482:, confirm the defeat of Wahhabi forces on June 2 and 4. Shortly after the final day of battle, Mohammed bin Thani sent a letter to Faisal's camp requesting peace and agreeing to be his subject, to which Faisal obliged. On 8 June, Qatari forces assumed control of Burj Al-Maah, a watchtower guarding Doha's main water source, close to Al Bidda Fort where the forces of Ali bin Khalifa were stationed. Upon hearing the news, Ali bin Khalifa fled to Bahrain without incident, much to the dismay of Faisal who admonished Mohammed bin Thani for not capturing him.
448:. Faisal bin Turki, having consolidated his power in central Arabia, sought to extend his influence to the Gulf coast, with the ultimate aim of controlling Bahrain and its lucrative pearl fisheries. His strategy involved using Qatar as a stepping stone for this expansion. This campaign, which began in May 1851, marked his third attempt at invading the island.
493:, Faisal was forced to reassess of his strategy. Relinquishing his designs upon Bahrain, Faisal made a conciliatory overture on 20 July, 1851, proposing to dispatch his two brothers and son to parley with Ali bin Khalifa aboard his ship. This proposal, however, met with unequivocal rejection from Ali bin Khalifa.
411:, and the firm stance of the British government against Saudi expansion in the Persian Gulf. The British, who had substantial interests in the region, closely monitored Faisal's movements. Their support for the Bahraini sheikh and their strategic positions in the Gulf influenced the broader regional dynamics.
508:
Following unsuccessful attempts to gain authority in Al Qassim, Faisal appointed his younger brother Jiluwi governor to the region. However, Jiluwi did not manage to obtain full loyalty of people there who revolted against him 1854. During the 1850s Faisal unsuccessfully attempted to capture Oman and
472:). The next day, 3 June, witnessed intense fighting, with Qatari forces under Jassim bin Muhammad launching a determined close-quarters assault on Faisal's forces near Al Bidda. Finally, on 4 June, further engagements occurred, culminating in the retreat of Faisal's forces to their camp at Mesaimeer.
372:
played a key role in his success, and the two families were extensively intermarried. Early in his reign, Faisal appointed
Abdullah as the Amir of Ha'il in 1835 in return for his loyalty. In his second term, Faisal also established cordial relations with the Ottomans who appointed him governor of
500:, an agreement between Ali bin Khalifa and Faisal was reached on 25 July. The resultant accord stipulated that Ali would remit 4,000 German krones annually as zakat to Faisal, while the latter agreed to restore Al Bidda Fort to Ali bin Khalifa and to abstain from interference in Qatari affairs.
463:
of Qatar. Although nominally allied with
Bahrain, which was represented by the forces of Ali bin Khalifa, the Qatari forces acted largely independently during the battle. The engagement unfolded in three phases. On 2 June, initial clashes resulted in unexpected setbacks for Faisal's forces near
399:, exploiting internal conflicts within the ruling family. Although unsuccessful in capturing Bahrain, he settled for a peace agreement that included a tribute payment. His inability to seize Bahrain was primarily due to attacks on the
347:
and
Muhammad, and his cousin, Abdullah bin Ibrahim bin Abdullah, a son of his uncle. In 1843, he was released in Cairo and returned to Riyadh following the total withdrawal of the remaining Egyptian troops from Najd in 1841.
1093:
1064:
1032:
963:
561:. Of them Abdullah and Muhammad were full brothers so were Saud and Abdul Rahman. The mother of Abdullah and Muhammad was from the Al Saud whereas the mother of Saud and Abdul Rahman was from the
1451:
288:
103:
339:
tribes. In
December 1838, he attempted to come to terms with Khurshid Pasha, but was forced to return to captivity a second time in Cairo. He was accompanied by his younger brother
335:, a second-cousin of Faisal. Khalid was a member of the senior line of the Saud family. Faisal was forced to flee the city and take refuge with the al Khorayef princes of the
568:
Faisal became very frail and blind during the later years. He died following a prolonged illness in Riyadh in
December 1865 and was succeeded by his son Abdullah.
