Dodo - Knowledge

1912: 1610:(1601–1603), rediscovered in the 1860s, contains the only known sketches of living or recently killed specimens drawn on Mauritius. They have been attributed to the professional artist Joris Joostensz Laerle, who also drew other now-extinct Mauritian birds, and to a second, less refined artist. Apart from these sketches, it is unknown how many of the twenty or so 17th-century illustrations of the dodos were drawn from life or from stuffed specimens, which affects their reliability. Since dodos are otherwise only known from limited physical remains and descriptions, contemporary artworks are important to reconstruct their appearance in life. While there has been an effort since the mid-19th century to list all historical illustrations of dodos, previously unknown depictions continue to be discovered occasionally. 2417: 2226: 3272: 1108: 2499: 1785: 2388: 2136: 2883: 1422: 3370: 3126: 1585:

great a body to be guided with complementall wings, so small and impotent, that they serve only to prove her bird. The halfe of her head is naked seeming couered with a fine vaile, her bill is crooked downwards, in midst is the thrill , from which part to the end tis a light green, mixed with pale yellow tincture; her eyes are small and like to Diamonds, round and rowling; her clothing downy feathers, her train three small plumes, short and inproportionable, her legs suiting her body, her pounces sharpe, her appetite strong and greedy. Stones and iron are digested, which description will better be conceived in her representation.

3499: 1595: 1194: 2731:. The last two were rediscovered and identified as dodo remains in the mid-19th century. Several stuffed dodos were also mentioned in old museum inventories, but none are known to have survived. Apart from these remains, a dried foot, which belonged to the Dutch professor Pieter Pauw, was mentioned by Carolus Clusius in 1605. Its provenance is unknown, and it is now lost, but it may have been collected during the Van Neck voyage. Supposed stuffed dodos seen in museums around the world today have in fact been made from feathers of other birds, many of the older ones by the British taxidermist 2435: 1347: 2426: 9516: 9253: 10170: 3263: 688: 3010: 9277: 1634: 2605: 2017:

stouter and thicker and of more erect shape, coloured before like the breast of a young cock fesan, and on the back of a dunn or dearc colour. The keeper called it a Dodo, and in the ende of a chymney in the chamber there lay a heape of large pebble stones, whereof hee gave it many in our sight, some as big as nutmegs, and the keeper told us that she eats them (conducing to digestion), and though I remember not how far the keeper was questioned therein, yet I am confident that afterwards she cast them all again.

3352: 2490: 256: 107: 1398: 2801: 2874: 9229: 54: 452: 1525: 1744: 2326: 2095: 1954:, like their relatives the crowned pigeons. Its feeding habits must have been versatile, since captive specimens were probably given a wide range of food on the long sea journeys. Oudemans suggested that as Mauritius has marked dry and wet seasons, the dodo probably fattened itself on ripe fruits at the end of the wet season to survive the dry season, when food was scarce; contemporary reports describe the bird's "greedy" appetite. The Mauritian ornithologist 9265: 1966: 2753: 2995: 2614: 3178:, who visited Réunion around 1619, mentioned fat, flightless birds that he referred to as "Dod-eersen" in his journal, though without mentioning their colouration. When the journal was published in 1646, it was accompanied by an engraving of a dodo from Savery's "Crocker Art Gallery sketch". A white, stocky, and flightless bird was first mentioned as part of the Réunion fauna by Chief Officer J. Tatton in 1625. Sporadic mentions were subsequently made by 2397: 81: 2692: 2346: 2579:

very big goose); these birds are unable to fly, and instead of wings, they merely have a few small pins, yet they can run very swiftly. We drove them together into one place in such a manner that we could catch them with our hands, and when we held one of them by its leg, and that upon this it made a great noise, the others all on a sudden came running as fast as they could to its assistance, and by which they were caught and made prisoners also.

1516: 2151: 2810: 2744: 9241: 441: 974: 1773:

comparison. The dodo may instead have used its large, hooked beak in territorial disputes. Since Mauritius receives more rainfall and has less seasonal variation than Rodrigues, which would have affected the availability of resources on the island, the dodo would have less reason to evolve aggressive territorial behaviour. The Rodrigues solitaire was therefore probably the more aggressive of the two. In 2016, the first 3D

3508: 1385:

estimated to have been in the range of 10.6–17.5 kg (23–39 lb), and fattened birds could have weighed 21.7–27.8 kg (48–61 lb). A 2011 estimate by Angst and colleagues gave an average weight as low as 10.2 kg (22 lb). This has also been questioned, and there is still controversy over weight estimates. A 2016 study estimated the weight at 10.6 to 14.3 kg (23 to 32 lb), based on

2406: 3146: 2852:. After the castle was occupied by Danish forces in 1702, the museum collection was assimilated into the Royal Danish collection. The skull was rediscovered by J. T. Reinhardt in 1840. Based on its history, it may be the oldest known surviving remains of a dodo brought to Europe in the 17th century. It is 13 mm (0.51 in) shorter than the Oxford skull, and may have belonged to a female. It was 9217: 2701: 1016:) at the base of the clade. The DNA used in these studies was obtained from the Oxford specimen, and since this material is degraded, and no usable DNA has been extracted from subfossil remains, these findings still need to be independently verified. Based on behavioural and morphological evidence, Jolyon C. Parish proposed that the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire should be placed in the subfamily 2122:, and is by no means so savoury to eat as the Flamingos and Ducks of which we have just spoken. They only lay one egg which is white, the size of a halfpenny roll, by the side of which they place a white stone the size of a hen's egg. They lay on grass which they collect, and make their nests in the forests; if one kills the young one, a grey stone is found in the gizzard. We call them 2788:

other to be substituted." The deliberate destruction of the specimen is now believed to be a myth; it was removed from exhibition to preserve what remained of it. This remaining soft tissue has since degraded further; the head was dissected by Strickland and Melville, separating the skin from the skull in two-halves. The foot is in a skeletal state, with only scraps of skin and

2792:. Very few feathers remain on the head. It is probably a female, as the foot is 11% smaller and more gracile than the London foot, yet appears to be fully grown. The specimen was exhibited at the Oxford museum from at least the 1860s and until 1998, where-after it was mainly kept in storage to prevent damage. Casts of the head can today be found in many museums worldwide. 2640:

pointed to the 1662 description as the last credible observation. A 1668 account by English traveller John Marshall, who used the names "Dodo" and "Red Hen" interchangeably for the red rail, mentioned that the meat was "hard", which echoes the description of the meat in the 1681 account. Even the 1662 account has been questioned by the writer

409:. In the 19th century, research was conducted on a small quantity of remains of four specimens that had been brought to Europe in the early 17th century. Among these is a dried head, the only soft tissue of the dodo that remains today. Since then, a large amount of subfossil material has been collected on Mauritius, mostly from the 1494:, meaning that they changed considerably with age. The dodo shared several other traits with the Rodrigues solitaire, such as features of the skull, pelvis, and sternum, as well as their large size. It differed in other aspects, such as being more robust and shorter than the solitaire, having a larger skull and beak, a rounded 3194:

was that the paintings showed females, and that the species was therefore sexually dimorphic. Some authors also believed the birds described were of a species similar to the Rodrigues solitaire, as it was referred to by the same name, or even that there were white species of both dodo and solitaire on the island.

2784:, pellets which were used to hunt birds in the 17th century. This indicates that the Oxford dodo was shot either before being transported to Britain, or some time after arriving. The circumstances of its killing are unknown, and the pellets are to be examined to identify where the lead was mined from. 2025:. Contemporary depictions show a large crop, which was probably used to add space for food storage and to produce crop milk. It has been suggested that the maximum size attained by the dodo and the solitaire was limited by the amount of crop milk they could produce for their young during early growth. 2859:

The front part of a skull (specimen NMP P6V-004389) in the National Museum of Prague was found in 1850 among the remains of the Böhmisches Museum. Other elements supposedly belonging to this specimen have been listed in the literature, but it appears only the partial skull was ever present (a partial

2361:

The dodo was found interesting enough that living specimens were sent to Europe and the East. The number of transported dodos that reached their destinations alive is uncertain, and it is unknown how they relate to contemporary depictions and the few non-fossil remains in European museums. Based on a

1473:

of the dodo was more robust than that of the solitaire, however. The pelvis was wider than that of the solitaire and other relatives, yet was comparable to the proportions in some smaller, flighted pigeons. Most of the leg bones were more robust than those of extant pigeons and the solitaire, but the

3193:

for these birds in 1848, as he believed the accounts referred to a species of dodo. When 17th-century paintings of white dodos were discovered by 19th-century naturalists, it was assumed they depicted these birds. Oudemans suggested that the discrepancy between the paintings and the old descriptions

3055:

Louis Étienne Thirioux, an amateur naturalist at Port Louis, also found many dodo remains around 1900 from several locations. They included the first articulated specimen, which is the first subfossil dodo skeleton found outside the Mare aux Songes, and the only remains of a juvenile specimen, a now

2378:

of the same, the like being not in ye world but here, I have sent you one by Mr. Perce, who did arrive with the ship William at this island ye 10th of June. Of Mr. Perce you shall receive a jarr of ginger for my sister, some beades for my cousins your daughters, and a bird called a Dodo, if it live.

2377:

Right wo and lovinge brother, we were ordered by ye said councell to go to an island called Mauritius, lying in 20d. of south latt., where we arrived ye 28th of May; this island having many goates, hogs and cowes upon it, and very strange fowles, called by ye portingalls Dodo, which for the rareness

1941:

The mayors are superb and proud. They presented themselves with an unyielding, stern face and wide open mouth, very jaunty and audacious of gait. They did not want to budge before us; their war weapon was the mouth, with which they could bite fiercely. Their food was raw fruit; they were not dressed

1384:

proposed that males would have weighed 21 kg (46 lb) and females 17 kg (37 lb). Also in 1993, Andrew C. Kitchener attributed a high contemporary weight estimate and the roundness of dodos depicted in Europe to these birds having been overfed in captivity; weights in the wild were

3051:

thrived in the conditions created by the excrements of animals gathered around the swamp, which died of intoxication, dehydration, trampling, and miring. Though many small skeletal elements were found during the recent excavations of the swamp, few were found during the 19th century, probably owing

2647:

Cheke stated in 2014 that then recently accessible Dutch manuscripts indicate that no dodos were seen by settlers in 1664–1674. In 2020, Cheke and the British researcher Jolyon C. Parish suggested that all mentions of dodos after the mid-17th century instead referred to red rails, and that the dodo

2294:

Some early travellers found dodo meat unsavoury, and preferred to eat parrots and pigeons; others described it as tough, but good. Some hunted dodos only for their gizzards, as this was considered the most delicious part of the bird. Dodos were easy to catch, but hunters had to be careful not to be

2216:

after Austral summer, around March. The feathers of the wings and tail were replaced first, and the moulting would have completed at the end of July, in time for the next breeding season. Different stages of moulting may also account for inconsistencies in contemporary descriptions of dodo plumage.

2211:

dodo bones, modern Mauritian birds, local ecology, and contemporary accounts, to recover information about the life history of the dodo. The study suggested that dodos bred around August, after having potentially fattened themselves, corresponding with the fat and thin cycles of many vertebrates of

2199:

offspring, which required parental care until they matured. Some evidence, including the large size and the fact that tropical and frugivorous birds have slower growth rates, indicates that the bird may have had a protracted development period. The fact that no juvenile dodos have been found in the

1354:

As no complete dodo specimens exist, its external appearance, such as plumage and colouration, is hard to determine. Illustrations and written accounts of encounters with the dodo between its discovery and its extinction (1598–1662) are the primary evidence for its external appearance. According to

397:

consisted of a single egg. It is presumed that the dodo became flightless because of the ready availability of abundant food sources and a relative absence of predators on Mauritius. Though the dodo has historically been portrayed as being fat and clumsy, it is now thought to have been well-adapted

3047:, and 7.1% belonged to dodos, which had been deposited within several centuries, 4,000 years ago. Subsequent excavations suggested that dodos and other animals became mired in the Mare aux Songes while trying to reach water during a long period of severe drought about 4,200 years ago. Furthermore, 2787:

Many sources state that the Ashmolean Museum burned the stuffed dodo around 1755 because of severe decay, saving only the head and leg. Statute 8 of the museum states "That as any particular grows old and perishing the keeper may remove it into one of the closets or other repository; and some

2534:

and convicts in the 17th century, which would not have been easily accessible to dodos because of the high, broken terrain. The human population on Mauritius (an area of 1,860 km or 720 sq mi) never exceeded 50 people in the 17th century, but they introduced other animals, including

1763:

strength of its leg bones indicate that it could run quite fast. The legs were robust and strong to support the bulk of the bird, and also made it agile and manoeuvrable in the dense, pre-human landscape. Though the wings were small, well-developed muscle scars on the bones show that they were not

1710:

traits, seasonal variation, and even the existence of different species, but these theories are not accepted today. Because details such as markings of the beak, the form of the tail feathers, and colouration vary from account to account, it is impossible to determine the exact morphology of these

1613:

The traditional image of the dodo is of a very fat and clumsy bird, but this view may be exaggerated. The general opinion of scientists today is that many old European depictions were based on overfed captive birds or crudely stuffed specimens. It has also been suggested that the images might show

1584:

of Arabia: her body is round and fat, few weigh less than fifty pound. It is reputed more for wonder than for food, greasie stomackes may seeke after them, but to the delicate they are offensive and of no nourishment. Her visage darts forth melancholy, as sensible of Nature's injurie in framing so

1568:

consists of a few soft incurved feathers, which are ash coloured. These we used to call 'Walghvogel', for the reason that the longer and oftener they were cooked, the less soft and more insipid eating they became. Nevertheless their belly and breast were of a pleasant flavour and easily masticated.

1153:

On their left hand was a little island which they named Heemskirk Island, and the bay it selve they called Warwick Bay... Here they taried 12. daies to refresh themselues, finding in this place great quantity of foules twice as bigge as swans, which they call Walghstocks or Wallowbirdes being very

376:

remains show the dodo measured around 62.6–75 centimetres (2.05–2.46 ft) in height and may have weighed 10.6–17.5 kg (23–39 lb) in the wild. The dodo's appearance in life is evidenced only by drawings, paintings, and written accounts from the 17th century. Since these portraits vary

3197:

The Pieter Withoos painting, which was discovered first, appears to be based on an earlier painting by Pieter Holsteyn, three versions of which are known to have existed. According to Hume, Cheke, and Valledor de Lozoya, it appears that all depictions of white dodos were based on Roelant Savery's

2578:

These animals on our coming up to them stared at us and remained quiet where they stand, not knowing whether they had wings to fly away or legs to run off, and suffering us to approach them as close as we pleased. Amongst these birds were those which in India they call Dod-aersen (being a kind of

2551:

It has been suggested that the dodo may already have been rare or localised before the arrival of humans on Mauritius, since it would have been unlikely to become extinct so rapidly if it had occupied all the remote areas of the island. A 2005 expedition found subfossil remains of dodos and other

2265:

in 1598. They appear in reports published in 1601, which also contain the first published illustration of the bird. Since the first sailors to visit Mauritius had been at sea for a long time, their interest in these large birds was mainly culinary. The 1602 journal by Willem Van West-Zanen of the

1996:

help with consuming large food items. The beak also appears to have been able to withstand high force loads, which indicates a diet of hard food. Examination of the brain endocast found that though the brain was similar to that of other pigeons in most respects, the dodo had a comparatively large

1567:

Blue parrots are very numerous there, as well as other birds; among which are a kind, conspicuous for their size, larger than our swans, with huge heads only half covered with skin as if clothed with a hood. These birds lack wings, in the place of which 3 or 4 blackish feathers protrude. The tail

1245:

claiming it was referred to as such by the Portuguese, who had visited Mauritius in 1507. Another Englishman, Emmanuel Altham, had used the word in a 1628 letter in which he also claimed its origin was Portuguese. The name "dodar" was introduced into English at the same time as dodo, but was only

3034:

during their rule over Mauritius, which had to be removed. Many remains were found, including bones of at least 17 dodos in various stages of maturity (though no juveniles), and several bones obviously from the skeleton of one individual bird, which have been preserved in their natural position.

