262:
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for work at any place and at any time." She differentiated between "authentic" forced-labor camps, concentration camps, and "annihilation camps". In authentic labor camps, inmates worked in "relative freedom and are sentenced for limited periods." Concentration camps had extremely high mortality rates but were still "essentially organized for labor purposes." Annihilation camps were those where the inmates were "systematically wiped out through starvation and neglect." She criticizes other commentators' conclusion that the purpose of the camps was a supply of cheap labor. According to her, the
Soviets were able to liquidate the camp system without serious economic consequences, showing that the camps were not an important source of labor and were overall economically irrelevant.
40:
60:
335:
245:
Under proper leadership, the Jews shall now in the course of the Final
Solution be suitably brought to their work assignments in the East. Able-bodied Jews are to be led to these areas to build roads in large work columns separated by sex, during which a large part will undoubtedly drop out through a
192:
by the majority population in
Germany included welfare-dependent families with many children, alleged vagrants and transients, as well as members of perceived problem groups, such as alcoholics and prostitutes. While these people were considered "German-blooded", they were also categorized as "social
463:
argued that although the Soviet government deemed them all "forced labor" camps, this in fact highlighted that the work in some of the camps was deliberately pointless, since "forced labor is the normal condition of all
Russian workers, who have no freedom of movement and can be arbitrarily drafted
386:
The camp commander alone is responsible for the use of man power. This work must be exhausting in the true sense of the word in order to achieve maximum performance. There are no limits to working hours. Time consuming walks and mid-day breaks only for the purpose of eating are prohibited. He
399:
died. The average life expectancy of a slave laborer on a work assignment amounted to less than four months. The emaciated forced-labourers died from exhaustion or disease or they were deemed to be incapable of work and murdered. About 30 percent of the forced labourers who were assigned to dig
173:
has also argued that not all Nazi prisoners were targeted with annihilation. Wagner states, "As a metaphor for moral indignation, the use of the term 'annihilation through labour' by historians may be completely understandable, but it is not particularly helpful in an analytical sense, since it
246:
process of natural reduction. As it will undoubtedly represent the most robust portion, the possible final remainder will have to be handled appropriately, as it would constitute a group of naturally-selected individuals, and would form the seed of a new Jewish resistance.
86:
whose inmates were held in inhumane conditions and suffered a high mortality rate; in some camps most prisoners died within a few months of incarceration. In the 21st century, research has questioned whether there was a general policy of extermination through labor in the
400:
tunnels, which were constructed for weapon factories in the last months of the war, died. In satellite camps, which were established near mines and industrial firms, death rates were even higher as accommodations and supplies were often worse than in the main camps.
241:. The transcript of this gathering gives historians insight into the thinking of the Nazi leadership as they devised the details of the Jews' future destruction, including using extermination through labour as one component of their so-called "Final Solution".
422:, particularly in post-Communist Eastern European politics. This controversial position has been criticized, considering that with the exception of the war years, a very large majority of people who entered the Gulag left alive.
318:("post attachment") involved tying the inmate's hands behind their back and then hanging them by their hands from a tall stake. This would dislocate and disjoint the arms, and the pressure would be fatal within hours
224:
While others could possibly redeem themselves in the eyes of the Nazis, Germany encouraged and supported emigration of Jews to
Palestine and elsewhere from 1933 until 1941 with arrangements such as the
387:
must connect clear technical knowledge in military and economic matters with sound and wise leadership of groups of people, which he should bring together to achieve a high performance potential.
280:
Working conditions included no remuneration of any kind, constant surveillance, physically demanding labour (for example, road construction, farm work, and factory work, particularly in the
365:
officials. The prisoners were stepped on and beaten during roll call. Forced labour partly consisted of pointless tasks and heavy labour, which aimed to wear down the prisoners.
