1978:
Indian expats losing jobs in Gulf in large scale and external forex remittances dropped. Additionally, Soviet Union, India's biggest trading partner then, collapsed impacting India's exports. With a huge growth in automobile sector in 1980s, need for oil also grew significantly and thus added to the forex need. Additionally, India was going through large scale socio-political turmoil due to government's reservations for backward classes (Mandal
Commission Report, reservation for OBCs) and Hindu-Muslim religious fights. These significantly impacted socio-political stability needed for economy oriented policies, decisions and actions. Confluence of all these led to balance of payments issue and gave stronger reasons for broader and more liberalization which were already set in motion in 1980s. Communists and socialists who were the main political opposition for economic liberalization with trade and investments, had also lost moral courage with the collapse of Soviet Union, raise of East and South-East Asia and even Communist China liberalizing a lot of things.
2014:
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sought to make exports cheaper and accordingly provide the necessary foreign exchange reserves. The devaluation made petroleum more expensive to import, so Singh proposed to lower the price of kerosene to benefit the poorer citizens who depended on it while raising petroleum prices for industry and fuel. On 24 July 1991, Manmohan Singh presented the budget alongside his outline for broader reform. During the speech he laid out a new trade policy oriented towards promoting exports and removing import controls. Specifically, he proposed limiting tariff rates to no more than 150 percent while also lowering rates across the board, reducing
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years maturity, through India's ministry of finance, with the
President of India as the borrower. The loan was meant primarily to support the government's program of stabilization and economic reform. This specified deregulation, increased foreign direct investment, liberalisation of the trade regime, reforming domestic interest rates, strengthening capital markets (stock exchanges), and initiating public enterprise reform (selling off public enterprises). As part of a bailout deal with the IMF, India was forced to pledge 20 tonnes of gold to
2306:
1734:). Under the Industrial Development Regulation Act of 1951, steel, mining, machine tools, water, telecommunications, insurance, and electrical plants, among other industries, were effectively nationalised. Elaborate licenses, regulations, and bureaucracy were also introduced to ensure that businesses operated within the framework of national goals and priorities. These policies were intended to promote self-sufficiency and reduce the country's dependence on foreign powers. The resulting economic system is commonly referred to as
1742:
state-owned enterprises were not necessarily expected to generate a profit, but instead to serve social and developmental objectives. As a result, they sometimes incurred losses without being shut down. However, this approach also meant that the government was responsible for covering the losses, which contributed to the financial burden on the state. The lack of competition due to licensing and slow business growth resulted in poor infrastructure development in some areas, which further impeded economic progress.
2365:: The introduction of the GST in July 2017 aimed to streamline India's tax system. However, challenges in its implementation, including complex rules, confusion about tax rates, and technology issues led to disruptions in supply chains and compliance burdens for small businesses which negatively impacted GDP growth. GST is also sometimes considered a regressive tax as it arguably disproportionately affects the poor more than the rich. It also lead to a decrease in fiscal autonomy of Indian state governments.
1919:
1826:
1947:
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2097:(CRR) from 38.5% and 15% respectively to 25% and 10% respectively, allowing market forces to dictate interest rates instead of the government, placing banks under the sole control of the RBI, and reducing the number of public sector banks. The government heeded some of these suggestions, including cutting the SLR and CRR rates, liberalizing interest rates, loosening restrictions on private banks, and allowing banks to open branches free from government mandate.
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potential negative consequences. One area of concern has been the environmental impact of the liberalisation policies, as industries have expanded and regulations have been relaxed to attract investment. Additionally, some critics argue that the policies have contributed to widening income inequality and social disparities, as the benefits of economic growth have not been equally distributed across the population.
2226:
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that the focus on profit-making may lead to neglect of social and environmental concerns.There have also been controversies around the awarding of contracts to private companies, with allegations of corruption and favouritism in the selection process. However, the government has defended its privatisation policy as a necessary step towards achieving economic growth and development in the country.
1769:. However, the multinational company's marketing and distribution networks enabled it to gain a significant share of the market, leading to financial difficulties for some domestic companies, ultimately resulting in the decline and closure of much of Pure Drinks Group bottling plants and Parle Bisleri selling much of its business to Coca-Cola.
2167:, and professional services. These reforms included reducing import tariffs, deregulating markets, and lowering taxes, which led to an increase in foreign investment and high economic growth. From 1992 to 2005, foreign investment increased by 316.9%, and India's GDP grew from $ 266 billion in 1991 to $ 2.3 trillion in 2018.
2113:
also derided devaluation, fearing it would worsen runaway inflation that would hit the poorest citizens the hardest while doing nothing to fix the trade deficit. In the face of vocal opposition, the support and political will of the prime minister was crucial in order to see through the reforms. Rao was often referred to as
2777:. Income inequality in India has been a major concern, especially since 2016. The top 10% of the population holds 77% of the total national wealth, with the richest 1% acquiring 73% of the wealth generated in 2017, while the poorest half of the population, about 670 million people, saw only a 1% increase in their wealth.
2140:, the western nations sought to boost their economies through reduced interest rates. As a result, capital flowed globally, particularly towards developing countries such as India, where foreign investors pursued higher returns. Although neoliberal economists like to claim that the growth of India between 2000 up until
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2848:
With the withdrawal of state support and the opening up of agricultural markets, many farmers have had to take loans to keep up with the increased costs of farming, leading to a debt trap for many. The debt trap resulted in a high incidence of farmer suicides. In 2017 alone, 10,655 farmers took their
2763:
In a study conducted in
January 2023, researchers from the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy examined state revenues. Their analysis revealed that in 17 of the 18 states they investigated, the income generated from state-level taxes diminished after implementation of GST compared to the
2672:
The integration into global markets has also made India susceptible to foreign monetary policies, particularly those of the U.S. Federal
Reserve. Changes in the Fed's policy rates can have a direct impact on the Indian market through various channels. Rate hikes by the Fed tend to strengthen the U.S.
2263:
accelerated from just 1ÂĽ per cent in the three decades after
Independence to 7½ per cent currently, a rate of growth that will double the average income in a decade.... In service sectors where government regulation has been eased significantly or is less burdensome—such as communications, insurance,
2217:
However, the liberalization did not benefit all parts of India equally, with urban areas benefiting more than rural areas. States with pro-worker labor laws experienced slower industry expansion compared to those with pro-employer labor laws. This led to a "beggar-thy-neighbor" scenario, where states
2077:
in public sector companies, but accompanying this was a reduction in subsidies for fertilizer and abolition of subsidies for sugar. He also dealt with the depletion of foreign exchange reserves during the crisis with a 19 per cent devaluation of the rupee with respect to the US dollar, a change which
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Anemia represents a serious public health crisis in India, with government statistics revealing a widespread prevalence of the condition across various demographics. According to the
National Family Health Survey (NFHS) for 2019–2021, anemia affects a substantial portion of the population, including
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Some critiques suggest that the multidimensional poverty indices, while comprehensive, may not sufficiently capture the severity of issues such as hunger and absolute poverty. They point to evidence of declining calorie intake and food grain consumption, arguing this reflects an increase in absolute
2805:
The Asian
Development Bank reported that in 2022, 5.7% of the employed population in India was living below $ 1.90 purchasing power parity per day. The World Bank's global poverty update in September 2023 indicated that India accounts for 40% of the increase in the global extreme poverty rate during
2801:
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on poverty levels in India, significantly reversing the progress made over recent decades in poverty reduction. The World Bank's forecasts indicated a substantial increase in global extreme poverty due to the economic consequences of the pandemic. This
2780:
The annual income of the bottom 20% of households in India experienced a sharp decline of 53% during the pandemic year of 2020-21 compared to their 2015-16 levels, and have yet to bounce back to pre-pandemic levels. In contrast, the top 20% of households saw their annual income increase by 39%. This
2611:
The liberalization of the economy made India more vulnerable to global market forces, such as fluctuations in commodity prices, exchange rates and global demand for exports. This increased the country's dependence on global market forces, as it became more susceptible to external shocks and economic
2546:
While the privatisation of airports has been hailed as a step towards modernisation and efficiency, there have also been concerns about the potential impact on workers and the local communities. Critics have argued that the privatisation of airports may lead to job losses and a decline in wages, and
2100:
On 12 November 1991, based on an application from the
Government of India, World Bank sanctioned a structural adjustment loan/credit that consisted of two components – an IBRD loan of $ 250 million to be paid over 20 years, and an IDA credit of SDR 183.8 million (equivalent to $ 250 million) with 35
2754:
The government's economic policies, shaped by the desire to attract foreign capital is criticised by some for causing a deterioration in the economic condition of the working class, which potentially leads to a cycle of reduced aggregate demand, further hurting the economy and making it subservient
2700:
India continues to be vulnerable to effects of global commodity prices, particularly the price of crude oil. The long-term effects include a heightened vulnerability to an increase in the import bill and
Current Account Deficit, depreciation of the Indian Rupee and an inflationary impact associated
2639:
The service sector, despite its substantial contribution to India's GDP, is often characterized by high productivity but low employment generation. This is because the fastest-growing sub-sectors within services, such as software services, telecommunications, and banking, are capital intensive, not
2221:
After the reforms, life expectancy and literacy rates continued to increase at roughly the same rate as before the reforms. For the first 10 years after the 1991 reforms, GDP also continued to increase at roughly the same rate as before the reforms. This was because the economic growth of the 2000s
2857:
The 2023 Global Hunger Index indicates that little progress has been made since 2015. This stagnation is seen as a result of the combined effects of multiple crises.India was ranked 111th out of 125 countries, which indicates a serious level of hunger representing a decline from the previous year,
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Despite these concerning findings, the government decided not to release the report, citing "data quality issues" and later scrapped the survey altogether. This action was seen as a rejection of evidence by the government, especially since such surveys are crucial for setting the base year for key
2818:
The 2017-18 National Sample Survey on consumer expenditure in India which was leaked revealed a worrisome decline in consumer spending, marking the first such drop in 40 years. The survey indicated that the average monthly spending by an Indian fell by 3.7% to Rs 1,446 from Rs 1,501 in 2011–12. In
2733:
India's fiscal policies have been criticised by some for prioritizing the demands of foreign investors over the domestic demand and well-being of its citizens. The criticism is rooted in the observation that the Indian government has adopted a regime of fiscal austerity, where it has been reducing
2112:
The reforms drew heavy scrutiny from opposition leaders. The New
Industrial Policy and 1991 Budget was decried by opposition leaders as "command budget from the IMF" and worried that withdrawal of subsidies for fertilizers and hikes in oil prices would harm lower and middle-class citizens. Critics
1863:
Growth during the 1980s was higher than in the preceding decades but fragile. It not only culminated in a crisis in June 1991 but also exhibited significantly higher variance than growth in the 1990s. Central to the high growth rate in the 1980s was the high growth of 7.6 percent during 1988–1991.
1813:
was abolished. However, a second poor harvest and subsequent industrial recession helped fuel political backlash against liberalisation, characterised by resentment at foreign involvement in the Indian economy and fear that it might signal a broader shift away from socialist policies. As a result,
1749:
in late 1970s, the government seeking to promote economic self-reliance and indigenous industries, required multi-national corporations to go into partnership with Indian corporations. The policy proved controversial, diminishing foreign investment and led to the high-profile exit of corporations
1741:
Only four or five licences would be given for steel, electrical power and communications, allowing license owners to build huge and powerful empires without competition. A significant public sector emerged in India during this period, where the state took ownership of several key industries. These
2772:
The liberalisation of the Indian economy was followed by a large increase in inequality with the income share of the top 10% of the population increasing from 35% in 1991 to 57.1% in 2014. Likewise, the income share of the bottom 50% decreased from 20.1% in 1991 to 13.1% in 2014. It has also been
2624:
Initially, the liberalization policies did seem to accelerate the pace of employment generation. However, over the years, this growth in employment has slowed down significantly. A study suggests that even supporters of liberalisation concede that the immediate impact on the labor market has been
2057:
To incentivise foreign investment, it laid out a plan to pre-approve all investment up to 51% foreign equity participation, allowing foreign companies to bring modern technology and industrial development. To further incentivise technological advancement, the old policy of government approval for
1977:
With liberalisation in automobile, electronics and white goods like fridges, washing machines, ACs etc in 1980s, Indian imports shot-up as significant components were imported. Gulf War I in 1991 after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, resulted in multiple blows to Indian economy with spiked oil prices,
2840:
Neoliberal economic policies have markedly shaped India's agricultural crisis, impacting a vast number of people since more than 70% rely on farming for their livelihood. This situation is intensified by several economic strategies, particularly those shaped by the World Trade Organization (WTO)
2000:
Although a fixed exchange rate system helped India to achieve currency stability, it also necessitated that the Indian Government utilize its foreign exchange reserves in the event of currency pressures in order to avoid a breach of the currency peg especially since speculators are attempting to
1648:
and a shift towards a more services-oriented economy. The impact of India's economic liberalisation policies on various sectors and social groups has been a topic of ongoing debate. While the policies have been credited with attracting foreign investment, some have expressed concerns about their
2844:
Post-1991 economic reforms explicitly rejected the need for institutional transformation in agriculture, leading to a contraction of the role of the Indian state. The state was encouraged to withdraw its protectionist disposition, making way for a free, privatised, and financialised market. The
2797:
Poverty continues to persist in India, before the COVID-19 pandemic there were 59 million Indians living below $ 2 a day and 1,162 million living between $ 2.01 and $ 10 a day. Low government expenditure on healthcare has resulted in a healthcare quality divide between rich and poor as well as
2518:
After 2014, the Indian government under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi initiated the privatisation of airports in India as part of its policy of economic liberalisation and development. Under this policy, the Airports Authority of India (AAI) has been engaging in Public-Private
2356:: In November 2016, the Indian government invalidated high denomination currency notes (â‚ą500 and â‚ą1,000) with the stated goal of combating corruption and black money. This move disrupted the cash-dependent informal sector, causing a contraction in economic activity and a slowdown in GDP growth.