2639:

suggested in 1868 that the name of the dodo was transferred to the red rail after the former had gone extinct. Cheke also pointed out that some descriptions after 1662 use the names "Dodo" and "Dodaers" when referring to the red rail, indicating that they had been transferred to it. He therefore

2529:

of humans. This fearlessness and its inability to fly made the dodo easy prey, but predation by humans was not the main cause of extinction, contrary to popular belief. Although some scattered reports describe mass killings of dodos for ships' provisions, archaeological investigations have found

2310:

Of these 2 sorts off fowl afforementionede, For oughtt wee yett know, Not any to bee Found out of this Iland, which lyeth aboutt 100 leagues From St. Lawrence. A question may bee demaunded how they should bee here and Not elcewhere, beeing soe Farer From other land and can Neither fly or swymme;

2117:

I have seen in Mauritius birds bigger than a Swan, without feathers on the body, which is covered with a black down; the hinder part is round, the rump adorned with curled feathers as many in number as the bird is years old. In place of wings they have feathers like these last, black and curved,

2652:

during a hiatus in settlement of Mauritius (1658–1664). The dodo's extinction therefore was not realised at the time, since new settlers had not seen real dodos, but as they expected to see flightless birds, they referred to the red rail by that name instead. Since red rails probably had larger

2460:

in Prague. This collection includes paintings of other Mauritian animals as well, including a red rail. The dodo, which may be a juvenile, seems to have been dried or embalmed, and had probably lived in the emperor's zoo for a while together with the other animals. That whole stuffed dodos were

2985:

painting by Savery, making it too squat and obese. In 1869 he received more bones and corrected its stance, making it more upright. Newton moved his focus to the Réunion solitaire instead. The remaining bones not sold to Owen or Newton were auctioned off or donated to museums. In 1889, Théodor

2016:

About 1638, as I walked London streets, I saw the picture of a strange looking fowle hung out upon a clothe and myselfe with one or two more in company went in to see it. It was kept in a chamber, and was a great fowle somewhat bigger than the largest Turkey cock, and so legged and footed, but

3320:

The dodo appears frequently in works of popular fiction, and even before its extinction, it was featured in European literature, as a symbol for exotic lands, and of gluttony, due to its apparent fatness. In 1865, the same year that George Clark started to publish reports about excavated dodo

3069:

in South Africa in 1918. Together, these two skeletons represent the most completely known dodo remains, including bone elements previously unrecorded (such as knee-caps and wing bones). Though some contemporary writers noted the importance of Thrioux's specimens, they were not scientifically

2660:

accepts Cheke's rationale for choosing the 1662 date, taking all subsequent reports to refer to red rails. In any case, the dodo was probably extinct by 1700, about a century after its discovery in 1598. The Dutch left Mauritius in 1710, but by then the dodo and most of the large terrestrial

1772:

and balance; extant pigeons also use their wings for such purposes. Unlike the Rodrigues solitaire, there is no evidence that the dodo used its wings in intraspecific combat. Though some dodo bones have been found with healed fractures, it had weak pectoral muscles and more reduced wings in

1405:

The skull of the dodo differed much from those of other pigeons, especially in being more robust, the bill having a hooked tip, and in having a short cranium compared to the jaws. The upper bill was nearly twice as long as the cranium, which was short compared to those of its closest pigeon

3335:. It is thought that he included the dodo because he identified with it and had adopted the name as a nickname for himself because of his stammer, which made him accidentally introduce himself as "Do-do-dodgson", his legal surname. Carroll and the girl who served as inspiration for Alice, 1562:

ruled the island. These records were used as guides for future voyages. Few contemporary accounts are reliable, as many seem to be based on earlier accounts, and none were written by scientists. One of the earliest accounts, from van Warwijck's 1598 journal, describes the bird as follows:

3064:

mountain, and is the only known complete skeleton of an individual dodo. Thirioux donated the specimen to the Museum Desjardins (now Natural History Museum at Mauritius Institute). Thrioux's heirs sold a second mounted composite skeleton (composed of at least two skeletons, with a mainly

2775:

in 1659. It has been suggested that this might be the remains of the bird that Hamon L'Estrange saw in London, the bird sent by Emanuel Altham, or a donation by Thomas Herbert. Since the remains do not show signs of having been mounted, the specimen might instead have been preserved as a

2245:

and Portuguese ships between 1507 and 1513, but was settled by neither. No records of dodos by these are known, although the Portuguese name for Mauritius, "Cerne (swan) Island", may have been a reference to dodos. The Dutch Empire acquired Mauritius in 1598, renaming it after

1477:

Many of the skeletal features that distinguish the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire, its closest relative, from other pigeons have been attributed to their flightlessness. The pelvic elements were thicker than those of flighted pigeons to support the higher weight, and the

2543:

of the dodos. The impact of the introduced animals on the dodo population, especially the pigs and macaques, is today considered more severe than that of hunting. Rats were perhaps not much of a threat to the nests, since dodos would have been used to dealing with local

7957:

De Boer, E. J.; Velez, M. I.; Rijsdijk, K. F.; De Louw, P. G.; Vernimmen, T. J.; Visser, P. M.; Tjallingii, R.; Hooghiemstra, H. (2015). "A deadly cocktail: How a drought around 4200 cal. Yr BP caused mass mortality events at the infamous 'dodo swamp' in Mauritius".

2472:, Japan, in 1647, but it was long unknown whether it arrived. Contemporary documents first published in 2014 proved the story, and showed that it had arrived alive. It was meant as a gift, and, despite its rarity, was considered of equal value to a white deer and a 1363:

and a tuft of curly light feathers high on its rear end. The head was grey and naked, the beak green, black and yellow, and the legs were stout and yellowish, with black claws. A study of the few remaining feathers on the Oxford specimen head showed that they were

3225:, before a connection to the solitaire reports had been made. Cheke suggested to one of the authors, Francois Moutou, that the fossils may have been of the Réunion solitaire, and this suggestion was published in 1995. The ibis was reassigned to the genus 3534:

and was expected to sell for £6,000. It is unknown whether the illustration was based on a specimen or on a previous image, and the artist is unidentified. It sold for £44,450. Parrish suggested it depicts a stuffed specimen, as the legs look dried.

3619:; Van Der Plicht, H.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Vonhof, H. B.; et al. (2011). "Mid-Holocene (4200 kyr BP) mass mortalities in Mauritius (Mascarenes): Insular vertebrates resilient to climatic extremes but vulnerable to human impact". 2595:

of 1688–1715. These authors also pointed out that because the last sighting before 1662 was in 1638, the dodo was probably already quite rare by the 1660s, and thus a disputed report from 1674 by an escaped slave could not be dismissed out of hand.

2664:

Even though the rareness of the dodo was reported already in the 17th century, its extinction was not recognised until the 19th century. This was partly because, for religious reasons, extinction was not believed possible until later proved so by

2373:. Two live specimens were seen by Peter Mundy in Surat, India, between 1628 and 1634, one of which may have been the individual painted by Mansur around 1625. In 1628, Emmanuel Altham visited Mauritius and sent a letter to his brother in England: 2832:

painting until the 1840s, and it too was dissected by Strickland and Melville. It was not posed in a standing posture, which suggests that it was severed from a fresh specimen, not a mounted one. By 1896 it was mentioned as being without its

2065:

of the Mascarene Islands, the tree, while rare, has germinated since the demise of the dodo and numbers several hundred, not 13 as claimed by Temple, hence, discrediting Temple's view as to the dodo and the tree's sole survival relationship.

377:

considerably, and since only some of the illustrations are known to have been drawn from live specimens, the dodos' exact appearance in life remains unresolved, and little is known about its behaviour. It has been depicted with brownish-grey

3202:, or on copies of it. The painting has generally been dated to 1611, though a post-1614, or even post-1626, date has also been proposed. The painting shows a whitish specimen and was apparently based on a stuffed specimen then in Prague; a 2860:

right limb in the museum appears to be from a Rodrigues solitaire). It may be what remains of one of the stuffed dodos known to have been at the menagerie of Emperor Rudolph II, possibly the specimen painted by Hoefnagel or Savery there.

2961:

museums. The swamp yielded the remains of over 300 dodos, but very few skull and wing bones, possibly because the upper bodies were washed away or scavenged while the lower body was trapped. The situation is similar to many finds of

1668:

regarded it as one of the most accurate depictions of the living dodo; the surrounding birds are clearly identifiable and depicted with appropriate colouring. It is believed to be from the 17th century and has been attributed to the

3339:, had enjoyed visiting the Oxford museum to see the dodo remains there. The book's popularity made the dodo a well-known icon of extinction. Popular depictions of the dodo often became more exaggerated and cartoonish following its 2184:, whose great aunt had received it from a captain who claimed to have found it in a swamp on Mauritius. In 2010, the curator of the museum proposed using genetic studies to determine its authenticity. It may instead be an aberrant 3210:, to whom Savery was contracted at the time (1607–1611). Savery's several later images all show greyish birds, possibly because he had by then seen another specimen. Cheke and Hume believe the painted specimen was white, owing to 1469:, shoulder blades, and wing bones were reduced in size compared to those of flighted pigeon, and were more gracile compared to those of the Rodrigues solitaire, but none of the individual skeletal components had disappeared. The 1810:, on the west coast of Mauritius. Subfossil bones have also been found inside caves in highland areas, indicating that it once occurred on mountains. Work at the Mare aux Songes swamp has shown that its habitat was dominated by 2560:

would have further jeopardised a species already in danger of becoming extinct. Yet the fact that the dodo survived hundreds of years of volcanic activity and climatic changes shows the bird was resilient within its ecosystem.

3475:

The name dodo has been used by scientists naming genetic elements, honouring the dodo's flightless nature. A fruitfly gene within a region of a chromosome required for flying ability was named "dodo". In addition, a defective

2644:, as the reaction to distress cries matches what was described for the red rail. Until this explanation was proposed, a description of "dodos" from 1681 was thought to be the last account, and that date still has proponents. 3317:" means to become extinct or obsolete, to fall out of common usage or practice, or to become a thing of the past. "Dodo" is also a slang term for a stupid, dull-witted person, as it was said to be stupid and easily caught. 2176:, and Cauche's writings have other inconsistencies. A mention of a "young ostrich" taken on board a ship in 1617 is the only other reference to a possible juvenile dodo. An egg claimed to be that of a dodo is stored in the 2930:, finally found an abundance of subfossil dodo bones in the swamp of Mare aux Songes in Southern Mauritius, after a 30-year search inspired by Strickland and Melville's monograph. In 1866, Clark explained his procedure to 2669:, and partly because many scientists doubted that the dodo had ever existed. It seemed altogether too strange a creature, and many believed it a myth. The bird was first used as an example of human-induced extinction in 3082:

of the dodo. In 2006, explorers discovered a complete skeleton of a dodo in a lava cave in Mauritius. This was only the second associated skeleton of an individual specimen ever found, and the only one in recent times.

1758:

Little is known of the behaviour of the dodo, as most contemporary descriptions are very brief. Based on weight estimates, it has been suggested the male could reach the age of 21, and the female 17. Studies of the

1082:

and flightlessness. Despite its divergent skull morphology and adaptations for larger size, many features of its skeleton remained similar to those of smaller, flying pigeons. Another large, flightless pigeon, the

1797:

swamp, where most dodo remains have been excavated, is close to the sea in south-eastern Mauritius. Such a limited distribution across the island could well have contributed to its extinction. A 1601 map from the

2940:

to wade through the centre of the swamp, feeling for bones with their feet. At first they found few bones, until they cut away herbage that covered the deepest part of the swamp, where they found many fossils.

3308:

The dodo's significance as one of the best-known extinct animals and its singular appearance led to its use in literature and popular culture as a symbol of an outdated concept or object, as in the expression

2461:

present in Europe indicates they had been brought alive and died there; it is unlikely that taxidermists were on board the visiting ships, and spirits were not yet used to preserve biological specimens. Most

1375:

Subfossil remains and remnants of the birds that were brought to Europe in the 17th century show that dodos were very large birds, measuring around 62.6–75 cm (24.6–29.5 in) in height. The bird was

631:

being names for the dodo genus used by different authors of the time). An atypical 17th-century description of a dodo and bones found on Rodrigues, now known to have belonged to the Rodrigues solitaire, led

2167:

Cauche's account is problematic, since it also mentions that the bird he was describing had three toes and no tongue, unlike dodos. This led some to believe that Cauche was describing a new species of dodo

1792:

The preferred habitat of the dodo is unknown, but old descriptions suggest that it inhabited the woods on the drier coastal areas of south and west Mauritius. This view is supported by the fact that the

2040:

hypothesised that it depended on the dodo for its propagation, and that its seeds would germinate only after passing through the bird's digestive tract. He claimed that the tambalacoque was now nearly

9063: 541:), they concluded that the two were closely related. Strickland stated that although not identical, these birds shared many distinguishing features of the leg bones, otherwise known only in pigeons. 2200:

Mare aux Songes swamp may indicate that they produced little offspring, that they matured rapidly, that the breeding grounds were far away from the swamp, or that the risk of miring was seasonal.

1067:

raphines had ancestors that were able to fly, were semi-terrestrial, and inhabited islands. This in turn supports the hypothesis that the ancestors of those birds reached the Mascarene islands by

6250: 3249:. Birds of this genus are also white and black with slender beaks, fitting the old descriptions of the Réunion solitaire. No fossil remains of dodo-like birds have ever been found on the island. 2986:

Sauzier was commissioned to explore the "historical souvenirs" of Mauritius and find more dodo remains in the Mare aux Songes. He was successful, and also found remains of other extinct species.

1695:

also claimed to have seen two dodos sometime between 1628 and 1633. In 2014, another Indian illustration of a dodo was reported, but it was found to be derivative of an 1836 German illustration.

1406:

relatives. The openings of the bony nostrils were elongated along the length of the beak, and they contained no bony septum. The cranium (excluding the beak) was wider than it was long, and the

6775:

Gosling, W.D.; de Kruif, J.; Norder, S.J.; de Boer, E.J.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Rijsdijk, K.F.; McMichael, C.N. (2017). "Mauritius on fire: Tracking historical human impacts on biodiversity loss".

556:, with its long, slender, naked basal part. Other pigeons also have bare skin around their eyes, almost reaching their beak, as in dodos. The forehead was high in relation to the beak, and the 4055:

Janoo, A. (April–June 2005). "Discovery of Isolated Dodo Bones from Mauritius Cave Shelters Highlights Human Predation, with a Comment on the Status of the Family Raphidae Wetmore, 1930".

1618:

was the most prolific and influential illustrator of the dodo, having made at least twelve depictions, often showing it in the lower corners. A famous painting of his from 1626, now called

1410:

formed a dome-shape, with the highest point above the hind part of the eye sockets. The skull sloped downwards at the back. The eye sockets occupied much of the hind part of the skull. The

7445: 2625:'s 1617 drawing of a dodo, a one-horned sheep, and a red rail; after the dodo became extinct, visitors may have confused it with the red rail (1907 restoration of that bird at right by 1457:. The neck had well-developed areas for muscle and ligament attachment, probably to support the heavy skull and beak. On each side, it had six ribs, four of which articulated with the 1154:

good meat. But finding an abundance of pigeons & popinnayes , they disdained any more to eat those great foules calling them Wallowbirds, that is to say lothsome or fulsome birdes.

3066: 3026:

In 2005, after a hundred years of neglect, a part of the Mare aux Songes swamp was excavated by an international team of researchers (International Dodo Research Project). To prevent

2564:

Some controversy surrounds the date of its extinction. The last widely accepted record of a dodo sighting is the 1662 report by shipwrecked mariner Volkert Evertsz of the Dutch ship

1178:

referred to the bird as "Dronte" (meaning "swollen") in 1602, a name that is still used in some languages. This crew also called them "griff-eendt" and "kermisgans", in reference to

413:

swamp. The extinction of the dodo less than a century after its discovery called attention to the previously unrecognised problem of human involvement in the disappearance of entire

1059:

origin and are less than 10 million years old. Therefore, the ancestors of both birds probably remained capable of flight for a considerable time after the separation of their

2109:

predators or other kinds of natural enemy on Mauritius, the dodo probably nested on the ground. The account by François Cauche from 1651 is the only description of the egg and the

560:

was located low on the middle of the beak and surrounded by skin, a combination of features shared only with pigeons. The legs of the dodo were generally more similar to those of

405:, while its habitat was being destroyed. The last widely accepted sighting of a dodo was in 1662. Its extinction was not immediately noticed, and some considered the bird to be a 2048:

during digestion. Others have contested his hypothesis and suggested that the decline of the tree was exaggerated or seeds were also distributed by other extinct animals such as

1929:

A 1631 Dutch letter (long thought lost, but rediscovered in 2017) is the only account of the dodo's diet, and also mentions that it used its beak for defence. The document uses

9011:

Ah Fong, A. M. V.; Judelson, H. S. (2004). "The hAT -like DNA transposon DodoPi resides in a cluster of retro- and DNA transposons in the stramenopile Phytophthora infestans".

7066:

Cheke, A. S. (1987). "An ecological history of the Mascarene Islands, with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates". In Diamond, A. W. (ed.).

6644: 1698:

All post-1638 depictions appear to be based on earlier images, around the time reports mentioning dodos became rarer. Differences in the depictions led ornithologists such as

8483: 2449:

Whether the dodo survived the journey is unknown, and the letter was destroyed by fire in the 19th century. The earliest known picture of a dodo specimen in Europe is from a

2653:

clutches than dodos and their eggs could be incubated faster, and their nests were perhaps concealed, they probably bred more efficiently, and were less vulnerable to pigs.

1158:

Another account from that voyage, perhaps the first to mention the dodo, states that the Portuguese referred to them as penguins. The meaning may not have been derived from

1827:

of the island is badly damaged and hard to reconstruct. Before humans arrived, Mauritius was entirely covered in forests, but very little remains of them today, because of

6327: 3098:, and others have almost complete skeletons, assembled from the dissociated subfossil remains of several individuals. In 2011, a wooden box containing dodo bones from the 2212:

Mauritius. The chicks grew rapidly, reaching robust, almost adult, sizes, and sexual maturity before Austral summer or the cyclone season. Adult dodos which had just bred

1820:

trees and endemic palms. The near-coastal placement and wetness of the Mare aux Songes led to a high diversity of plant species, whereas the surrounding areas were drier.

728:

of a Rodrigues solitaire confirmed their close relationship and their placement within the Columbidae. The genetic evidence was interpreted as showing the Southeast Asian

5560: 5455: 2915:

found the first subfossil bones in 1860, which were sent to Richard Owen at the British Museum, who did not publish the findings. In 1863, Owen requested the Mauritian

1803: 7784:

Proceedings of the International Symposium "Insular Vertebrate Evolution: The Palaeontological Approach". Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears

3214:. Valledor de Lozoya has instead suggested that the light plumage was a juvenile trait, a result of bleaching of old taxidermy specimens, or simply artistic license. 2949:, reports discovering the Mare aux Songes bones at the same time as Clark and there is some dispute over who found them first. Higginson sent boxes of these bones to 2311:

whither by Mixture off kindes producing straunge and Monstrous formes, or the Nature of the Climate, ayer and earth in alltring the First shapes in long tyme, or how.

2118:

without webs. They have no tongues, the beak is large, curving a little downwards; their legs are long, scaly, with only three toes on each foot. It has a cry like a

1461:

through sternal ribs. The sternum was large, but small in relation to the body compared to those of much smaller pigeons that are able to fly. The sternum was highly

1389:

of composite skeletons. It has also been suggested that the weight depended on the season, and that individuals were fat during cool seasons, but less so during hot.

8752: 2767:

The only known soft tissue remains, the Oxford head (specimen OUM 11605) and foot, belonged to the last known stuffed dodo, which was first mentioned as part of the

7661: 3856:

The Dodo and Its Kindred; or the History, Affinities, and Osteology of the Dodo, Solitaire, and Other Extinct Birds of the Islands Mauritius, Rodriguez, and Bourbon

2044:

because of the disappearance of the dodo. Temple overlooked reports from the 1940s that found that tambalacoque seeds germinated, albeit very rarely, without being

679:

has since led to the dissolution of the family Raphidae, and the dodo and solitaire are now placed in their own subfamily, Raphinae, within the family Columbidae.

5055: 2583:

The dodos on this islet may not necessarily have been the last members of the species. The last claimed sighting of a dodo was reported in the hunting records of

2362:

combination of contemporary accounts, paintings, and specimens, Julian Hume has inferred that at least eleven transported dodos reached their destinations alive.