537:
fees, one-fifth share from raids and warfare, fines, revenues from the rulerโs personal domains, and tributes paid by neighbouring countries such as
Bahrain and
847:
565:. One of his daughters married Rashidi Emir, Abdullah bin Rashid. Another, Tarfa, married Nasser Al Saud who was a great great grandson of Farhan bin Saud.
291:, a second-cousin of his father in 1834. Faisal hurried back to Riyadh to deal with the revolt. His troops stormed the castle and killed Mishari. Emir of
376:
Faisal consolidated his power by subduing opposition tribes in Najd. This centralized authority required financial resources, prompting Faisal to target
1387:
M. J. Crawford (August 1982). "Civil War, Foreign
Intervention, and the Question of Political Legitimacy: A Nineteenth-Century Saudi Qadi's Dilemma".
1538:
995:
1246:
Anthony B. Toth (2012). "Control and
Allegiance at the Dawn of the Oil Age: Bedouin, Zakat and Struggles for Sovereignty in Arabia, 1916โ1955".
17:
1226:
1553:
1389:
388:โkey economic hubs. He imposed his control over these regions, ensuring a steady flow of funds to his treasury by imposing what was termed
85:
221:
513:
which he attacked in the 1860s. His both attempts were not fruitful, and the
British forces militarily stopped his attacks. In 1865 a
869:
408:
332:
113:
356:
Following his return to Riyadh, Faisal reclaimed the throne in 1843 and ruled until 1865. He easily defeated his third-cousin
344:
1466:
545:
ruler of the
Emirate was his heir and son, Abdullah, and infighting among his four sons eventually destroyed the state.
440:
was a significant military engagement in the Persian Gulf region, taking place from June 2-4, 1851, near the village of
1563:
1180:
1155:
1130:
299:, helped Faisal in this attack. Those not directly involved in the murder were spared and the town pledged allegiance.
790:
1371:
830:
770:
615:
360:, who had revolted against the ineffective Khalid and taken control. Faisal depended on a close alliance with the
1200:
541:. He governed the Emirate with success until his death in December 1865. However, around the end of his rule the
1349:
1476:
798:
489:
from gaining a stronghold in the Peninsula and the loss of his ally Mubarak in a major naval engagement near
357:
272:. He was one of the members of the Al Saud family who was taken to Cairo following the capture of Diriyah by
75:
456:
404:
1107:
1078:
1046:
977:
762:
497:
1006:
554:
317:
996:"The Direct Instruments of Western Control over the Arabs: The Shining Example of the House of Saud"
1355:
340:
312:
Imam Faisal first ruled the Second Saudi State from 1834 to 1838. Then he was forced into exile in
1520:
558:
176:
631:
1558:
1206:
636:
476:
273:
242:
905:
753:
683:
327:
Faisal continued to oppose the Ottoman forces, however, and the Egyptian governor of Arabia,
277:
1202:
Merchants without Borders: Qusman Traders in the Arabian Gulf and Indian Ocean, c. 1850-1950
395:
Faisal's ambitions extended beyond these territories. In 1847, he attempted to intervene in
1548:
1543:
1248:
901:
593:
168:
8:
1493:
632:"'File X/2 Bin Saood, Koweit [Kuwait] & Ibn Rashid' [98r] (197/1058)"
437:
431:
369:
296:
163:
1503:
1414:
1406:
1327:
1265:
679:
599:
452:
400:
269:
253:
1418:
1367:
1363:
1269:
1176:
1151:
1126:
826:
766:
749:
611:
148:
1435:
373:
Najd. In turn, Faisal recognised the supremacy of the Ottoman Empire in the region.
1398:
1359:
1319:
1257:
939:
603:
1310:
1261:
1232:
944:
927:
361:
233:
141:
1289:
909:
730:
687:
897:
The Ottoman Gulf and the creation of Kuwayt, Sa'udi Arabia and Qatar, 1871-1914
845:
510:
486:
479:
460:
328:
1402:
709:
A Critical Analysis of the Religio-Political Conditions of Modern Saudi Arabia
607:
485:
Following British interference on the side of Bahrain in order to prevent the
1532:
1510:
895:
673:
377:
292:
284:
257:
211:
1483:
928:"British Role in the Wahhabi Revolt and its Impact on the Policy over Iraq"
518:
419:
414:
Faisal formally requested the support of the British Political Resident in
57:
870:"The Story of the Shammar Tribe, the Indigenous Inhabitants of the Region"
707:
562:
522:
33:
1331:
336:
1410:
1323:
441:
542:
465:
365:
534:
514:
415:
396:
320:
due to his rejection of paying tribute to the Egyptian forces in
206:
42:
37:
538:
385:
137:
893:
533:
Faisal's major income sources included zakat, import duties,
490:
445:
389:
381:
321:
313:
1308:
Alois Musil (July 1928). "Religion and Politics in Arabia".