2133:
201:). They were recorded in lists (as were homosexuals) by civil and police authorities and subjected to myriad state restrictions and repressive actions, which included
314:("door standing") forced victims to stand outside naked with arms raised. When they collapsed or passed out, they would be beaten until they re-assumed the position.
529:
2061:
382:("SS Economy and Administration Main Bureau", or SS-WVHA), who oversaw the employment of forced labour at the concentration camps, ordered on April 30, 1942:
55:. Inmates were forced to carry heavy rocks up the stairs. In their severely weakened state, few prisoners could cope with this back-breaking labour for long.
183:
162:
736:
Anti-Semitic abuse in early SA and SS camps took many forms. Like other torturers, Nazi guards oversaw acts of ritual humiliation and desecration.
1202:
2217:
158:
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implies an ideological programme and, in doing so, disregards the impetus of contingent factors which emerged in the course of the war."
17:
188:
The Nazis persecuted many individuals because of their race, political affiliation, disability, religion, or sexual orientation. Groups
95:
argues that the camp system involved the exploitation of forced labor of some prisoners and the systematic murder of others, especially
1647:
1382:
2265:
436:. According to him, the system eradicated opponents by forcing them to work as prisoners on big state-run projects (for example the
83:
563:
Buggeln, Marc (2009). "Building to Death: Prisoner Forced Labour in the German War
Economy — the Neuengamme Subcamps, 1942—1945".
1352:
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1322:
1303:
1289:
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655:
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In: Polkowska, Dominika (ed.). The Value of Work in
Contemporary Society. Oxford, pp. 169–174. ISBN 978-1-84888-357-4.
850:
952:
813:
Michael
Zimmermann: "Kommentierende Bemerkungen – Arbeit und Vernichtung im KZ-Kosmos". In: Ulrich Herbert et al. (Ed.):
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In Nazi camps, "extermination through labour" was principally carried out through what was characterized at the
2154:
2018:
1805:
1375:
1032:
997:
449:
88:
150:, relating to the transfer of prisoners to concentration camps. The phrase was used again during the post-war
2189:
2161:
2031:
1961:
688:
448:
and in the camps in the north was deliberately designed for the extermination of people." Soviet historian
396:
202:
2105:
1956:
440:, quarries, remote railroads and urban development projects) under inhumane conditions. Political writer
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2024:
1946:
437:
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and ultimately imprisonment in concentration camps. Anyone who openly opposed the Nazi regime (such as
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1919:
1758:
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system was also a form of extermination through labour. Similar statements have been made about the
2077:
2037:
1988:
1627:
1224:
1086:
Die deutsche
Kriegsgesellschaft: 1939 bis 1945: Halbband 1. Politisierung, Vernichtung, Ăśberleben
1341:
1170:
Vernichtung durch Arbeit. Der Fall
Neuengamme (Extermination through labour: Case of Neuengamme)
277:
as "slave work" and "slave workers", in contrast with the forced labour of foreign work forces.
2280:
2140:
2005:
1825:
1515:
981:
423:
233:. In 1942, during the war, the Nazi leadership gathered to discuss what had come to be called "
218:
103:
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2098:
1862:
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1007:
1001:
604:
432:
170:
92:
2210:
1867:
1852:
1845:
1815:
1800:
504:
1315:
The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System Behind Them
8:
1810:
1753:
1689:
1657:
1637:
1576:
1480:
1475:
764:
166:
139:
1081:
695:. The official U.S. government translation prepared for evidence in trials at Nuremberg.
169:
believed "extermination through labour" was a consistent goal of the SS. More recently,
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1857:
1571:
1415:
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1276:
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818:
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718:
651:
610:
543:
372:. In these cases the SS saw excessive working hours as a means of maximizing output.
226:
59:
1430:
584:
528:
WAGNER, JENS-CHRISTIAN (2009). "Work and extermination in the concentration camps".
2285:
2196:
2147:
1924:
1778:
1683:
1677:
1470:
1391:
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The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined
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572:
535:
473:
274:
252:
210:
157:
In the 1980s and 1990s, historians began debating the appropriate use of the term.