1711:

features, whether they signal age or sex, or if they even reflect reality. Hume argued that the nostrils of the living dodo would have been slits, as seen in the

1414:

inside the eye were formed by eleven ossicles (small bones), similar to the amount in other pigeons. The mandible was slightly curved, and each half had a single

8954:"The Drosophila melanogaster dodo (dod) gene, conserved in humans, is functionally interchangeable with the ESS1 cell division gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae" 7526: 9055: 4633: 3761: 2977:

anatomy of the dodo, and Owen bought a shipment of dodo bones originally meant for Newton, which led to rivalry between the two. Owen described the bones in

1664:, in 1955 shows a dodo along with native Indian birds. It depicts a slimmer, brownish bird, and its discoverer Aleksander Iwanow and British palaeontologist 8189: 6898: 6571: 6816: 8635: 7932: 6258: 2365:

Hamon L'Estrange's description of a dodo that he saw in London in 1638 is the only account that specifically mentions a live specimen in Europe. In 1626

2270:

mentions that 24–25 dodos were hunted for food, which were so large that two could scarcely be consumed at mealtime, their remains being preserved by

1946:

In addition to fallen fruits, the dodo probably subsisted on nuts, seeds, bulbs, and roots. It has also been suggested that the dodo might have eaten

10544: 9379: 9094: 6868: 3438:, which inhabits the same woods as the dodo once did, was named after the bird to raise awareness of the urgent need for protection of the Mauritius 663:

of their own, the Raphidae (formerly Dididae), because their exact relationships with other pigeons were unresolved. Each was also placed in its own

8514: 3468: 2443:

Savery paintings featuring dodos in various corners (one with a lobster's body, lower right), painted in Europe approximately between 1625 and 1629

10386: 9309: 8552: 7510: 3586: 8370: 8333: 7862: 10524: 9452: 7436: 6133: 2656:

It is unlikely the issue will ever be resolved, unless late reports mentioning the name alongside a physical description are rediscovered. The

1246:

used until the 18th century. As far as is known, the Portuguese never mentioned the bird. Nevertheless, some sources still state that the word

7816: 7044: 3428:

gives an annual 'Rubber Dodo Award', to "those who have done the most to destroy wild places, species and biological diversity". In 2011, the

1727:

specimens were used as models. Most depictions show that the wings were held in an extended position, unlike flighted pigeons, but similar to

10425: 10085: 8379: 8366:"Position systématique du Solitaire de la Réunion: nouvelle interprétation basée sur les restes fossiles et les récits des anciens voyageurs" 3968:

Milne-Edwards, A. (1869). "Researches into the zoological affinities of the bird recently described by Herr von Frauenfeld under the name of

600:. The dodo differed from other pigeons mainly in the small size of the wings and the large size of the beak in proportion to the rest of the 7373:

Nowak-Kemp, M.; Hume, J. P. (2016). "The Oxford Dodo. Part 1: the museum history of the Tradescant Dodo: ownership, displays and audience".

2369:

drew a dodo that he claimed to have seen in Amsterdam, but he did not mention if it was alive, and his depiction is reminiscent of Savery's

1502:. The dodo's neck and legs were proportionally shorter, and it did not possess an equivalent to the knob present on the solitaire's wrists. 9938: 9786: 9598: 9546: 9472: 2973:

Clark's reports about the finds rekindled interest in the bird. Sir Richard Owen and Alfred Newton both wanted to be first to describe the

9195: 4141: 2828:

The dried London foot, first mentioned in 1665, and transferred to the British Museum in the 18th century, was displayed next to Savery's

10065: 10017: 9703: 9648: 8460: 5810:

Rijsdijk, K. F.; Hume, J. P.; Louw, P. G. B. D.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Janoo, A.; De Boer, E. J.; Steel, L.; De Vos, J.; et al. (2016).

3723:"How Owen 'stole' the Dodo: Academic rivalry and disputed rights to a newly-discovered subfossil deposit in nineteenth century Mauritius" 3281: 2720: 62: 7551:

Nowak-Kemp, M.; Hume, J. P. (2016). "The Oxford Dodo. Part 2: from curiosity to icon and its role in displays, education and research".

5950:

Winters, R.; Hume, J. P.; Leenstra, M. (2017). "A famine in Surat in 1631 and Dodos on Mauritius: a long lost manuscript rediscovered".

4192:"Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences support a Cretaceous origin of Columbiformes and a dispersal-driven radiation in the Paleogene" 9608: 9462: 8342: 6547:"Reappraisal of the parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene Islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology, and affinities" 3322: 3285: 3086:

Worldwide, 26 museums have significant holdings of dodo material, almost all found in the Mare aux Songes. The Natural History Museum,

2724: 7890:"Mid-Holocene vertebrate bone Concentration-Lagerstätte on oceanic island Mauritius provides a window into the ecosystem of the dodo ( 1111:

1601 engraving showing Dutch activities on the shore of Mauritius and the first published depiction of a dodo on the left (2, called "

572:

hinted at a relationship with pigeons, in which this feature is more developed than in other birds. Pigeons generally have very small

9919: 9843: 8368:[Systemic position of the Reunion Solitaire: new interpretation based on the fossil remains and early travellers' accounts]. 6628: 3162:

The supposed "white dodo" (or "solitaire") of Réunion is now considered an erroneous conjecture based on contemporary reports of the

1835:

is still seriously threatened. The dodo lived alongside other recently extinct Mauritian birds such as the flightless red rail, the

10360: 6725: 4383:

McNab, B. K. (1999). "On the Comparative Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Total and Mass-Specific Rates of Metabolism".

4168: 3945: 1099:. It was only slightly smaller than the dodo and the solitaire, and it too is thought to have been related to the crowned pigeons. 8933:

Müller, H. G. (1991). "Stenetriidae from coral reefs at Reunion Island, southern Indian Ocean. Description of three new species".

5385: 10399: 8235: 5287: 3591: 2591:

of these records by the biologists David L. Roberts and Andrew R. Solow gave a new estimated extinction date of 1693, with a 95%

8849: 8774:

Kuntner, M.; Agnarsson, I. (May 2011). "Biogeography and diversification of hermit spiders on Indian Ocean islands (Nephilidae:

6278: 2416: 1229:, which means either "fat-arse" or "knot-arse", referring to the knot of feathers on the hind end. The first record of the word 401:

The first recorded mention of the dodo was by Dutch sailors in 1598. In the following years, the bird was hunted by sailors and

10534: 10494: 5575: 5189:

Angst, D.; Buffetaut, E.; Abourachid, A. (April 2011). "In defence of the slim dodo: A reply to Louchart and Mourer-Chauviré".

4090:

Shapiro, B.; Sibthorpe, D.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Wragg, G. M.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Lee, P. L. M.; Cooper, A. (2002).

3091: 1868: 1032:) was analysed, and it was found to be a close relative of the Nicobar pigeon, and thus also the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire. 8880:

Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive

5439: 10519: 9161: 8421: 8052: 8012: 7091: 6638: 5449: 4981: 4884: 4843: 4727: 4366: 3206:

described as having a "dirty off-white colouring" was mentioned in an inventory of specimens in the Prague collection of the

10404: 8719: 8018: 4677: 3896: 1911: 1024:

pigeons and others, in agreement with the genetic evidence. In 2014, DNA of the only known specimen of the recently extinct

10549: 10504: 5362:"The German painter Carl Borromäus Andreas Ruthart (ca. 1630–1703) and some still unregistered images of the extinct dodo, 5138:

Louchart, A.; Mourer-Chauviré, C. C. C. (April 2011). "The dodo was not so slim: Leg dimensions and scaling to body mass".

2255: 2069:

The Brazilian ornithologist Carlos Yamashita suggested in 1997 that the broad-billed parrot may have depended on dodos and

1802:

journal shows a small island off the coast of Mauritius where dodos were caught. Julian Hume has suggested this island was

8745: 464:(above), and right half of the Oxford specimen's head (below); examination of these led to the dodo being classified as a 9302: 7638: 6859: 4122: 3417: 3331: 3290: 1063:. The Nicobar and spotted green pigeon were placed at the base of a lineage leading to the Raphinae, which indicates the 419: 5045: 2539:, which plundered dodo nests and competed for the limited food resources. At the same time, humans destroyed the forest 8454: 7598:

Jiří, M. (2012). "Extinct and nearly extinct birds in the collections of the National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic".

4913:

Brom, T. G.; Prins, T. G. (June 1989). "Microscopic investigation of feather remains from the head of the Oxford dodo,

3087: 3070:

studied, and were largely forgotten until 2011, when sought out by a group of researchers. The mounted skeletons were

2278:, and possibly Mascarene grey parakeets, was captioned with a Dutch poem, here in Hugh Strickland's 1848 translation: 10529: 7888:; Bunnik, F.; Florens, F. B. V.; Baider, C.; Shapiro, B.; van der Plicht, H.; Janoo, A.; et al. (January 2009). 7498: 3544: 499: 6437:

Schaper, M. T.; Goupille, M. (2003). "Fostering enterprise development in the Indian Ocean: The case of Mauritius".

4790: 1380:; males were larger and had proportionally longer beaks. Weight estimates have varied from study to study. In 1993, 10509: 10430: 2840:

The Copenhagen skull (specimen ZMUC 90-806) is known to have been part of the collection of Bernardus Paludanus in

9287: 8584:"The changing face of the dodo (Aves: Columbidae: Raphus cucullatus ): iconography of the Walghvogel of Mauritius" 6155:

Witmer, M. C.; Cheke, A. S. (May 1991). "The Dodo and the Tambalacoque Tree: An Obligate Mutualism Reconsidered".

4572: 3722: 3271: 8181: 6891: 6277:

Meijer, H. J. M.; Gill, A.; de Louw, P. G. B.; van den Hoek Ostende, L. W.; Hume, J. P.; Rijsdijk, K. F. (2012).

3425: 3405:

banknotes, and features as the background of the Mauritian immigration form. A smiling dodo is the symbol of the

2530:

scant evidence of human predation. Bones of at least two dodos were found in caves at Baie du Cap that sheltered

461: 6546: 6046:

Temple, S. A. (August 1977). "Plant-Animal Mutualism: Coevolution with Dodo Leads to Near Extinction of Plant".

6031: 6014: 9295: 6806: 2903: 1872: 1627: 10169: 9515: 8643: 7889: 2922:

to spread word that he should be informed if any dodo bones were found. In 1865, George Clark, the government

2761:

Coloured engraving of the now lost London foot from 1793 (left), and 1848 lithograph of same in multiple views

1988:(movable in relation to each other), which must have affected its feeding behaviour. In extant birds, such as 4030: 3207: 10254: 6630:

Mauritius Illustrated: Historical and Descriptive, Commercial and Industrial Facts, Figures, & Resources

3343:

fame, which was in line with the inaccurate belief that it was clumsy, tragic, and destined for extinction.

3186: 2191:

Because of the possible single-egg clutch and the bird's large size, it has been proposed that the dodo was

2135: 7843:"IX. On additional bones of the Dodo and other extinct birds of Mauritius obtained by Mr. Theodore Sauzier" 5812:"A review of the dodo and its ecosystem: insights from a vertebrate concentration Lagerstätte in Mauritius" 3490:

as it contained mutations that eliminated the element's ability to jump to new locations in a chromosome.

2954: 1942:

very well, but were rich and fat, therefore we brought many of them on board, to the contentment of us all.

9086: 7686:

Clark, George (April 1866). "Account of the late Discovery of Dodos' Remains in the Island of Mauritius".

7260: 6854: 6101:, with an account of the stony endocarp and germination of the seed, and description of the new species". 3409:, a popular brewer on Réunion, whose emblem displays the white species once thought to have lived there. 10514: 10303: 10298: 10227: 7408: 7285:

Turvey, S. T.; Cheke, A. S. (2008). "Dead as a dodo: The fortuitous rise to fame of an extinction icon".

5647:

Richon, E.; Winters, R. (2014). "The intercultural dodo: a drawing from the School of Bundi, Rājasthān".

5083:

Angst, D.; Buffetaut, E.; Abourachid, A. (March 2011). "The end of the fat dodo? A new mass estimate for

3175: 2571: 1639: 1623: 1580:

First here only and in Dygarrois is generated the Dodo, which for shape and rareness may antagonize the

381:, yellow feet, a tuft of tail feathers, a grey, naked head, and a black, yellow, and green beak. It used 7782:(2005). "Contrasting taphofacies in ocean island settings: the fossil record of Mascarene vertebrates". 3314: 2780:. In 2018, it was reported that scans of the Oxford dodo's head showed that its skin and bone contained 2225: 1723:, and Mansur images. According to this claim, the gaping nostrils often seen in paintings indicate that 9207: 6354: 5481:

Parish, J. C.; Cheke, A. S. (2018). "A newly-discovered early depiction of the Dodo (Aves: Columbidae:

3786: 2512: 2274:. An illustration made for the 1648 published version of this journal, showing the killing of dodos, a 2181: 1962:

fruits, and he attempted to correlate the fat-cycle of the dodo with the fruiting regime of the palms.

1884: 1880: 1699: 1630:, London. The image shows a particularly fat bird and is the source for many other dodo illustrations. 1009: 491: 8560: 7842: 5291: 4457:

Claessens, L. P. A. M.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Hume, J. P. (2016). "The Morphology of the Thirioux dodos".

3691: 2882: 2719:

The only extant remains of dodos taken to Europe in the 17th century are a dried head and foot in the

10267: 8104:

Claessens, L. P. A. M.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Hume, J. P.; Rijsdijk, K. F. (2016). "Anatomy of the Dodo (

3394: 3357: 3107: 2819: 2626: 1127:

Wybrand van Warwijck, who visited Mauritius during the Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia in 1598.

768:

shows the dodo's closest relationships within the Columbidae, based on Shapiro and colleagues, 2002:

507: 6129: 4604: 10554: 8239: 7802: 7032: 2387: 2254:

henceforward. The earliest known accounts of the dodo were provided by Dutch travellers during the

2251: 2029: 2001:. This gave the dodo a good sense of smell, which may have aided in locating fruit and small prey. 1778: 1311: 786: 530: 393:

is believed to have been the woods in the drier coastal areas of Mauritius. One account states its

201: 106: 8365: 3790: 3369: 1781:

was similar to that of modern pigeons, indicating that dodos were probably equal in intelligence.

640:, in 1852. Based on solitaire remains, it is now a synonym of that species. Crude drawings of the 3232: 2728: 2584: 1840: 1479: 1278: 3516:

Previously unpublished 17th-century illustration of a dodo sold in 2009 (left) and 19th century

2498: 1784: 10456: 10391: 10285: 10189: 9189: 7229:"The Dodo and the Red Hen, a saga of extinction, misunderstanding, and name transfer: a review" 6015:"A possible connection between crop milk and the maximum size attainable by flightless pigeons" 5737:

Gold, M. E. Leone; Bourdon, E.; Norell, M. A. (2016). "The first endocast of the extinct dodo (

4599: 4138: 3482: 2837:, and only the bones are believed to remain today, though its present whereabouts are unknown. 2622: 1602:

ship's journal sketches from 1601 of live and recently killed dodos, attributed to Joris Laerle

1335: 1084: 10417: 8444: 7722: 7075: 2525:

Like many animals that evolved in isolation from significant predators, the dodo was entirely

2061:, or the broad-billed parrot. According to Wendy Strahm and Anthony Cheke, two experts in the 1788:

1601 map of a bay on Mauritius; the small D on the far right side marks where dodos were found

1107: 1035:

The 2002 study indicated that the ancestors of the dodo and the solitaire diverged around the

10451: 3850: 3530:

In 2009, a previously unpublished 17th-century Dutch illustration of a dodo went for sale at

3421: 3406: 3243: 3075: 2970:

marshes. Most dodo remains from the Mare aux Songes have a medium to dark brown colouration.

2919: 2768: 2045: 1889: 1876: 1864: 1844: 1486:, meaning that they were underdeveloped and retained juvenile features. The skull, trunk and 1462: 503: 366:, but it is now believed that this assumption was merely confusion based on the also-extinct 225: 20: 10443: 8321:"Découverte d'une forme récemment éteinte d'ibis endémique insulaire de l'île de la Réunion 8320: 8069:

Claessens, L. P. A. M.; Hume, J. P. (2016). "Provenance and history of the Thirioux dodos".

7067: 2515:, 1914 (right). Hunting by humans is not believed to have been the main cause of the bird's 2434: 423:, and it has since become a fixture in popular culture, often as a symbol of extinction and 10347: 10290: 10236: 8965: 8787: 7967: 7908: 7294: 7192:

Cheke, Anthony S. (2014). "Speculation, statistics, facts and the Dodo's extinction date".

6987: 6932: 6489: 6373: 6295: 6164: 6055: 5613: 5525: 5232:

Brassey, C. A.; O'Mahoney, T. G.; Kitchener, A. C.; Manning, P. L.; Sellers, W. I. (2016).

5198: 5147: 5096: 4591: 4505: 4311: 4246: 4064: 3737: 3628: 3477: 2912: 2588: 2425: 2366: 2351: 2298:

The appearance of the dodo and the red rail led Peter Mundy to speculate, 230 years before

1025: 668: 633: 10241: 6748: 612: 8: 9281: 9186:: Seven-minute video showing the Oxford specimen being taken out of storage and discussed 8149: 6286: 3925: 3581: 3125: 2911:

Until 1860, the only known dodo remains were the four incomplete 17th-century specimens.

2592: 2536: 2073:

tortoises to eat palm fruits and excrete their seeds, which became food for the parrots.