1297:(PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 45โ46, 49.
287:
in the east. In his absence, his father was assassinated by
469:
788:
846:
Turki bin Khalid bin Saad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (2015).
392:, though it functioned as a tax in contemporary terms.
1351:
The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia. The Formative Years
280:, in May 1819. Faisal returned to Riyadh in 1827-1828.
27:
Emir of Nejd and Head of the House of Saud (1785โ1865)
705:
1228:
Oasis Departed: The Decline of Anglo-Saudi Relations
451:
Opposing Faisal were the local Qatari tribes led by
252:; 1785 โ December 1865) was the second ruler of the
247:
993:
738:(MA thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 71.
1198:
671:
283:In 1830 Faisal was sent on military operations to
1287:
825:. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. p. 152.
748:
728:
675:Royal Family Politics in Saudi Arabia (1953-1982)
1530:
1245:
1224:
925:
732:Political and religious origins of Saudi Arabia
591:
1386:
1347:
820:
791:"Resiliency of the Saudi Monarchy: 1745-1975"
1390:International Journal of Middle East Studies
307:
1307:
1477:Abdullah bin Thunayyan bin Ibrahim Al Saud
1058:
1056:
957:
955:
553:Faisal bin Turki had four sons, Abdullah,
548:
197:Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad
943:
867:
724:
722:
475:British sources, notably dispatches from
1539:19th-century monarchs in the Middle East
1283:
1281:
1279:
1194:
1192:
1114:
715:(PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University.
1343:
1341:
1053:
952:
921:
919:
894:Frederick Fallowfield Anscombe (1994).
784:
782:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
525:, officially visited Faisal in Riyadh.
14:
1531:
1429:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1170:
1145:
1120:
1091:
1062:
1030:
989:
987:
961:
863:
861:
859:
789:Christopher Keesee Mellon (May 2015).
719:
701:
699:
697:
595:Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century
425:
1467:Khalid bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
1276:
1189:
849:Saudi Arabia-Iran relations 1929-2013
587:
585:
583:
581:
135:December 1865 (aged 79–80)
1452:Mishari bin Abdul Rahman bin Mishari
1338:
1095:ุงููููููููููุฉ ุงููููุทููููุฉ ุงููููุทุฑูููุฉ
1066:ุงููููููููููุฉ ุงููููุทููููุฉ ุงููููุทุฑูููุฉ
1034:ุงููููููููููุฉ ุงููููุทููููุฉ ุงููููุทุฑูููุฉ
965:ุงููููููููููุฉ ุงููููุทููููุฉ ุงููููุทุฑูููุฉ
916:
852:(PhD thesis). King's College London.
779:
652:
1554:Arab people from the Ottoman Empire
1213:
984:
856:
694:
351:
237:
24:
1092:Al-Ali, Khalid bin Ghanem (2024).
1063:Al-Ali, Khalid bin Ghanem (2024).
1031:Al-Ali, Khalid bin Ghanem (2024).
962:Al-Ali, Khalid bin Ghanem (2024).
578:
25:
1575:
509:Bahrain. His next target was the
1364:10.4159/harvard.9780674281844.c1
1199:Mansour Alsharidah (July 2020).
496:Due to the mediation efforts of
331:, supported a rival candidate -
1380:
1301:
1239:
1164:
1139:
1085:
1024:
887:
1291:Saudi Arabia under King Faisal
1225:John David Blom (March 2009).
1003:Social sciences and humanities
839:
814:
742:
706:Parvaiz Ahmad Khanday (2009).
