604:
587:. The Jain way is criticized as being more focused on outward appearance than substance, and the Buddhist practice is dubbed as genuine moral discipline. The eight precepts are meant to give lay people an impression of what it means to live as a monastic, and the precepts "may function as the thin end of a wedge for attracting some to monastic life". People who are observing the eight precepts are sometimes also addressed differently. The objective of the eight precepts is different from the five in that they are less moral in nature, but more focused on developing
865:
546:
5075:
5086:
2484:
2471:
2461:
716:
the time. As for the eighth precept, not sitting or sleeping on luxurious seats or beds, this usually comes down to sleeping on a mat on the floor. Though not specified in the precepts themselves, in
Thailand and China, people observing the precepts usually stay in the temple overnight. This is to prevent temptations at home to break the eight precepts, and helps foster the community effort in upholding the precepts.
26:
850:, due to the work of Hyeryang, a Korean monk that wrote a tract about these matters. In 7th–10th-century China, government officials would often observe the eight precepts for one or more months a year, during which they often invited monks to teach them at home. On the same months that were designated for such religious observance, called the
700:
had become a state institution in India. The custom was most strictly observed on the full moon and the day following. The third precept is about maintaining chastity. Buddhist tradition therefore requires lay people to be chaste on observance days, which is similar to the historical Indian tradition
901:
emphasizes eight precepts, especially in their training programs. In Sri Lanka, in the 2000s, the eight precepts were still observed with great strictness, as was noticed by
Religion scholar Jonathan Walters in his field research. In Theravāda traditions in the West, the eight precepts are observed
715:
The seventh precept is sometimes also interpreted to mean not wearing colorful clothes, which has led to a tradition for people to wear plain white when observing the eight precepts. This does not necessarily mean, however, that a
Buddhist devotee dressed in white is observing the eight precepts all
643:
in South and
Southeast Asia, but it was a widespread practice in China as well, and is still practiced. In practice, in Theravāda traditions, the precepts are mostly observed by faithful devotees above 40 years of age. Since the eight precepts are often observed for one day, they are also known as
484:
instead of refraining from sexual offenses. The final three precepts are to abstain from eating at the wrong time (after midday); to abstain from entertainment such as dancing, singing, music, watching shows, as well as to abstain from wearing garlands, perfumes, cosmetics, and personal adornments;
711:
for monks. Physician Ming-Jun Hung and his co-authors have analyzed early and medieval
Chinese Buddhist Texts and argue that the main purposes of the half-day fast is to lessen desire, improve fitness and strength, and decrease sleepiness. Historically, Chinese Buddhists have interpreted the eight
763:
was held in preparation for a sacrifice, whereas the
Buddhist and Jain practices were not. Also, according to some scholars, Brahmanism did not migrate to the early Buddhist region till some time after the advent of Buddhism. Instead, Asian religion scholar Benjamin Schonthal and religion scholar
257:
They include ethical precepts such as refraining from killing any living being, but also more specific ones, such as abstaining from entertainments. The tradition of keeping the Eight
Precepts on weekly observance days is still widely practiced in all
296:. In some periods and places the precepts were widely observed, such as in 7th–10th-century China by government officials. In modern times, there have been revival movements and important political figures that have observed them continuously.
1878:
884:(1864–1933), who observed the ten precepts (similar to the eight) continuously, maintaining a status between lay person and monk. The interest was further fostered by campaigns emphasizing Buddhist religious practice on
656:
Observance does not need to be temporary, however: some lay devotees choose to undertake the eight precepts continuously to improve themselves in morality. The eight precepts are also undertaken by people preparing for
896:
movement, which interprets the eight precepts as eating one vegetarian meal a day. Srimuang's strict life following the precepts has led his friends to call him "half monk–half man". Just like the Santi Asoke, the Thai
2162:
Surinrut, Piyawan; Auamnoy, Titinun; Sangwatanaroj, Somkiat (11 January 2017), "Enhanced
Happiness and Stress Alleviation upon Insight Meditation Retreat: Mindfulness, a Part of Traditional Buddhist Meditation",
1901:
1377:
591:, and preventing distractions. Indeed, in Sri Lanka, lay devotees observing the eight precepts are expected to spend much time and effort on meditation, focusing especially on
631:). When laypeople stay in a Buddhist monastery or go on a meditation retreat, they also observe the eight precepts often; they are also upheld during yearly festivals such as
527:
In
Thailand, when the eight precepts are taken, it is believed that if one of them is broken, they are all broken. In the Pāli tradition, the precepts are described in the
742:
the Buddha describes his own behavior, Keown argues that the eight precepts and several other moral doctrines in
Buddhism are derived from the Buddha as a model figure.
852:
703:
1403:
205:
999:
3225:
1988:
1821:
Gomes, Jacquetta (2004), "The Development and Use of the Eight Precepts for Lay Practitioners, Upāsakas and Upāsikās in Theravāda Buddhism in the West",
892:(b. 1935) has been known for observing the eight precepts continuously, even during his life as a politician. He has been a member of the Buddhist
4140:
2615:
480:, that is, to refrain from killing living beings, stealing, damaging speech, and to abstain from intoxicating drink or drugs, but the third precept is
2119:
1026:
5123:
4144:
563:
practice, observing the eight precepts is described by the Buddha in the early texts as "cleansing of the sullied mind through expedient means" (
4368:
2422:
876:
In the late 19th century in Sri Lanka, there was a renewed interest in the tradition of observing the eight precepts, during the time of the
652:"I undertake to observe in harmony during this day and this night these eight precepts that have been designed by the wisdom of the Buddha."
615:
On regular observance days, Buddhist lay devotees often observe the eight precepts. In that context, the eight precepts are also called the
2585:
2139:
1365:
745:
Religion scholar J. H. Bateson and Pāli scholar Shundō Tachibana have argued that the eight precepts may be partly based on pre-Buddhist
198:
1734:
Fuengfusakul, Apinya (1 January 1993), "Empire of Crystal and Utopian Commune: Two Types of Contemporary Theravada Reform in Thailand",
843:
ceremony became part of a wide program by the Buddha to make the spiritual practice of his followers "unique, disciplined and sincere".