2036:. There were supposedly only 13 specimens left, all estimated to be about 300 years old. 2009: 1923: 1848: 1836: 1720: 1581: 1426: 1251: 1202: 1060: 878: 850: 749: 534: 336: 70: 8969: 8791: 7971: 7912: 7298: 7110:

Cheke, A. S. (2006). "Establishing extinction dates – the curious case of the Dodo

6991: 6936: 6715: 6493: 6377: 6299: 6168: 6059: 5617: 5529: 5202: 5151: 5100: 4595: 4509: 4315: 4250: 4158: 4068: 3919: 3741: 3668: 3632: 3310: 2032:, also known as the dodo tree, was thought to be dying out on Mauritius, to which it is 9391: 9036: 8915: 8605: 8262: 8125: 8086: 7983: 7924: 7885: 7858: 7779: 7746: 7699: 7634: 7568: 7494: 7390: 7310: 7209: 7174: 7013: 6956: 6696: 6515: 6473: 6454: 6402: 6319: 6180: 6114: 6079: 5917: 5876: 5694: 5664: 5629: 5541: 5498: 5361: 5323: 5264: 5233: 5214: 5171: 5120: 5027: 4969: 4930: 4673:

A Selection of Curious, Rare and Early Voyages and Histories of Interesting Discoveries

4625: 4568: 4521: 4492:

Worthy, T. H. (2001). "A giant flightless pigeon gen. et sp. nov. and a new species of

4474: 4416: 4400: 4334: 4299: 4262: 4234: 4022: 3985: 3892: 3812:

Baker, R. A.; Bayliss, R. A. (2002). "Alexander Gordon Melville (1819–1901): The Dodo,

3753: 3718: 3644: 3616: 3413: 3171: 3152: 3095: 2958: 2457: 2332: 2177: 2099: 1895: 1856: 1716: 1558:

and journals of the Dutch East India Company vessels that docked in Mauritius when the

1545: 1415: 1381: 1377: 1331: 1234: 1198: 561: 272: 101: 8582:

van der Geer, A. A. E.; Claessens, L. P. A. M.; Rijsdijk, K. F.; Lyras, G. A. (2021).

3498: 3110:

during preparations for a move. They had been stored with crocodile bones until then.

1078:

competing for resources on these islands allowed the solitaire and the dodo to attain

10539: 10438: 10321: 9269: 9180:: Two-minute video about Julian Hume's modern interpretation of Roelant Savery's Dodo 9157: 9028: 8993: 8988: 8953: 8907: 8822: 8803: 8609: 8506: 8450: 8129: 8048: 8008: 7987: 7750: 7703: 7518: 7131: 7087: 7068: 7005: 6948: 6634: 6507: 6458: 6407: 6389: 6311: 6071: 5445: 5377: 5269: 5163: 5112: 4977: 4880: 4839: 4723: 4617: 4408: 4362: 4339: 4258: 4213: 4114: 3937: 3854: 3448: 2247: 1893:

lived on Mauritius and Réunion, but vanished from both islands. Some plants, such as

1823:

Many endemic species of Mauritius became extinct after the arrival of humans, so the

1769: 1703: 1270:

approximation of the bird's call, a two-note pigeon-like sound resembling "doo-doo".

1183: 1044: 721: 9040: 8919: 8090: 7928: 7920: 7572: 7394: 7213: 7178: 6960: 6700: 5921: 5880: 5668: 5633: 5545: 5502: 5218: 5124: 4525: 4478: 4420: 4266: 3757: 3648: 576:, and the dodo is said to have laid a single egg. Like pigeons, the dodo lacked the 10469: 10326: 9802: 9795: 9317: 9020: 8983: 8973: 8952:

Maleszka, R.; Hanes, S. D.; Hackett, R. L.; De Couet, H. G.; Miklos, G. L. (1996).

8897: 8841: 8795: 8678: 8595: 8498: 8301: 8254: 8117: 8078: 7975: 7916: 7854: 7808: 7738: 7695: 7653: 7560: 7476: 7382: 7352: 7314: 7302: 7240: 7201: 7166: 7127: 7079: 7017: 6995: 6940: 6784: 6688: 6563: 6519: 6497: 6446: 6397: 6381: 6303: 6172: 6110: 6083: 6063: 6026: 5959: 5907: 5866: 5833: 5823: 5750: 5714: 5656: 5621: 5533: 5490: 5420: 5339: 5259: 5249: 5206: 5175: 5155: 5104: 5023: 4926: 4629: 4609: 4513: 4466: 4392: 4329: 4319: 4254: 4203: 4106: 4072: 4012: 3981: 3929: 3888: 3825: 3745: 3686: 3636: 3434: 3031: 2772: 2557: 1748: 1657: 1360: 1079: 986: 660: 402: 347: 8600: 8583: 8413: 8121: 8082: 7564: 7386: 6679:

Winters, R.; Hume, J. P. (2014). "The dodo, the deer and a 1647 voyage to Japan".

6323: 5828: 5811: 5494: 4517: 4470: 4359:

Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion & Rodrigues

4300:"The mysterious Spotted Green Pigeon and its relation to the Dodo and its kindred" 4110: 3313:," which has come to mean unquestionably dead or obsolete. Similarly, the phrase " 2894:'s 1866 reconstruction of the dodo's skeleton (left), based on bones found in the 2229:

1648 engraving showing the killing of dodos (centre left, erroneously depicted as

667:

family (Raphidae and Pezophapidae, respectively), as it was thought that they had

565: 502:. This view was met with ridicule, but was later supported by English naturalists 9400: 9199: 9151: 8711: 8042: 8002: 7467:

MacGregor, A. (2001). "The Ashmolean as a museum of natural history, 1683 1860".

7205: 7170: 7083: 6692: 6067: 5703:(Aves: Columbidae), an extinct flightless bird from Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands" 5660: 4671: 4145: 4076: 3872: 3517: 3439: 3402: 3376: 3057: 3043:. 63% of the fossils found in the swamp belonged to turtles of the extinct genus 3009: 2942: 2895: 2570:, who described birds caught on a small islet off Mauritius, now suggested to be 2531: 2526: 2336: 1974: 1794: 1653: 1470: 1466: 1411: 1294: 1289: 1001: 664: 410: 316: 10313: 8799: 7639:"The white dodo of Réunion Island: Unravelling a scientific and historical myth" 5485:) by Roelandt Savery, with a note on another previously unnoticed Savery Dodo". 3163: 3078:

models were reconstructed, which became the basis of a 2016 monograph about the

367: 9712: 9431: 9364: 9245: 9233: 9128: 6385: 5741:) and an anatomical comparison amongst close relatives (Aves, Columbiformes)". 3539: 3299: 3167: 3155:'s mid-17th-century paintings of a white dodo, possibly based on Savery's image 2845: 2666: 2299: 2271: 2262: 2208: 2037: 1998: 1985: 1978: 1860: 1852: 1752: 1681: 1670: 1661: 1645: 1615: 1555: 1544:; perhaps the most accurate depiction of a live dodo, and dodo head (right) by 1283: 1242: 1068: 811: 737: 729: 692: 608: 589: 569: 359: 340: 9183: 9177: 9024: 8902: 8875: 8845: 8683: 8666: 8502: 7356: 7306: 6923:

Roberts, D. L. (2013). "Refuge-effect hypothesis and the demise of the Dodo".

6567: 6307: 5912: 5895: 5871: 5854: 5424: 5210: 5159: 5108: 4613: 4404: 4208: 4191: 3829: 3749: 1594: 703:

and colleagues analysed the DNA of the dodo for the first time. Comparison of

687: 498:, based on studies of a dodo skull he had discovered in the collection of the 10499: 10488: 10412: 9952: 9750: 9685: 9533: 9257: 8240:"On one of the four original pictures from life of the Réunion or white Dodo" 7979: 7838: 7812: 7707: 7657: 7522: 6393: 5381: 5343: 5050: 4835: 4621: 4324: 4091: 3677: 3640: 3531: 3454: 3336: 3326: 3099: 3071: 3048: 2657: 2636: 2566: 2142: 2080: 2075: 1970: 1828: 1446: 1299: 1193: 714: 573: 394: 382: 245: 91: 37: 3873:"2. On Some Recently Discovered Bones of the Largest Known Species of Dodo ( 3351: 3262: 2800: 1614:

dodos with puffed feathers, as part of display behaviour. The Dutch painter

764:

consists of generally ground-dwelling island endemic pigeons. The following

255: 10212: 10101: 9852: 9816: 9764: 9588: 9568: 9228: 9221: 9032: 8911: 8807: 8510: 8305: 7480: 7009: 6952: 6511: 6411: 6315: 6075: 5273: 5167: 5116: 4872: 4827: 4774: 4715: 4412: 4343: 4217: 4118: 3941: 3933: 3521: 3295: 3227: 3179: 3103: 3016: 2974: 2950: 2923: 2891: 2873: 2732: 2710: 2641: 2050: 1959: 1955: 1811: 1673: 1559: 1534: 1407: 1267: 1124: 717: 707: 704: 700: 676: 672: 424: 355: 332: 8997: 8978: 7742: 5963: 2927: 1433:

The dodo had about nineteen presynsacral vertebrae (those of the neck and

1233:

is in Captain Willem Van West-Zanen's journal in 1602. The English writer

10373: 10277: 10221: 10129: 10094: 10047: 10033: 10026: 9972: 9901: 9880: 9873: 9809: 9743: 9671: 9578: 9440: 4778: 2967: 2553: 2508: 2242: 2185: 1993: 1989: 1900: 1807: 1743: 1732: 1692: 1665: 1491: 417:. The dodo achieved widespread recognition from its role in the story of 61:

Dodo skeleton cast (left) and model based on modern research (right), at

7245: 7228: 6502: 6477: 6450: 2723:, a foot once housed in the British Museum but now lost, a skull in the 362:. A white dodo was once thought to have existed on the nearby island of 10464: 10365: 10136: 10115: 9979: 9962: 9945: 9757: 9729: 9722: 9678: 9639: 9618: 9496: 9409: 9323: 8327:[Discovery of a recently extinct island endemic ibis from Réunion: 8266: 7265:

The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge

6944: 6184: 5625: 5537: 5407:

Kitchener, A. C. (June 1993). "On the external appearance of the dodo,

5254: 4026: 3463: 3429: 3217:

In 1987, scientists described fossils of a recently extinct species of

2834: 2777: 2649: 2604: 2545: 2516: 2192: 2086:

in the same way, but now rely on domesticated cattle for this service.

2005: 1760: 1495: 1421: 1369: 1365: 1346: 1137:

means "bird". The name was translated by Jakob Friedlib into German as

1064: 978: 745: 549: 522: 495: 351: 328: 313: 168: 158: 85: 8108:

L., 1758): An Osteological Study of the Thirioux Specimens: Preface".

7723:"Harry Pasley Higginson and his role in the re-discovery of the dodo ( 7157:

Jackson, A. (2013). "Added credence for a late Dodo extinction date".

6788: 6279:"Dodo remains from an in situ context from Mare aux Songes, Mauritius" 5838: 5754: 5719: 5698: 2994: 2709:

Cast of the Oxford head before dissection and the lost London foot at

2613: 1048: 992:

A similar cladogram was published in 2007, inverting the placement of

363: 53: 10146: 10122: 9989: 9894: 9771: 9692: 9664: 9657: 9628: 9489: 9482: 6276: 4190:

Pereira, S. L.; Johnson, K. P.; Clayton, D. H.; Baker, A. J. (2007).

3921:

Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural History)

3398: 3390: 3389:

for many kinds of products, especially in Mauritius. It appears as a

3361: 3079: 3036: 3001: 2946: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2781: 2489: 2345: 2303: 2204: 2196: 2180:

in South Africa. It was donated by the South African museum official

2173: 2157: 2110: 2106: 2083: 2058: 2041: 2022: 1951: 1930: 1824: 1765: 1724: 1707: 1677: 1626:, has since become the standard image of a dodo. It is housed in the 1574:

A Relation of Some Yeares Travaille into Afrique and the Greater Asia

1454: 1442: 1214: 1187: 1170: 1092: 1075: 1052: 1036: 765: 659:

For many years the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire were placed in a

645: 526: 511: 483: 386: 373: 324: 264: 118: 10378: 10183: 8258: 8047:(8th ed.). Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks, UK: Bradt Travel Guides. 7437:"Who shot Lewis Carroll's dodo? Forensic scans reveal mystery death" 7000: 6975: 6176: 4783:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Arts & Sciences of Mauritius

4017: 2673:

in 1833, and has since been referred to as an "icon" of extinction.

2456:

collection of paintings depicting animals in the royal menagerie of

2150: 2021:

It is not known how the young were fed, but related pigeons provide

1397: 548:

similar to pigeons in many features. They pointed to the very short

533:

and comparing it with the few remains then available of the extinct

10206: 9928: 9887: 9866: 9859: 9834: 9823: 9736: 9346: 9240: 6811: 6720: 4396: 4163: 3211: 3061: 2932: 2809: 2743: 2691: 2469: 2462: 2094: 2054: 1934: 1816: 1774: 1684: 1438: 1386: 1206: 1017: 973: 641: 585: 479: 451: 343: 320: 181: 138: 10339: 8581: 8292:

de Lozoya, A. V. (2003). "An unnoticed painting of a white Dodo".

2752: 1933:

to refer to the animals described, with dodos presumably being an

1633: 440: 335:. The dodo's closest relative was the also-extinct and flightless 10262: 9358: 8888: 6864: 6554: 4000: 3134: 3027: 2981:

in October 1866, but erroneously based his reconstruction on the

2937: 2540: 2325: 2259: 2230: 2213: 2062: 2033: 1728: 1524: 1483: 1465:, broad, and relatively thick in cross-section. The bones of the 1458: 1356: 1319: 1160: 1056: 1040: 601: 557: 545: 487: 475: 414: 390: 389:

its food, which is thought to have included fruits, and its main

378: 10352: 8147:

Linn. (Aves, Columbiformes) in a highland Mauritian lava cave".

6581: 5006:

Livezey, B. C. (1993). "An Ecomorphological Review of the Dodo (

2396: 607:

Throughout the 19th century, several species were classified as

10249: 10108: 10074: 10054: 10006: 9416: 9340: 9327: 9319: 9056:"Uncovered: 350-year-old picture of Dodo before it was extinct" 8143:

Middleton, G. J.; Hume, J. P. (2016). "The discovery of a Dodo

7600:

Journal of the National Museum (Prague) National History Series

5188: 5082: 3459: 3386: 3040: 2916: 2789: 2473: 2405: 2275: 2250:, and it was used for the provisioning of trade vessels of the 1965: 1499: 1487: 1450: 1434: 1072: 597: 593: 581: 465: 128: 8363: 8216: 2126:. The fat is excellent to give ease to the muscles and nerves. 1548:

from 1638, probably the last original depiction of the species

1292:'s 1605 depiction of a dodo. In his 18th-century classic work 1262:), meaning "fool" or "crazy". It has also been suggested that 346:, a clade of extinct flightless birds that were a part of the 10334: 9908: 9352: 8534: 8532: 7326: 7324: 6610: 6608: 4742: 4740: 3145: 2331:

Painting of a possibly stuffed specimen in the collection of

2172:"). The description was most probably mingled with that of a 2119: 2012:

witnessed a live bird in London and described it as follows:

1947: 1832: 1688: 1515: 1401:

1848 lithographs of the Oxford dodo's skull in multiple views

1174:, a reference to the small wings. The crew of the Dutch ship 981:

of the Oxford specimen's foot, which has been used to sample

761: 757: 725: 577: 8951: 6774: 6355:"Bone histology sheds new light on the ecology of the dodo ( 5516:

Iwanow, A. (October 1958). "An Indian picture of the Dodo".

4278: 4276: 3507: 3174:

that surfaced in the 19th century. The confusion began when

2700: 10040: 8667:"Extinct flagships: linking extinct and threatened species" 8273: 8103: 7956: 6032:

10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[1003:APCBCM]2.0.CO;2

5699:"Fight club: A unique weapon in the wing of the solitaire, 3218: 3052:

to the employment of less refined methods when collecting.

2238: 1190:, which was held the day after they anchored on Mauritius. 1179: 1096: 553: 518: 406: 148: 41: 9109: 8616: 8529: 8161: 7610: 7321: 6836: 6834: 6605: 6593: 6251:"Last surviving Dodo egg could be tested for authenticity" 6196: 6194: 5982: 5928: 4737: 4298:

Heupink, Tim H; van Grouw, Hein; Lambert, David M (2014).

4237:(2012). "The Dodo: From extinction to the fossil record". 2008:(gizzard stones) to aid digestion. The English writer Sir 1425:

Skeleton of the dodo (left) and its closest relative, the

1306:

as the specific name, but combined it with the genus name

8364:

Mourer-Chauviré, C. C.; Bour, R.; Ribes, S. (June 1995).

6753: 6478:"Palaeobiology: Dutch diaries and the demise of the dodo" 4937: 4853: 4273: 3791:"Nøjere oplysning om det i Kjøbenhavn fundne Drontehoved" 3443: 2963: 1977:

from 1605, copied from an illustration in the journal of

1533:

Dodo among birds in a Mughal Indian menagerie (left), by

982: 760:(its scientific name refers to its dodo-like beak). This 611:

with the dodo, including the Rodrigues solitaire and the

8746:"Pesticide Peddler Monsanto Wins 2015 Rubber Dodo Award" 8691: 8636:"Mauritius new 25- and 50-rupee polymer notes confirmed" 8204: 7271:(75): 209–211. 1 June 1833 – via Internet Archive. 7138: 6353:

Angst, D.; Chinsamy, A.; Steel, L.; Hume, J. P. (2017).

6230: 4805: 3717: 3166:

and 17th-century paintings of white, dodo-like birds by

3139:

showing a whitish dodo in the lower right, 1611 or later

3035:

These findings were made public in December 2005 in the

2285:

They tap the palms, and round-rumped dodos they destroy,

2098:

Replica of an alleged dodo egg in a reconstructed nest,

1554:

Most contemporary descriptions of the dodo are found in

568:

and in their skeletal features. Depictions of the large

6831: 6218: 6206: 6191: 5778: 5776: 5675: 5238:): application of a CT-based mass estimation technique" 5137: 5014:), Flightless Columbiformes of the Mascarene Islands". 4752: 4496:(Aves: Columbidae), from Quaternary deposits in Fiji". 4427: 4297: 4293: 4291: 3060:. The former specimen was found in 1904 in a cave near 2476:

stone. It is the last recorded live dodo in captivity.