624:
503:
418:through his representative in
13:
1:
1494:Abdallah bin Faisal bin Turki
799:American University of Beirut
571:
263:
18:Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah
1436:Second State of Saudi Arabia
1262:10.1080/19436149.2012.658667
945:10.7827/TurkishStudies.13498
459:, progenitors of the future
316:by the Ottomans who sent an
7:
1108:Ministry of Culture (Qatar)
1079:Ministry of Culture (Qatar)
1047:Ministry of Culture (Qatar)
978:Ministry of Culture (Qatar)
868:Ehab Omar (14 March 2018).
672:Gary Samuel Samore (1984).
268:Faisal was the son of Imam
248:
10:
1580:
1288:Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1997).
763:Cambridge University Press
729:Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1993).
498:Saeed bin Tahnun Al Nahyan
429:
222:Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud
31:
1564:Saudi Arabian politicians
1517:
1511:Head of the House of Saud
1508:
1500:
1490:
1481:
1473:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1403:10.1017/S0020743800051928
1175:. Routledge. p. 69.
1150:. Routledge. p. 68.
1125:. Routledge. p. 66.
994:Abdullah Mohammad Sindi.
755:A History of Saudi Arabia
608:10.1007/978-1-349-81723-8
528:
308:Early reign and captivity
249:Fayแนฃal ibn Turkฤซ ฤl Suสฟลซd
217:
205:
196:
191:
187:
147:
131:
123:
119:
109:
99:
91:
81:
71:
63:
56:
51:
1356:Harvard University Press
1171:Rahman, Habibur (2006).
1146:Rahman, Habibur (2006).
1121:Rahman, Habibur (2006).
1100:Qatari National Identity
1094:
1071:Qatari National Identity
1065:
1039:Qatari National Identity
1033:
970:Qatari National Identity
964:
926:Sungur Doฤanรงay (2018).
592:R. Bayly Winder (1965).
302:
289:Mishari bin Abdul Rahman
256:and seventh head of the
230:Faisal bin Turki Al Saud
104:Mishari bin Abdul Rahman
52:Faisal bin Turki Al Saud
1521:Abdul Rahman bin Faisal
1348:Jacob Goldberg (1986).
549:Personal life and death
1207:University of Arkansas
1173:The Emergence Of Qatar
1148:The Emergence Of Qatar
1123:The Emergence Of Qatar
821:Donald Hawley (1970).
637:Qatar National Library
358:Abdullah bin Thunayan
76:Abdullah bin Thunayan
1249:Middle East Critique
902:Princeton University
602:. pp. 67, 204.
238:ููุตู ุจู ุชุฑูู ุขู ุณุนูุฏ
1430:For further reading
457:Jassim bin Mohammed
438:Battle of Mesaimeer
432:Battle of Mesaimeer
426:Battle of Mesaimeer
370:Abdullah bin Rashid
297:Abdullah bin Rashid
86:Abdullah bin Faisal
1504:Turki bin Abdallah
823:The Trucial States
794:(Master's Project)
682:. pp. 22โ25.
680:Harvard University
600:Palgrave Macmillan
477:political resident
453:Mohammed bin Thani
401:Al-Qassim Province
318:expedition to Najd
270:Turki bin Abdullah
254:Second Saudi State
1527:
1526:
1518:Succeeded by
1491:Succeeded by
1464:Succeeded by
1110:. pp. 59โ60.
750:Madawi Al Rasheed
246:
227:
226:
201:
200:
16:(Redirected from
1571:
1501:Preceded by
1474:Preceded by
1449:Preceded by
1441:
1440:
1423:
1422:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1324:10.2307/20028652
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1285:
1274:
1273:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1222:
1211:
1210:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1005:. Archived from
1000:
991:
982:
981:
975:
959:
950:
949:
947:
923:
914:
913:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
865:
854:
853:
843:
837:
836:
818:
812:
811:
809:
807:
795:
786:
777:
776:
760:
746:
740:
739:
737:
726:
717:
716:
714:
703:
692:
691:
669:
650:
649:
647:
645:
628:
622:
621:
589:
405:Muhammad bin Awn
352:Return to Riyadh
251:
241:
239:
189:
188:
49:
48:
21:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1514:
1506:
1496:
1487:
1479:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1346:
1339:
1311:Foreign Affairs
1306:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1277:
1244:
1240:
1233:Ohio University
1223:
1214:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1119:
1115:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1054:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1012:on 14 July 2014
1009:
998:
992:
985:
973:
966:
960:
953:
932:Turkish Studies
924:
917:
892:
888:
878:
876:
866:
857:
844:
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833:
819:
815:
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803:
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773:
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747:
743:
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727:
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704:
695:
670:
653:
643:
641:
630:
629:
625:
618:
590:
579:
574:
557:, Muhammad and
551:
531:
506:
434:
428:
409:Khalid bin Saud
354:
333:Khalid bin Saud
310:
305:
266:
183:
158:
157:
142:Emirate of Nejd
136:
114:Khalid bin Saud
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1577:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1489:
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1471:
1470:
1465:
1462:
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1450:
1446:
1445:
1444:Regnal titles
1439:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1379:
1372:
1358:. p. 23.