2185:
Extreme poverty reduced from 36 percent in 1993–94 to 24.1 percent in 1999–2000. However, these poverty figures have been criticised as not representing the true picture of poverty. According to one report, the wealthiest one percent of the country earns between 5 and 7 percent of the national
2660:
The low LFPR has been persistent even before the COVID-19 pandemic and has been especially notable in the case of Indian women, where the declining participation rate has been attributed to high unemployment rates and the industry-wise composition of total employment, suggesting displacement.
2861:
India has the highest child wasting rate reported in the 2023 GHI at 18.7 percent.The child stunting rate, which indicates children with low height for their age and chronic undernutrition, stands at 35.5 percent. The proportion of undernourished individuals in India is 16.6 percent, which
2720:
Neoliberal reforms have led to a significant increase in exports as a share of the India's GDP. While this has fueled growth in some sectors, it also means that the Indian economy becomes more vulnerable to fluctuations in global market demand. Over-reliance on exports can lead to economic
2197:
of goods and services to GDP in India approximately doubled from 7.3 percent in 1990 to 14 percent in 2000. This rise was less dramatic on the import side but was significant, from 9.9 percent in 1990 to 16.6 percent in 2000. Within 10 years, the ratio of total goods and services trade to
2748:, the CEO of NITI Aayog said in a speech about cutting funding for Ministry of Women and Child Development “I still remember when we were cutting off … women and child – state subject – 36,000, make it 18,000 crores,” that is 360 billion rupees ($ 5.8bn) to 180 billion rupees ($ 2.9bn).
1856:, telecommunications and software industries. Reforms under lead to an increase in the average GDP growth rate from 2.9 percent in the 1970s to 5.6 per cent, although they failed to fix systemic issues with the Licence Raj. Despite Rajiv Gandhi's dream for more systemic reforms, the
1625:-driven. The goal was to expand the role of private and foreign investment, which was seen as a means of achieving economic growth and development. Although some attempts at liberalisation were made in 1966 and the early 1980s, a more thorough liberalisation was initiated in 1991.
2992:
There was a perpetual fear of foreign influence on the Indian economy. This fear emanated from India's experience with the East India Company, which had entered the subcontinent as a trading entity in 1757 and later metamorphosed into a colonial power that ruled for almost two
1981:
With trade and investment restrictions reduced in 1980s, there were policies and initiatives to increase exports particularly electronics and IT software. However, they picked speed and scale in 1990s due to long gestation period, WTO evolution and overall global trade growth.
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Under the second NDA Government, the coal industry was opened up through the passing of the Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Bill of 2015. This effectively ended the state monopoly over the mining of the coal sector and opened it up for private, foreign investments, as well as
2640:
requiring as much labor as other sectors like agriculture or manufacturing. Capital-intensive industries often require the importation of machinery and technology, which can lead to increased current account deficit (with its accompanying vulnerabilities) and is considered a
2628:
The employment growth rate in the period between 2004-2005 and 2011-2012 was just 0.45% per annum, and analyses of long-term trends have indicated that periods of higher economic growth have not translated into job creation, a phenomenon often described as "jobless growth".
2721:
instability if global demand weakens or if there are competitive pressures from other countries. Moreover, this strategy often results in neglecting the domestic market and local production capacities, which can exacerbate economic inequalities and reduce self-sufficiency.
2486:
beginning the privatisation of government-owned businesses, including hotels, VSNL, Maruti Suzuki, and airports. The coalition also implemented tax reduction policies, enacted fiscal policies aimed at reducing deficits and debts, and increased initiatives for public works.
2411:: The increase in income inequality in India as a result of economic reforms has contributed to a decrease in the purchasing power of low-income individuals. This decrease in purchasing power has led to a relatively low demand for goods and services in certain sectors.
1867:
The fragile but faster growth during the 1980s took place in the context of significant reforms throughout the decade but especially starting in 1985.The liberalization pushed industrial growth to a hefty 9.2 percent during the crucial high growth period of 1988–1991.
2573:
announced a reduction in the base corporate tax rate from 30% to 22% for companies that do not seek exemptions, and the tax rate for new manufacturing companies was reduced from 25% to 15%. The Indian government proposed agricultural and labor reforms in 2020, but
2598:
After 1991, the Indian government removed some restrictions on imports of agricultural products causing a price crash while cutting subsidies for the farmers to keep government intervention to the minimum as per neoliberal ideals causing further farmer distress.
2862:
contributes to the overall hunger issues in the country. India's hunger situation is more severe compared to neighboring countries such as Pakistan (102nd), Bangladesh (81st), Nepal (69th), and Sri Lanka (60th), which all have better rankings in the index.
7670:
2734:
its fiscal deficit relative to its GDP by cutting down on revenue expenditure such as welfare, subsidies, and other services. This austerity in revenue expenditure has led to a significant reduction in government spending on welfare, such as health,
2724:
India's export demand, influenced by the global market, has seen a contraction in recent times. In April 2023, India's merchandise exports contracted by 12.7%, with imports also seeing a sharp decline due to low demand in the U.S. and EU Markets.
2565:
On 1 July 2017, the NDA Government under Modi approved the Goods and Services Tax Act, which had been first proposed 17 years earlier under the NDA Government in 2000. The act aimed to replace multiple indirect taxes with a unified tax structure.
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are considered 'risky'. These capital outflows can influence asset prices and increase market volatility in India, as well as deplete foreign exchange reserves and create liquidity issues. India's foreign exchange reserves are built through
2401:: The rural economy in India, which largely depends on agriculture, has been under stress due to low crop prices, high input costs, poor rainfall, and mounting farmer debt. This has led to reduced rural consumption and a slowdown in overall
2510:" campaign, which sought to encourage domestic and foreign companies to invest in manufacturing and production in India. The program aimed to create employment opportunities and enhance the country's manufacturing capabilities.
2053:
Firstly, it abolished the License Raj by removing licensing restrictions for all industries except for 18 that "related to security and strategic concerns, social reasons, problems related to safety and overriding environmental
6768:
2830:
India's Producer Support Estimate consistently registers negative figures, suggesting that the government is more inclined towards taxing or discouraging its agricultural producers, rather than providing them with support or
2625:
negative. This is particularly true in sectors like agriculture and manufacturing, where the reforms have not satisfactorily addressed the challenges, resulting in minimal job creation despite high economic growth overall.
2498:
proposed the introduction of 51% Foreign Direct Investment in the retail sector. However, the decision was delayed due to pressure from coalition parties and the opposition, and it was ultimately approved in December 2012.
6682:
2616:; although the Indian banking sector had low exposure to US banking sector, the crisis still had a negative impact on the Indian economy due to lower global demand, decline in foreign investment and tightening of credit.
1628:
The liberalisation process was prompted by a balance of payments crisis that had led to a severe recession, dissolution of the Soviet Union leaving the United States as the sole superpower as well as the need to fulfill
2061:
The fourth point proposed to dismantle public monopolies by floating shares of public sector companies and limiting public sector growth to essential infrastructure, goods and services, mineral exploration, and defense
6727:
2652:
India's labor force participation rate, a measure of the proportion of the working-age population that is either employed or actively looking for work, has seen a significant decline in recent years. According to the
6108:
2388:
which continued under Joe Biden, volatile oil prices, and a slowdown in global economic growth have impacted India's economy. These factors have contributed to reduced exports and investments, as well as currency
2189:
The liberalisation policies have also been criticised for increasing income inequality, concentrating wealth, worsening rural living standards, causing unemployment, and leading to an increase in farmer suicides.
2845:
opening up of the markets exposed small farmers to volatile global market forces influenced by heavy subsidies given to agriculture sector in developed countries, against which they were not equipped to compete.
2711:
Data from the Petroleum Planning & Analysis Cell of the Ministry of Oil indicates that India's import dependence for crude oil has escalated to 87.8% in August 2023, an increase from 86.5% in the prior year.
2395:: India has experienced a decline in private investment, a perceived "unfavourable" business environment, low aggregate demand and the aforementioned credit crunch. This has had a dampening effect on GDP growth.
2288:
In 2006 India recorded its highest GDP growth rate of 9.6% becoming the second fastest growing major economy in the world, next only to China. The growth rate slowed significantly in the first half of 2012.
6517:
2202:
rose from 17.2 percent to 30.6 percent. India, however, continues to have a trade deficit, relying on foreign capital to maintain its balance of payments and as such, makes it vulnerable to external shocks.
2378:(NPAs) or bad loans. This has led to a credit crunch, with domestic banks becoming more cautious in lending especially to the MSME Sector, which in turn has constrained investment and growth in the country.
6763:
6369:
2519:
Partnerships (PPP) with private companies for the development, management, and operation of airports in India. This has led to the privatisation of several airports across the country, including those in
1641:. The crisis in 1991 served as a catalyst for the government to initiate a more comprehensive economic reform agenda, including Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation referred to as LPG reforms.
6722:
6627:
6732:
1817:
World Bank loans continued to be taken for agricultural projects since 1972, and these continued as international seed companies that were able to enter Indian markets after the 1991 liberalisation.
2045:
to be finance minister and gave them complete support in doing whatever they thought was necessary to solve the crisis. Verma helped draft the New Industrial Policy alongside Chief Economic Advisor
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Additionally, the incomes of informal workers, such as food delivery platform workers, have fallen, and their net incomes have declined significantly after accounting for inflation and fuel costs.
2265:
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67.1% of children aged 6–59 months, 59.1% of adolescent girls (15–19 years), 31.1% of adolescent boys (15–19 years), 57.2% of women of reproductive age (15–49 years), and 52.2% of pregnant women.
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of domestic investment and spending. India's manufacturing sector has seen increased import intensity, meaning that a significant portion of the inputs needed for production comes from imports.
2069:
Meanwhile, Manmohan Singh worked on a new budget that would come to be known as the Epochal Budget. The primary concern was getting the fiscal deficit under control, and he sought to do this by
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Furthermore, a large portion of those who are counted as employed are actually underemployed, such as over one-third of the self-employed who are unpaid workers in their household enterprises.
2636:(CMIE), although India's population has increased, the workforce has remained stagnant at just over 400 million for the past five years (since 2018), and the quality of jobs has remained low.
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pre-GST era. This decline was observed in terms of the percentage of the gross state domestic product (GSDP). This reduction in revenue leads to states being forced to cut back on spending.
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trade restrictions were reintroduced and the Foreign Investments Board was established in 1968 to scrutinise companies investing in India with more than 40% foreign equity participation.
6737:
6672:
6637:
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6502:
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2657:(CMIE), India's LPR was approximately 41.38% in March 2021 but has further dropped to around 40.15%. This decline is notable compared to other Asian economies where LPRs are above 60%.
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A stronger dollar can lead to capital outflows from India as the interest rate differential between the U.S. and India narrows, making India less attractive to foreign investors as
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Additionally, the central bank is forced to raise interest rates in order to arrest some of the capital outflows hence reducing domestic demand and accompanying economic effects.
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was the result of the liberal reforms, it is likely that it was liberalisation coinciding with the boom phase of the economic cycle that resulted in high GDP growth of the 2000s.