2287:

The parrot's life they spare that he may peep and howl,

2156:

Diagram showing life history events of a dodo based on

2105:

As it was flightless and terrestrial and there were no

1984:

Skeletal elements of the upper jaw appear to have been

1572:

One of the most detailed descriptions is by Herbert in

1355:

most representations, the dodo had greyish or brownish

736:) to be their closest living relative, followed by the 7579: 6352: 5039: 5037: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 2141:

Thin sections of hindlimb bones showing stages of the

2004:

Several contemporary sources state that the dodo used

1119:

One of the original names for the dodo was the Dutch "

544:

Strickland and Melville established that the dodo was

9205: 8484:"Assembling the dodo in early modern natural history" 8446:

Speaking of Animals: A Dictionary of Animal Metaphors

8394: 8318: 6976:"Flightless birds: When did the dodo become extinct?" 6633:. New Dheli: Asian Educational Services. p. 83. 4651: 4001:"Independent Evolution of the Dodo and the Solitaire" 2283:

For food the seamen hunt the flesh of feathered fowl,

1372:(downy) and most similar to those of other pigeons. 10142: 9995: 9985: 9968: 9958: 9934: 9718: 9624: 9614: 9604: 9594: 9584: 9574: 9564: 9478: 9468: 9458: 9448: 8751:. Center for Biological Diversity. 5 November 2015. 7847:

The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London

6660: 6526: 6418: 5994: 5970: 5788: 5773: 5761: 5301: 4894: 4693: 4288: 895: 874: 7343:Ovenell, R. F. (June 1992). "The Tradescant Dodo". 6897:. Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius. 5949: 5034: 4879:(first ed.). USA: Bunker Hill Publishing Inc. 4456: 4439: 2354:'s 1626 depiction of a dodo he claimed to have seen 2233:-like) and other animals now extinct from Mauritius 1225:for "sluggard", but it is more probably related to 7435: 7074:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 6587: 6472: 5855:"The legacy of the dodo—conservation in Mauritius" 5476: 5474: 5355: 5353: 4710: 4708: 3849: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3542:included the following poem about the dodo in his 3000:Skeleton assembled from subfossils found in 2006, 2465:specimens were preserved as dried heads and feet. 1043:boundary, about 23.03 million years ago. The 8007:. Berkeley (US): University of California Press. 8001:Gillespie, Rosemary G.; Clague, David A. (2009). 7629: 7627: 7625: 7368: 7366: 6272: 6270: 6268: 5736: 5444:. London: Royal College of Physicians of London. 5330: – dodo and other birds on Mauritius 1601". 5043: 3721:; Cheke, Anthony S.; McOran-Campbell, A. (2009). 3692:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690059A93259513.en 490:, by early scientists. In 1842, Danish zoologist 10486: 8773: 7493: 7065: 4822: 4820: 1149:was lost, but the English translation survived: 9202:: Interactive 3D scans of various dodo elements 9010: 8958:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8000: 7883: 6436: 5809: 5805: 5803: 5600:Stresemann, Erwin (1958). "Wie hat die Dronte ( 5471: 5406: 5350: 4705: 4361:. New Haven and London: T. & A. D. Poyser. 4357:Cheke, Anthony S.; Hume, Julian Pender (2008). 3881:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 3836: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3615:Rijsdijk, K. F.; Zinke, J.; de Louw, P. G. B.; 3614: 3587:List of African animals extinct in the Holocene 3446:from Mauritius have been named after the dodo: 2844:until 1651, when it was moved to the museum in 2089: 1131:means "tasteless", "insipid", or "sickly", and 9399: 9156:. Bloomington (US): Indiana University Press. 9084: 8491:The British Journal for the History of Science 7622: 7550: 7544: 7372: 7363: 7280: 7278: 6974:Roberts, D. L.; Solow, A. R. (November 2003). 6265: 5945: 5943: 5231: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4976:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 155–158. 4189: 4089: 3785: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3412:The dodo is used to promote the protection of 1221:is unclear. Some ascribe it to the Dutch word 584:of the nostrils, and it shared details in the 9303: 9153:The Dodo and the Solitaire: A Natural History 8873: 8575: 8142: 8068: 7105: 7103: 6749:"Discover the violent end of the Oxford dodo" 6746: 5646: 4817: 3967: 3666: 8553:"Extinct Dodo Related to Pigeons, DNA Shows" 7807:. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 52. 7800: 6973: 6800: 6798: 6130:"Plant Science Bulletin, Volume 50, Issue 4" 5800: 5078: 5076: 4769: 4767: 4676:. London (UK): R.H. Evans and R. Priestley. 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4050: 4048: 3811: 3706: 3416:by environmental organisations, such as the 2289:And thus his fellows to imprisonment decoy. 1505: 1326:. In 1766, Linnaeus coined the new binomial 1164:(the Portuguese referred to those birds as " 8820: 7837: 7284: 7275: 7226: 6678: 6672: 6476:; Martill, D. M.; Dewdney, C. (June 2004). 6154: 5940: 5732: 5730: 5558: 5480: 5318: 5316: 4990: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4498:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 4229: 4227: 3603: 3236: 3221:from Réunion with a relatively short beak, 2721:Oxford University Museum of Natural History 2507:Illustrations of sailors hunting dodos, by 2315: 2220: 1453:), six free tail (caudal) vertebrae, and a 1132: 564:pigeons than of other birds, both in their 63:Oxford University Museum of Natural History 9439: 9310: 9296: 8234: 8222: 7766:Reminiscences of Life and Travel 1859–1872 7100: 5599: 5286: 3662: 3660: 3658: 2936:, an ornithology journal: he had sent his 2822:(left) and 1855 lithograph of the specimen 2725:University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum 1958:suggested in 1996 that they mainly fed on 1676:. The bird depicted probably lived in the 1622:as it was once owned by the ornithologist 1589: 1474:length proportions were little different. 1330:(meaning "inept dodo"). This has become a 695:is the closest living relative of the dodo 648:were also misinterpreted as dodo species; 254: 79: 52: 9544: 8987: 8977: 8901: 8697: 8682: 8664: 8599: 8442: 8371:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 8334:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 8291: 8279: 8210: 7804:Memoir of the dodo (didus ineptus, Linn.) 7763: 7633: 7466: 7244: 7024: 6999: 6840: 6795: 6713: 6626: 6614: 6599: 6501: 6401: 6236: 6224: 6200: 6030: 5988: 5934: 5911: 5870: 5837: 5827: 5743:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 5718: 5707:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 5693: 5263: 5253: 5234:"Convex-hull mass estimates of the dodo ( 5073: 4912: 4811: 4764: 4746: 4603: 4356: 4333: 4323: 4207: 4045: 4016: 3690: 3564:The voice which used to squawk and squeak 3030:, the British had covered the swamp with 2902:painting), and his more upright mount at 2681: 2237:Mauritius had previously been visited by 1867:. Extinct Mauritian reptiles include the 1777:was made from the brain of the dodo; the 1322:) in 1760, resulting in the current name 10545:Species made extinct by human activities 9053: 8709: 8481: 8319:Mourer-Chauviré, C.; Moutou, F. (1987). 8040: 6855:"Natural disaster may have killed dodos" 5727: 5441:George Edwards: The Bedell and His Birds 5359: 5313: 4949: 4779:"Dodo and solitaires, myths and reality" 4722:(revised ed.). New York: Comstock. 4532: 4224: 3917: 3252: 2224: 2093: 1964: 1910: 1783: 1742: 1738: 1632: 1593: 1420: 1396: 1345: 1192: 1106: 972: 686: 669:evolved their similarities independently 474:The dodo was variously declared a small 8179: 7794: 7753:– via Edinburgh University Press. 7433: 7342: 7156: 6922: 5366:(Linnaeus, 1758) (Aves, Columbiformes)" 5005: 4669: 3816:(L., 1758) and the genesis of a book". 3655: 3592:List of extinct bird species since 1500 3321:fossils, the newly vindicated bird was 2468:One dodo was reportedly sent as far as 10487: 9149: 9127: 9115: 8932: 8834:Annals and Magazine of Natural History 8622: 8550: 8538: 8400: 8167: 7938:from the original on 24 September 2019 7865:from the original on 11 September 2017 7616: 7585: 7330: 7144: 7030: 6666: 6532: 6424: 6212: 6127: 6045: 6012: 6000: 5976: 5893: 5794: 5782: 5767: 5681: 5515: 5307: 4943: 4900: 4877:The Dodo – Extinction in Paradise 4871: 4859: 4826: 4758: 4714: 4699: 4657: 4491: 4433: 4282: 3998: 3870: 3200:Landscape with Orpheus and the animals 3092:Cambridge University Museum of Zoology 2863: 2661:vertebrates there had become extinct. 1869:saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise 1706:to speculate about sexual dimorphism, 1123:", first used in the journal of Dutch 10525:Extinct birds of Indian Ocean islands 10188: 10187: 9531: 9377: 9291: 9066:from the original on 12 November 2012 8780:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8755:from the original on 19 November 2015 8712:"Mauritius: Footprints From the Past" 8517:from the original on 17 February 2021 8294:Journal of the History of Collections 7720: 7685: 7469:Journal of the History of Collections 7401: 7220: 7191: 7109: 6889: 6852: 6804: 6248: 5852: 5437: 5326:(2003). "The journal of the flagship 4773: 4639:from the original on 12 November 2020 4385:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 4382: 4128:from the original on 20 November 2018 4054: 3557:The sun yet warms his native ground – 2898:(it is too squat, following Savery's 1606:The travel journal of the Dutch ship 529:head and foot of the specimen at the 9097:from the original on 17 January 2013 9087:"Dutch School, 17th Century; A dodo" 8424:from the original on 3 February 2016 8182:"Half a Dodo found in museum drawer" 7819:from the original on 7 November 2020 7778: 7667:from the original on 5 November 2019 7597: 7532:from the original on 5 November 2019 7497:; Datta, A.; Martill, D. M. (2006). 7448:from the original on 11 January 2022 7227:Cheke, A. S.; Parish, J. C. (2020). 7033:"Recent ornithological publications" 6544: 6096: 5322: 4968: 4567: 4233: 4171:from the original on 20 October 2002 4033:from the original on 1 November 2019 3015:Subfossil bones rediscovered in the 2648:had disappeared due to predation by 2256:Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia 9378: 9054:Jamieson, Alastair (22 June 2009). 8874:Fischer, G.; Fisher, B. L. (2013). 8855:from the original on 12 August 2016 8722:from the original on 2 October 2006 6860:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 6716:"Scientists pinpoint dodo's demise" 6577:from the original on 17 March 2012. 5044:Kitchener, A. C. (28 August 1993). 4832:Dodo – From Extinction To Icon 4156: 3678:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3418:Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust 3397:, on Mauritius coins, is used as a 2676: 1906: 1145:. The original Dutch report titled 13: 8665:Kyne, P. M.; Adams, V. M. (2016). 8463:from the original on 15 March 2023 8110:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8071:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8021:from the original on 15 March 2023 7859:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1893.tb00001.x 7801:Owen, R.; Broderip, W. J. (1866). 7700:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1866.tb06082.x 7499:"Unpublished drawings of the Dodo 6904:from the original on 28 March 2016 6647:from the original on 15 March 2023 6115:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087409 5816:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5458:from the original on 15 March 2023 5146:(4): 357–358, discussion 358–360. 5028:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02686.x 4931:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02535.x 4680:from the original on 15 March 2023 4459:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3986:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1869.tb06880.x 3893:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1865.tb02320.x 3859:. London: Reeve, Benham and Reeve. 3767:from the original on 21 March 2016 3568:Yet may you see his bones and beak 3088:American Museum of Natural History 1915:Savery sketch of three dodos from 748:, and the superficially dodo-like 14: 10566: 9532: 9171: 8821:Donisthorpe, H. S. J. K. (1946). 8382:from the original on 4 April 2020 8345:from the original on 4 April 2020 8192:from the original on 4 April 2020 7070:Studies of Mascarene Island Birds 6728:from the original on 4 April 2020 6333:from the original on 23 July 2018 5388:from the original on 25 July 2022 5058:from the original on 26 June 2015 4793:from the original on 22 July 2011 3948:from the original on 10 June 2021 3899:from the original on 10 June 2021 500:Natural History Museum of Denmark 10168: 9514: 9275: 9263: 9251: 9239: 9227: 9215: 9121: 9078: 9047: 9004: 8945: 8926: 8867: 8814: 8767: 8738: 8703: 8658: 8628: 8544: 8475: 8443:Palmatier, Robert Allen (1995). 8436: 8406: 8357: 8312: 8285: 8228: 8180:Kennedy, M. (21 February 2011). 8173: 8136: 8097: 8062: 8034: 7994: 7950: 7877: 7831: 7772: 7757: 7714: 7679: 7591: 7487: 7460: 7434:Knapton, Sarah (20 April 2018). 7427: 7336: 7253: 7185: 7150: 7132:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00478.x 7059: 7047:from the original on 3 July 2020 6967: 6916: 6871:from the original on 15 May 2013 6807:"Bringing the dodo back to life" 6136:from the original on 14 May 2013 4259:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2012.00843.x 4159:"DNA yields dodo family secrets" 3506: 3497: 3368: 3350: 3332:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 3291:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 3270: 3261: 3182:and other contemporary writers. 3144: 3124: 3067:Durban Museum of Natural Science 3008: 2993: 2881: 2872: 2808: 2799: 2751: 2742: 2699: 2690: 2612: 2603: 2497: 2488: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2344: 2324: 2295:bitten by their powerful beaks. 2149: 2134: 1992:(fruit-eating) pigeons, kinetic 1523: 1514: 1482:region and the small wings were 1418:(opening), as in other pigeons. 494:proposed that dodos were ground 450: 439: 420:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 105: 9143: 9013:Molecular Genetics and Genomics 8827:) from the island of Mauritius" 8551:Mayell, H. (28 February 2002). 7921:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.09.018 7409:"Dodo's violent death revealed" 6883: 6846: 6819:from the original on 7 May 2019 6805:Fryer, J. (14 September 2002). 6768: 6740: 6707: 6620: 6538: 6466: 6430: 6346: 6242: 6148: 6121: 6097:Hill, A. W. (1941). "The genus 6090: 6039: 6006: 5887: 5846: 5687: 5640: 5593: 5552: 5509: 5431: 5400: 5280: 5225: 5182: 5131: 4906: 4865: 4663: 4485: 4376: 4350: 4183: 4150: 4083: 3992: 3667:BirdLife International (2016). 3426:Center for Biological Diversity 2713:, and illustration of same head 2195:, meaning that it produced few 2079:macaws depended on now-extinct 1437:, including three fused into a 1334:of the earlier name because of 462:Zoological Museum of Copenhagen 9133:The Bad Child's Book of Beasts 8378:(SER2, T320, N11): 1125–1131. 7721:Brown, Clare (November 2020). 7503:and notes on Dodo skin relics" 6588:Strickland & Melville 1848 5561:"What did the dodo look like?" 5296:. London: Hutchinson & Co. 5046:"Justice at last for the dodo" 3961: 3911: 3864: 3805: 3779: 2904:Natural History Museum, London 1873:domed Mauritius giant tortoise 1691:, where the English traveller 1341: 1237:was the first to use the word 1091:), was described in 2001 from 517:, which attempted to separate 370:and paintings of white dodos. 1: 10535:National symbols of Mauritius 10495:IUCN Red List extinct species 8601:10.1080/08912963.2021.1940996 8122:10.1080/02724634.2015.1127721 8083:10.1080/02724634.2015.1111896 8044:Mauritius, Rodrigues, Réunion 7565:10.1080/08912963.2016.1155211 7415:. University of Warwick. 2018 7387:10.1080/08912963.2016.1152471 6747:Gregory-Kumar, David (2018). 5896:"Wildlife in Mauritius today" 5829:10.1080/02724634.2015.1113803 5495:10.1080/08912963.2018.1457658 4577:and the Penguin of Mauritius" 4518:10.1080/03014223.2001.9517673 4471:10.1080/02724634.2015.1121723 4111:10.1126/science.295.5560.1683 3597: 3553:The Dodo used to walk around, 3176:Willem Ysbrandtszoon Bontekoe 3113: 2856:, but the skin has perished. 2771:in 1656 and was moved to the 2479: 2450: 1916: 1768:, and may have been used for 1538: 1277:("hooded") was first used by 1197:Labelled sketch from 1634 by 1071:from South Asia. The lack of 724:of the Oxford specimen and a 699:In 2002, American geneticist 10520:Extinct animals of Mauritius 8823:"New species of ants (Hym., 8041:Richards, Alexandra (2012). 7206:10.1080/08912963.2014.904301 7171:10.1080/08912963.2013.838231 7084:10.1017/CBO9780511735769.003 6693:10.1080/08912963.2014.884566 6249:Laing, A. (27 August 2010). 6068:10.1126/science.197.4306.885 5661:10.1080/08912963.2014.961450 5574:(3): 165–168. Archived from 4077:10.1016/j.annpal.2004.12.002 3375:Dodo on a 1971 Mauritius 10 3208:Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II 3065:reconstructed skull) to the 2535:dogs, pigs, cats, rats, and 2090:Reproduction and development 1903:, have also become extinct. 1102: 682: 358:relative of the dodo is the 7: 10550:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 10505:Bird extinctions since 1500 9198:September 23, 2023, at the 8800:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.002 7731:Archives of Natural History 7646:Archives of Natural History 7345:Archives of Natural History 6488:(6992): 1 p following 621. 5952:Archives of Natural History 5413:Archives of Natural History 5332:Archives of Natural History 3871:Newton, A. (January 1865). 3818:Archives of Natural History 3787:Reinhardt, Johannes Theodor 3575: 2818:Upper jaw of a dodo in the 1392: 430: 10: 10571: 9150:Parish, Jolyon C. (2013). 8449:. Greenwood. p. 113. 7901:Quaternary Science Reviews 6890:Cheke, Anthony S. (2004). 6386:10.1038/s41598-017-08536-3 6013:Storer, Robert W. (2005). 4670:Hakluyt, Richard (2013) . 3853:; Melville, A. G. (1848). 3545:Bad Child's Book of Beasts 3187:Edmond de Sélys Longchamps 2945:, a railway engineer from 2727:, and an upper jaw in the 2635:The British ornithologist 2203:A 2017 study examined the 2182:Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer 1885:small Mauritian flying fox 1881:Round Island burrowing boa 1700:Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans 1010:thick-billed ground pigeon 815:(Victoria crowned pigeon) 492:Johannes Theodor Reinhardt 18: 10196: 10166: 10084: 10064: 10016: 9918: 9842: 9833: 9785: 9702: 9647: 9638: 9555: 9540: 9527: 9512: 9430: 9390: 9386: 9373: 9335: 9025:10.1007/s00438-004-1004-x 8935:Senckenbergiana Biologica 8903:10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1 8846:10.1080/00222934508654782 8684:10.1017/S0030605316000041 8503:10.1017/S0007087415000011 7764:Higginson, Harry (1891). 7357:10.3366/anh.1992.19.2.145 7307:10.1080/08912960802376199 6568:10.11646/zootaxa.1513.1.1 6439:Small Enterprise Research 6308:10.1007/s00114-012-0882-8 5913:10.1017/S0030605300012643 5872:10.1017/S0030605300020457 5425:10.3366/anh.1993.20.2.279 5211:10.1007/s00114-011-0772-5 5160:10.1007/s00114-011-0771-6 5109:10.1007/s00114-010-0759-7 4614:10.1080/08912960600639400 4573:"The History of the Dodo 4209:10.1080/10635150701549672 4139:Supplementary information 3830:10.3366/anh.2002.29.1.109 3795:Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift 3750:10.1080/08912960903101868 3555:And take the sun and air. 3395:coat of arms of Mauritius 3358:Coat of arms of Mauritius 3315:to go the way of the dodo 3108:University College London 2820:National Museum of Prague 2627:Frederick William Frohawk 1506:Contemporary descriptions 1168:" at the time), but from 893: 872: 865: 847: 840: 833: 826: 808: 801: 783: 776: 508:Alexander Gordon Melville 278: 271: 262: 253: 231: 224: 102:Scientific classification 100: 77: 68: 60: 51: 30: 10530:Extinct flightless birds 9330:and their extinct allies 8710:Bhookhun, D. P. (2006). 8557:National Geographic News 7980:10.1177/0959683614567886 7813:10.5962/bhl.title.110122 7658:10.3366/anh.2004.31.1.57 6892:"The Dodo's last island" 6714:BBC (20 November 2003). 6290:(Submitted manuscript). 6257:. London. Archived from 6021:(Submitted manuscript). 5559:Dissanayake, R. (2004). 5360:Teixeira, D. M. (2019). 5344:10.3366/anh.2003.30.1.13 4325:10.1186/1471-2148-14-136 4304:BMC Evolutionary Biology 4157:BBC (28 February 2002). 4057:Annales de Paléontologie 3685:: e.T22690059A93259513. 3641:10.1177/0959683611405236 3231:, now combined with the 3102:was rediscovered at the 2316:Dodos transported abroad 2252:Dutch East India Company 2221:Relationship with humans 1831:. The surviving endemic 1779:brain-to-body-size ratio 1731:such as the ostrich and 1445:vertebrae (those of the 1350:Size compared to a human 1312:Mathurin Jacques Brisson 787:Didunculus strigirostris 754:Didunculus strigirostris 531:Oxford University Museum 515:The Dodo and Its Kindred 10510:Birds described in 1758 8733:(subscription required) 8337:. Série D (in French). 8004:Encyclopedia of Islands 7637:; Cheke, A. S. (2004). 6359:, Aves, Columbiformes)" 5069:(subscription required) 3970:Aphanapteryx imperialis 3559:The Dodo is not there! 3323:featured as a character 2729:National Museum, Prague 2585:Isaac Johannes Lamotius 1841:Mascarene grey parakeet 1590:Contemporary depictions 1279:Juan Eusebio Nieremberg 1147:Waarachtige Beschryving 636:to name a new species, 16:Extinct species of bird 6627:Macmillan, A. (2000). 6128:Herhey, D. R. (2004). 5894:Temple, S. A. (1974). 5606:Journal of Ornithology 5518:Journal of Ornithology 3999:Storer, R. W. (1970). 3934:10.5962/bhl.title.8301 3851:Strickland, Hugh Edwin 3573: 3566:Is now for ever dumb – 3483:Phytophthora infestans 3466:off Réunion was named 3458:in 2013. A species of 3385:The dodo is used as a 3360:, featuring a dodo as 3237: 2943:Harry Pasley Higginson 2682:17th-century specimens 2623:Pieter van den Broecke 2581: 2380: 2313: 2292: 2234: 2128: 2102: 2019: 1981: 1944: 1926: 1789: 1755: 1649: 1628:Natural History Museum 1603: 1587: 1570: 1430: 1402: 1351: 1336:nomenclatural priority 1314:coined the genus name 1210: 1156: 1133: 1116: 1085:Viti Levu giant pigeon 989: 882:(Rodrigues solitaire) 790:(tooth-billed pigeon) 696: 10452:Paleobiology Database 8979:10.1073/pnas.93.1.447 8698:Cheke & Hume 2008 8482:Lawrence, N. (2015). 8331:n. gen. n. sp.]. 8280:Cheke & Hume 2008 8211:Cheke & Hume 2008 7743:10.3366/anh.2020.0662 6841:Cheke & Hume 2008 6615:Cheke & Hume 2008 6600:Cheke & Hume 2008 6237:Cheke & Hume 2008 6225:Cheke & Hume 2008 6201:Cheke & Hume 2008 5989:Cheke & Hume 2008 5964:10.3366/anh.2017.0422 5935:Cheke & Hume 2008 5853:Cheke, A. S. (1987). 5438:Mason, A. S. (1992). 4812:Cheke & Hume 2008 4747:Cheke & Hume 2008 3918:Lydekker, R. (1891). 3570:All in the Mu-se-um. 3550: 3422:Durrell Wildlife Park 3407:Brasseries de Bourbon 3253:Cultural significance 2769:Tradescant collection 2576: 2375: 2308: 2280: 2228: 2115: 2097: 2014: 1968: 1939: 1914: 1890:Tropidophora carinata 1877:Mauritian giant skink 1865:Mauritius night heron 1845:Mauritius blue pigeon 1787: 1746: 1739:Behaviour and ecology 1636: 1597: 1578: 1565: 1424: 1400: 1349: 1241:in print in his 1634 1196: 1151: 1110: 976: 690: 504:Hugh Edwin Strickland 339:. The two formed the 21:Dodo (disambiguation) 9135:. London: Duckworth. 8882:Pheidole megacephala 8374:. II a (in French). 8306:10.1093/jhc/15.2.201 7841:; Gadow, H. (1893). 7481:10.1093/jhc/13.2.125 7116:Aphanapteryx bonasia 6925:Conservation Biology 6545:Hume, J. P. (2007). 5697:; Steel, L. (2013). 5581:on 17 September 2011 5370:Arquivos de Zoologia 4144:5 April 2010 at the 4092:"Flight of the Dodo" 3926:Taylor & Francis 3478:transposable element 2913:Philip Burnard Ayres 2589:statistical analysis 2552:animals killed by a 2537:crab-eating macaques 2367:Adriaen van de Venne 2352:Adriaen van de Venne 1937:for wealthy mayors: 1656:rediscovered in the 1026:spotted green pigeon 634:Abraham Dee Bartlett 521:from reality. After 398:for its ecosystem. 19:For other uses, see 9118:, pp. 104–105. 9085:Christie's (2009). 9060:The Daily Telegraph 8970:1996PNAS...93..447M 8792:2011MolPE..59..477K 8625:, pp. 140–153. 8541:, pp. 134–138. 8225:, pp. 172–173. 8170:, pp. 123–129. 7972:2015Holoc..25..758D 7913:2009QSRv...28...14R 7333:, pp. 116–129. 7299:2008HBio...20..149T 7246:10.3390/quat3010004 7031:Newton, A. (1868). 6992:2003Natur.426..245R 6937:2013ConBi..27.1478R 6503:10.1038/nature02688 6494:2004Natur.429.....H 6451:10.5172/ser.11.2.93 6378:2017NatSR...7.7993A 6300:2012NW.....99..177M 6287:Naturwissenschaften 6255:The Daily Telegraph 6169:1991Oikos..61..133W 6060:1977Sci...197..885T 5701:Pezophaps solitaria 5618:1958JOrni..99..441S 5530:1958JOrni..99..438I 5203:2011NW.....98..359A 5191:Naturwissenschaften 5152:2011NW.....98..357L 5140:Naturwissenschaften 5101:2011NW.....98..233A 5089:Naturwissenschaften 5012:Pezophaps solitaria 4946:, pp. 265–282. 4862:, pp. 147–149. 4596:2006HBio...18...69H 4510:2001JRSNZ..31..763W 4316:2014BMCEE..14..136H 4285:, pp. 134–141. 4251:2012GeolT..28..147H 4069:2005AnPal..91..167J 3742:2009HBio...21...33H 3633:2011Holoc..21.1179R 3582:Holocene extinction 3341:Alice in Wonderland 2864:Subfossil specimens 2593:confidence interval 2511:, 1893 (left), and 1924:Crocker Art Gallery 1849:Mauritius scops owl 1837:broad-billed parrot 1804:l'île aux Bénitiers 1751:of a slim dodo, by 1721:Crocker Art Gallery 1598:Compilation of the 1427:Rodrigues solitaire 1203:broad-billed parrot 1089:Natunaornis gigoura 879:Pezophaps solitaria 851:Caloenas nicobarica 750:tooth-billed pigeon 734:Caloenas nicobarica 539:Pezophaps solitaria 535:Rodrigues solitaire 337:Rodrigues solitaire 327:, which is east of 282:Struthio cucullatus 71:Conservation status 10515:Birds of Mauritius 9392:Mesitornithiformes 9184:Dodo Bird Unboxing 8588:Historical Biology 8563:on 17 October 2012 8329:Borbonibis latipes 8323:Borbonibis latipes 7619:, p. 184–188. 