1337:
1300:
1275:
1238:
1212:
1209:. p. 217.
1205:(PhD thesis).
1188:
1182:978-0710312136
1181:
1163:
1157:978-0710312136
1156:
1138:
1132:978-0710312136
1131:
1113:
1084:
1052:
1023:
983:
951:
915:
904:. p. 15.
900:(PhD thesis).
886:
855:
838:
831:
813:
778:
771:
765:. p. 24.
741:
718:
693:
678:(PhD thesis).
651:
640:. 12 July 2016
623:
616:
576:
575:
573:
570:
550:
547:
530:
527:
511:Trucial States
505:
502:
487:Ottoman Empire
480:Samuel Hennell
430:Main article:
427:
424:
353:
350:
329:Khurshid Pasha
309:
306:
304:
301:
265:
262:
225:
224:
219:
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69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
54:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1576:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:House of Saud
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1458:Emir of Nejd
1453:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1373:9780674281844
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1235:. p. 10.
1234:
1231:(MA thesis).
1230:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1106:(in Arabic).
1101:
1097:
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1014:. Retrieved
1007:the original
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559:Abdul Rahman
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343:, his sons,
326:
311:
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278:Muhammad Ali
267:
229:
228:
177:Abdul Rahman
58:Emir of Nejd
41:
29:
1549:1865 deaths
1544:1785 births
938:(15): 200.
563:Ajman tribe
523:Lewis Pelly
504:Later reign
100:Predecessor
72:Predecessor
34:Arabic name
1533:Categories
1515:1834โ1865
1488:1843โ1865
1461:1834โ1838
1397:(3): 232.
1016:25 January
806:23 January
644:2 December
598:. London:
572:References
422:in 1848.
364:family of
337:Bani Tamim
264:Early life
1419:159877593
1270:144536155
1256:(1): 62.
910:304117067
879:14 August
688:303295482
442:Mesaimeer
362:Al Rashid
276:, son of
243:romanized
110:Successor
95:1834โ1838
82:Successor
67:1843โ1865
1332:20028638
906:ProQuest
802:. Beirut
752:(2002).
684:ProQuest
543:de facto
468:(modern
466:Al Bidda
345:Abdullah
173:Muhammad
164:Abdullah
32:In this
535:pilgrim
517:in the
515:colonel
416:Bushire
397:Bahrain
378:Al-Ahsa
285:Al Hasa
245::
212:Al Saud
43:Al Saud
38:surname
1417:
1411:163672
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1102:]
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874:Raseef
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539:Muscat
529:Income
386:Saihat
384:, and
341:Jiluwi
234:Arabic
218:Father
138:Riyadh
36:, the
1415:S2CID
1407:JSTOR
1328:JSTOR
1318:(4).
1295:(PDF)
1266:S2CID
1104:(PDF)
1098:[
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1010:(PDF)
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491:Qatif
446:Qatar
390:zakat
382:Qatif
366:Ha'il
322:Hejaz
314:Cairo
303:Reign
207:House
192:Names
149:Issue
92:Reign
64:Reign
1368:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1152:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1018:2021
881:2020
827:ISBN
808:2021
767:ISBN
646:2018
612:ISBN
555:Saud
470:Doha
436:The
407:and
169:Saud
156:List
132:Died
127:1785
124:Born
1399:doi
1360:doi
1320:doi
1258:doi
940:doi
604:doi
444:in
403:by
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232:(
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20:)
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