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began pursuing economic liberalisation. The governments loosened restrictions on business creation and import controls while also promoting the growth of the automobile,
5755:
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demands. The WTO urges countries such as India to cut back on agricultural subsidies, which are crucial for sustaining food security and supporting the rural economy.
6339:
2255:(OECD) which is widely considered to be a neoliberal institution applauded the changes, pointing to their promotion of high economic growth and increases in income:
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Private investment in infrastructure significantly increased during the 2000s, driven by an influx of global finance. This surge was triggered when, following the
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10755:
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Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels
6163:
Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels
5891:
2608:
India is highly dependent on indirect taxes, especially the tax levied on the sale and manufacture of goods and services that ordinary Indians depend upon.
2562:
led NDA Government pushed through the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code to create time-bound processes for insolvency resolution of companies and individuals.
2673:
dollar against other currencies, including the Indian rupee, which increases the debt servicing costs for Indian borrowers with loans in foreign currency.
6376:
4830:
10546:
2793:
Despite economic reforms, decline in poverty has been slow in India compared to its neighbours like China, which did not liberalise to the same extent.
6133:
3862:
2065:
Finally the concept of an MRTP company, where companies whose assets surpassed a certain value were placed under government supervision, was scrapped.
1722:. However, many capitalist countries, including those considered to be 'economic miracles' by neoliberals also had Five-Year Plans or its equivalent (
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was not solely the result of liberal reforms, but also due to the boom phase of the economic cycle, which had led to an influx of foreign capital.
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challenges the neoliberal argument that economic liberalisation benefits all segments to some extent, even if it exacerbates income disparities.
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that have historically insulated it from the kind of food scarcity experienced by some African nations that are heavily reliant on food imports.
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2214:, and investment raised on international capital markets increased significantly, from US$ 132 million in 1991–92 to $ 5.3 billion in 1995–96.
1164:
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The economy then rebounded to 7.3% growth in 2015, 7.9% in 2015 and 8.2% in 2016 before falling to 6.7% in 2017, 6.5% in 2018 and 4% in 2019.
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to combat inflation (even though devaluation results in increased import costs) and cheapen exports and the former system of tariffs and
333:
3639:
2742:, and maternity benefits. As a consequence, the domestic demand is depressed, real wages are falling, and employment situation is dire.
2089:(RBI) Governor established the Narasimham Committee to recommend changes to the financial system. Recommendations included reducing the
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7150:
6839:
5653:
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2147:
Reforms in India in the 1990s and 2000s aimed to increase international competitiveness in various sectors, including auto components,
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Dutta, M. K. and Sarma, Gopal Kumar, Foreign Direct Investment in India Since 1991: Trends, Challenges and Prospects (1 January 2008).
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7203:
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led government launched several initiatives aimed at promoting economic growth and development. One of the notable programs was the "
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By 1997, it became evident that no governing coalition would try to dismantle liberalisation, although governments avoided taking on
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2013:
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7627:
6817:
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2602:
2575:
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4354:
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8471:
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6707:
5283:"Neo-liberal Macroeconomic Policy and Structural Transformation of Indian Economy: Impact on Income, Employment and Distribution"
6288:
4246:
10012:
9984:
8707:
6924:
4368:
288:
4666:"The Impact of India's New GST Tax on the Economy - In the Trenches - IMF F&D Magazine - June 2018 | Volume 55 | Number 2"
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3016:
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1738:, characterized by state intervention and central planning. These policies were seen by some as restraining economic growth.
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1844:
As it became evident that the Indian economy was lagging behind its East and Southeast Asian neighbours, the governments of
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system, where the rupee was pegged to the value of a basket of currencies of major trading partners. India started having
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for his ability to steer tough economic and political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed a
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Unlike socialist countries like the USSR, India didn't achieve the same level of income equality post-independence.
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income, while approximately 15 percent of the working population earns less than â‚ą 5,000 (about $ 64) per month.
159:
4447:"The OECD Neoliberal Governance: Policies of International Testing and Their Impact on Global Education Systems"
1761:
In the 1990s, Coca-Cola re-entered the Indian market and faced competition from domestic cola companies such as
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rural areas, the decline was even sharper at 8.8%, although urban spending saw a 2% rise over the same period.
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3791:"World bank report P-5678-IN – report of the IBRD and IDA on a proposed structural adjustment loan to India"
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7884:
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7271:
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5892:"September 2023 global poverty update from the World Bank: new data on poverty during the pandemic in Asia"
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1801:. Pressure from the Bretton Woods institutions caused a shift towards economic liberalisation, wherein the
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313:
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4766:"Farmers' Distress Index: An Approach for an Action Plan to Reduce Vulnerability in the Drylands of India"
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forced the Indian government to repeal three laws meant to further liberalize Indian agriculture sector.
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1937:
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4382:
3579:"Everything about Manmohan Singh's Epochal Budget that marked the beginning of economic liberalisation"
3099:"Industrialization, Dirigisme and Capitalists: Indian Big Business from Independence to Liberalization"
2910:
2315:
2248:, with a substantial reduction in state control of the economy and increased financial liberalisation.
2030:
1410:
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who protested against the proposed agricultural bills. Eventually, due to the sustained protests, the
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2977:
India in the Indo-Pacific: Understanding India's security orientation towards Southeast and East Asia
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2102:
2090:
2002:
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871:
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6847:
5790:"In the pandemic, India's middle class shrinks and poverty spreads while China sees smaller changes"
5447:"India's import dependence on crude oil climbs to 87.8% in April-August 2023: PPAC - ET EnergyWorld"
4715:
Cheng, Natalie Fang Ling; Hasanov, Akram Shavkatovich; Poon, Wai Ching; Bouri, Elie (1 April 2023).
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particularly strong. In those infrastructure sectors which have been opened to competition, such as
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government (1990–91) took several significant steps towards liberalisation and laid its foundation.
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5918:"Hunger and Poverty In India: A Case Study on Capitalism, Privatization, and Misleading Statistics"
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poverty rather than an enhancement in living standards through the diversification of consumption.
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Reddy, A. Amarender; Bhattacharya, Anindita; Reddy, S. Venku; Ricart, Sandra (12 November 2021).
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4717:"The US-China trade war and the volatility linkages between energy and agricultural commodities"
2343:
Stagnation in Indian Railways' Passengers Carried (Million Passenger-km) in a Country Since 2016
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5840:"COVID-19 is creating a hunger catastrophe in India – here's an opportunity to break the cycle"
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was influenced by the colonial experience (which was exploitative in nature and had begun as a
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3053:"From Dirigisme to Neoliberalism: Aspects of the Political Economy of the Transition in India"
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2347:
India's GDP growth experienced a slowdown since 2016 due to a combination of factors such as:
2218:
and cities vie to enact the most pro-capital laws at the expense of workers and other states.
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had averaged around 4% from the 1950s to 1980s, while per-capita income growth averaged 1.3%.
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profit of off breaking the peg. The government was close to default on its external debt and
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3185:
Srinivas, V. (27 March 2018). "India's IMF Programmes—1966 and 1981: An Analytical Review".
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The reform process had significant effects on the Indian economy, leading to an increase in
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4273:"The Unequal Effects of Liberalization: Evidence from Dismantling the License Raj in India"
3062:, International Political Economy Series, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 140–165,
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India also increasingly integrated its economy with the global economy. The ratio of total
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According to one study, wages rose on the whole, as well as wages as the labor-to-capital
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2276:, the private sector has proven to be extremely effective and growth has been phenomenal.
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1990:
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at the micro level in all businesses especially in labour and financial markets, a large
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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criticised for decreasing rural living standards, rural employment and an increase in
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asset management and information technology—output has grown rapidly, with exports of
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had reduced to the point that India could barely finance two weeks' worth of imports.
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22:
5601:"Narendra Modi's Decade in Power Has Brought a Shrinking Welfare Landscape to India"
5379:"Why the Drop in India's Labour Participation Rate Can't Be Ignored by Policymakers"
2949:"Structural adjustments in India – a reportof the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG"
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Aghion, Philippe; Burgess, Robin; Redding, Stephen J.; Zilibotti, Fabrizio (2008).
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and severe drought, the Indian government was forced to seek monetary aid from the
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5236:"The Political Economy of India's Postplanning Economic Reform: A Critical Review"
5055:"Explained: In the three new labour codes, what changes for workers & hirers?"
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Jung, Dong-Hyeon; Choi, Sung-Il; Cho, Jun-Hyeon; Jang, Ji-Yong (September 2007).
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1994:
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by a British trading company) and by those leaders', particularly prime minister
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49:
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4341:"Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) – India | Data"
4153:"Hindutva, Economic Neoliberalism and the Abuse of Economic Statistics in India"
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required to receive loans from international financial institutions such as the
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7251:
5972:"Consumer Survey 2017-18 junked due to discrepancies; new survey ordered: Govt"
5298:
5204:
5189:"Labour Policy Reform and Labour Market after Economic Liberalization in India"
5170:
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3051:
Chandrasekhar, C. P. (2012), Kyung-Sup, Chang; Fine, Ben; Weiss, Linda (eds.),
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to the interests of foreign capital at the expense of its domestic prosperity.
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5329:"'India's Workforce Not Rising, Quality of Jobs Very Low': CMIE's Mahesh Vyas"
4152:
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1993:
problems in 1985, and by the end of 1990, the state of India was in a serious
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tarnished his government's reputation and impeded his liberalisation efforts.
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4863:"5 economic decisions by Atal Bihari Vajpayee that changed the face of India"
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3991:"Since 1991, Budget size grew 19 times, economy 9 times; your income 5 times"
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and farmers on contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing
2174:. GDP, however, has been criticized by some to be flawed as it does not show
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4924:"'Modi's Rockefeller': Gautam Adani and the concentration of power in India"
4902:"Parliament boost to Modi's plans: Coal, mining bills passed by Rajya Sabha"
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5171:"Impact of the international banking crisis on the Indian financial system"
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3395:"Clipping of the New Indian Express Group – the New Indian Express-Chennai"
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4247:"India's January merchandise trade deficit hits 1-year low of $ 17.75 bln"
2935:
India – Structural Adjustment Credit Project (English) – Presidents report
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5756:"Incomes up since Covid, but poorest 20% still below FY16 level: Study"
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4093:"Could you live on $ 1.90 a day? That's the international poverty line"
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2450: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2171:
1798:
1762:
1638:
1621:
to the world, with the objective of making it more market-oriented and
1498:
1207:
1028:
959:
617:
338:
235:
197:
94:
6315:"What Slumdog Millionaire can teach Americans about economic stimulus"
6264:
The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume II : c. 1757–2003
4877:"End of policy paralysis: Govt approves 51% FDI in multi-brand retail"
3943:"India's Dream Run, 2003-08: Understanding the Boom and Its Aftermath"
3863:"The real architect of India's economic reforms wasn't Manmohan Singh"
3362:"On this day in 1991: A landmark budget that changed India's fortunes"
10206:
9375:
8686:
8494:
8434:
8364:
8334:
8264:
8009:
7954:
7929:
7894:
6401:. Astaire Research <<doesn't work>>. 2007. Archived from
5947:"CEA Has Asked NSC to Release 2017-18 Consumer Spending Data: Report"
4950:"Bankruptcy code biggest economic reform after GST: Finance Ministry"
2070:
1751:
1735:
1538:
1528:
1473:
1297:
1232:
1076:
824:
631:
245:
44:
6234:"Public Health Crisis of Anemia in India: A Study of Three Villages"
5654:"Socio-economic Impact Assessment of Food Delivery Platform Workers"
4327:"Life expectancy at birth, total (Years) – India, China | Data"
4017:"Openness and factor shares: Is globalization always bad for labor?"
2425:
2374:: The Indian banking sector has been grappling with a high level of
10672:
10645:
10061:
9854:
9722:
9254:
9115:
8742:
8609:
6876:
6356:
5730:"Income of poorest fifth plunged 53% in 5 yrs; those at top surged"
5678:
5133:"Agricultural Price Volatility in International and Indian Markets"
4231:
4202:"Please Mind The Gap: Winners and Losers of Neoliberalism in India"
3060:
Developmental Politics in Transition: The Neoliberal Era and Beyond
2269:
2152:
2115:
2049:, and it laid out a plan to foster Indian industry in five points.
1836:
1365:
1272:
726:
636:
323:
169:
5576:"Worker incomes in India are still signalling tough circumstances"
2728:
2244:. By the turn of the 21st century, India had progressed towards a
1997:
exacerbated by the Gulf War and the accompanying oil price spike.