7553:Historical Biology 7375:Historical Biology 7287:Historical Biology 7194:Historical Biology 7159:Historical Biology 6945:10.1111/cobi.12134 6853:Cocks, T. (2006). 6681:Historical Biology 6366:Scientific Reports 6261:on 29 August 2010. 5649:Historical Biology 5626:10.1007/BF01671615 5604:L.) ausgesehen?". 5538:10.1007/BF01671614 5487:Historical Biology 5288:Rothschild, Walter 5255:10.7717/peerj.1432 5016:Journal of Zoology 4919:Journal of Zoology 4584:Historical Biology 4196:Systematic Biology 3730:Historical Biology 3414:endangered species 3223:Borbonibis latipes 3153:Pieter Holsteyn II 3096:Senckenberg Museum 2979:Memoir on the Dodo 2458:Emperor Rudolph II 2333:Emperor Rudolph II 2235: 2178:East London Museum 2124:Oiseaux de Nazaret 2103: 2100:East London Museum 1982: 1927: 1896:Casearia tinifolia 1857:Mauritian shelduck 1790: 1756: 1717:Cornelis Saftleven 1650: 1604: 1546:Cornelis Saftleven 1431: 1403: 1382:Bradley C. Livezey 1378:sexually dimorphic 1352: 1318:(referring to the 1288:, in reference to 1235:Sir Thomas Herbert 1211: 1199:Sir Thomas Herbert 1117: 1006:Otidiphaps nobilis 1000:and including the 990: 697: 217:R. cucullatus 10480: 10479: 10470:Raphus-cucullatus 10439:Open Tree of Life 10255:raphus-cucullatus 10242:Raphus_cucullatus 10228:Raphus cucullatus 10198:Raphus cucullatus 10190:Taxon identifiers 10181: 10180: 10177: 10176: 10164: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10156: 10155: 9781: 9780: 9523: 9522: 9510: 9509: 9506: 9505: 9426: 9425: 9192:Raphus cucullatus 9178:Painting the Dodo 9163:978-0-253-00099-6 8646:on 9 January 2015 8282:, pp. 30–31. 8145:Raphus cucullatus 8106:Raphus cucullatus 8054:978-1-84162-410-5 8014:978-0-520-25649-1 7892:Raphus cucullatus 7884:Rijsdijk, K. F.; 7725:Raphus cucullatus 7501:Raphus cucullatus 7147:, pp. 70–73. 7112:Raphus cucullatus 7093:978-0-521-11331-1 6789:10.1111/btp.12490 6640:978-81-206-1508-3 6617:, pp. 81–83. 6602:, pp. 77–78. 6357:Raphus cucullatus 6343:pp. 177–184. 6215:, pp. 43–44. 6054:(4306): 885–886. 5991:, pp. 37–38. 5937:, pp. 49–52. 5755:10.1111/zoj.12388 5739:Raphus cucullatus 5720:10.1111/bij.12087 5684:, pp. 76–77. 5602:Raphus cucullatus 5483:Raphus cucullatus 5451:978-1-873240-48-9 5409:Raphus cucullatus 5364:Raphus cucullatus 5236:Raphus cucullatus 5085:Raphus cucullatus 5010:) and Solitaire ( 5008:Raphus cucullatus 4983:978-1-4729-3744-5 4915:Raphus cucullatus 4886:978-1-59373-002-4 4845:978-0-00-714572-0 4761:, pp. 17–18. 4749:, pp. 22–23. 4734:pp. 194–203. 4729:978-0-8014-3954-4 4575:Raphus cucullatus 4465:(sup 1): 29–187. 4436:, pp. 37–39. 4368:978-0-7136-6544-4 3814:Raphus cucullatus 3671:Raphus cucullatus 3449:Pseudolasius dodo 3442:. Two species of 3298:(left, 1865) and 3280:Illustrations of 3191:Raphus solitarius 2248:Maurice of Nassau 1770:display behaviour 1704:Masauji Hachisuka 1324:Raphus cucullatus 1250:derives from the 1184:Kermesse festival 1182:fattened for the 1045:Mascarene Islands 1030:Caloenas maculata 1014:Trugon terrestris 970: 969: 961: 960: 952: 951: 943: 942: 934: 933: 925: 924: 916: 915: 900:Raphus cucullatus 854:(Nicobar pigeon) 621:Raphus solitarius 613:Réunion solitaire 352:pigeons and doves 323:to the island of 309:Raphus cucullatus 300: 299: 294: 286: 238:Raphus cucullatus 205: 95: 10562: 10473: 10472: 10460: 10459: 10447: 10446: 10434: 10433: 10421: 10420: 10408: 10407: 10395: 10394: 10382: 10381: 10369: 10368: 10356: 10355: 10343: 10342: 10330: 10329: 10317: 10316: 10307: 10306: 10294: 10293: 10281: 10280: 10271: 10270: 10268:DEF9592737DC3B5E 10258: 10257: 10245: 10244: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10217: 10216: 10215: 10185: 10184: 10172: 10144: 9997: 9987: 9970: 9960: 9936: 9840: 9839: 9720: 9645: 9644: 9626: 9616: 9606: 9596: 9586: 9576: 9566: 9553: 9552: 9542: 9541: 9529: 9528: 9518: 9480: 9470: 9460: 9450: 9437: 9436: 9397: 9396: 9388: 9387: 9375: 9374: 9312: 9305: 9298: 9289: 9288: 9280: 9279: 9278: 9268: 9267: 9266: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9244: 9243: 9232: 9231: 9220: 9219: 9218: 9211: 9167: 9138: 9136: 9125: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8991: 8981: 8949: 8943: 8942: 8930: 8924: 8923: 8905: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8854: 8831: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8750: 8742: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8662: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8642:. Archived from 8640:banknotenews.com 8632: 8626: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8603: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8559:. Archived from 8548: 8542: 8536: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8488: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8410: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8316: 8310: 8309: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8244: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8077:(sup 1): 21–28. 8066: 8060: 8058: 8038: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8026: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7937: 7898: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7666: 7643: 7631: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7531: 7507: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7464: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7439: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7370: 7361: 7360: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7319: 7318: 7282: 7273: 7272: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7114:and the Red Hen 7107: 7098: 7097: 7073: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7003: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6931:(6): 1478–1480. 6920: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6903: 6896: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6802: 6793: 6792: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6551: 6542: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6505: 6470: 6464: 6462: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6405: 6363: 6350: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6332: 6283: 6274: 6263: 6262: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6189: 6188: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6103:Annals of Botany 6094: 6088: 6087: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5947: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5915: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5874: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5831: 5807: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5734: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5580: 5565: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5478: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5320: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5267: 5257: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5080: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5041: 5032: 5031: 5003: 4988: 4987: 4966: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4824: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4771: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4735: 4733: 4712: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4638: 4607: 4581: 4565: 4530: 4529: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4454: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4380: 4374: 4372: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4337: 4327: 4295: 4286: 4280: 4271: 4270: 4231: 4222: 4221: 4211: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4154: 4148: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4127: 4096: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4020: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3965: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3847: 3834: 3833: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3766: 3727: 3715: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3694: 3664: 3653: 3652: 3627:(8): 1179–1194. 3612: 3510: 3501: 3435:Nephilengys dodo 3372: 3354: 3274: 3265: 3240: 3233:specific epithet 3189:coined the name 3148: 3128: 3012: 2997: 2885: 2876: 2812: 2803: 2773:Ashmolean Museum 2755: 2746: 2703: 2694: 2677:Physical remains 2616: 2607: 2587:in 1688. A 2003 2558:mass mortalities 2501: 2492: 2455: 2452: 2437: 2428: 2419: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2348: 2328: 2153: 2138: 2010:Hamon L'Estrange 1921: 1918: 1907:Diet and feeding 1749:life restoration 1658:Hermitage Museum 1543: 1540: 1527: 1518: 1361:primary feathers 1136: 1080:very large sizes 987:genetic analyses 897: 876: 868: 867: 843: 842: 836: 835: 829: 828: 804: 803: 779: 778: 772: 771: 720:isolated from a 623:, respectively ( 617:Didus solitarius 454: 443: 403:invasive species 292: 284: 258: 240: 236: 200: 193: 180: 110: 109: 89: 83: 82: 56: 45: 34:Temporal range: 28: 27: 10570: 10569: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10555:Dutch Mauritius 10485: 10484: 10481: 10476: 10468: 10463: 10455: 10450: 10442: 10437: 10429: 10424: 10416: 10411: 10403: 10398: 10390: 10385: 10377: 10372: 10364: 10359: 10351: 10346: 10338: 10333: 10325: 10320: 10312: 10310: 10302: 10297: 10289: 10284: 10276: 10274: 10266: 10261: 10253: 10248: 10240: 10235: 10226: 10225: 10220: 10211: 10210: 10205: 10192: 10182: 10173: 10152: 10080: 10060: 10012: 9914: 9829: 9777: 9698: 9634: 9549: 9536: 9519: 9502: 9422: 9401:Mesitornithidae 9382: 9380:Pteroclimesites 9369: 9331: 9316: 9286: 9276: 9274: 9264: 9262: 9252: 9250: 9238: 9226: 9216: 9214: 9206: 9200:Wayback Machine 9174: 9164: 9146: 9141: 9137:pp. 27–30. 9126: 9122: 9114: 9110: 9100: 9098: 9083: 9079: 9069: 9067: 9052: 9048: 9009: 9005: 8950: 8946: 8941:(4/6): 303–318. 8931: 8927: 8876:"A revision of 8872: 8868: 8858: 8856: 8852: 8840:(95): 776–782. 8829: 8819: 8815: 8772: 8768: 8758: 8756: 8749:(Press release) 8748: 8744: 8743: 8739: 8735:pp. 27–30. 8732: 8725: 8723: 8708: 8704: 8696: 8692: 8663: 8659: 8649: 8647: 8634: 8633: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8580: 8576: 8566: 8564: 8549: 8545: 8537: 8530: 8520: 8518: 8486: 8480: 8476: 8466: 8464: 8457: 8441: 8437: 8427: 8425: 8412: 8411: 8407: 8399: 8395: 8385: 8383: 8362: 8358: 8348: 8346: 8317: 8313: 8290: 8286: 8278: 8274: 8259:10.2307/4073093 8242: 8233: 8229: 8223:Rothschild 1907 8221: 8217: 8209: 8205: 8195: 8193: 8178: 8174: 8166: 8162: 8141: 8137: 8102: 8098: 8067: 8063: 8055: 8039: 8035: 8024: 8022: 8015: 7999: 7995: 7955: 7951: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7896: 7882: 7878: 7868: 7866: 7836: 7832: 7822: 7820: 7799: 7795: 7777: 7773: 7762: 7758: 7719: 7715: 7684: 7680: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7641: 7632: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7596: 7592: 7584: 7580: 7549: 7545: 7535: 7533: 7529: 7505: 7492: 7488: 7465: 7461: 7451: 7449: 7432: 7428: 7418: 7416: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7371: 7364: 7341: 7337: 7329: 7322: 7283: 7276: 7259: 7258: 7254: 7225: 7221: 7190: 7186: 7155: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7064: 7060: 7050: 7048: 7029: 7025: 7001:10.1038/426245a 6972: 6968: 6921: 6917: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6894: 6888: 6884: 6874: 6872: 6851: 6847: 6839: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6803: 6796: 6773: 6769: 6759: 6757: 6745: 6741: 6731: 6729: 6712: 6708: 6677: 6673: 6665: 6661: 6650: 6648: 6641: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6606: 6598: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6574: 6549: 6543: 6539: 6531: 6527: 6471: 6467: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6361: 6351: 6347: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6281: 6275: 6266: 6247: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6223: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6199: 6192: 6177:10.2307/3545415 6153: 6149: 6139: 6137: 6126: 6122: 6095: 6091: 6044: 6040: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5948: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5892: 5888: 5851: 5847: 5822:(sup 1): 3–20. 5808: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5781: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5735: 5728: 5692: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5645: 5641: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5563: 5557: 5553: 5514: 5510: 5479: 5472: 5468:pp. 46–49. 5461: 5459: 5452: 5436: 5432: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5358: 5351: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5285: 5281: 5230: 5226: 5187: 5183: 5136: 5132: 5081: 5074: 5068: 5061: 5059: 5042: 5035: 5004: 4991: 4984: 4967: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4911: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4887: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4825: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4713: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4683: 4681: 4668: 4664: 4660:, pp. 3–5. 4656: 4652: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4605:10.1.1.695.6929 4579: 4566: 4533: 4490: 4486: 4455: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4381: 4377: 4373:pp. 70–71. 4369: 4355: 4351: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4274: 4232: 4225: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4155: 4151: 4146:Wayback Machine 4131: 4129: 4125: 4094: 4088: 4084: 4053: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4018:10.2307/4083934 3997: 3993: 3966: 3962: 3951: 3949: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3875:Didus Nazarenus 3869: 3865: 3861:pp. 4–112. 3848: 3837: 3810: 3806: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3725: 3716: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3665: 3656: 3613: 3604: 3600: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3525: 3518:rogue taxidermy 3513: 3512: 3511: 3503: 3502: 3403:Mauritian rupee 3383: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3365: 3364: 3355: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3267: 3266: 3255: 3172:Pieter Holsteyn 3160: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3140: 3137:and the animals 3133:Landscape with 3129: 3116: 3058:tarsometatarsus 3024: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3013: 3005: 3004: 2998: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2896:Mare aux Songes 2888: 2887: 2886: 2878: 2877: 2866: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2805: 2804: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2756: 2748: 2747: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2696: 2695: 2684: 2679: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2609: 2608: 2532:fugitive slaves 2523: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2494: 2493: 2482: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2430: 2429: 2421: 2420: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2401: 2400: 2392: 2391: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2341: 2340: 2337:Jacob Hoefnagel 2329: 2318: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2241:vessels in the 2223: 2170:Didus nazarenus 2165: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2154: 2146: 2145: 2139: 2092: 1975:Carolus Clusius 1919: 1909: 1795:Mare aux Songes 1741: 1654:Mughal painting 1592: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1541: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1520: 1519: 1508: 1471:carpometacarpus 1467:pectoral girdle 1412:sclerotic rings 1395: 1359:, with lighter 1344: 1295:Systema Naturae 1290:Carolus Clusius 1273:The Latin name 1105: 1020:along with the 1002:pheasant pigeon 971: 962: 953: 944: 935: 926: 917: 738:crowned pigeons 685: 638:Didus nazarenus 552:portion of the 472: 471: 470: 469: 457: 456: 455: 446: 445: 444: 433: 411:Mare aux Songes 350:which includes 317:flightless bird 249: 242: 234: 233: 220: 199: 191: 178: 104: 96: 84: 80: 73: 47: 46: 38:Middle Holocene 36: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10568: 10558: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10478: 10477: 10475: 10474: 10461: 10448: 10435: 10422: 10409: 10396: 10383: 10370: 10357: 10344: 10331: 10318: 10308: 10295: 10282: 10272: 10259: 10246: 10233: 10218: 10202: 10200: 10194: 10193: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10150: 10140: 10133: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10090: 10088: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10078: 10070: 10068: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10058: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10030: 10022: 10020: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10010: 10003: 9993: 9983: 9976: 9966: 9956: 9949: 9942: 9932: 9924: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9912: 9905: 9898: 9891: 9884: 9877: 9870: 9863: 9856: 9848: 9846: 9837: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9827: 9820: 9813: 9806: 9799: 9791: 9789: 9783: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9775: 9768: 9761: 9754: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9726: 9716: 9708: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9689: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9661: 9653: 9651: 9642: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9632: 9622: 9612: 9602: 9592: 9582: 9572: 9561: 9559: 9557:incertae sedis 9550: 9545: 9538: 9537: 9525: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9500: 9493: 9486: 9476: 9466: 9456: 9445: 9443: 9434: 9432:Pterocliformes 9428: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9413: 9405: 9403: 9394: 9384: 9383: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9367: 9365:Columbimorphae 9361: 9355: 9349: 9343: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9315: 9314: 9307: 9300: 9292: 9285: 9284: 9272: 9260: 9248: 9236: 9224: 9204: 9203: 9190:Aves3D – 9187: 9181: 9173: 9172:External links 9170: 9169: 9168: 9162: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9120: 9108: 9077: 9046: 9019:(5): 577–585. 9003: 8964:(1): 447–451. 8944: 8925: 8896:(4): 301–356. 8866: 8813: 8786:(2): 477–488. 8766: 8737: 8702: 8690: 8677:(3): 471–476. 8657: 8627: 8615: 8594:(4): 648–657. 8574: 8543: 8528: 8497:(3): 387–408. 8474: 8456:978-0313294907 8455: 8435: 8418:Dictionary.com 8405: 8393: 8356: 8341:(5): 419–423. 8325:n. gen. n. sp" 8311: 8300:(2): 201–210. 8284: 8272: 8236:Rothschild, W. 8227: 8215: 8203: 8172: 8160: 8135: 8116:(sup 1): 1–2. 8096: 8061: 8053: 8033: 8013: 7993: 7966:(5): 758–771. 7949: 7907:(1–2): 14–24. 7876: 7853:(7): 281–302. 7830: 7793: 7771: 7756: 7737:(2): 381–391. 7713: 7694:(2): 141–146. 7678: 7621: 7609: 7590: 7588:, p. 123. 7578: 7559:(3): 296–307. 7543: 7486: 7475:(2): 125–144. 7459: 7426: 7400: 7381:(2): 234–247. 7362: 7351:(2): 145–152. 7335: 7320: 7293:(2): 149–163. 7274: 7252: 7219: 7184: 7149: 7137: 7099: 7092: 7058: 7043:(2): 479–482. 7023: 6966: 6915: 6882: 6845: 6830: 6794: 6783:(6): 778–783. 6767: 6739: 6706: 6671: 6659: 6639: 6619: 6604: 6592: 6590:, pp. 15. 6580: 6537: 6525: 6465: 6429: 6417: 6345: 6294:(3): 177–184. 6264: 6241: 6239:, p. 162. 6229: 6217: 6205: 6190: 6163:(1): 133–137. 6147: 6132:. Botany.org. 6120: 6109:(4): 587–606. 6089: 6038: 6005: 5993: 5981: 5969: 5958:(1): 134–150. 5939: 5927: 5906:(5): 584–590. 5886: 5845: 5799: 5787: 5772: 5760: 5749:(4): 950–963. 5726: 5686: 5674: 5639: 5612:(4): 441–459. 5592: 5551: 5524:(4): 438–440. 5508: 5470: 5450: 5430: 5419:(2): 279–301. 5399: 5376:(4): 191–200. 5349: 5312: 5300: 5279: 5224: 5197:(4): 359–360. 5181: 5130: 5095:(3): 233–236. 5072: 5054:. p. 24. 5033: 5022:(2): 247–292. 4989: 4982: 4948: 4936: 4925:(2): 233–246. 4905: 4893: 4885: 4864: 4852: 4844: 4816: 4814:, p. 276. 4804: 4763: 4751: 4736: 4728: 4704: 4692: 4662: 4650: 4531: 4504:(4): 763–794. 4484: 4438: 4426: 4405:10.1086/316701 4397:10.1086/316701 4391:(5): 642–644. 4375: 4367: 4349: 4287: 4272: 4245:(4): 147–151. 4223: 4202:(4): 656–672. 4182: 4149: 4105:(5560): 1683. 4082: 4063:(2): 167–180. 4044: 4011:(2): 369–370. 3991: 3980:(3): 256–275. 3960: 3910: 3887:(1): 199–201. 3863: 3835: 3804: 3778: 3736:(1–2): 33–49. 3705: 3654: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3577: 3574: 3562: 3551: 3540:Hilaire Belloc 3524:in NHM (right) 3515: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3469:Hansenium dodo 3374: 3367: 3366: 3356: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3311:dead as a dodo 3300:Arthur Rackham 3279: 3278: 3269: 3268: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3168:Pieter Withoos 3150: 3143: 3142: 3130: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3014: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2983:Edwards's Dodo 2900:Edwards's Dodo 2890: 2889: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2846:Gottorf Castle 2830:Edwards's Dodo 2817: 2816: 2807: 2806: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2760: 2759: 2750: 2749: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2708: 2707: 2698: 2697: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2671:Penny Magazine 2667:Georges Cuvier 2621: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2506: 2505: 2496: 2495: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2442: 2441: 2432: 2431: 2423: 2422: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2393: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2371:Edwards's Dodo 2350: 2343: 2342: 2335:in Prague, by 2330: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2300:Charles Darwin 2281: 2263:Jacob van Neck 2222: 2219: 2209:thin-sectioned 2155: 2148: 2147: 2140: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2091: 2088: 2081:South American 2038:Stanley Temple 1999:olfactory bulb 1986:rhynchokinetic 1979:Jacob van Neck 1908: 1905: 1887:and the snail 1861:Mauritian duck 1853:Mascarene coot 1753:Julian P. Hume 1740: 1737: 1682:Mughal Emperor 1671:Mughal painter 1662:St. Petersburg 1646:Roelant Savery 1624:George Edwards 1620:Edwards's Dodo 1616:Roelant Savery 1591: 1588: 1532: 1531: 1522: 1521: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1498:, and smaller 1429:, not to scale 1394: 1391: 1343: 1340: 1104: 1101: 1095:material from 1069:island hopping 968: 967: 964: 963: 959: 958: 955: 954: 950: 949: 946: 945: 941: 940: 937: 936: 932: 931: 928: 927: 923: 922: 919: 918: 914: 913: 910: 909: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 871: 866: 864: 861: 860: 857: 856: 846: 841: 839: 834: 832: 827: 825: 822: 821: 818: 817: 812:Goura victoria 807: 802: 800: 797: 796: 793: 792: 782: 777: 775: 770: 730:Nicobar pigeon 693:Nicobar pigeon 684: 681: 654:Didus herberti 650:Didus broeckii 590:zygomatic bone 510:in their 1848 459: 458: 449: 448: 447: 438: 437: 436: 435: 434: 432: 429: 383:gizzard stones 360:Nicobar pigeon 354:. The closest 298: 297: 296: 295: 293:Linnaeus, 1766 287: 285:Linnaeus, 1758 276: 275: 269: 268: 260: 259: 251: 250: 243: 229: 228: 222: 221: 213: 211: 207: 206: 189: 185: 184: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 98: 97: 78: 75: 74: 69: 66: 65: 58: 57: 49: 48: 35: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10567: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10483: 10471: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10309: 10305: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10273: 10269: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10238: 10234: 10229: 10223: 10219: 10214: 10208: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10186: 10171: 10149: 10148: 10141: 10139: 10138: 10134: 10132: 10131: 10127: 10125: 10124: 10120: 10118: 10117: 10113: 10111: 10110: 10106: 10104: 10103: 10099: 10097: 10096: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10083: 10077: 10076: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10063: 10057: 10056: 10052: 10050: 10049: 10045: 10043: 10042: 10038: 10036: 10035: 10031: 10029: 10028: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10015: 10009: 10008: 10004: 10002: 10001: 9994: 9992: 9991: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9977: 9975: 9974: 9967: 9965: 9964: 9957: 9955: 9954: 9950: 9948: 9947: 9943: 9941: 9940: 9933: 9931: 9930: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9911: 9910: 9906: 9904: 9903: 9899: 9897: 9896: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9885: 9883: 9882: 9878: 9876: 9875: 9871: 9869: 9868: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9857: 9855: 9854: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9821: 9819: 9818: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9807: 9805: 9804: 9800: 9798: 9797: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9784: 9774: 9773: 9769: 9767: 9766: 9762: 9760: 9759: 9755: 9753: 9752: 9751:Reinwardtoena 9748: 9746: 9745: 9741: 9739: 9738: 9734: 9732: 9731: 9727: 9725: 9724: 9717: 9715: 9714: 9710: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9701: 9695: 9694: 9690: 9688: 9687: 9683: 9681: 9680: 9676: 9674: 9673: 9669: 9667: 9666: 9662: 9660: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9637: 9631: 9630: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9613: 9611: 9610: 9603: 9601: 9600: 9593: 9591: 9590: 9583: 9581: 9580: 9573: 9571: 9570: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9554: 9551: 9548: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9534:Columbiformes 9530: 9526: 9517: 9499: 9498: 9494: 9492: 9491: 9487: 9485: 9484: 9477: 9475: 9474: 9467: 9465: 9464: 9457: 9455: 9454: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9419: 9418: 9414: 9412: 9411: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9376: 9372: 9366: 9362: 9360: 9356: 9354: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9342: 9338: 9337: 9334: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9313: 9308: 9306: 9301: 9299: 9294: 9293: 9290: 9283: 9273: 9271: 9261: 9259: 9249: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9223: 9213: 9212: 9209: 9201: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9188: 9185: 9182: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9165: 9159: 9155: 9154: 9148: 9147: 9134: 9130: 9124: 9117: 9112: 9096: 9092: 9091:Christies.com 9088: 9081: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9050: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9007: 8999: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8948: 8940: 8936: 8929: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8890: 8885: 8883: 8879: 8870: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8828: 8826: 8817: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8770: 8754: 8747: 8741: 8721: 8717: 8716:allAfrica.com 8713: 8706: 8700:, p. 31. 