2693:
1537:, pp. 56–7). Schonthal discusses Jain customs, whereas Haskett discusses other sects. For the theory of Babylonian influence, see
440:
2428:
2450:
2398:
519:
I undertake the rule of abstinence from dancing, music, visiting shows, flowers, make-up, the wearing of ornaments and decorations
2107:
4960:
4412:
4615:
2595:
2056:
191:
2354:
2308:
2232:
2208:
2041:
2014:
1933:
1895:
1812:
1785:
1725:
1664:
2778:
2620:
2165:
5116:
4955:
1391:
4852:
4402:
2497:
2412:
2254:
707:
days. As for the sixth rule, this means not having food after midday, with an allowance for fluids, in imitation of a
2698:
2246:
4945:
4630:
4375:
1692:
987:
755:) during the fast on the full and new moon, but more recent scholarship has suggested that early Buddhist and Jain
877:
5022:
5012:
2841:
537:. In many medieval Chinese texts, the order of the last three items is different, with numbers 6 and 8 switched.
5109:
4967:
4620:
4422:
4313:
4258:
2831:
2408:
1804:
378:
1959:
1533:, lead; note 3; Some problems with the upavasatha -> posaha / uposatha theory; posaha->upavasatha?) and
4937:
4635:
4318:
2610:
2443:
2264:
4520:
4392:
4363:
4065:
4211:
4120:
3590:
3235:
2748:
2643:
3755:
1014:
5266:
5060:
4540:
4016:
3502:
2625:
2458:
2224:
1925:
1887:
1717:
868:
In 19th-century Sri Lanka, there was a revival of observing the eight precepts due to the influence of
3950:
5256:
4950:
4763:
4753:
4625:
3608:
3188:
2949:
2924:
2974:
575:
describe that one undertakes the eight precepts on the observance days following the example of the
5261:
5055:
4407:
4221:
4199:
4192:
4095:
3628:
3248:
3064:
3009:
2630:
2436:
2418:
1951:
815:
originated as a response to other contemporary mendicant sects. Specifically, in the Pāli texts of
5271:
4992:
4972:
4303:
4283:
4040:
3770:
3014:
2372:
2346:
2276:
2006:
1022:
764:
Christian Haskett suggest that the Buddhist and Jain practice originate from a common, informal
579:. In the early texts, the Buddha is described as drawing a distinction between the Buddhist and
5157:
5132:
5002:
4842:
4510:
4480:
4253:
4204:
4045:
3993:
3988:
3750:
3571:
3468:
3220:
3215:
2964:
948:
785:
52:
3332:
5007:
4977:
4558:
4490:
4323:
4238:
4233:
4157:
4152:
4070:
2600:
688:
Among the eight precepts, the first precept is about not killing animals. As recorded in the
3623:
800:
proposes a Babylonian origin. Przyluski argued that the lunar calendar followed in Buddhist
5030:
4997:
4982:
4500:
4397:
4343:
4228:
4167:
4135:
4130:
4115:
4100:
4090:
4055:
3968:
3660:
3583:
2886:
2826:
2575:
2542:
2492:
2394:
926:
881:
869:
735:
685:
in Sri Lanka, observe the eight or ten precepts all the time as part of their way of life.
468:
143:
90:
4870:
3485:
3354:
3280:
3156:
2894:
119:
8:
5235:
5209:
5152:
4837:
4716:
4550:
4525:
4515:
4475:
4452:
4335:
4308:
4268:
4187:
4177:
4105:
4032:
3463:
3320:
3101:
3079:
3031:
2851:
2651:
2507:
2487:
2154:
1709:
513:
I undertake the rule of abstinence from intoxicants which cause a careless frame of mind
454:
251:
179:
174:
159:
47:
2811:
2738:
2220:
The Scripture on the Ten Kings: And the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism
827:
practice, to keep up with competing sects. The Buddha then has the monks assemble every
648:. Sometimes a formula is recited confirming the observance for one day (and one night):
4900:
4805:
4647:
4610:
4605:
4535:
4485:
4432:
4427:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4278:
4263:
4248:
4243:
4182:
4162:
4125:
4050:
3855:
3556:
3480:
3358:
3300:
3141:
3041:
2969:
2944:
2590:
2520:
2364:
2326:
2268:
2182:
2085:
2073:
1866:
1838:
1769:
1753:
1675:
1182:
1180:
607:
Buddhist lay devotees observe the eight precepts often during yearly festivals such as
592:
489:
4699:
5183:
5078:
5040:
4736:
4721:
4684:
4669:
4442:
4358:
4273:
4110:
4075:
4060:
3787:
3777:
3458:
3305:
3290:
3161:
3084:
3004:
2939:
2871:
2758:
2515:
2376:
2350:
2304:
2280:
2250:
2228:
2204:
2186:
2077:
2037:
2010:
1980:
1929:
1891:
1842:
1808:
1781:
1736:
1721:
921:
898:
889:
773:
340:
273:
227:
81:
62:
38:
4022:
2816:
2716:
1800:
Buddhist Precept and Practice: Traditional Buddhism in the Rural Highlands of Ceylon
1177:
5193:
4726:
4679:
4674:
4530:
4495:
4470:
4465:
4216:
4172:
4085:
3760:
3416:
3409:
3193:
3183:
3069:
2733:
2605:
2174:
2097:
2065:
1858:
1830:
1794:
1745:
1683:
730:
689:
414:
392:
314:
242:) is a list of moral precepts that are observed by Nuns, or Upāsakas and Upasikās (
3805:
2178:
5147:
5090:
5035:
4987:
4915:
4785:
4583:
4563:
4505:
4417:
4080:
3978:
3825:
3561:
3544:
3529:
3507:
3059:
2929:
2763:
2743:
2338:
2292:
2218:
2194:
2033:
2027:
2000:
1919:
1798:
1765:
916:
708:
555:
in Thailand observe the eight precepts all the time as part of their way of life.