10251:
9068:
9002:
8315:
8177:
5629:"As PM, India's Modi secretly tried to massively cut state funds"
4126:"Earning Rs 25,000 Per Month? You Are In India's Top 10%: Report"
2667:
1766:
1553:
666:
537:
8449:
6134:"More than 10,000 farmers, farm hands committed suicide in 2017"
2225:
2041:. He selected Amar Nath Verma to be his Principal Secretary and
1691:
governments of Nehru, and his successors' policy tended towards
9886:
9132:
7969:
5497:"30 Years of Economic Reforms – A Saga of Growing Inequalities"
3552:"Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1970 – GKToday"
3476:. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 44–49.
3432:. Global Economic Governance Programme. Retrieved 2 March 2007.
2695:
2482:
administration, there were extensive liberal reforms, with the
2194:
2079:
1565:
549:
4597:
3515:(India, Ministry of Industry). New Delhi: Government of India.
3473:
India Transformed : Twenty-Five Years of Economic Reforms
3252:. The National Bureau of Economic Research. pp. 151–153.
8906:
7749:
6850:
5081:"Bowing to protests, India's Modi agrees to repeal farm laws"
4270:
3698:. New Delhi: Government of India Ministry of Finance. pp. 11.
3326:"Bofors prevented Rajiv Gandhi from taking up liberalisation"
1680:
751:
6370:"How wrong has the Indian Left been about economic reforms?"
5029:"Indian lawmakers pass farm bills amid uproar in Parliament"
4763:
3633:"Devaluation of the Rupee: Tale of Two Years, 1966 and 1991"
3031:
3008:
Economic thought of Gandhi and Nehru: a comparative analysis
7622:
3815:
Economic Crisis Forcing Once Self-Reliant India to Seek Aid
2281:
2252:
2230:
1789:
In 1966, due to rapid inflation caused by accompanying the
4984:. Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Archived from
3451:, IMF Staff Papers, Valerie Cerra and Sweta Chaman Saxena.
3230:
Mukherji, R. (2000). India's Aborted Liberalization-1966.
5354:"Service sector: high growth, low employment generation?"
4015:
LeblebicioÄźlu, Asl; Weinberger, Ariel (3 December 2020).
3748:"Narasimham Committee Report 1991 1998 – Recommendations"
1755:
5998:"Agricultural policy - Agricultural support - OECD Data"
4831:"India Since Independence: An Analytic Growth Narrative"
2037:
led to the election of a new Congress government led by
4014:
3350:
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2004/wp0443.pdf
3315:
History of Computing in India: 1955–2010, Rajaraman, V.
3034:"Political Economy of Growth and Reforms in South Asia"
2802:
has exacerbated hunger and poverty within the country.
2704:
India's approach to food self-sufficiency is shaped by
2594:
Top 10% and bottom 50% income shares in India 1900–2021
5523:"Since 2014, the poorest communities are earning less"
4975:"F. .No. CBEC-20/05/01/2018-GST Government of India …"
4714:
3714:. New Delhi: Government of India Ministry of Finance.
3250:
Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: India
2715:
2253:
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
1820:
10547:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
6442:
4624:"The Supply-Side Effects of India's Demonetization"
3011:. New Delhi: MD Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 66.
4828:
4551:"India growth rate slows to 5.3% in first quarter"
3247:
2937:(Report). World Bank. 12 November 1991. p. 1.
6280:
5623:
5621:
5444:
5281:Tiwari, Shivakar; Kumar, Surinder (1 June 2019).
2318:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
10747:
6024:"India's new farming laws driven by WTO demands"
4621:
4355:"GDP growth (Annual %) – India | Data"
3248:Bhagwati, Jagdish N.; Srinivasan, T. N. (1975).
2612:crises. A commonly cited example of this is the
1871:
1613:refers to the series of policy changes aimed at
7935:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
5186:
3293:India Transformed: 25 Years of Economic Reforms
2729:Impact on domestic monetary and fiscal policies
6312:
6282:"Economic reforms in India: Task force report"
5815:"Private Healthcare in India: Boons and Banes"
5618:
4473:
3469:
3442:What Caused the 1991 Currency Crisis in India?
3141:
2668:Vulnerabilities from international integration
2558:In the 2016 budget session of Parliament, the
1784:
1652:
10572:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
10542:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
8922:
8465:
7765:
6833:
6428:
6354:
6337:
6184:"Global Hunger Index Scores by 2023 GHI Rank"
5003:"GST Launch Time Midnight Parliament Session"
4481:"Economic survey of India 2007: Policy Brief"
4157:South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal
3886:
3144:India: From Midnight To Millennium and Beyond
3050:
2927:
1590:
586:
6367:
6021:
4816:"Economic Consequences of Income Inequality"
3860:
3783:
2758:
2696:Vulnerabilities from global commodity prices
2647:
2513:
1931:
8753:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
5405:"The labor market in India since the 1990s"
5280:
4691:"The Public-Sector Banking Crisis In India"
4573:"GDP growth (annual %) – India | Data"
4245:Singh, Sarita Chaganti (15 February 2023).
4227:Local industrialists against multinationals
2131:
2058:foreign technology agreements was scrapped.
2008:
334:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
8929:
8915:
8472:
8458:
7772:
7758:
6840:
6826:
6435:
6421:
6375:. Centre for Civil Society. Archived from
6070:"Neoliberalism and Rural Poverty in India"
2852:
2580:government repealed the agricultural bills
1597:
1583:
593:
579:
10577:International Federation of Liberal Youth
5426:
5416:
5403:Dasgupta, Indraneel Kar (28 March 2018).
5107:"inequality Kills: India Supplement 2022"
4791:
4781:
4740:
4451:Decolonizing Global Citizenship Education
4164:
3880:
3527:"The people behind the Great Men of 1991"
3295:. Brookings Institution. pp. 68–71.
3123:
3121:
3119:
2813:
2738:, social assistance, child care centers,
2466:Learn how and when to remove this message
1926:
1840:LIC Jeevan Bharti building opened in 1986
10756:Economic history of India (1947–present)
5573:
5402:
5233:
4519:
4375:
4369:"GDP (Current US$ ) – India | Data"
4220:
3419:India's Pathway through Financial Crisis
3184:
3096:
2973:
2941:
2825:
2798:between the rural and urban population.
2788:
2589:
2338:
2224:
2020:
2012:
1917:
1835:
1824:
10557:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
6287:. University of Chicago. Archived from
6067:
5941:
5939:
4444:
3940:
3187:Indian Journal of Public Administration
3032:Kelegama, Saman; Parikh, Kirit (2000).
2980:. Verlag Barbara Budrich. p. 136.
2399:Rural distress and consumption slowdown
2266:information technology-enabled services
2206:Foreign investment in India in form of
10748:
8708:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
7734:
6925:Securities and Exchange Board of India
6106:
5704:"India: extreme inequality in numbers"
5440:
5438:
5287:The Indian Journal of Labour Economics
5130:
4896:
4894:
4879:. Zeenews.india.com. 14 September 2012
4445:Bouhali, Chouaib el (1 January 2015),
4196:
4194:
4192:
4090:
4060:
4058:
3889:"Obituary: A scholar and a politician"
3808:
3769:"First Narasimham Committee – GKToday"
3725:"First Narasimham Committee – GKToday"
3663:
3146:. Arcade Publishing. pp. 164–66.
3116:
3025:
1779:
289:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
8910:
8453:
7753:
6821:
6416:
6357:"India Inc. and its Moral Discontent"
6305:For a short educational video of the
6261:
5864:
4407:
4244:
4150:
3861:Balachandran, Manu (6 October 2016).
3706:
3704:
3601:
3599:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3524:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3412:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3226:
3224:
3168:"Redefining The Hindu Rate of Growth"
3004:
2858:where India was positioned at 107th.
2689:like in the case of Russia or China.
1697:import substitution industrialization
7724:
5936:
5781:
5658:NCAER | Quality . Relevance . Impact
2767:
2655:Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
2634:Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
2448:adding citations to reliable sources
2419:
2299:
2295:
1941:
1875:
10597:Liberal South East European Network
8748:North American Free Trade Agreement
6107:Minhaz, Ayesha (23 February 2023).
5787:
5435:
4891:
4189:
4055:
3988:
3435:
3272:
2502:After coming to power in 2014, the
2082:, and abolishing export subsidies.
2033:in the midst of the crisis and the
329:North American Free Trade Agreement
13:
8891:Criticism of intellectual property
8713:Bank for International Settlements
5268:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.9.2.0235
5252:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.9.2.0235
4532:. Astaire Research. Archived from
4229:. Ajay Singh and Arjuna Ranawana.
4151:Ghosh, Jayati (15 December 2020).
4021:Journal of International Economics
4008:
3745:
3701:
3645:from the original on 29 March 2007
3596:
3566:
3498:
3454:
3281:
3241:
3221:
3135:
3044:
2835:
2716:Dependence on global export demand
2603:2020–2021 Indian farmers' protests
1718:resembled central planning in the
518:Criticism of intellectual property
294:Bank for International Settlements
14:
10807:
10587:Liberal Network for Latin America
8479:
6905:Ministry of Commerce and Industry
6299:
6248:– via publications.aap.org.
5240:World Review of Political Economy
4091:Hickel, Jason (1 November 2015).
3887:V. Venkatesan (14 January 2005).
3832:"Wishful Thinking on Devaluation"
3238:(3), 377–379. doi:10.2307/2672025
3090:
2701:with a rise in crude oil prices.
1985:By 1991, India still had a fixed
1821:Economic reforms during the 1980s
1795:International Monetary Fund (IMF)
10776:History of the Republic of India
7733:
7723:
7714:
7713:
6849:
6801:
6792:
6791:
6226:
6201:
6176:
6151:
6126:
6100:
6061:
6015:
5990:
5964:
5910:
5884:
5858:
5832:
5807:
5748:
5722:
5696:
5671:
5646:
5593:
5567:
4421:"Why open markets matter – OECD"
3666:"Rupee Devaluation: Real Issues"
2424:
2415:
2304:
1945:
1879:
1611:economic liberalisation in India
1564:
1552:
560:
548:
536:
271:Economic liberalization in India
6443:Economic liberalisation in Asia
5683:WID – World Inequality Database
5541:
5515:
5489:
5464:
5396:
5371:
5346:
5321:
5274:
5227:
5180:
5163:
5124:
5099:
5073:
5047:
5021:
4995:
4967:
4942:
4916:
4869:
4865:. Moneycontrol. 16 August 2018.
4855:
4822:
4808:
4757:
4708:
4683:
4658:
4615:
4590:
4565:
4543:
4497:
4438:
4413:
4401:
4361:
4347:
4333:
4319:
4264:
4238:
4144:
4118:
4084:
3982:
3973:
3934:
3915:
3854:
3824:
3761:
3739:
3717:
3688:
3657:
3625:
3544:
3525:Mital, Ankit (27 August 2016).
3518:
3387:
3354:
3343:
3318:
3309:
3266:
3178:
3160:
2435:needs additional citations for
160:Structural Adjustment Programme
9175:Separation of church and state
8936:
7779:
6759:British Indian Ocean Territory
6255:
3513:Statement on Industrial Policy
3275:Everybody loves a good drought
3036:. Second Draft. Archived from
2998:
2967:
2849:lives due to these pressures.
1772:The annual growth rate of the
1631:structural adjustment programs
1:
8301:Critique of political economy
7437:Electronics and semiconductor
6361:Economic and Political Weekly
6266:. New Delhi: Orient Longman.
6074:Economic and Political Weekly
6022:Eco-Business (8 March 2021).
5137:Economic and Political Weekly
4033:10.1016/j.jinteco.2020.103406
3947:Economic and Political Weekly
3924:. Retrieved 7 October 2007.
3836:Economic and Political Weekly
3670:Economic and Political Weekly
2921:
2823:macroeconomic data like GDP.
2619:
2585:
2035:assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
1872:Chandra Shekhar Singh reforms
1745:During the brief rule by the
1356:Critique of political economy
1014:Critique of political economy
8733:Greater Arab Free Trade Area
7885:History of capitalist theory
4277:The American Economic Review
3922:PV Narasimha Rao Passes Away
2951:. World Bank. Archived from
2494:Coalition Government led by
1832:locomotive developed in 1980
1695:, with a strong emphasis on
1406:Periodizations of capitalism
314:Greater Arab Free Trade Area
256:Positive non-interventionism
7:
8738:International Monetary Fund
6307:"economic history of India"
4829:J. Bradford DeLong (2001).