151:
147:
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346:
All aspects of camp life—the admission and registration of the new prisoners, the
2182:
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1951:
1909:
1882:
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1450:
834:
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135:
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1525:
1520:
1410:
1244:"Annihilation through labor: The Killing of State Prisoners in the Third Reich"
1088:. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 2004. 993 pages, graphic representation.
307:
234:
143:
368:
Many of the concentration camps channeled forced labour to benefit the German
300:, and insufficient clothing (for example, summer clothes even in the winter).
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1420:
1220:
Genocide on Trial: War Crimes Trials and the Formation of History and Memory
2012:
1983:
1968:
1934:
1877:
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1601:
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was the "architect of the gulag system for totally destroying human life".
441:
189:
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1914:
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1530:
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373:
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221:) was detained in prison camps. Many of them did not survive the ordeal.
30:"Work to death" redirects here. For unintentional death by overwork, see
2234:
1978:
1973:
1743:
1652:
1435:
1272:
419:
161:
believed the phrase should not be applied to all Nazi prisoners, while
115:
1940:
1835:
1763:
1734:
1709:
1510:
1500:
1152:
1066:
Das Schwarzbuch des Kommunismus, UnterdrĂĽckung, Verbrechen und Terror
894:
Die Wahrheit ist unsere Stärke. Geschichte und Folgen des Stalinismus
392:
321:
285:
214:
206:
91:
because of widely varying conditions between camps. German historian
1820:
1714:
1360:
1264:
1134:
Das Jahrhundert der Lager.Gefangenschaft, Zwangsarbeit, Vernichtung
1100:
The History of the Gulag: From Collectivization to the Great Terror
920:
A European Memory?: Contested Histories and Politics of Remembrance
284:), excessive working hours (often 10 to 12 hours per day), minimal
334:
1794:
1783:
1287:
303:
297:
289:
266:
31:
685:
643:
445:
111:
534:. Annihilation through labour?: Routledge. pp. 139–160.
415:
409:
107:
1211:
Work during the Time of Nazi Germany: Work for Nazi Germany.
1172:(in German). Bonn: Dietz Verlag J.H.W. Nachf. p. 503.
1157:. Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, Berlin 2004. 207 pages
486:, a German plan to starve the Slavic and Jewish populations
391:
Up to 25,000 of the 35,000 prisoners appointed to work for
361:
of the detainees were accompanied by scornful remarks from
639:
637:
635:
633:
1313:
Eugen Kogon; Heinz Norden; Nikolaus Wachsmann (2006).
99:, with only limited overlap between these two groups.
630:
1119:(Rossija. XX vek. Dokumenty), Moskva: Materik 2000,
888:
886:
717:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 44.
184:
Forced labour under German rule during World War II
1241:
863:
1167:
883:
354:—were accompanied by humiliation and harassment.
2257:
265:Jewish forced labourers, marching with shovels,
1344:Die nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager
1288:Michael Berenbaum, Abraham J Peck, ed. (2002).
917:Pakier, Małgorzata; Stråth, Bo (15 July 2013).
815:Die nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager
1216:
2218:The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy
1376:
1117:GULAG (Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerej): 1918–1960
1024:
715:KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps
598:
596:
594:
1186:
916:
650:. Princeton University Press. p. 216.
644:Robert Gellately; Nathan Stoltzfus (2001).
134:. However, it was specifically employed by
27:Killing prisoners by means of forced labour
1648:All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy
1383:
1369:
1317:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 368.
1201:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
754:. Volume XXXVIII, p. 366 / document 129-R.
591:
197:) as well as superfluous "ballast-lives" (
142:in late 1942 negotiations involving them,
858:Gefangenschaft, Zwangsarbeit, Vernichtung
705:
681:
679:
609:. Oxford University Press. pp. 63–.