366:
138:
72:
3835:
2989:
2979:
2102:
1834:
5219:
5188:
5167:
5045:
4748:
4598:
4380:
3960:
3940:
3860:
3549:
3473:
3310:
2796:
2659:
2243:
Monks and Magic: Revisiting a Classic Study of Religious Ceremonies in Thailand
2115:
2069:
1671:
846:
In 6th-century Korea, the eight precepts came to be associated with worship of
835:
on the same days. Many of these practices were consciously borrowed from other
805:
797:
529:
169:
133:
100:
67:
2380:
2284:
788:
and Jainism. They base their argument on textual evidence that Jain and other
603:
5250:
4815:
4664:
3973:
3875:
3733:
3534:
3512:
3448:
3119:
2914:
2909:
2801:
2470:
1984:
680:
564:
477:
428:
281:
235:
128:
3273:
3263:
2635:
2404:
1862:
4905:
4890:
4860:
4810:
4800:
4642:
4437:
3930:
3765:
3643:
3431:
3426:
3253:
3124:
2999:
2460:
2200:
2023:
1996:
1777:
1373:
1283:
725:
534:
481:
57:
3688:
3673:
3633:
3330:
2994:
2570:
5101:
4875:
4704:
3845:
3830:
3613:
3421:
3349:
3129:
2959:
2861:
2708:
2580:
893:
746:
692:, there was a custom that he had established not to kill animals on the
4865:
3325:
2330:
2140:"Untangling Uposatha: Indology, Etymologic, History in Buddhist Studies"
1870:
1757:
728:, the eight precepts were derived from the regulations described in the
5162:
4820:
4778:
4654:
4460:
4385:
3999:
3983:
3945:
3925:
3820:
3795:
3703:
3638:
3618:
3364:
3295:
3166:
3049:
3019:
2954:
2904:
2562:
2552:
2525:
2419:
Ceremony for taking upon oneself the eight precepts, by Dhammatalks.org
2300:
1399:
832:
658:
572:
259:
3840:
2836:
1458:
1312:
1310:
1204:
516:
I undertake the rule of abstinence from taking food at the wrong time
382:
4795:
4768:
3935:
3810:
3522:
3438:
3315:
3205:
3178:
3171:
3134:
3091:
3054:
2821:
2786:
2753:
2728:
2683:
1107:
1105:
937:
911:
828:
820:
796:
practices. Finally, an earlier, less well-known theory by Indologist
663:
640:
522:
I undertake the rule of abstinence from a tall, high sleeping place.
4568:
3404:
3258:
3024:
2806:
2675:
2667:
1944:"Uposatha and Posaha in the Early Histories of Jainism and Buddhism"
808:
influence than Vedic, based on the distribution of observance days.
352:
262:
Buddhist countries and communities worldwide. Based on pre-Buddhist
5230:
5085:
4925:
4880:
4825:
4790:
4694:
4353:
3920:
3915:
3865:
3800:
3718:
3683:
3678:
3339:
3210:
3198:
3109:
2768:
2465:
2051:
1943:
1749:
1307:
943:
864:
847:
671:
in Thai. Furthermore, many nuns in Buddhist countries, such as the
269:
247:
219:
105:
3910:
3900:
3885:
3708:
3578:
2846:
1880:
An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues
1406:
from the original on 1 December 2018 – via Encyclopedia.com.
1380:
from the original on 1 December 2018 – via Encyclopedia.com.
1102:
831:, and later he also has the monks teach lay people and recite the
444:
254:, and are often observed when staying in monasteries and temples.
5225:
4830:
4773:
4758:
3905:
3895:
3870:
3745:
3740:
3698:
3668:
3600:
3566:
3453:
3394:
3389:
3243:
3146:
2984:
2934:
2721:
2547:
673:
588:
504:
I undertake the rule of abstinence from taking what is not given
264:
243:
110:
5214:
3517:
3285:
856:, the government also refrained from executing death penalties.
164:
4910:
4895:
4731:
4593:
4573:
4348:
4010:
3890:
3880:
3815:
3443:
3399:
3384:
3374:
3344:
3268:
3151:
2919:
2791:
2535:
2530:
2052:"Buddhist Politics and Their Revolutionary Origins in Thailand"
1334:
816:
696:
days, which indicates that by this time observance of Buddhist
551:
326:
268:
practices, the eight precepts are often upheld on the Buddhist
25:
1958:
Hung, Ming-jung; Kuo, Cheng-deng; Chen, Gau-yang (July 2002),
5050:
4885:
4743:
4709:
4689:
4659:
4588:
4005:
3850:
3728:
3723:
3693:
3648:
3495:
3490:
3369:
3074:
2899:
2866:
2856:
2317:
Watson, Burton (1988), "Buddhism in the Poetry of Po Chü-i",
2297:
Sacred Play: Ritual Levity and Humor in South Asian Religions
1921:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
751:
739:
632:
608:
576:
95:
2161:
1697:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
1470:
1295:
1289:
1259:
4920:
3713:
3379:
2876:
1616:
1568:
1496:, p. 87). Only Harvey mentions China, and the sitting.
1117:
931:
885:
781:
580:
493:
2086:"Imagining Ritual and Cultic Practice in Koguryŏ Buddhism"
1693:"The Female Renunciates of Sri Lanka: the Dasasilamattawa"
1141:
4578:
3114:
1967:
1422:
1271:
1092:
1090:
995:
1580:
1556:
1410:
1065:
1063:
545:
476:
The first five of the eight precepts are similar to the
250:) and special occasions. They are considered to support
1604:
1544:
1446:
1434:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1192:
1165:
1153:
1129:
759:
practices did not originate in Brahmanism. The brahmin
18:
Buddhist precepts kept on observance days and festivals
1628:
1511:
1499:
1228:
1216:
1087:
1013:
Tucci, Giuseppe; Kitagawa, Joseph M. (27 April 2018).
965:
963:
1346:
1075:
1060:
1050:
1048:
510:
I undertake the rule of abstinence from false speech
404:
1322:
1240:
501:
I undertake the rule of abstinence from taking life
2363:Witanachchi, C. (2003), "Rites and Ceremonies", in
1640:
960:
507:
I undertake the rule of abstinence from unchastity
1971:] (Vikala Bhojana Veramani) in Buddhism],
1950:, Parshwanath Vidyapeeth Jain Research Institute,
1592:
1045:
1033:
2341:, in Cozort, Daniel; Shields, James Mark (eds.),
5248:
2295:, in Raj, Selva J.; Dempsey, Corinne G. (eds.),
1849:Gosling, David L. (1984), "Buddhism for Peace",
459:
880:. This was mostly because of the influence of
811:Early Buddhist texts relate that the Buddhist
485:and to abstain from luxurious seats and beds.
356:
345:
5117:
2444:
2395:The 8 precepts, by the Dhammadāna.org website
2336:
1210:
1012:
678:
419:
397:
330:
319:
199:
3226:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
1965:[No-food-after-midday precept [
1733:
1707:
1622:
1464:
1340:
1316:
1186:
371:
2362:
1957:
1440:
1147:
5131:
5124:
5110:
2451:
2437:
2262:
1301:
1290:Surinrut, Auamnoy & Sangwatanaroj 2017
784:religious movement current at the time of
595:. This is intended to develop detachment.
433:
206:
192:
2192:
2137:
2114:
2101:
1851:Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1534:
1416:
1198:
1171:
1159:
1135:
1096:
1793:
1265:
1234:
863:
804:practice was more likely to be based on
602:
544:
4413:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
2290:
2240:
2090:International Journal of Korean History
2083:
1941:
1848:
1662:
1634:
1530:
1517:
1489:
1476:
1428:
1352:
1222:
1111:
1081:
1069:
488:To summarise, following anthropologist
5249:
4616:List of Buddhist architecture in China
2343:The Oxford Handbook of Buddhist Ethics
2316:
2216:
2057:International Political Science Review
1917:
1876:
1586:
1493:
1452:
1328:
1253:
1123:
1002:from the original on 30 November 2018.