4742:10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106605
4453:, Brill, pp. 119–129,
2874:
2576:faced backlash from farmers
2071:curbing government expenses
1938:1991 Indian economic crisis
1785:1966 liberalisation attempt
1707:, business regulation, and
1653:Pre-liberalisation policies
1102:Simple commodity production
319:International Monetary Fund
10:
10812:
8590:Public–private partnership
6920:Central Statistical Office
5574:Himanshu (23 March 2023).
5299:10.1007/s41027-019-00166-9
5205:10.1177/223386590701000212
3710:Singh, M. (24 July 1991).
3694:Singh, M. (24 July 1991).
3097:Mazumdar, Surajit (2012).
2911:Income inequality in India
2784:
2569:In 2019, Finance Minister
2031:Chandra Shekhar government
1935:
1656:
1411:Perspectives on capitalism
140:Public–private partnership
10786:Globalization by location
10732:
10717:Sexually liberal feminism
10624:Bias in American academia
10604:
10562:European Democratic Party
10530:
10312:
10032:
10000:
9952:
9865:
9616:
9540:
9499:
9490:
9397:Constitutional patriotism
9384:
9332:
9304:
9224:
9217:
8946:
8858:
8802:
8776:
8700:
8669:
8618:
8535:Foreign direct investment
8487:
8328:
8282:
8245:Labour market flexibility
8218:
8129:
7978:
7920:Multinational corporation
7797:
7787:
7709:
7636:
7605:
7355:
7224:
7164:
7116:
7068:
6998:
6950:Foreign exchange reserves
6945:Foreign direct investment
6915:Economic Advisory Council
6885:
6862:
6787:
6746:
6706:
6448:
5193:International Area Review
5131:Sekhar, C. S. C. (2004).
4904:. indiatoday.intotoday.in
4622:Giri Subramaniam (2020).
4235:. Retrieved 2 March 2007.
4206:E-International Relations
2865:
2759:Cutting of state finances
2648:Labor force participation
2514:Privatisation of airports
2208:foreign direct investment
2126:
2103:Union Bank of Switzerland
2091:statutory liquidity ratio
2003:foreign exchange reserves
1932:Crisis leading to reforms
1659:Economic history of India
85:Foreign direct investment
9057:Labor theory of property
8881:Authoritarian capitalism
8768:World Trade Organization
8525:Economic interdependence
7086:Multi Commodity Exchange
6508:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
5358:www.businesseconomics.in
5234:Siddiqui, Kalim (2018).
3607:"1991: Economic Reforms"
3447:2 September 2013 at the
3424:12 November 2011 at the
3199:10.1177/0019556117750897
3131:. BBC. 12 February 1998.
2974:Malhotra, Aditi (2022).
2706:strategic state policies
2165:research and development
2132:Credit boom of the 2000s
1716:Five-Year Plans of India
1699:under state monitoring,
682:Economic interventionism
503:Authoritarian capitalism
344:World Trade Organization
75:Economic interdependence
10766:Economic liberalization
10552:Arab Liberal Federation
9434:Neoclassical liberalism
8956:Consent of the governed
8886:Criticism of capitalism
8530:Economic liberalization
8390:Individualist anarchism
6930:Enforcement Directorate
6769:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
6313:Nick Gillespie (2009).
5549:"Who Loses, Who Gains?"
5445:www.ETEnergyworld.com.
4628:SSRN Electronic Journal
4383:"That old Gandhi magic"
3928:1 November 2007 at the
3470:Mohan, Rakesh. (2018).
3142:Shashi Tharoor (2006).
3103:mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de
3068:10.1057/9781137028303_8
2853:Hunger and Malnutrition
2806:the COVID-19 pandemic.
2687:current account surplus
2683:foreign capital inflows
2393:Weak private investment
2382:Global economic factors
2073:. Part of this was the
1714:Neoliberals claim that
1351:Criticism of capitalism
513:Criticism of capitalism
80:Economic liberalization
10796:1991 in Indian economy
10567:European Liberal Youth
10537:Africa Liberal Network
8976:Economic globalization
8355:Collectivist anarchism
8270:Social venture capital
8240:Freedom of association
7526:Science and technology
7462:Information technology
7151:Government initiatives
6355:Ravinder Kaur (2012).
6338:Gurcharan Das (2006).
6262:Kumar, Dharma (2005).
6138:www.downtoearth.org.in
6068:Patnaik, Utsa (2007).
4598:"World Bank Open Data"
4486:. OECD. Archived from
3399:The New Indian Express
3291:Mohan, Rakesh (2018).
2886:Globalization in India
2832:
2814:Decline in consumption
2794:
2595:
2361:Goods and Services Tax
2344:
2286:
2242:agricultural subsidies
2233:
2026:
2018:
2009:Liberalisation of 1991
1927:Liberalisation of 1991
1923:
1841:
1833:
1381:Exploitation of labour
1092:Primitive accumulation
10614:Anti-authoritarianism
10582:Liberal International
8896:Market fundamentalism
8718:European Central Bank
8575:Mundell–Fleming model
8560:Intellectual property
8420:Post-scarcity economy
8395:Libertarian socialism
8380:Free-market socialism
8311:Market fundamentalism
8296:Capitalist propaganda
7890:Industrial Revolution
7805:Anarchy of production
7043:Reserve Bank of India
6368:Aditya Gupta (2006).
6209:"ANAEMIA MUKT BHARAT"
5865:ralph (13 May 2022).
5476:www.oecd-ilibrary.org
4289:10.1257/aer.98.4.1397
4159:(in French) (24/25).
3511:Verma, A. N. (1991).
3172:The Financial Express
2829:
2792:
2614:2008 Financial Crisis
2593:
2376:non-performing assets
2342:
2259:Its annual growth in
2257:
2228:
2138:Dot-com crash of 2001
2105:and 47 tonnes to the
2087:Reserve Bank of India
2024:
2016:
1921:
1839:
1828:
1657:Further information:
1559:Capitalism portal
1371:Culture of capitalism
1326:Capitalist propaganda
1082:Industrial Revolution
1072:Commercial Revolution
543:Capitalism portal
523:Market fundamentalism
299:European Central Bank
130:Mundell–Fleming model
110:Intellectual property
9444:Right-libertarianism
9314:Liberal conservatism
9180:Separation of powers
8784:Mont Pelerin Society
8763:World Economic Forum
8520:Economic integration
7875:Financial Revolution
7840:Economic development
7131:Economic development
6975:Voluntary guidelines
6970:Industrial licensing
6683:United Arab Emirates
5844:World Economic Forum
4783:10.3390/land10111236
4636:10.2139/ssrn.3472758
4602:World Bank Open Data
4505:"The World Factbook"
3277:. Sage Publications.
3129:"India: the economy"
3040:on 11 February 2006.
2916:Remittances to India
2896:Hindu rate of growth
2490:In 2011, the second
2480:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
2444:improve this article
2363:(GST) implementation
2212:portfolio investment
2085:In August 1991, the
2029:The collapse of the
1534:Right-libertarianism
1464:Classical liberalism
1431:Venture philanthropy
1067:Capitalism and Islam
1062:Age of Enlightenment
657:Capital accumulation
555:Economics portal
377:Adam Smith Institute
372:World Economic Forum
362:Mont Pelerin Society
70:Economic integration
9439:Paleolibertarianism
9424:Left-libertarianism
9138:Civil and political
9111:Popular sovereignty
8971:Economic liberalism
8876:Alter-globalization
8677:Fiscal conservatism
8350:Anarcho-syndicalism
8345:Anarcho-primitivism
8230:Economic inequality
7845:Economic liberalism
6893:Ministry of Finance
6710:limited recognition
6408:on 14 January 2009.
6382:on 26 February 2009
6344:The Foreign Affairs
6294:on 7 February 2009.
6109:"Neoliberal damage"
5898:. 20 September 2023
5896:blogs.worldbank.org
5794:Pew Research Center
5762:. 25 January 2024.
5708:Oxfam International
5418:10.15185/izawol.425
5061:. 27 September 2020
4733:2023EneEc.12006605C
4695:www.oliverwyman.com
4539:on 14 January 2009.
4066:"Impact of reforms"
3941:Nagaraj, R (2013).
3899:(1). Archived from
3664:Jadhav, N. (1991).
3554:. 14 September 2011
3005:Misra, O.P (1995).
2121:minority government
2109:and Bank of Japan.
2039:P. V. Narasimha Rao
2017:P. V. Narasimha Rao
1991:balance of payments
1780:Reforms before 1991
1571:Business portal
687:Economic liberalism
677:Competitive markets
567:Politics portal
498:Alter-globalization
231:Fiscal conservatism
10781:Rao administration
9591:Centrist reformist
9106:Permissive society
9086:Limited government
8871:Anti-globalization
8370:Economic democracy
8191:Private foundation
7543:Telecommunications
7069:Financial services
6990:Atmanirbhar Bharat
6910:Finance Commission
6396:"The India Report"
6053:has generic name (
5978:. 15 November 2019
5819:Institut Montaigne
5760:The Times of India
5734:The Indian Express
5710:. 9 September 2022
5527:The Indian Express
5409:IZA World of Labor
5111:www.oxfamindia.org
5087:. 19 November 2021
5059:The Indian Express
4991:on 26 August 2018.
4954:The Economic Times
4930:. 13 November 2020
4577:data.worldbank.org
4553:. BBC. 31 May 2012
4527:"The India Report"
4389:. 27 November 1997
4166:10.4000/samaj.6882
3995:The Economic Times
3903:on 30 January 2010
3842:(29): 1724. 1991.
3819:The New York Times
3583:Free Press Journal
3366:The Economic Times
3330:The Economic Times
2833:
2795:
2596:
2571:Nirmala Sitharaman
2537:Thiruvananthapuram
2386:US-China trade war
2345:
2234:
2149:telecommunications
2095:cash reserve ratio
2027:
2019:
1957:. You can help by
1924:
1891:. You can help by
1842:
1834:
1701:state intervention
1646:foreign investment
1331:Capitalist realism
722:Goods and services
702:Fictitious capital
493:Anti-globalization
10743:
10742:
10736:Liberalism Portal
10629:Bias in the media
10028:
10027:
9867:Latin America and
9486:
9485:
9429:Geolibertarianism
9359:Liberal socialism
9270:Civic nationalism
9143:Natural and legal
8904:
8903:
8835:Margaret Thatcher
8825:James M. Buchanan
8505:Denationalization
8447:
8446:
8340:Anarcho-communism
8211:Spontaneous order
8206:Social alienation
8163:Economic mobility
7850:Economic planning
7747:
7746:
7272:Jammu and Kashmir
6898:Finance ministers
6815:
6814:
6752:other territories
6340:"The India Model"
6273:978-81-250-2710-2
6080:(30): 3132–3150.
5924:. 29 October 2022
5922:Hampton Institute
5788:Kochhar, Rakesh.
5736:. 24 January 2022
5451:ETEnergyworld.com
5143:(43): 4729–4736.
4843:on 7 October 2016
4460:978-94-6300-277-6
4072:. 18 January 2016
4070:India Before 1991
3676:(36): 2119–2120.
3638:. 29 March 2007.
3613:. 18 January 2016
3611:India Before 1991
3483:978-0-8157-3662-2
3153:978-1-55970-803-6
3077:978-1-137-02830-3
3018:978-81-85880-71-6
2987:978-3-8474-2474-1
2768:Income Inequality
2632:According to the
2476:
2475:
2468:
2409:Income inequality
2403:consumer spending
2337:
2336:
2296:Growth since 2016
1975:
1974:
1909:
1908:
1848:and subsequently
1763:Pure Drinks Group
1619:country's economy
1607:
1606:
1426:Spontaneous order
1396:History of theory
1039:New institutional
1009:Market monetarism
944:Economic theories
777:Supply and demand
712:Free price system
603:
602:
445:Yasuhiro Nakasone
435:Margaret Thatcher
425:James M. Buchanan
55:Denationalization
10803:
10761:Economy of India
10658:Economic freedom
10651:Radical centrism
9497:
9496:
9451:Radical centrism
9364:Social democracy
9347:Liberal feminism
9222:
9221:
9170:Secular humanism
9096:Natural monopoly
9047:Internationalism
8941:
8931:
8924:
8917:
8908:
8907:
8830:Augusto Pinochet
8820:Ludwig von Mises
8605:Supranationalism
8580:Private property
8515:Economic freedom
8474:
8467:
8460:
8451:
8450:
8430:Social anarchism
8405:Market socialism
8400:Market anarchism
8306:Critique of work
8196:Private property
8158:Economic freedom
8153:Decentralization
8131:Cultural aspects
8092:Regulated market
7870:Financial crisis
7855:Entrepreneurship
7774:
7767:
7760:
7751:
7750:
7737:
7736:
7727:
7726:
7717:
7716:
7701:Mumbai Consensus
7267:Himachal Pradesh
7156:Numbering system
7146:Green revolution
7021:Historical Forex
6856:Economy of India
6854:
6853:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6819:
6818:
6805:
6795:
6794:
6764:Christmas Island
6450:Sovereign states
6437:
6430:
6423:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6407:
6400:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6381:
6374:
6364:
6351:
6350:on 7 March 2009.