235:the final solution to the Jewish question
126:The term "extermination through labour" (
82:) is a term that was adopted to describe
63:Commemorative plaque in Hamburg-Neugraben
996:
664:
523:
521:
519:
333:
260:
84:forced labor in Nazi concentration camps
58:
38:
1189:Arbeit fĂĽr den Krieg (Work for the War)
1102:New Haven: Yale University Press 2004,
769:Memorial and Museum: Auschwitz-Birkenau
606:Slave Labor in Nazi Concentration Camps
602:
562:
14:
2258:
2127:In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays
1003:A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia
950:
794:Die Vernichtung der europäischen Juden
676:
527:
418:is sometimes presented as a system of
403:
329:
2071:Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral
1364:
1049:, Harcourt 1985 edition, at 444 – 45"
1036:, Harcourt 1985 edition, at 444 – 45"
953:"Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Killed More?"
796:. Extended edition; Frankfurt, 1990.
516:
1390:
746:
744:
1209:Anne-Kathleen Tillack-Graf (2014).
871:Archipel Gulag. Stalins Zwangslager
531:Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany
24:
1115:A. I. Kokurin/N. V. Petrov (Ed.):
1055:
686:Wannsee Protocol, January 20, 1942
495:Labour Battalions (Ottoman Empire)
379:SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt
177:
25:
2297:
2120:Future Primitive and Other Essays
1332:
951:Snyder, Timothy (10 March 2011).
741:
2266:Unfree labor during World War II
2044:The Working Class Goes to Heaven
1356:, Deutschlandradio, May 11, 2003
647:Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany
452:expands upon this, stating that
444:wrote: "The penal system in the
428:camps of extermination by labour
130:) was not generally used by the
2204:The Revolution of Everyday Life
1039:
998:Yakovlev, Alexander Nikolaevich
990:
975:
944:
910:
900:), Fischer, Frankfurt/M. 1973,
828:
807:
782:
106:, have written that the Soviet
2155:On the Poverty of Student Life
2019:Swedish Public Freedom Service
1998:Theater, movies, music and art
1806:Occupational safety and health
1621:Terminology and related topics
1151:Vernichtung durch Hunger: der
1047:The Origins of Totalitarianism
1033:The Origins of Totalitarianism
757:
698:
556:
450:Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev
239:conference in Wannsee, Germany
121:
89:Nazi concentration camp system
13:
1:
2190:The Human Use of Human Beings
856:Joel Kotek / Pierre Rigoulot
510:
357:Admission, registration, and
51:concentration camp quarry in
2162:The Society of the Spectacle
2032:The Future of Work and Death
1700:Extermination through labour
1155:in der Ukraine und der UdSSR
1132:Joel Kotek/Pierre Rigoulot:
987:, Vol. 2. "Novyy Mir", 1990.
957:The New York Review of Books
350:, the prisoner housing, the
72:"extermination through work"
68:Extermination through labour
7:
2106:Critique of Economic Reason
1242:Nikolaus Wachsmann (1999).
896:(Ed. by David Joravsky and
673:by Richard Weikar, page 73.
467:
319:
47:("Stairs of Death") at the
18:Extermination through labor
10:
2302:
2245:Situationist International
2025:Take This Job and Shove It
1947:Technological unemployment
1191:(in German). Braunschweig.
1168:Hermann Kaienburg (1990).
1068:. Piper, 1998. 987 pages.
565:European History Quarterly
426:introduced the expression
407:
288:, food rationing, lack of
181:
29:
2227:
2060:
1997:
1920:Right to rest and leisure
1759:Honeymoon-hangover effect
1643:Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich
1620:
1539:
1398:
1298:Press. pp. 370–407.
1252:Journal of Modern History
940:– via Google Books.
691:19 September 2018 at the
340:Dachau concentration camp
2276:Nazi concentration camps
577:10.1177/0265691409342658
540:10.4324/9780203865200-12
430:in his non-fiction work
128:Vernichtung durch Arbeit
80:Vernichtung durch Arbeit
2078:Bartleby, the Scrivener
2038:The Main Thing Is Work!