969:
5105:
2432:
2401:from the original on 29 November 2018
2166:Mental Health, Religion & Culture
2049:
2022:
1995:
1820:
1690:
1646:
1610:
1598:
1505:
1277:
1039:
1029:from the original on 4 December 2018.
982:
980:
978:
712:precepts as including vegetarianism.
2425:from the original on 4 December 2018
2415:from the original on 4 December 2018
2110:from the original on 4 December 2018
1991:from the original on 4 December 2018
1763:
1680:Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics
1054:
823:requests the Buddha to establish an
593:meditation on the parts of the body
577:enlightened disciples of the Buddha
13:
4403:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2337:Whitaker, J.S.; Smith, D. (2018),
975:
496:language used in Thai ceremonies:
461:Bát Quan Trai / Bát Quan Trai Giới
288:), and in such context called the
14:
5283:
2388:
2293:"God's Play and the Buddha's Way"
2247:Nordic Institute of Asian Studies
859:
482:abstinence of all sexual activity
5084:
5074:
5073:
4631:Thai temple art and architecture
4376:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
2616:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
2482:
2469:
2459:
2084:McBride, R.D. (31 August 2014),
1714:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
1665:"Festivals and Fasts (Buddhist)"
639:vows are mostly associated with
24:
2483:
2339:"Ethics, Meditation and Wisdom"
1523:
1482:
1384:
1358:
1189:, Aṣṭāṅgasamanvāgataṃ upavāsaṃ.
4621:Japanese Buddhist architecture
4423:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
3503:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
2694:Places where the Buddha stayed
1805:Kegan Paul, Trench and Company
1006:
299:
1:
4636:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
2179:10.1080/13674676.2016.1207618
2029:The Nature of Buddhist Ethics
1655:
992:Buddhism: Theravada Buddhism"
278:upavasatha, poṣadha, pauṣadha
33:Buddhist devotional practices
4393:Buddhism and the Roman world
4369:Decline of Buddhism in India
4364:History of Buddhism in India
2464: Topics in
2367:; Weeraratne, W. G. (eds.),
2271:; Weeraratne, W. G. (eds.),
2241:Terwiel, Barend Jan (2012),
1019:Popular Religious Practices"
954:
661:as a monk, sometimes called
332:baguan zhai, baguan zhai jie
7:
3591:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
3331:
2217:Teiser, Stephen F. (2003),
2127:Indian Historical Quarterly
2103:10.22372/ijkh.2014.19.2.169
1960:"Fó jiào de guò wǔ bù shí"
1835:10.1080/1463994042000249535
1776:, Macmillan Reference USA,
905:
886:traditional observance days
833:monastic code of discipline
679:
598:
445:
405:
383:
357:
331:
240:aṭṭhaṅga-sīla or aṭṭha-sīla
10:
5288:
4541:The unanswerable questions
2291:Walters, Jonathan (2010),
2225:University of Hawaii Press
2070:10.1177/019251218901000203
1926:Cambridge University Press
1888:Cambridge University Press
1718:Princeton University Press
1682:, vol. 5, Edinburgh:
1674:; Selbie, John Alexander;
719:
540:
5202:
5176:
5140:
5069:
5021:
4936:
4851:
4626:Buddhist temples in Korea
4549:
4451:
4334:
4031:
3959:
3786:
3659:
3599:
3234:
3189:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
3100:
3092:Three planes of existence
3040:
2885:
2777:
2707:
2699:Buddha in world religions
2561:
2506:
2478:
2369:Encyclopaedia of Buddhism
2273:Encyclopaedia of Buddhism
1441:Hung, Kuo & Chen 2002
1211:Whitaker & Smith 2018
467:
453:
434:
427:
413:
398:
391:
372:
365:
346:
339:
320:
313:
306:
232:aṣṭāṇga-śīla or aṣṭā-sīla
4408:Persecution of Buddhists
3629:Four stages of awakening
3010:Three marks of existence
2596:Physical characteristics
2002:A Dictionary of Buddhism
1961:
1952:Benares Hindu University
1774:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
1708:Buswell, Robert E. Jr.;
1465:Buswell & Lopez 2013
1396:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
1370:Encyclopedia of Religion
1341:Buswell & Lopez 2013
1317:Buswell & Lopez 2013
1187:Buswell & Lopez 2013
589:meditative concentration
492:'s translation from the
3771:Ten principal disciples
2654:(aunt, adoptive mother)
2373:Government of Sri Lanka
2347:Oxford University Press
2277:Government of Sri Lanka
2263:Vithararta, V. (1990),
2007:Oxford University Press
1863:10.1163/080382484X00076
1023:Encyclopedia Britannica
780:) referring to the non-
4481:Buddhism and democracy
3994:Tibetan Buddhist canon
3989:Chinese Buddhist canon
3221:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
3216:Early Buddhist schools
2196:The Ethics of Buddhism
2193:Tachibana, S. (1992),
2138:Schonthal, B. (2006),
1918:Harvey, Peter (2013),
1877:Harvey, Peter (2000),
1663:Bateson, J.H. (1912),
949:Five Precepts (Taoism)
888:. The Thai politician
873:
777:
724:According to ethicist
654:
628:
624:
620:
612:
583:ways of upholding the
568:
556:
525:
460:
420:
285:
277:
239:
231:
4491:Eight Consciousnesses
2601:Life of Buddha in art
2409:Mahamevnawa Monastery
1823:Contemporary Buddhism
1366:"Nuns: Buddhist Nuns"
867:
709:nearly identical rule
650:
606:
548:
498:
4968:East Asian religions
4398:Buddhism in the West
3969:Early Buddhist texts
3584:Four Right Exertions
3050:Ten spiritual realms
2543:Noble Eightfold Path
2407:, by the Sri Lankan
2319:The Eastern Buddhist
2050:Keyes, C.F. (1989),
1973:Buddhism and Science
1942:Haskett, C. (2011),
1795:Gombrich, Richard F.
1710:Lopez, Donald S. Jr.
1691:Bloss, L.W. (1987),
1541:, pp. 388–390).
1479:, p. 187, n.16.
1268:, pp. 314, 329.
1126:, p. 150, n.40.