6346:. Archived from
6334:
6332:
6330:
6321:. Archived from
6295:
6293:
6286:
6277:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6052:
6048:
6046:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6019:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5943:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5867:"India: Poverty"
5862:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5625:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5555:. 7 October 2023
5545:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5442:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5420:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4979:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4898:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4842:
4836:. Archived from
4835:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4795:
4785:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4744:
4721:Energy Economics
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4531:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4283:(4): 1397–1412.
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4242:
4236:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4198:
4187:
4186:
4168:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4062:
4053:
4052:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3938:
3932:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3828:
3822:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3746:Akrani, Gaurav.
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3721:
3715:
3712:Budget 1991–1992
3708:
3699:
3696:Budget 1991–1992
3692:
3686:
3685:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3637:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3575:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3522:
3516:
3509:
3496:
3495:
3467:
3452:
3439:
3433:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3368:. 24 July 2022.
3358:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3245:
3239:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3174:. 12 April 2004.
3164:
3158:
3157:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3057:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2901:Economic miracle
2881:Economy of India
2746:BVR Subrahmanyam
2736:rural employment
2678:emerging markets
2555:mining of coal.
2471:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2428:
2420:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2316:factual accuracy
2308:
2307:
2300:
2284:
2180:living standards
1970:
1967:
1949:
1942:
1904:
1901:
1883:
1876:
1811:export subsidies
1709:central planning
1685:Fabian socialism
1599:
1592:
1585:
1569:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1361:Critique of work
1336:Capitalist state
1019:Critique of work
902:Regulated market
804:Economic systems
757:Private property
707:Financial market
697:Entrepreneurship
692:Economic surplus
605:
604:
595:
588:
581:
565:
564:
553:
552:
541:
540:
465:Alberto Fujimori
460:Hernando de Soto
430:Augusto Pinochet
405:Ludwig von Mises
165:Supranationalism
65:Economic freedom
18:
17:
10811:
10810:
10806:
10805:
10804:
10802:
10801:
10800:
10791:Reform in India
10746:
10745:
10744:
10739:
10728:
10727:
10726:
10600:
10592:Liberal parties
10526:
10525:
10524:
10308:
10307:
10306:
10024:
9996:
9948:
9868:
9861:
9612:
9536:
9482:
9380:
9328:
9300:
9250:Equity feminism
9213:
9212:
9211:
9207:State of nature
9195:Social services
9185:Social contract
9148:To own property
8942:
8937:
8935:
8905:
8900:
8866:Anti-capitalism
8854:
8815:Friedrich Hayek
8810:Milton Friedman
8798:
8772:
8728:Federal Reserve
8696:
8665:
8626:Austrian School
8614:
8595:School vouchers
8500:Balanced budget
8483:
8478:
8448:
8443:
8425:Sharing economy
8415:Post-capitalism
8385:Green anarchism
8324:
8291:Anti-capitalism
8278:
8214:
8125:
8117:State-sponsored
7974:
7950:Property rights
7925:Nationalization
7835:Economic bubble
7793:
7783:
7778:
7748:
7743:
7705:
7632:
7601:
7511:Pharmaceuticals
7351:
7220:
7160:
7126:COVID-19 impact
7112:
7064:
6994:
6881:
6858:
6848:
6846:
6816:
6811:
6783:
6751:
6742:
6723:Northern Cyprus
6709:
6702:
6444:
6441:
6405:
6398:
6394:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6372:
6328:
6326:
6325:on 13 June 2009
6302:
6291:
6284:
6274:
6258:
6253:
6243:
6241:
6240:. February 2022
6232:
6231:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6192:
6190:
6182:
6181:
6177:
6167:
6165:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6142:
6140:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6117:
6115:
6105:
6101:
6066:
6062:
6050:
6049:
6040:
6039:
6032:
6030:
6020:
6016:
6006:
6004:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5981:
5979:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5955:
5953:
5945:
5944:
5937:
5927:
5925:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5901:
5899:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5875:
5873:
5863:
5859:
5849:
5847:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5823:
5821:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5798:
5796:
5786:
5782:
5772:
5770:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5739:
5737:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5713:
5711:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5687:
5685:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5662:
5660:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5637:
5635:
5627:
5626:
5619:
5609:
5607:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5584:
5582:
5572:
5568:
5558:
5556:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5532:
5530:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5506:
5504:
5503:. 1 August 2021
5495:
5494:
5490:
5480:
5478:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5443:
5436:
5401:
5397:
5387:
5385:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5362:
5360:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5337:
5335:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5279:
5275:
5232:
5228:
5185:
5181:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5129:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5064:
5062:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5012:
5010:
5007:Hindustan Times
5001:
5000:
4996:
4988:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4958:
4956:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4933:
4931:
4928:Financial Times
4922:
4921:
4917:
4907:
4905:
4900:
4899:
4892:
4882:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4833:
4827:
4823:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4762:
4758:
4713:
4709:
4699:
4697:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4674:
4672:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4620:
4616:
4606:
4604:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4579:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4536:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4493:on 6 June 2011.
4490:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4443:
4439:
4429:
4427:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4269:
4265:
4255:
4253:
4243:
4239:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4209:
4208:. 11 March 2017
4200:
4199:
4190:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4056:
4013:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3989:Mudgill, Amit.
3987:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3939:
3935:
3930:Wayback Machine
3920:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3859:
3855:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3772:
3771:. 21 April 2011
3767:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3727:. 21 April 2011
3723:
3722:
3718:
3709:
3702:
3693:
3689:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3577:
3576:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3523:
3519:
3510:
3499:
3484:
3468:
3455:
3449:Wayback Machine
3440:
3436:
3426:Wayback Machine
3417:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3289:
3282:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3246:
3242:
3232:Pacific Affairs
3229:
3222:
3183:
3179:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3140:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3095:
3091:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3003:
2999:
2988:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2906:Indian Diaspora
2877:
2868:
2855:
2838:
2836:Agrarian crisis
2816:
2787:
2775:farmer suicides
2770:
2761:
2731:
2718:
2698:
2670:
2650:
2622:
2588:
2516:
2472:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2441:
2429:
2418:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2313:This section's
2309:
2305:
2298:
2285:
2280:
2157:pharmaceuticals
2134:
2129:
2107:Bank of England
2011:
1995:economic crisis
1971:
1965:
1962:
1955:needs expansion
1940:
1934:
1929:
1913:Chandra Shekhar
1905:
1899:
1896:
1889:needs expansion
1874:
1823:
1791:Sino-Indian War
1787:
1782:
1728:Post-WW2 Europe
1683:'s exposure to
1669:economic policy
1665:
1655:
1603:
1563:
1551:
1544:
1543:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1416:Post-capitalism
1321:Anti-capitalism
1316:
1308:
1307:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1057:
1049:
1048:
945:
937:
936:
927:State-sponsored
805:
797:
796:
662:Capital markets
627:
599:
559:
547:
535:
528:
527:
488:Anti-capitalism
483:
475:
474:
420:Milton Friedman
410:Walter Lippmann
400:Friedrich Hayek
395:
387:
386:
357:
349:
348:
309:Federal Reserve
284:
276:
275:
226:
218:
217:
188:Austrian School
183:
175:
174:
145:School vouchers
50:Balanced budget
40:
23:politics series
12:
11:
5:
10809:
10799:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10771:Economic booms
10768:
10763:
10758:
10741:
10740:
10738:
10733:
10730:
10729:
10725:
10724:
10722:Utilitarianism
10719:
10714:
10709:
10708:
10707:
10702:
10695:Libertarianism
10692:
10690:Land value tax
10687:
10686:
10685:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10663:Egalitarianism
10660:
10655:
10654:
10653:
10643:
10642:
10641:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10619:Anti-communism
10616:
10610:
10609:
10608:
10606:
10605:Related topics
10602:
10601:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10532:
10528:
10527:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10317:
10316:
10314:
10310:
10309:
10305:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10127:Wollstonecraft
10124:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10038:
10037:
10036:
10034:
10030:
10029:
10026:
10025:
10023:
10022:
10017:
10016:
10015:
10004:
10002:
9998:
9997:
9995:
9994:
9993:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9962:
9956:
9954:
9950:
9949:
9947:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9890:
9889:
9879:
9873:
9871:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9825:United Kingdom
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9726:
9725:
9720:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9689:
9688:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9622:
9620:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9599:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9544:
9542:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9503:
9501:
9494:
9488:
9487:
9484:
9483:
9481:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9469:
9468:
9463:
9453:
9448:
9447:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9419:Libertarianism
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9400:
9399:
9392:Constitutional
9388:
9386:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9367:
9366:
9356:
9355:
9354:
9344:
9338:
9336:
9330:
9329:
9327:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9310:
9308:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9297:Encyclopaedist
9294:
9289:
9284:
9283:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9246:
9245:
9240:
9230:
9228:
9219:
9215:
9214:
9210:
9209:
9204:
9203:
9202:
9197:
9190:Social justice
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9156:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9130:
9129:
9128:
9123:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9091:Market economy
9088:
9083:
9082:
9081:
9076:
9066:
9059:
9054:
9052:Invisible hand
9049:
9044:
9042:Harm principle
9039:
9038:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9021:
9020:
9015:
9000:
8995:
8994:
8993:
8988:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8952:
8951:
8950:
8948:
8944:
8943:
8934:
8933:
8926:
8919:
8911:
8902:
8901:
8899:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8862:
8860:
8859:Related topics
8856:
8855:
8853:
8852:
8847:
8845:Alan Greenspan
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8806:
8804:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8780:
8778:
8774:
8773:
8771:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8723:European Union
8720:
8715:
8710:
8704:
8702:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8673:
8671:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8631:Chicago School
8628:
8622:
8620:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8491:
8489:
8485:
8484:
8477:
8476:
8469:
8462:
8454:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8330:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8286:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8220:
8219:Social aspects
8216:
8215:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8143:American Dream
8140:
8135:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7980:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7905:Market failure
7902:
7900:Market economy
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7860:Ecopreneurship
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7815:Centralization
7812:
7810:Business cycle
7807:
7801:
7799:
7795:
7794:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7777:
7776:
7769:
7762:
7754:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7741:
7731:
7721:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7676:Income Tax Act
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7640:
7638:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7609:
7607:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7571:
7570:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7534:
7533:
7523:
7518:
7516:Pulp and paper
7513:
7508:
7507:
7506:
7504:Iron and Steel
7501:
7491:
7490:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7376:
7375:
7370:
7359:
7357:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7297:Madhya Pradesh
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7232:Andhra Pradesh
7228:
7226:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7196:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7179:
7174:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7136:Liberalisation
7133:
7128:
7122:
7120:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7072:
7070:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7062:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7050:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6889:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6874:
6868:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6845:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6822:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6799:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6755:
6753:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6714:
6712:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6454:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6392:
6365:
6352:
6335:
6310:
6301:
6300:External links
6298:
6297:
6296:
6278:
6272:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6225:
6200:
6175:
6150:
6125:
6099:
6060:
6014:
5989:
5976:Business Today
5963:
5935:
5909:
5883:
5857:
5846:. 15 June 2021
5831:
5806:
5780:
5747:
5721:
5695:
5670:
5645:
5617:
5592:
5566:
5540:
5514:
5488:
5463:
5434:
5395:
5370:
5345:
5320:
5293:(2): 219–238.
5273:
5246:(2): 235–264.
5226:
5199:(2): 193–219.
5179:
5162:
5123:
5098:
5072:
5046:
5020:
5009:. 30 June 2017
4994:
4966:
4941:
4915:
4890:
4868:
4854:
4821:
4807:
4756:
4707:
4682:
4657:
4614:
4589:
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4542:
4518:
4496:
4472:
4459:
4437:
4412:
4410:, p. 1037
4400:
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4360:
4346:
4332:
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4263:
4237:
4219:
4188:
4143:
4117:
4083:
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3972:
3933:
3914:
3879:
3853:
3823:
3821:, 29 June 1991
3807:
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3716:
3700:
3687:
3656:
3624:
3595:
3565:
3543:
3517:
3497:
3482:
3453:
3434:
3430:Arunabha Ghosh
3411:
3386:
3353:
3342:
3317:
3308:
3301:
3280:
3265:
3258:
3240:
3220:
3193:(2): 219–227.