1628:996 working hour system
1225:Oxford University Press
1217:Donald Bloxham (2001).
840:, Rowohlt rororo 1998,
838:Lexikon der Völkermorde
765:"The number of victims"
219:conscientious objectors
2141:Manifesto Against Work
1826:Performance punishment
1516:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
1149:Rudolf A. Mark (Ed.):
982:Alexander Solzhenitsyn
804:. Volume 2. Page 994f.
752:Der NĂĽrnberger Prozess
603:Buggeln, Marc (2014).
438:White Sea–Baltic Canal
424:Alexander Solzhenitsyn
389:
343:
270:
259:
104:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
102:Some writers, notably
79:
64:
56:
2176:The Abolition of Work
2099:The Conquest of Bread
2051:Yama—Attack to Attack
1863:Protestant work ethic
1187:Gerd Wysocki (1992).
1008:Yale University Press
788:Auschwitz Museum and
433:The Gulag Archipelago
384:
337:
264:
243:
182:Further information:
171:Jens-Christian Wagner
93:Jens-Christian Wagner
62:
42:
2211:The Right to Be Lazy
2134:Inventing the Future
1868:Psychological safety
1853:Productivity theater
1846:Digital presenteeism
1816:Orange S.A. suicides
1801:Occupational burnout
1540:Contemporary persons
505:Utilitarian genocide
376:, the leader of the
203:forced sterilization
1989:Work–life interface
1811:Occupational stress
1754:Happiness economics
1690:Effects of overtime
1658:Bare minimum Monday
1638:Abusive supervision
1577:Claus Peter Ortlieb
1481:Henry David Thoreau
1476:Friedrich Nietzsche
1098:Oleg V. Khlevniuk:
1064:Stéphane Courtois:
817:. Frankfurt, 2002,
707:Wachsmann, Nikolaus
459:Political theorist
404:In the Soviet Union
330:Concentration camps
140:Otto Georg Thierack
1858:Professional abuse
1572:Maurizio Lazzarato
1416:Alfredo M. Bonanno
1399:Historical persons
1296:Indiana University
1136:, Propyläen 2001,
923:. Berghahn Books.
873:, Schöningh 1996,
344:
271:
65:
57:
2271:Execution methods
2253:
2252:
2006:À Nous la Liberté
1831:Post-work society
1725:Four-day workweek
1705:Career cushioning
1695:Employee ghosting
1592:Penelope Rosemont
1557:Madeleine Bunting
1324:978-0-374-52992-5
1305:978-0-253-21529-1
1234:978-0-19-820872-3
1179:978-3-8012-5009-6
657:978-0-691-08684-2
549:978-0-203-86520-0
256:
227:Haavara Agreement
199:Ballastexistenzen
163:Hermann Kaienburg
16:(Redirected from
2293:
2148:New Escapologist
1925:Sampo generation
1779:Jobless employed
1684:Dolce far niente
1678:Cycle of poverty
1471:Bertrand Russell
1392:Critique of work
1385:
1378:
1371:
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1309:
1284:
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1082:Jörg Echternkamp
1080:
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994:
988:
985:Arkhipelag Gulag
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860:, Propyläen 2001
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825:, Vol. 2, p. 744
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711:"1. Early camps"
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560:
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553:
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474:Critique of work
325:
310:were also used.
275:Nuremberg Trials
253:Wannsee Protocol
250:
211:social democrats
152:Nuremberg trials
148:Heinrich Himmler
21:
2301:
2300:
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2256:
2255:
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2223:
2183:The End of Work
2169:Steal This Book
2085:Bonjour paresse
2056:
1993:
1952:Toxic workplace
1910:Refusal of work
1883:Quiet promotion
1616:
1535:
1486:Herbert Marcuse
1461:Walter Benjamin
1451:Mikhail Bakunin
1394:
1389:
1354:Frauen im Gulag
1349:
1338:
1335:
1325:
1306:
1246:
1235:
1227:. p. 296.