927:Noble Eightfold Path
882:Anagarika Dharmapāla
870:Anagarika Dharmapala
619:(Sanskrit and Pali:
469:Glossary of Buddhism
358:hakkansai, hassaikai
144:Bodhisattva Precepts
5091:Religion portal
4838:Temple of the Tooth
4717:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
3756:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
3249:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
3032:Two truths doctrine
2852:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2652:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2375:, pp. 546–62,
2365:Malalasekera, G. P.
2303:, pp. 123–40,
2279:, pp. 228–34,
2269:Malalasekera, G. P.
2155:University of Texas
1780:, pp. 673–75,
1764:Getz, D.A. (2004),
1492:, p. 203) and
1114:, Buddhist Rituals.
817:monastic discipline
736:Early Buddhist Text
701:of being chaste on
677:in Thailand or the
252:meditation practice
5013:Western philosophy
4611:Dzong architecture
4433:Vipassana movement
4428:Buddhist modernism
3856:Emperor Wen of Sui
3624:Pratyekabuddhayāna
3557:Threefold Training
3359:Vipassana movement
3075:Hungry Ghost realm
2895:Avidyā (Ignorance)
2842:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
2591:Great Renunciation
2586:Eight Great Events
2468:
2405:The Eight Precepts
2118:(September 1936),
1770:Buswell, Robert E.
1613:, pp. 319–20.
1589:, pp. 378–79.
1577:, pp. 57, 60.
1431:, pp. 201–02.
1304:, pp. 230–31.
998:. 2 October 2002.
874:
641:Theravāda Buddhism
613:
559:In the context of
557:
490:Barend Jan Terwiel
5267:Buddhist holidays
5244:
5243:
5099:
5098:
4737:Om mani padme hum
4443:Women in Buddhism
4359:Buddhist councils
4229:Western countries
4017:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
3778:Shaolin Monastery
3355:Samatha-vipassanā
2965:Pratītyasamutpāda
2769:Metteyya/Maitreya
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2516:Four Noble Truths
2356:978-0-19-106317-6
2310:978-1-4384-2981-6
2234:978-0-8248-2776-2
2210:978-0-7007-0230-5
2043:978-1-349-22092-2
2016:978-0-19-157917-2
1935:978-0-521-85942-4
1897:978-0-511-07584-1
1814:978-0-7103-0444-5
1787:978-0-02-865720-2
1727:978-0-691-15786-3
1686:, pp. 836–38
1684:T. & T. Clark
1623:Fuengfusakul 1993
1508:, pp. 28–31.
1467:, Ugraparipṛcchā.
1455:, pp. 13–14.
922:Four Noble Truths
899:Dhammakaya Temple
890:Chamlong Srimuang
635:. Presently, the
474:
473:
216:
215:
91:Buddha's Birthday
5279:
5257:Codes of conduct
5194:Bodhisattva vows
5126:
5119:
5112:
5103:
5102:
5089:
5088:
5077:
5076:
4916:Sacred languages
4764:Maya Devi Temple
4727:Mahabodhi Temple
4531:Secular Buddhism
4496:Engaged Buddhism
3336:
3184:Tibetan Buddhism
3135:Vietnamese Thiền
2734:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2486:
2485:
2473:
2463:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2383:
2359:
2333:
2313:
2287:
2259:
2237:
2213:
2189:
2158:
2144:
2134:
2124:
2111:
2105:
2080:
2046:
2019:
1992:
1954:
1938:
1924:(2nd ed.),
1914:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1900:, archived from
1885:
1873:
1845:
1817:
1790:
1760:
1730:
1704:
1687:
1669:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1213:, Ethics (sīla).
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1148:Witanachchi 2003
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1018:
1010:
1004:
1003:
991:
984:
973:
967:
878:Buddhist revival
738:. Since in this
731:Brahmajala Sutta
684:
646:one-day precepts
463:
448:
437:
436:
423:
408:
401:
400:
386:
375:
374:
360:
349:
348:
334:
323:
322:
304:
303:
294:one-day precepts
286:uposatha, posaha
248:(observance days
208:
201:
194:
68:Chanting / Music
28:
21:
20:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5262:Buddhist ethics
5247:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5198:
5172:
5136:
5130:
5100:
5095:
5083:
5065:
5017:
4932:
4847:
4584:Ordination hall
4545:
4447:
4418:Buddhist crisis
4330:
4027:
3979:Mahayana sutras
3955:
3951:Thích Nhất Hạnh
3782:
3655:
3595:
3545:Bodhisattva vow
3230:
3096:
3036:
2995:Taṇhā (Craving)
2930:Five hindrances
2881:
2773:
2703:
2557:
2502:
2474:
2457:
2391:
2386:
2371:, vol. 8,
2357:
2311:
2275:, vol. 5,
2257:
2235:
2211:
2142:
2122:
2044:
2034:Springer Nature
2017:
1963:
1936:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1883:
1815:
1788:
1728:
1672:Hastings, James
1667:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1539:Przyluski (1936
1535:Schonthal (2006
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1308:
1302:Vithararta 1990
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1016:
1011:
1007:
989:
986:
985:
976:
968:
961:
957:
917:Buddhist ethics
908:
862:
722:
690:Edicts of Aśoka
601:
543:
438:
402:
376:
350:
324:
308:
307:Translations of
302:
270:observance days
212:
139:Bodhisattva vow
19:
12:
11:
5:
5285:
5275:
5274:
5272:Buddhist oaths
5269:
5264:
5259:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5106:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5081:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4948:
4942:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4648:Greco-Buddhist
4640:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4599:Burmese pagoda
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4555:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4381:Greco-Buddhism
4378:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4314:United Kingdom
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4259:Czech Republic
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4138:
4133:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4023:Abhidharmadīpa
4020:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3941:B. R. Ambedkar
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:Songtsen Gampo
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Eight precepts
3537:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3328:
3318:
3313:
3311:Five Strengths
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2950:Mental factors
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2802:Mahamoggallāna
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2717:Avalokiteśvara
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2402:
2390:
2389:External links
2387:
2385:
2384:
2360:
2355:
2334:
2314:
2309:
2288:
2260:
2256:978-8776941017
2255:
2238:
2233:
2214:
2209:
2190:
2159:
2135:
2112:
2096:(2): 169–211,
2081:
2047:
2042:
2020:
2015:
1993:
1975:(in Chinese),
1955:
1939:
1934:
1915:
1896:
1874:
1846:
1818:
1813:
1791:
1786:
1761:
1750:10.1355/SJ8-1G
1731:
1726:
1705:
1688:
1676:Gray, Louis H.
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1639:
1637:, p. 131.
1627:
1625:, p. 157.