3177:
3159:
3152:
3134:
3115:
3089:
3076:
3043:
3024:
3017:
2997:
2986:
2966:
2940:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
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2864:
2854:
2851:
2837:
2834:
2815:
2812:
2786:
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2769:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2730:
2727:
2717:
2714:
2697:
2694:
2669:
2666:
2649:
2646:
2621:
2618:
2587:
2584:
2553:private sector
2515:
2512:
2496:Manmohan Singh
2474:
2473:
2432:
2430:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2396:
2390:
2379:
2370:Banking sector
2366:
2357:
2353:Demonetization
2335:
2334:
2312:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2278:
2274:civil aviation
2261:GDP per capita
2246:market economy
2172:relative share
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:manufacturing.
2059:
2055:
2043:Manmohan Singh
2025:Manmohan Singh
2010:
2007:
1973:
1972:
1966:September 2020
1952:
1950:
1936:Main article:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1907:
1906:
1900:September 2020
1886:
1884:
1873:
1870:
1858:Bofors scandal
1854:digitalization
1822:
1819:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1774:Indian economy
1689:Congress party
1654:
1651:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1561:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1524:Ordoliberalism
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1401:Market economy
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1315:Related topics
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1185:State monopoly
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
984:
979:
974:
969:
968:
967:
957:
952:
946:
943:
942:
939:
938:
935:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
795:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
742:Liberalization
739:
734:
732:Invisible hand
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
647:Businessperson
644:
642:Business cycle
639:
634:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
614:
613:
601:
600:
598:
597:
590:
583:
575:
572:
571:
570:
569:
557:
545:
530:
529:
526:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
484:
482:Related topics
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
455:Alan Greenspan
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
304:European Union
301:
296:
291:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
193:Chicago School
190:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
125:Market economy
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
38:
37:
34:
33:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10808:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10753:
10751:
10737:
10734:
10731:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10697:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10684:
10681:
10680:
10679:
10678:Individualism
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10652:
10649:
10648:
10647:
10644:
10640:
10637:
10636:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10611:
10607:
10603:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10531:Organisations
10529:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10315:
10311:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10039:
10035:
10031:
10021:
10018:
10014:
10011:
10010:
10009:
10006:
10005:
10003:
9999:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9967:
9966:
9965:United States
9963:
9961:
9958:
9957:
9955:
9953:North America
9951:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9888:
9885:
9884:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9874:
9872:
9870:
9869:the Caribbean
9864:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9827:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9715:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9687:
9684:
9683:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9623:
9621:
9619:
9615:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9586:
9581:
9580:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9545:
9543:
9539:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9489:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9458:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9421:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9414:International
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9393:
9390:
9389:
9387:
9383:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9371:Progressivism
9369:
9365:
9362:
9361:
9360:
9357:
9353:
9350:
9349:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9339:
9337:
9335:
9331:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9311:
9309:
9307:
9303:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9265:Anti-clerical
9263:
9262:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9235:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9227:
9223:
9220:
9216:
9208:
9205:
9201:
9200:Welfare state
9198:
9196:
9193:
9192:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9134:
9131:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9071:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9064:
9063:Laissez-faire
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9010:
9009:
9006:
9005:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8953:
8949:
8945:
8940:
8932:
8927:
8925:
8920:
8918:
8913:
8912:
8909:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8857:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8840:Ronald Reagan
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8807:
8805:
8801:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8781:
8779:
8777:Organizations
8775:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8703:
8699:
8693:
8692:New Democrats
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8668:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8617:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8600:Single market
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8585:Privatization
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8570:Marketization
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8555:Globalization
8553:
8550:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8481:Neoliberalism
8475:
8470:
8468:
8463:
8461:
8456:
8455:
8452:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8375:Eco-socialism
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8327:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8285:
8281:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8250:Labour supply
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8217:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8168:Individualism
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8132:
8128:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8027:
8026:Laissez-faire
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7990:Authoritarian
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7977:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7940:Privatization
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7910:Merchantilism
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7880:Globalization
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7786:
7782:
7775:
7770:
7768:
7763:
7761:
7756:
7755:
7752:
7740:
7732:
7730:
7722:
7720:
7712:
7711:
7708:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7691:Insurance Act
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7681:Companies Act
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7650:
7647:
7646:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7569:
7566:
7565:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7532:
7531:Biotechnology
7529:
7528:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7495:
7492:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7442:Entertainment
7440:
7438:
7435:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7354:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7342:Uttar Pradesh
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7163:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7061:
7058:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7026:Digital rupee
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7001:
6997:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6985:Make in India
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6940:Foreign trade
6938:
6936:
6935:External debt
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6884:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6852:
6843:
6838:
6836:
6831:
6829:
6824:
6823:
6820:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6798:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6749:
6745:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6733:South Ossetia
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6705:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6438:
6433:
6431:
6426:
6424:
6419:
6418:
6415:
6404:
6397:
6393:
6378:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6336:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6303:
6290:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6265:
6260:
6259:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6214:
6210:
6204:
6189:
6185:
6179:
6164:
6160:
6159:"Methodology"
6154:
6139:
6135:
6129:
6114:
6110:
6103:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6064:
6056:
6044:
6029:
6025:
6018:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5940:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5897:
5893:
5887:
5872:
5868:
5861:
5845:
5841:
5835:
5820:
5816:
5810:
5795:
5791:
5784:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5735:
5731:
5725:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5622:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5581:
5577:
5570:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5529:. 24 May 2023
5528:
5524:
5518:
5502:
5498:
5492:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5452:
5448:
5441:
5439:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5277:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5172:
5166:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5035:. 13 May 2021
5034:
5030:
5024:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4970:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4878:
4872:
4864:
4858:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4817:
4811:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4760:
4752:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4552:
4546:
4535:
4528:
4522:
4506:
4500:
4489:
4482:
4476:
4462:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4409:
4404:
4388:
4387:The Economist
4384:
4378:
4370:
4364:
4356:
4350:
4342:
4336:
4328:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4132:. 20 May 2022
4131:
4127:
4121:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4011:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3976:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3953:(20): 39–51.
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3792:
3786:
3770:
3764:
3749:
3742:
3726:
3720:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3697:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3641:
3634:
3628:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3553:
3547:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3346:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3312:
3304:
3302:9780815736622
3298:
3294:
3287:
3285:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3259:0-87014-531-2
3255:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2970:
2955:on 9 May 2019
2954:
2950:
2944:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2765:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:instead of a
2684:
2679:
2674:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2560:Narendra Modi
2556:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2511:
2509:
2508:Make in India
2505:
2504:Narendra Modi
2500:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2484:NDA Coalition
2481:
2470:
2467:
2459:
2456:December 2015
2449:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2433:This section
2431:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2416:Later reforms
2410:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2331:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2290:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:biotechnology
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2080:excise duties
2076:
2075:disinvestment
2072:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2015:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:exchange rate
1983:
1979:
1969:
1960:
1956:
1953:This section
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1887:This section
1885:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:Indira Gandhi
1838:
1831:
1827:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1767:Parle Bisleri
1764:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:public sector
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:protectionism
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Neoliberalism
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Authoritarian
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1386:Globalization
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:Crisis theory
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:Intellectuals
1199:
1198:
1191:
1190:Technological
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
988:
985:
983:
982:Institutional
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
966:
963:
962:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
941:
940:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
842:
841:Laissez-faire
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
815:Authoritarian
813:
811:
808:
807:
801:
800:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
782:Surplus value
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
762:Privatization
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
623:
622:
619:
616:
615:
611:
607:
606:
596:
591:
589:
584:
582:
577:
576:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
556:
551:
546:
544:
539:
534:
533:
532:
531:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
479:
478:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
450:Roger Douglas
448:
446:
443:
441:
440:Ronald Reagan
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
415:Louis Rougier
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
391:
390:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
356:Organizations
353:
352:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
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155:Single market
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150:Shock therapy
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135:Privatization
133:
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120:Marketization
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31:Neoliberalism
29:
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19:
16:
10712:Pirate Party
10441:Lloyd George
10033:Philosophers
9975:Jeffersonian
9718:Berlusconism
9584:
9522:South Africa
9306:Conservative
9292:Physiocratic
9153:To bear arms
9101:Open society
9061:
8850:Bill Clinton
8789:Chicago boys
8656:Trickle-down
8636:Neoclassical
8565:Laffer curve
8540:Free markets
8510:Deregulation
8321:Wage slavery
8275:Unemployment
8255:Productivity
8186:Philanthropy
8047:Mercantilist
8024:
7995:Conservative
7830:Deregulation
7791:perspectives
7789:Aspects and
7390:Construction
7172:Billionaires
7135:
7006:Indian rupee
6748:Dependencies
6678:Turkmenistan
6643:Saudi Arabia
6522:
6403:the original
6384:. Retrieved
6377:the original
6360:
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6343:
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6323:the original
6318:
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6112:
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6028:Eco-Business
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6001:
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5950:
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5450:
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5032:
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5006:
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4986:the original
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4981:
4969:
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4953:
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4927:
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4881:. Retrieved
4871:
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4838:the original
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4776:(11): 1236.
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4694:
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4669:
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4601:
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4576:
4567:
4555:. Retrieved
4545:
4534:the original
4521:
4509:. Retrieved
4499:
4488:the original
4475:
4464:, retrieved
4450:
4440:
4428:. Retrieved
4425:www.oecd.org
4424:
4415:
4403:
4391:. Retrieved
4386:
4377:
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4266:
4254:. Retrieved
4250:
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4222:
4210:. Retrieved
4205:
4156:
4146:
4134:. Retrieved
4129:
4120:
4108:. Retrieved
4097:The Guardian
4096:
4086:
4074:. Retrieved
4069:
4024:
4020:
4010:
3998:. Retrieved
3994:
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3950:
3946:
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3917:
3905:. Retrieved
3901:the original
3896:
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3882:
3870:. Retrieved
3867:Quartz India
3866:
3856:
3839:
3835:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3798:. Retrieved
3796:. World Bank
3785:
3775:12 September
3773:. Retrieved
3763:
3753:12 September
3751:. Retrieved
3741:
3731:11 September
3729:. Retrieved
3719:
3711:
3695:
3690:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3649:11 September
3647:. Retrieved
3627:
3617:10 September
3615:. Retrieved
3610:
3586:. Retrieved
3582:
3558:10 September
3556:. Retrieved
3546:
3534:. Retrieved
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3437:
3414:
3402:. Retrieved
3398:
3389:
3377:. Retrieved
3365:
3356:
3345:
3335:11 September
3333:. Retrieved
3329:
3320:
3311:
3292:
3274:
3273:Sainath, P.
3268:
3249:
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3235:
3231:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3171:
3162:
3143:
3137:
3106:. Retrieved
3102:
3092:
3081:, retrieved
3059:
3046:
3038:the original
3027:
3007:
3000:
2991:
2976:
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2953:the original
2943:
2929:
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2817:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2779:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2750:
2744:
2740:midday meals
2732:
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2710:
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2564:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2517:
2501:
2489:
2477:
2462:
2453:
2442:Please help
2437:verification
2434:
2408:
2398:
2392:
2381:
2368:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2325:
2314:
2291:
2287:
2258:
2250:
2238:trade unions
2235:
2220:
2216:
2205:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2169:
2146:
2135:
2114:
2111:
2099:
2084:
2068:
2047:Rakesh Mohan
2028:
1999:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1959:adding to it
1954:
1910:
1897:
1893:adding to it
1888:
1866:
1862:
1850:Rajiv Gandhi
1843:
1816:
1788:
1771:
1760:
1758:from India.