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1058:
1056:Further reading
1053:
1045:"Hannah Arendt
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855:
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835:Gunnar Heinsohn
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693:Wayback Machine
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332:
231:Madagascar Plan
186:
180:
178:In Nazi Germany
136:Joseph Goebbels
124:
35:
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2013:Office Space
2011:
2004:
1984:Working poor
1969:Wage slavery
1939:
1935:Six-hour day
1878:Quiet hiring
1841:Presenteeism
1793:
1769:Job crafting
1699:
1682:
1663:Bullshit job
1607:Claire Wolfe
1602:Nick Srnicek
1496:Josef Pieper
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960:
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790:Raul Hilberg
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728:. Retrieved
714:
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620:. Retrieved
605:
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500:Penal labour
458:
442:Roy Medvedev
431:
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338:Gate in the
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296:and ensuing
294:medical care
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190:marginalized
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2240:CrimethInc.
2228:Communities
1962:Psychopathy
1915:Resenteeism
1774:Job cuffing
1749:Glass cliff
1740:Uberisation
1633:Absenteeism
1612:John Zerzan
1597:Mark Slouka
1506:Max Stirner
1491:Jerry Rubin
1446:Ivan Illich
1350:(In German)
1339:(In German)
1147:(In German)
1130:(In German)
1079:(In German)
1062:(In German)
767:. History.
484:Hunger Plan
479:Death march
420:death camps
414:The Soviet
374:Oswald Pohl
370:war machine
316:Pfahlhängen
159:Falk Pingel
122:Terminology
45:Todesstiege
2260:Categories
2235:R/antiwork
2113:Fight Club
2062:Literature
1979:Workaholic
1974:Work ethic
1957:Narcissism
1744:Gig worker
1653:Autonomism
1436:Guy Debord
1421:André Gorz
1223:. Oxford:
730:30 January
511:References
352:roll calls
207:communists
193:misfits" (
118:'s China.
116:Mao Zedong
49:Mauthausen
2197:The Idler
1941:Tang ping
1836:Precariat
1764:Hush trip
1735:Ghost job
1710:Careerism
1511:Max Weber
1501:Karl Marx
1426:Bob Black
1281:154490460
1197:cite book
1153:Holodomor
967:2 January
936:2 January
704:Compare:
622:19 August
490:Jägerstab
397:Auschwitz
393:IG Farben
322:Strappado
312:Torstehen
286:nutrition
229:, or the
215:democrats
1821:Overwork
1742: /
1715:Flextime
1531:Zo d'Axa
1000:(2002).
709:(2015).
689:Archived
585:10534453
468:See also
342:memorial
195:Asoziale
2286:Slavery
1795:Neijuan
1784:Karoshi
1273:2990503
304:Torture
298:disease
292:, poor
290:hygiene
267:Mogilev
255:, 1942.
237:" at a
132:Nazi SS
32:Karoshi
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774:24 May
721:
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613:
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454:Stalin
446:Kolyma
269:, 1941
217:, and
146:, and
112:Laogai
76:German
1342:Lemo
1277:S2CID
1269:JSTOR
1247:(PDF)
750:IMT:
581:S2CID
416:Gulag
410:Gulag
320:(see
108:Gulag
1319:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1203:link
1174:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1104:ISBN
1090:ISBN
1070:ISBN
1012:ISBN
969:2017
938:2017
925:ISBN
902:ISBN
875:ISBN
842:ISBN
819:ISBN
798:ISBN
776:2016
732:2019
719:ISBN
652:ISBN
624:2015
611:ISBN
544:ISBN
306:and
165:and
138:and
97:Jews
70:(or
43:The
1261:doi
963:(4)
573:doi
536:doi
395:in
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251:—
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20:)
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