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1575:Schonthal 2006
1567:
1565:, p. 386.
1563:Przyluski 1936
1555:
1551:Schonthal 2006
1543:
1522:
1520:, p. 836.
1510:
1498:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1419:, p. 387.
1417:Przyluski 1936
1409:
1383:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1319:, Baguan zhai.
1306:
1294:
1292:, p. 650.
1282:
1270:
1258:
1239:
1227:
1225:, p. 192.
1215:
1203:
1199:Tachibana 1992
1191:
1176:
1172:Schonthal 2006
1164:
1160:Tachibana 1992
1152:
1150:, p. 555.
1140:
1136:Schonthal 2006
1128:
1116:
1101:
1097:Tachibana 1992
1086:
1084:, p. 201.
1074:
1072:, p. 191.
1059:
1057:, p. 673.
1044:
1032:
1005:
974:
958:
956:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
935:
929:
924:
919:
914:
907:
904:
861:
860:Modern history
858:
839:sects, as the
806:Neo-Babylonian
798:Jean Przyluski
786:early Buddhism
721:
718:
600:
597:
542:
539:
533:, part of the
530:Dhammika Sutta
524:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
472:
471:
465:
464:
457:
451:
450:
431:
425:
424:
417:
411:
410:
395:
389:
388:
369:
363:
362:
343:
337:
336:
317:
311:
310:
309:eight precepts
301:
298:
246:) on Uposatha
224:Eight Precepts
214:
213:
211:
210:
203:
196:
188:
185:
184:
183:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
154:
153:
149:
148:
147:
146:
141:
136:
134:Eight Precepts
131:
123:
122:
116:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
101:Ghost Festival
98:
93:
85:
84:
78:
77:
76:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
30:
29:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5284:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:Precepts/Vows
5175:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5127:
5122:
5120:
5115:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5080:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4853:Miscellaneous
4850:
4844:
4843:Vegetarianism
4841:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4665:Buddha in art
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4319:United States
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3876:Padmasambhava
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3788:Major figures
3785:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3734:Western tulku
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:Five precepts
3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:Dhamma vicaya
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Buddhābhiṣeka
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:Enlightenment
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Dhamma theory
2913:
2911:
2910:Buddha-nature
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Samantabhadra
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2173:(7): 648–59,
2172:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2116:Przyluski, J.
2113:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:(2): 121–42,
2063:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2024:Keown, Damien
2021:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1997:Keown, Damien
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1907:on 2019-04-12
1903:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:(1): 153–83,
1743:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1649:, p. 49.
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1553:, p. 56.
1552:
1547:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:Haskett (2011
1526:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1490:Terwiel (2012
1485:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1355:, p. 62.
1354:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1331:, p. 88.
1330:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1266:Gombrich 1995
1262:
1256:, p. 87.
1255:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1237:, p. 78.
1236:
1235:Gombrich 1995
1231:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1201:, p. 66.
1200:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1174:, p. 54.
1173:
1168:
1162:, p. 67.
1161:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1138:, p. 55.
1137:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1099:, p. 65.
1098:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1042:, p. 22.
1041:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1009:
1001:
997:
993:
983:
981:
979:
972:, p. 13.
971:
966:
964:
959:
950:
947:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
903:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
871:
866:
857:
855:
854:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
754:
753:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
732:
727:
717:
713:
710:
706:
705:
699:
695:
691:
686:
683:
682:
681:dasa sil mata
676:
675:
670:
666:
665:
660:
653:
649:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:uposatha-sīla
626:
622:
618:
617:uposatha vows
610:
605:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
554:
553:
547:
538:
536:
532:
531:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
499:
497:
495:
491:
486:
483:
479:
478:five precepts
470:
466:
462:
458:
456:
452:
447:
442:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
416:
412:
407:
396:
394:
390:
385:
380:
370:
368:
364:
359:
354:
344:
342:
338:
333:
328:
318:
316:
312:
305:
297:
295:
291:
290:uposatha vows
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:
261:
255:
253:
249:
245:
244:lay Buddhists
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
209:
204:
202:
197:
195:
190:
189:
187:
186:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
156:
155:
151:
150:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
129:Five Precepts
127:
126:
125:
124:
121:
118:
117:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
87:
86:
83:
80:
79:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
63:Taking refuge
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
16:
5133:Lay Buddhist
5031:Bodhisattvas
4951:Christianity
4946:Baháʼí Faith
4811:Dharmachakra
4801:Prayer wheel
4791:Prayer beads
4559:Architecture
4438:969 Movement
4222:Saudi Arabia
4200:Central Asia
4193:South Africa
4015:
3998:
3931:Panchen Lama
3836:Buddhapālita
3539:
3432:Satipatthana
3427:Mindful Yoga
3340:Recollection
3254:Brahmavihara
3125:Japanese Zen
3120:Chinese Chan
3080:Animal realm
2887:Key concepts
2709:Bodhisattvas
2521:Three Jewels
2368:
2342:
2322:
2318:
2296:
2272:
2242:
2219:
2201:Curzon Press
2195:
2170:
2164:
2150:
2146:
2130:
2126:
2093:
2089:
2061:
2055:
2028:
2001:
1979:(2): 51–64,
1976:
1972:
1966:
1947:
1920:
1909:, retrieved
1902:the original
1879:
1857:(1): 59–70,
1854:
1850:
1829:(1): 47–63,
1826:
1822:
1799:
1778:Thomson Gale
1773:
1741:
1735:
1713:
1700:
1696:
1679:
1642:
1635:Walters 2010
1630:
1618:
1606:
1601:, p. 8.
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1525:
1518:Bateson 1912
1513:
1501:
1494:Harvey (2000
1484:
1477:Terwiel 2012
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1429:Terwiel 2012
1424:
1412:
1395:
1386:
1374:Thomson Gale
1369:
1360:
1353:Gosling 1984
1348:
1336:
1324:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1230:
1223:Terwiel 2012
1218:
1206:
1194:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1112:McBride 2014
1082:Terwiel 2012
1077:
1070:Terwiel 2012
1035:
1008:
875:
851:
845:
840:
836:
824:
812:
810:
801:
793:
792:also upheld
789:
769:
765:
760:
756:
750:
744:
729:
726:Damien Keown
723:
714:
702:
697:
693:
687:
672:
668:
662:
655:
651:
645:
636:
623:; Sanskrit:
616:
614:
584:
560:
558:
550:
535:Sutta-Nipāta
528:
526:
487:
475:
384:p'algwan hoe
293:
289:
263:
256:
223:
217:
58:Merit-making
15:
4876:Dharma talk
4705:Asalha Puja
4501:Eschatology
4304:Switzerland
4284:New Zealand
4212:Middle East
4121:Philippines
4041:Afghanistan
3846:Bodhidharma
3831:Buddhaghosa
3751:Householder
3661:Monasticism
3614:Bodhisattva
3469:Prostration
3422:Mindfulness
3350:Anapanasati
3333:Kammaṭṭhāna
3130:Korean Seon
3070:Asura realm
3065:Human realm
3005:Ten Fetters
2960:Parinirvana
2862:Uppalavanna
2827:Mahākaccana
2812:Mahākassapa
2744:Kṣitigarbha
2739:Ākāśagarbha
2636:Suddhodāna
2581:Four sights
2508:Foundations
2325:(1): 1–22,
2265:"Festivals"
1587:Harvey 2013
1453:Watson 1988
1329:Harvey 2000
1280:, Uposatha.