1747:Janata party
1744:
1740:
1720:Soviet Union
1713:
1687:. Under the
1673:independence
1666:
1643:
1627:
1610:
1608:
1436:Wage slavery
1376:Evergreening
1087:Mercantilism
1034:Neoclassical
862:Mercantilist
839:
772:Rent seeking
737:Visible hand
470:Bill Clinton
367:Chicago boys
213:Trickle-down
203:Neoclassical
115:Laffer curve
90:Free markets
60:Deregulation
21:Part of the
15:
10511:Verhofstadt
10506:Balcerowicz
10313:Politicians
10242:Collingwood
10182:Tocqueville
10057:Montesquieu
10020:New Zealand
9990:Progressive
9980:Libertarian
9835:Libertarian
9830:Gladstonian
9810:Switzerland
9760:Netherlands
9661:Czech lands
9603:Philippines
9596:Progressive
9578:South Korea
9352:Ecofeminism
9280:Utilitarian
9160:Rule of law
8961:Due process
8682:Thatcherism
8661:Supply-side
8651:Rogernomics
8646:Reaganomics
8440:Syndicalism
8360:Communalism
8225:Corporatism
8201:Rule of law
8148:Consumerism
8138:Advertising
8037:Libertarian
8015:Free-market
7985:Anglo-Saxon
7965:Wage labour
7915:Meritocracy
7865:Externality
7820:Competition
7686:Banking Act
7671:SARFESI Act
7592:Electricity
7420:Oil and gas
7410:Electricity
7363:Agriculture
7347:West Bengal
7337:Uttarakhand
7302:Maharashtra
7141:Licence Raj
7096:Black money
6955:Remittances
6807:Asia portal
6708:States with
6628:Philippines
6568:South Korea
6563:North Korea
6458:Afghanistan
6386:25 February
6256:Works cited
6051:|last=
5871:www.adb.org
4847:25 February
4607:9 September
3872:6 September
3588:6 September
3536:6 September
3108:4 September
3083:4 September
2891:Licence Raj
2478:During the
2389:volatility.
1724:South Korea
1663:Licence Raj
1623:consumption
1519:Objectivism
1504:Libertarian
1421:Speculation
1341:Consumerism
1175:Progressive
1114:Development
1097:Physiocracy
1044:Supply-side
852:Libertarian
830:Free-market
810:Anglo-Saxon
792:Wage labour
747:Marginalism
717:Free market
672:Corporation
508:Blatcherism
266:Rogernomics
261:Reaganomics
241:Thatcherism
208:Supply-side
10750:Categories
10668:Empiricism
10639:Democratic
10634:Capitalism
9970:Jacksonian
9840:Manchester
9755:Montenegro
9740:Luxembourg
9275:Republican
9165:Secularism
8998:Federalism
8939:Liberalism
8758:World Bank
8701:Governance
8641:Monetarism
8545:Free trade
8329:Antithesis
8260:Prosperity
8235:Employment
8182:Mainstream
8173:Liberalism
8097:Regulatory
8072:Neoliberal
8020:Humanistic
8005:Democratic
7960:Regulation
7825:Depression
7781:Capitalism
7739:Wikiquotes
7482:Television
7457:Healthcare
7380:Automotive
7327:Tamil Nadu
7194:Labour law
7177:Demography
6980:NITI Aayog
6886:Governance
6872:BSE SENSEX
6688:Uzbekistan
6663:Tajikistan
6578:Kyrgyzstan
6558:Kazakhstan
6478:Bangladesh
6468:Azerbaijan
6244:6 November
6238:Pediatrics
6218:6 November
6213:pib.gov.in
6193:6 November
6168:6 November
6143:9 November
6118:9 November
6033:9 November
6007:9 November
5982:6 November
5956:6 November
5928:6 November
5902:6 November
5876:6 November
5850:6 November
5824:31 January
5799:31 January
5773:30 January
5740:30 January
5714:6 November
5688:28 January
5663:7 November
5638:18 January
5633:Al Jazeera
5610:7 November
5585:7 November
5559:7 November
5533:7 November
5507:6 November
5481:6 November
5456:6 November
5388:6 November
5363:6 November
5338:30 January
5116:28 January
5091:28 January
5065:29 January
5039:29 January
4727:: 106605.
4582:29 January
4466:6 February
4430:29 January
4408:Kumar 2005
4393:17 January
4212:29 January
4027:: 103406.
3800:30 October
3492:1056070747
3404:18 January
2993:centuries.
2959:30 October
2922:References
2831:subsidies.
2620:Employment
2586:Criticisms
2328:April 2024
2229:HSBC GLT,
2176:inequality
2093:(SLR) and
1799:World Bank
1639:World Bank
1499:Liberalism
1484:Humanistic
1469:Democratic
1448:Ideologies
1283:Schumpeter
1029:Monetarist
960:Chartalism
907:Regulatory
882:Neoliberal
835:Humanistic
618:Capitalism
339:World Bank
283:Governance
236:Fujimorism
198:Monetarism
95:Free trade
10683:Anarchist
10481:Roosevelt
10451:StĂĄhlberg
10446:Venizelos
10401:Sarmiento
10391:Gladstone
10351:Lamartine
10321:Jefferson
10172:Martineau
10122:De Gouges
10107:Condorcet
10092:Priestley
10008:Australia
9924:Nicaragua
9745:Macedonia
9735:Lithuania
9686:Orléanist
9553:Hong Kong
9492:By region
9461:Christian
9456:Religious
9409:Corporate
9376:Third Way
9226:Classical
8966:Democracy
8794:Third Way
8687:Third Way
8670:Movements
8619:Economics
8495:Austerity
8435:Socialism
8410:Mutualism
8365:Communism
8335:Anarchism
8284:Criticism
8265:Syndicate
8000:Corporate
7955:Recession
7930:Oligopoly
7895:Invention
7606:Regulator
7558:Transport
7400:Education
7368:Livestock
7332:Telangana
7322:Rajasthan
7282:Karnataka
7277:Jharkhand
7081:Insurance
7060:Inflation
6965:Subsidies
6864:Companies
6774:Hong Kong
6728:Palestine
6653:Sri Lanka
6648:Singapore
6528:Indonesia
6113:Frontline
6086:0012-9976
5768:0971-8257
5553:rupeindia
5501:NewsClick
5315:201370554
5307:0019-5308
5260:2042-891X
5221:153649693
5213:1226-7031
5149:0012-9976
4802:2073-445X
4751:0140-9883
4644:219393794
4507:. Cia.gov
4297:0002-8282
4183:230588392
4175:1960-6060
4105:0261-3077
4049:229432582
4041:0022-1996
4000:29 August
3959:0012-9976
3893:Frontline
3374:0013-0389
3215:188184832
3207:0019-5561
2541:Mangaluru
2521:Ahmedabad
1752:Coca-Cola
1539:Third Way
1529:Privatism
1489:Inclusive
1474:Dirigisme
1268:von Mises
1155:Illiberal
1135:Corporate
1130:Community
1077:Feudalism
987:Keynesian
977:Classical
820:Corporate
632:Austerity
382:Third Way
246:Third Way
225:Movements
182:Economics
45:Austerity
10673:Humanism
10646:Centrism
10461:Rathenau
10436:Milyukov
10356:Macaulay
10326:Kołłątaj
10297:Kymlicka
10277:Friedman
10222:Cassirer
10212:Hobhouse
10147:Constant
10142:Humboldt
10102:Beccaria
10067:Rousseau
10062:Voltaire
9934:Paraguay
9914:Honduras
9899:Colombia
9855:Whiggist
9845:Muscular
9795:Slovenia
9790:Slovakia
9770:Portugal
9723:Liberism
9646:Bulgaria
9585:Chinilpa
9532:Zimbabwe
9404:Cultural
9319:National
9255:Georgist
9233:Economic
9116:Property
9079:Positive
9074:Negative
9030:Religion
9008:Economic
8981:Equality
8743:MERCOSUR
8610:Tax cuts
8062:National
8057:Monopoly
8010:Dirigist
7979:Ideology
7719:Category
7563:Aviation
7548:Textiles
7487:Printing
7477:FM Radio
7452:Gambling
7447:Forestry
7385:Chemical
7225:By state
7199:Pensions
7106:National
7048:Governor
6999:Currency
6960:Taxation
6877:NIFTY 50
6797:Category
6718:Abkhazia
6668:Thailand
6623:Pakistan
6603:Mongolia
6598:Maldives
6593:Malaysia
6493:Cambodia
6043:cite web
5951:The Wire
5605:The Wire
5383:The Wire
5333:The Wire
4934:23 April
4908:29 March
4700:23 April
4675:23 April
4305:29730127
4256:23 March
4232:Asiaweek
4136:23 March
4130:NDTV.com
4110:23 March
3967:23527367
3926:Archived
3907:30 March
3848:41498462
3682:41626979
3640:Archived
3531:Livemint
3445:Archived
3422:Archived
3379:1 August
2875:See also
2533:Guwahati
2279:—
2270:telecoms
2153:software
2116:Chanakya
2054:issues."
1807:devalued
1750:such as
1736:Dirigism
1677:takeover
1366:Cronyism
1278:Rothbard
1253:Marshall
1238:Friedman
1170:Merchant
1125:Consumer
1120:Advanced
955:Austrian
950:American
877:National
872:Monopoly
825:Dirigist
727:Investor
637:Business
626:Concepts
610:a series
608:Part of
324:MERCOSUR
170:Tax cuts
10501:Jenkins
10496:Kennedy
10486:Pearson
10471:Einaudi
10456:Gokhale
10416:Itagaki
10411:Naoroji
10406:Mommsen
10386:Lincoln
10376:Mazzini
10361:Kossuth
10346:Broglie
10341:BolĂvar
10336:Artigas
10331:Madison
10192:Spencer
10177:Emerson
10167:Bastiat
10152:Ricardo
10112:Bentham
10052:Spinoza
10013:Small-l
10001:Oceania
9944:Uruguay
9909:Ecuador
9877:Bolivia
9850:Radical
9820:Ukraine
9775:Romania
9750:Moldova
9708:Hungary
9698:Germany
9693:Georgia
9676:Finland
9671:Estonia
9666:Denmark
9651:Croatia
9641:Belgium
9636:Austria
9631:Armenia
9626:Albania
9527:Tunisia
9517:Senegal
9512:Nigeria
9473:Secular
9466:Islamic
9260:Radical
9218:Schools
9121:Private
9069:Liberty
9003:Freedom
8316:Marxism
8178:Liberty
8122:Welfare
8082:Private
8032:Liberal
7798:General
7729:Commons
7553:Tourism
7415:Nuclear
7395:Defence
7373:Fishing
7356:Sectors
7307:Mizoram
7262:Haryana
7257:Gujarat
7187:Poverty
7118:History
7091:Bullion
7076:Banking
7031:Coinage
7016:History
6693:Vietnam
6608:Myanmar
6588:Lebanon
6518:Georgia
6473:Bahrain
6463:Armenia
6329:6 April
6094:4419844
6002:theOECD
5679:"India"
5157:4415712
5085:AP NEWS
5033:AP NEWS
5013:20 July
4883:10 July
4729:Bibcode
4652:3472758
4557:10 July
4511:10 July
4251:Reuters
4076:15 June
2785:Poverty
2642:leakage
2525:Lucknow
2195:exports
1667:Indian
1617:up the
1615:opening
1494:Liberal
1454:Anarcho
1391:History
1223:Malthus
1218:Ricardo
1180:Rentier
1165:Marxist
1145:Finance
1056:Origins
1024:Marxist
972:Chicago
932:Welfare
892:Private
847:Liberal
667:Company
652:Capital
10521:Macron
10466:Madero
10431:Deakin
10421:Levski
10396:Cavour
10381:Juárez
10371:Cobden
10302:Badawi
10292:Nozick
10272:Berlin
10262:Popper
10237:Keynes
10232:Ortega
10197:Arnold
10157:Guizot
10117:Korais
10082:Turgot
10042:Milton
9985:Modern
9960:Canada
9929:Panama
9919:Mexico
9887:Lulism
9882:Brazil
9815:Turkey
9805:Sweden
9785:Serbia
9780:Russia
9765:Norway
9730:Latvia
9703:Greece
9681:France
9656:Cyprus
9618:Europe
9608:Turkey
9568:Israel
9500:Africa
9478:Techno
9334:Social
9238:Fiscal
9133:Rights
9126:Public
9035:Speech
9013:Market
8986:Gender
8803:People
8107:Social
8077:Nordic
8042:Market
7970:Wealth
7945:Profit
7521:Retail
7494:Mining
7472:Cinema
7405:Energy
7317:Punjab
7312:Odisha
7292:Ladakh
7287:Kerala
7182:Income
7165:People
7101:Bombay
6738:Taiwan
6673:Turkey
6638:Russia
6573:Kuwait
6553:Jordan
6543:Israel
6503:Cyprus
6488:Brunei
6483:Bhutan
6319:Reason
6270:
6092:
6084:
5766:
5472:"Home"
5313:
5305:
5266:
5258:
5219:
5211:
5155:
5147:
4959:11 May
4800:
4749:
4650:
4642:
4457:
4313:966634
4311:
4303:
4295:
4181:
4173:
4103:
4047:
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