. Archived from
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1536:. etymonline.com
1530:
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1400:. Nevertheless,
1352:American Italian
1304:Pseudo-anglicism
1270:'calmness', and
1264:ett roligt skämt
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1148:
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791:Shared etymology
605:
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1464:False etymology
1435:
1384:'purple soil',
1337:semantic change
1333:
1331:Semantic change
1306:
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1250:
1085:'a decorator'.
961:
959:In native words
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1515:on 2011-06-07
1514:
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1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:False cognate
1457:
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1447:
1445:
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1437:
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1412:Quebec French
1409:
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1262:means 'fun':
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797:
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766:
761:
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748:or bilingual
747:
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734:Ancient Greek
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498:Descriptivism
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465:Structuralism
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448:Prague circle
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294:Documentation
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88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
36:
29:
22:
21:false cognate
2143:support for
2141:LanguageTool
2061:. Retrieved
2057:the original
2037:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1995:
1986:
1977:
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1948:
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1881:. Retrieved
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1852:. Retrieved
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1823:. Retrieved
1821:. 2016-11-17
1818:
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1774:
1763:. Retrieved
1756:
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1723:
1697:. Retrieved
1693:the original
1680:
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1640:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1598:
1576:. Retrieved
1561:
1538:. Retrieved
1528:
1517:. Retrieved
1513:the original
1503:
1439:Auto-antonym
1420:
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1126:
1121:mere 'lake'
1116:
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1062:
1061:Or Estonian
1060:
1048:
1041:
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1022:
996:
991:
987:
978:
971:
964:
962:
950:
944:
939:English and
938:
931:
923:
913:
910:advertencia
905:
895:
892:actualmente
887:
861:
856:
852:
850:
845:
837:
833:
832:
829:In loanwords
818:
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800:
785:etymological
782:
772:
762:
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707:
697:
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688:
686:
681:
674:
667:
663:
656:
652:
645:
638:
634:
627:
621:false friend
620:
614:
411:Glossematics
391:Constituency
363:interpreting
201:Lexicography
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
2022:Canal Rural
1699:21 December
1665:21 December
1378:terra rossa
1237:'dog', and
1230:'chicken',
1175:like, love
1055:south-west
888:en realidad
628:embarrassed
617:linguistics
563:Terminology
538:Orthography
458:Usage-based
359:Translating
254:Acquisition
159:Linguistics
2178:Categories
2085:Wiktionary
2063:2008-09-17
1897:"Orolig".
1883:2018-02-15
1879:(in Dutch)
1854:2018-02-15
1825:2018-02-15
1765:2014-06-23
1540:2014-04-28
1519:2014-04-28
1495:References
1402:terra roxa
1390:terra roxa
1382:terra roxa
1324:wasei-eigo
1225:Indonesian
1171:houden van
1142:Note that
946:wasei-eigo
906:publicidad
857:coriandoli
758:homophones
754:homographs
750:homographs
746:homophones
730:the latter
726:the former
714:psychology
643:Portuguese
635:embarazado
533:Orismology
418:Functional
406:Generative
396:Dependency
216:Pragmatics
206:Morphology
196:Diachronic
124:March 2013
94:newspapers
39:False flag
1689:999745586
1660:897574627
1618:954201320
1489:Swenglish
1484:Spanglish
1313:morphemes
1083:koristaja
1079:koristaja
1075:huvittava
963:The word
896:currently
884:actually
846:Actualise
813:chyorstvy
783:From the
718:gymnasium
700:loanwords
679:Norwegian
508:Iconicity
503:Etymology
423:Cognitive
386:Formalist
339:Phonetics
329:Philology
221:Semantics
211:Phonology
2164:Archived
2117:Archived
2105:Archived
2093:Archived
1444:Dunglish
1433:See also
1398:vermelha
1367:fattoria
1363:fabbrica
1355:fattoria
1345:humorous
1341:humoroso
1319:Japanese
1280:semester
1276:semester
1248:Homonyms
1160:English
1106:English
1017:English
1011:Estonian
999:Estonian
952:gairaigo
941:Japanese
928:bizarro
920:bizarre
876:Spanish
870:English
853:confetti
664:demander
646:parentes
309:Forensic
289:Distance
236:Typology
151:a series
149:Part of
1359:factory
1292:frukost
1288:frokost
1284:frokost
1254:Homonym
1244:'pig'.
1239:Gaddang
1232:Cebuano
1154:German
1144:die See
1112:der See
1100:German
1071:huvitav
1014:Finnish
988:friends
969:Swedish
955:words.
924:extraño
914:warning
704:context
653:parenti
650:Italian
641:versus
639:parents
632:Spanish
625:English
264:Applied
174:History
169:Outline
108:scholar
35:Frenemy
2149:format
2049:
1936:
1801:132001
1799:
1738:
1687:
1658:
1648:
1623:10 May
1616:
1606:
1578:10 May
1569:
1272:orolig
1217:*qayam
1201:durven
1181:dürfen
1157:Dutch
1103:Dutch
1050:lounas
1036:south
979:frænde
976:Danish
972:frände
965:friend
834:Actual
779:Causes
765:French
672:German
661:French
657:demand
579:Portal
477:Topics
226:Syntax
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
2189:Error
2002:7 May
1911:8 May
1903:[
1797:JSTOR
1679:[
1388:used
1371:farma
1260:rolig
1221:Malay
1215:word
1205:dare
1196:wagen
1186:mogen
1166:mögen
1090:Dutch
1067:vaimo
1031:etelä
1024:lõuna
932:brave
722:Latin
709:angst
179:Index
115:JSTOR
101:books
2047:ISBN
2004:2023
1934:ISBN
1913:2017
1736:ISBN
1701:2019
1685:OCLC
1667:2019
1656:OCLC
1646:ISBN
1625:2018
1614:OCLC
1604:ISBN
1580:2018
1567:ISBN
1404:and
1350:The
1242:ayam
1235:ayam
1228:ayam
1136:sea
1127:Meer
1117:meer
1063:vaim
1043:edel
1001:and
997:The
949:and
842:verb
838:real
682:gift
675:Gift
668:gift
659:and
648:and
630:and
619:, a
361:and
354:Text
87:news
37:and
2083:on
1789:doi
1429:".
1132:zee
615:In
70:by
2180::
2020:.
1994:.
1976:.
1957:.
1915:.
1875:.
1846:.
1817:.
1795:.
1783:.
1709:^
1654:.
1612:.
1588:^
1549:^
1347:.
1268:ro
974:,
859:.
775:.
767::
670:,
153:on
2151:.
2066:.
2006:.
1942:.
1886:.
1873:"
1869:"
1857:.
1844:"
1840:"
1828:.
1803:.
1791::
1785:6
1768:.
1759:"
1755:"
1703:.
1669:.
1627:.
1582:.
1543:.
1522:.
1223:/
691:(
604:e
597:t
590:v
137:)
131:(
126:)
122:(
112:·
105:·
98:·
91:·
64:.
41:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