1254:Harvey 2000
1124:Teiser 2003
970:Watson 1988
934:(Sri Lanka)
894:Santi Asoke
749:practices (
747:brahmanical
667:in Pāli or
625:poṣadhaśīla
421:Walong utos
300:Description
53:Prostration
5251:Categories
5236:Pilgrimage
5210:Meditation
5189:8 Precepts
5184:5 Precepts
5141:Devotional
4993:Psychology
4973:Gnosticism
4961:Comparison
4956:Influences
4938:Comparison
4821:Bhavacakra
4779:Kushinagar
4754:Pilgrimage
4700:Māgha Pūjā
4655:Bodhi Tree
4471:Buddhology
4461:Abhidharma
4453:Philosophy
4386:Menander I
4254:Costa Rica
4205:Uzbekistan
4046:Bangladesh
4000:Dhammapada
3984:Pali Canon
3946:Ajahn Chah
3926:Dalai Lama
3826:Kumārajīva
3821:Vasubandhu
3796:The Buddha
3704:Zen master
3639:Sakadagami
3619:Buddhahood
3550:Pratimokṣa
3365:Shikantaza
3321:Meditation
3296:Deity yoga
3167:Madhyamaka
3060:Deva realm
2955:Mindstream
2905:Bodhicitta
2817:Aṅgulimāla
2684:Devadatta
2660:Yaśodharā
2563:The Buddha
2553:Middle Way
2381:2863845613
2301:SUNY Press
2285:2863845613
2120:"Uposatha"
1911:2018-12-02
1766:"Precepts"
1656:References
1647:Gomes 2004
1611:Keyes 1989
1599:Bloss 1987
1506:Keown 2016
1400:Gale Group
1343:, Upavāsa.
1278:Keown 2004
1040:Keown 2004
1017:Buddhism -
988:"Religions
659:ordination
573:Pāli texts
569:upakkamena
455:Vietnamese
260:Theravadin
175:Pilgrimage
160:Meditation
39:Devotional
5226:Monastics
5163:3 Refuges
5153:Offerings
5135:Practices
5061:Festivals
5041:Buddhists
5003:Theosophy
4806:Symbolism
4796:Hama yumi
4769:Bodh Gaya
4536:Socialism
4511:Evolution
4486:Economics
4324:Venezuela
4239:Australia
4234:Argentina
4158:Sri Lanka
4153:Singapore
4071:Indonesia
4033:Countries
3974:Tripiṭaka
3936:Ajahn Mun
3811:Nagarjuna
3806:Aśvaghoṣa
3689:Anagārika
3684:Śrāmaṇerī
3679:Śrāmaṇera
3674:Bhikkhunī
3634:Sotāpanna
3523:Passaddhi
3464:Offerings
3439:Nekkhamma
3316:Iddhipada
3236:Practices
3206:Theravada
3179:Vajrayana
3172:Yogachara
3142:Pure Land
3055:Six Paths
3042:Cosmology
2822:Anuruddha
2797:Sāriputta
2787:Kaundinya
2779:Disciples
2754:Vajrapāṇi
2606:Footprint
2571:Tathāgata
2187:152177044
2078:145572706
1985:1607-2952
1962:佛教的「過午不食」
1843:145757479
1703:(1): 7–31
1055:Getz 2004
955:Citations
940:(Myanmar)
938:Thilashin
912:Anagarika
902:as well.
829:fortnight
821:Bimbisāra
768:culture,
740:discourse
664:anagarika
48:Offerings
5231:Uposatha
5224:Support
5168:Chanting
5079:Category
5008:Violence
4978:Hinduism
4926:Sanskrit
4881:Hinayana
4866:Amitābha
4826:Swastika
4695:Uposatha
4685:Holidays
4670:Calendar
4516:Humanism
4354:Kanishka
4344:Timeline
4168:Thailand
4136:Kalmykia
4131:Buryatia
4116:Pakistan
4101:Mongolia
4096:Maldives
4091:Malaysia
4056:Cambodia
3921:Shamarpa
3916:Nichiren
3866:Xuanzang
3801:Nagasena
3719:Rinpoche
3449:Pāramitā
3291:Devotion
3211:Navayana
3199:Dzogchen
3162:Nichiren
3110:Mahayana
3102:Branches
2980:Saṅkhāra
2729:Mañjuśrī
2686:(cousin)
2678:(cousin)
2646:(mother)
2638:(father)
2626:Miracles
2576:Birthday
2493:Glossary
2466:Buddhism
2423:archived
2413:archived
2399:archived
2331:44361818
2133:: 383–90
2108:archived
2026:(2016),
1999:(2004),
1989:archived
1871:24490858
1797:(1995),
1758:41035731
1712:(2013),
1678:(eds.),
1404:Archived
1402:. 2004.
1378:Archived
1376:. 2005.
1027:Archived
1000:Archived
944:Uposatha
906:See also
848:Maitreya
841:uposatha
825:uposatha
813:uposatha
802:uposatha
794:uposatha
774:Sanskrit
757:uposatha
698:uposatha
694:uposatha
669:pha khao
637:uposatha
627:, Pali:
599:Practice
585:uposatha
561:uposatha
446:sin paet
341:Japanese
321:八關齋/八關齋戒
274:Sanskrit
228:Sanskrit
220:Buddhism
120:Precepts
106:Uposatha
82:Holidays
5056:Temples
5036:Buddhas
4998:Science
4988:Judaism
4983:Jainism
4901:Lineage
4861:Abhijñā
4831:Thangka
4774:Sarnath
4759:Lumbini
4680:Funeral
4675:Cuisine
4551:Culture
4526:Reality
4476:Creator
4466:Atomism
4336:History
4309:Ukraine
4269:Germany
4188:Senegal
4178:Vietnam
4106:Myanmar
3906:Shinran
3896:Karmapa
3871:Shandao
3841:Dignāga
3766:Śrāvaka
3746:Donchee
3741:Kappiya
3699:Sayadaw
3669:Bhikkhu
3644:Anāgāmi
3601:Nirvana
3567:Samadhi
3454:Paritta
3395:Tonglen
3390:Mandala
3345:Smarana
3326:Mantras
3274:Upekkha
3244:Bhavana
3194:Shingon
3147:Tiantai
3000:Tathātā
2990:Śūnyatā
2985:Skandha
2975:Saṃsāra
2970:Rebirth
2945:Kleshas
2935:Indriya
2837:Subhūti
2722:Guanyin
2676:Ānanda
2668:Rāhula
2548:Nirvana
2488:Outline
2157:: 51–65
1948:Śramana
1772:(ed.),
1737:Sojourn
819:, King
778:śrāmaṇa
772:(Pāli;
761:poṣadha
720:History
674:mae chi
621:upavāsa
571:). The
541:Purpose
415:Tagalog
406:ata sil
399:අට සිල්
393:Sinhala
315:Chinese
180:Fasting
111:Kaṭhina
5215:Giving
5051:Sutras
5046:Suttas
4911:Siddhi
4896:Koliya
4871:Brahmā
4786:Poetry
4732:Mantra
4722:Kasaya
4594:Pagoda
4574:Kyaung
4569:Vihāra
4564:Temple
4506:Ethics
4349:Ashoka
4299:Sweden
4294:Poland
4289:Norway
4279:Mexico
4264:France
4249:Canada
4244:Brazil
4183:Africa
4163:Taiwan
4126:Russia
4051:Bhutan
4011:Vinaya
3891:Naropa
3881:Saraha
3816:Asanga
3572:Prajñā
3481:Refuge
3444:Nianfo
3405:Tertön
3400:Tantra
3385:Ganana
3375:Tukdam
3301:Dhyāna
3269:Mudita
3264:Karuṇā
3157:Risshū
3152:Huayan
3085:Naraka
3025:Anattā
3020:Dukkha
3015:Anicca
2920:Dharma
2872:Channa
2807:Ānanda
2792:Assaji
2759:Skanda
2662:(wife)
2631:Family
2611:Relics
2536:Sangha
2531:Dharma
2526:Buddha
2379:
2353:
2329:
2307:
2283:
2253:
2231:
2207:
2185:
2076:
2040:
2013:
1983:
1932:
1894:
1869:
1841:
1811:
1784:
1756:
1724:
1392:"Nuns"
837:sāmaṇa
790:samana
770:sāmaṇa
766:sāmaṇa
704:parvan
552:maechi
435:ศีลแปด
367:Korean
353:Rōmaji
327:Pinyin
265:sāmaṇa
222:, the
165:Giving
5220:Study
5203:Other
5023:Lists
4891:Kalpa
4886:Iddhi
4749:Music
4744:Mudra
4710:Vassa
4690:Vesak
4660:Budai
4606:Candi
4589:Stupa
4521:Logic
4274:Italy
4173:Tibet
4111:Nepal
4081:Korea
4076:Japan
4066:India
4061:China
4006:Sutra
3961:Texts
3911:Dōgen
3901:Hōnen
3886:Atiśa
3851:Zhiyi
3761:Achar
3729:Tulku
3724:Geshe
3709:Rōshi
3694:Ajahn
3649:Arhat
3609:Bodhi
3579:Vīrya
3496:Sacca
3491:Satya
3486:Sādhu
3474:Music
3417:Merit
3410:Terma
3370:Zazen
3306:Faith
3259:Mettā
2940:Karma
2900:Bardo
2867:Asita
2857:Khema
2847:Upāli
2832:Nanda
2670:(son)
2644:Māyā
2621:Films
2498:Index
2327:JSTOR
2267:, in
2183:S2CID
2147:Sagar
2143:(PDF)
2123:(PDF)
2074:S2CID
1905:(PDF)
1884:(PDF)
1867:JSTOR
1839:S2CID
1768:, in
1754:JSTOR
1670:, in
1668:(PDF)
782:Vedic
752:vrata
734:, an
633:Vesak
609:Vesak
170:Texts
152:Other
96:Vesak
5158:Bows
5148:Puja
4921:Pāḷi
4906:Māra
4816:Flag
4217:Iran
4141:Tuva
4086:Laos
3714:Lama
3562:Śīla
3530:Śīla
3518:Pīti
3508:Sati
3459:Puja
3380:Koan
3286:Dāna
2877:Yasa
2764:Tārā
2377:OCLC
2351:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2281:OCLC
2251:ISBN
2229:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2038:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1981:ISSN
1930:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1529:See
1488:See
932:Poya
853:chai
644:the
581:Jain
565:Pali
549:The
494:Pāli
441:RTGS
429:Thai
282:Pali
236:Pali
73:Pūja
4643:Art
4579:Wat
3115:Zen
2175:doi
2098:doi
2066:doi
1968:sic
1859:doi
1831:doi
1746:doi
996:BBC
373:八關會
347:八斎戒
292:or
218:In
5253::
4145:ru
2421:,
2411:,
2397:,
2349:,
2345:,
2323:21
2321:,
2299:,
2249:,
2245:,
2227:,
2223:,
2203:,
2199:,
2181:,
2171:19
2169:,
2153:,
2151:10
2149:,
2145:,
2131:12
2129:,
2125:,
2106:,
2094:19
2092:,
2088:,
2072:,
2062:10
2060:,
2054:,
2036:,
2032:,
2009:,
2005:,
1987:,
1946:,
1928:,
1890:,
1886:,
1865:,
1855:12
1853:,
1837:,
1825:,
1807:,
1803:,
1752:,
1740:,
1720:,
1716:,
1701:10
1699:,
1695:,
1398:.
1394:.
1372:.
1368:.
1309:^
1242:^
1179:^
1104:^
1089:^
1062:^
1047:^
1025:.
1021:.
994:.
977:^
962:^
776::
567::
443::
381::
379:RR
355::
329::
284::
280:,
276::
238::
234:,
230::
5125:e
5118:t
5111:v
4147:)
4143:(
3361:)
3357:(
2452:e
2445:t
2438:v
2177::
2100::
2068::
1977:3
1861::
1833::
1827:5
1748::
1742:8
1443:.
1015:"
990:–
872:.
611:.
449:)
439:(
409:)
403:(
387:)
377:(
361:)
351:(
335:)
325:(
272:(
226:(
207:e
200:t
193:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