8699: 8694: 8685: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8661: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8631: 8624: 8619: 8611: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8578: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8535: 8533: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8485: 8478: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8439: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8409: 8403:, p. 13. 8402: 8397: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8360: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8326: 8324: 8315: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8288: 8281: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8241: 8237: 8231: 8224: 8219: 8213:, p. 30. 8212: 8207: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8164: 8156: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8139: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8100: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8056: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8037: 8020: 8016: 8010: 8006: 8005: 7997: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7953: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7895: 7893: 7887: 7880: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7834: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7805: 7797: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7767: 7760: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7726: 7717: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7682: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7618: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7594: 7587: 7582: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7504: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7463: 7447: 7443: 7442:The Telegraph 7438: 7430: 7414: 7413:warwick.ac.uk 7410: 7404: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7367: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7327: 7325: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7279: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7247: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7141: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7104: 7095: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7072: 7071: 7062: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6986:(6964): 245. 6985: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6919: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6849: 6843:, p. 79. 6842: 6837: 6835: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6801: 6799: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6743: 6727: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6669:, p. 60. 6668: 6663: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6609: 6601: 6596: 6589: 6584: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6548: 6541: 6535:, p. 56. 6534: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6469: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6427:, p. 17. 6426: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6358: 6349: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6280: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6233: 6227:, p. 27. 6226: 6221: 6214: 6209: 6203:, p. 38. 6202: 6197: 6195: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6042: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6003:, p. 69. 6002: 5997: 5990: 5985: 5979:, p. 42. 5978: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5946: 5944: 5936: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5804: 5797:, p. 54. 5796: 5791: 5785:, p. 41. 5784: 5779: 5777: 5770:, p. 23. 5769: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5733: 5731: 5721: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5683: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5608:(in German). 5607: 5603: 5596: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5568:The Biologist 5562: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5475: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5365: 5356: 5354: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5310:, p. 62. 5309: 5304: 5295: 5294: 5293:Extinct Birds 5289: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5237: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5077: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5051:New Scientist 5047: 5040: 5038: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4974:Extinct Birds 4971: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4945: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4903:, p. 45. 4902: 4897: 4888: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4873:Fuller, Errol 4868: 4861: 4856: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4836:HarperCollins 4833: 4829: 4828:Fuller, Errol 4823: 4821: 4813: 4808: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4775:Staub, France 4770: 4768: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4720:Extinct Birds 4717: 4716:Fuller, Errol 4711: 4709: 4702:, p. 51. 4701: 4696: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4435: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4292: 4284: 4279: 4277: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4239:Geology Today 4236: 4230: 4228: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4153: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4049: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3914: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3800: 3797:(in Danish). 3796: 3792: 3789:(1842–1843). 3788: 3782: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3602: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3571: 3560: 3549: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3533: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3455:Pheidole dodo 3451: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3337:Alice Liddell 3334: 3333: 3328: 3327:Lewis Carroll 3324: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3264: 3250: 3248: 3247:R. solitarius 3245: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3154: 3147: 3138: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100:Edwardian era 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3074:, from which 3073: 3072:laser scanned 3068: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3049:cyanobacteria 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3018: 3011: 3003: 2996: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2861: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2831: 2821: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2791: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2702: 2693: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2658:IUCN Red List 2654: 2651: 2645: 2643: 2638: 2637:Alfred Newton 2628: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2491: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2459: 2436: 2427: 2418: 2407: 2398: 2389: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2353: 2347: 2339:, early 1600s 2338: 2334: 2327: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2302:'s theory of 2301: 2296: 2290: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2227: 2218: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2159: 2152: 2144: 2143:growth series 2137: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2096: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2076:Anodorhynchus 2072: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2028:In 1973, the 2026: 2024: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971:gizzard stone 1969:Dodo and its 1967: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1913: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1829:deforestation 1826: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1687:, located in 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1647: 1644:, painted by 1643: 1641: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1609: 1601: 1596: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1569: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1547: 1536: 1526: 1517: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1447:lumbar region 1444: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1399: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1348: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328:Didus ineptus 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300:Carl Linnaeus 1297: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1114: 1109: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 988: 984: 980: 975: 966: 965: 957: 956: 948: 947: 939: 938: 930: 929: 921: 920: 912: 911: 908: 906: 902: 901: 891: 890: 887: 886: 883: 881: 880: 870: 869: 863: 862: 859: 858: 855: 853: 852: 845: 844: 838: 837: 831: 830: 824: 823: 820: 819: 816: 814: 813: 806: 805: 799: 798: 795: 794: 791: 789: 788: 781: 780: 774: 773: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 716: 712: 711: 706: 705:mitochondrial 702: 694: 689: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 467: 463: 460:Skull in the 453: 442: 428: 426: 422: 421: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 315: 311: 310: 305: 291: 290:Didus ineptus 288: 283: 280: 279: 277: 274: 270: 266: 261: 257: 252: 247: 241: 239: 230: 227: 226:Binomial name 223: 219: 218: 212: 209: 208: 203: 198: 197: 190: 187: 186: 183: 177: 174: 173: 170: 167: 164: 163: 160: 159:Columbiformes 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 113: 108: 103: 99: 93: 88: (1662) 87: 76: 72: 67: 64: 59: 55: 50: 43: 39: 29: 26: 22: 10482: 10197: 10145: 10135: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10102:Drepanoptila 10100: 10093: 10073: 10053: 10046: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9988: 9978: 9971: 9961: 9951: 9944: 9937: 9927: 9907: 9900: 9893: 9886: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9858: 9853:Gallicolumba 9851: 9822: 9817:Paraclaravis 9815: 9808: 9801: 9794: 9770: 9765:Streptopelia 9763: 9756: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9728: 9721: 9711: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9670: 9663: 9656: 9627: 9617: 9607: 9597: 9589:Dysmoropelia 9587: 9577: 9569:Arenicolumba 9567: 9556: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9471: 9461: 9453:Archaeoganga 9451: 9415: 9408: 9282:Paleontology 9191: 9152: 9144:Bibliography 9132: 9123: 9111: 9099:. Retrieved 9090: 9080: 9068:. Retrieved 9059: 9049: 9016: 9012: 9006: 8961: 8957: 8947: 8938: 8934: 8928: 8893: 8887: 8881: 8877: 8869: 8857:. Retrieved 8837: 8833: 8824: 8816: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8769: 8757:. Retrieved 8740: 8726:26 September 8724:. Retrieved 8715: 8705: 8693: 8674: 8670: 8660: 8648:. Retrieved 8644:the original 8639: 8630: 8618: 8591: 8587: 8577: 8565:. Retrieved 8561:the original 8556: 8546: 8521:25 September 8519:. Retrieved 8494: 8490: 8477: 8465:. Retrieved 8445: 8438: 8426:. Retrieved 8417: 8408: 8396: 8384:. Retrieved 8375: 8369: 8359: 8347:. Retrieved 8338: 8332: 8328: 8322: 8314: 8297: 8293: 8287: 8275: 8253:(2): 78–79. 8250: 8246: 8230: 8218: 8206: 8194:. Retrieved 8186:The Guardian 8185: 8175: 8163: 8154: 8148: 8144: 8138: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8043: 8036: 8031:p. 231. 8023:. Retrieved 8003: 7996: 7963: 7960:The Holocene 7959: 7952: 7942:24 September 7940:. Retrieved 7904: 7900: 7891: 7879: 7867:. Retrieved 7850: 7846: 7833: 7821:. Retrieved 7803: 7796: 7787: 7783: 7774: 7765: 7759: 7734: 7730: 7724: 7716: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7669:. Retrieved 7652:(1): 57–79. 7649: 7645: 7612: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7581: 7556: 7552: 7546: 7536:14 September 7534:. Retrieved 7514: 7511:Bull. B.O.C. 7509: 7500: 7489: 7472: 7468: 7462: 7450:. Retrieved 7441: 7429: 7417:. Retrieved 7412: 7403: 7378: 7374: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7290: 7286: 7268: 7264: 7255: 7236: 7232: 7222: 7197: 7193: 7187: 7162: 7158: 7152: 7140: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7069: 7061: 7049:. Retrieved 7040: 7036: 7026: 6983: 6979: 6969: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6906:. Retrieved 6885: 6873:. Retrieved 6858: 6848: 6821:. Retrieved 6810: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6758:. Retrieved 6752: 6742: 6730:. Retrieved 6719: 6709: 6684: 6680: 6674: 6662: 6649:. Retrieved 6629: 6622: 6595: 6583: 6559: 6553: 6540: 6528: 6485: 6481: 6468: 6445:(2): 93–98. 6442: 6438: 6432: 6420: 6369: 6365: 6356: 6348: 6335:. Retrieved 6291: 6285: 6259:the original 6254: 6244: 6232: 6220: 6208: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6138:. Retrieved 6123: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6022: 6018: 6008: 5996: 5984: 5972: 5955: 5951: 5930: 5903: 5899: 5889: 5865:(1): 29–36. 5862: 5858: 5848: 5819: 5815: 5790: 5763: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5689: 5677: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5585:14 September 5583:. Retrieved 5576:the original 5571: 5567: 5554: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5486: 5482: 5460:. Retrieved 5440: 5433: 5416: 5412: 5411:(L, 1758)". 5408: 5402: 5390:. Retrieved 5373: 5369: 5363: 5338:(1): 13–27. 5335: 5331: 5327: 5303: 5298:p. 172. 5292: 5282: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5227: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5060:. Retrieved 5049: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 4973: 4939: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4896: 4876: 4867: 4855: 4831: 4807: 4795:. Retrieved 4786: 4782: 4754: 4719: 4695: 4690:p. 253. 4682:. Retrieved 4672: 4665: 4653: 4641:. Retrieved 4590:(2): 69–93. 4587: 4583: 4574: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4462: 4458: 4429: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4358: 4352: 4307: 4303: 4242: 4238: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4173:. Retrieved 4162: 4152: 4130:. Retrieved 4102: 4098: 4085: 4060: 4056: 4035:. Retrieved 4008: 4004: 3994: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3958:p. 128. 3950:. Retrieved 3920: 3913: 3901:. Retrieved 3884: 3880: 3877:, Bartlett)" 3874: 3866: 3855: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3798: 3794: 3781: 3769:. Retrieved 3733: 3729: 3696:. Retrieved 3682: 3676: 3670: 3624: 3621:The Holocene 3620: 3563: 3552: 3543: 3537: 3529: 3522:Rowland Ward 3487: 3481: 3480:family from 3474: 3467: 3453: 3452:in 1946 and 3447: 3433: 3411: 3384: 3340: 3330: 3319: 3307: 3296:John Tenniel 3289: 3246: 3235: 3228:Threskiornis 3226: 3222: 3216: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3180:Sieur Dubois 3164:Réunion ibis 3161: 3132: 3117: 3104:Grant Museum 3085: 3054: 3045:Cylindraspis 3044: 3025: 3017:Grant Museum 2982: 2978: 2975:post-cranial 2972: 2931: 2924:schoolmaster 2920:Vincent Ryan 2910: 2899: 2892:Richard Owen 2858: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2786: 2766: 2735:'s company. 2733:Rowland Ward 2718: 2711:Booth Museum 2670: 2663: 2655: 2646: 2642:Errol Fuller 2634: 2582: 2577: 2572:Amber Island 2565: 2563: 2550: 2524: 2513:Walter Paget 2467: 2448: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2360: 2309: 2297: 2293: 2282: 2267: 2236: 2202: 2190: 2169: 2166: 2160:and accounts 2123: 2116: 2104: 2074: 2071:Cylindraspis 2070: 2068: 2051:Cylindraspis 2049: 2030:tambalacoque 2027: 2020: 2015: 2003: 1983: 1956:France Staub 1945: 1940: 1928: 1894: 1888: 1822: 1815: 1812:tambalacoque 1799: 1791: 1757: 1712: 1697: 1674:Ustad Mansur 1651: 1638: 1619: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1599: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1566: 1560:Dutch Empire 1553: 1535:Ustad Mansur 1484:paedomorphic 1476: 1432: 1408:frontal bone 1404: 1374: 1368:rather than 1353: 1327: 1323: 1315: 1307: 1303: 1293: 1282: 1274: 1272: 1268:onomatopoeic 1263: 1259: 1255: 1247: 1238: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1217:of the word 1212: 1209:, and a dodo 1201:, showing a 1175: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1152: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1128: 1125:Vice Admiral 1120: 1118: 1112: 1088: 1047:(Mauritius, 1034: 1029: 1021: 1013: 1005: 997: 993: 991: 904: 899: 898: 894: 877: 873: 849: 848: 810: 809: 785: 784: 753: 741: 733: 709: 701:Beth Shapiro 698: 677:DNA analysis 673:Osteological 658: 653: 649: 637: 628: 624: 620: 616: 606: 546:anatomically 543: 538: 514: 473: 468:in the 1840s 425:obsolescence 418: 400: 372: 368:Réunion ibis 333:Indian Ocean 308: 307: 303: 301: 289: 281: 263:Location of 237: 232: 216: 215: 195: 194: 25: 10374:iNaturalist 10222:Wikispecies 10130:Lopholaimus 10095:Cryptophaps 10086:Ptilinopini 10048:Phapitreron 10034:Chalcophaps 10027:Alectroenas 9973:Natunaornis 9902:Petrophassa 9881:Leucosarcia 9874:Henicophaps 9810:Metriopelia 9744:Patagioenas 9672:Leptotrygon 9579:Bountyphaps 9441:Pteroclidae 9116:Parish 2013 9070:8 September 8776:Nephilengys 8759:18 November 8650:22 December 8623:Fuller 2002 8539:Fuller 2002 8401:Fuller 2002 8386:10 December 8349:10 December 8168:Fuller 2002 8059:p. 15. 7886:Hume, J. P. 7823:18 December 7780:Hume, J. P. 7635:Hume, J. P. 7617:Parish 2013 7586:Fuller 2002 7495:Hume, J. P. 7331:Fuller 2002 7200:(5): 1–10. 7145:Fuller 2002 7126:: 155–158. 6823:7 September 6732:7 September 6667:Fuller 2002 6657:p. 83. 6533:Fuller 2002 6474:Hume, J. P. 6463:p. 93. 6425:Fuller 2002 6372:(1): 7993. 6213:Fuller 2002 6025:(3): 1003. 6001:Fuller 2002 5977:Fuller 2002 5795:Fuller 2002 5783:Fuller 2002 5768:Fuller 2002 5695:Hume, J. P. 5682:Fuller 2002 5324:Hume, J. P. 5308:Fuller 2002 4970:Hume, J. P. 4944:Parish 2013 4901:Fuller 2002 4891:p. 48. 4860:Fuller 2002 4850:p. 43. 4759:Fuller 2002 4700:Fuller 2002 4658:Parish 2013 4569:Hume, J. P. 4434:Fuller 2001 4283:Parish 2013 4235:Hume, J. P. 4175:7 September 3824:: 109–118. 3719:Hume, J. P. 3698:11 November 3617:Hume, J. P. 3548:from 1896: 2968:New Zealand 2966:remains in 2835:integuments 2554:flash flood 2509:Joseph Smit 2454: 1610 2243:Middle Ages 2186:ostrich egg 2006:Gastroliths 1994:premaxillae 1990:frugivorous 1920: 1626 1901:palm orchid 1808:Tamarin Bay 1764:completely 1719:, Savery's 1693:Peter Mundy 1666:Julian Hume 1637:The famous 1576:from 1634: 1556:ship's logs 1542: 1625 1492:peramorphic 1490:limbs were 1441:), sixteen 1342:Description 1310:(ostrich). 1281:in 1635 as 1258:(currently 1166:fotilicaios 1121:Walghvoghel 1113:Walchvoghel 708:cytochrome 562:terrestrial 175:Subfamily: 10489:Categories 10465:Xeno-canto 10137:Ptilinopus 10116:Gymnophaps 9980:Otidiphaps 9963:Microgoura 9946:Didunculus 9939:Deliaphaps 9787:Claravinae 9758:Spilopelia 9730:Macropygia 9723:Ectopistes 9679:Starnoenas 9640:Columbinae 9619:Primophaps 9599:Lithophaps 9547:Colombidae 9497:Syrrhaptes 9473:Leptoganga 9410:Mesitornis 9324:sandgrouse 9318:Genera of 9270:Madagascar 9129:Belloc, H. 9062:. London. 8825:Formicidae 8567:19 January 8467:27 January 8428:27 January 8188:. London. 7869:13 January 7839:Newton, E. 7790:: 129–144. 7671:11 January 7606:: 105–106. 7261:"The Dodo" 7233:Quaternary 7165:(6): 1–3. 6815:. London. 6777:Biotropica 6724:. London. 5839:1893/25225 5655:(3): 1–8. 5328:Gelderland 4834:. London: 4789:: 89–122. 4643:11 January 4310:(1): 136. 4167:. London. 3598:References 3532:Christie's 3486:was named 3472:in 1991. 3464:coral reef 3238:solitarius 3204:walghvogel 3114:White dodo 3039:museum in 2778:study skin 2650:feral pigs 2546:land crabs 2517:extinction 2480:Extinction 2193:K-selected 2059:fruit bats 1879:, and the 1863:, and the 1800:Gelderland 1761:cantilever 1713:Gelderland 1652:An Indian 1608:Gelderland 1600:Gelderland 1496:skull roof 1370:plumaceous 1366:pennaceous 1304:cucullatus 1286:cucullatus 1275:cucullatus 1252:Portuguese 1243:travelogue 1176:Gelderland 1143:Walchvögel 1076:herbivores 1065:flightless 1055:), are of 1008:) and the 998:Didunculus 979:lithograph 746:New Guinea 609:congeneric 596:, and the 550:keratinous 523:dissecting 329:Madagascar 267:(in blue) 169:Columbidae 10147:Tongoenas 10123:Hemiphaga 10066:Treronini 10018:Turturini 9990:Pezophaps 9895:Pampusana 9803:Columbina 9772:Turacoena 9704:Columbini 9693:Zentrygon 9665:Leptotila 9658:Geotrygon 9649:Zenaidini 9629:Rupephaps 9490:Pterocles 9483:Linxiavis 9339:Kingdom: 8859:11 August 8610:237701475 8150:Helictite 8130:220413197 7988:128763840 7751:229463078 7708:0019-1019 7523:0007-1595 7517:: 49–54. 7419:4 October 6875:30 August 6459:128421372 6394:2045-2322 5713:: 32–44. 5382:2176-7793 5248:. e1432. 5062:26 August 4622:0891-2963 4600:CiteSeerX 4132:28 August 4037:28 August 3771:28 August 3538:The poet 3520:dodos by 3430:nephiline 3399:watermark 3391:supporter 3362:supporter 3242:from the 3198:painting 3131:Savery's 3080:osteology 3037:Naturalis 3032:hard core 3002:Naturalis 2951:Liverpool 2947:Yorkshire 2928:Mahébourg 2854:mummified 2850:Schleswig 2842:Enkhuizen 2782:lead shot 2304:evolution 2268:Bruin-Vis 2258:, led by 2205:histology 2197:altricial 2174:cassowary 2158:histology 2107:mammalian 2084:megafauna 2055:tortoises 2042:coextinct 2023:crop milk 1952:shellfish 1931:word-play 1825:ecosystem 1766:vestigial 1725:taxidermy 1708:ontogenic 1678:menagerie 1463:pneumatic 1455:pygostyle 1443:synsacral 1215:etymology 1188:Amsterdam 1139:Walchstök 1103:Etymology 1093:subfossil 1073:mammalian 1053:Rodrigues 1037:Paleogene 766:cladogram 718:sequences 683:Evolution 665:monotypic 646:Mauritius 527:preserved 512:monograph 484:albatross 374:Subfossil 341:subfamily 325:Mauritius 319:that was 265:Mauritius 210:Species: 125:Kingdom: 119:Eukaryota 10540:Raphinae 10418:22690059 10392:11192433 10291:22690059 10286:BirdLife 10275:BioLib: 10207:Wikidata 9929:Caloenas 9888:Ocyphaps 9867:Geophaps 9860:Geopelia 9835:Raphinae 9824:Uropelia 9796:Claravis 9737:Nesoenas 9609:Microena 9463:Gerandia 9347:Chordata 9345:Phylum: 9341:Animalia 9196:Archived 9131:(1896). 9095:Archived 9064:Archived 9041:20240212 9033:15098122 8920:13149434 8912:25250457 8878:Pheidole 8850:Archived 8808:21316478 8753:Archived 8720:Archived 8515:Archived 8511:26256311 8461:Archived 8422:Archived 8380:Archived 8343:Archived 8247:The Ibis 8238:(1919). 8190:Archived 8157:: 13–20. 8091:87212166 8025:14 March 8019:Archived 7933:Archived 7929:17113275 7863:Archived 7817:Archived 7662:Archived 7573:87966871 7527:Archived 7452:20 April 7446:Archived 7395:87191090 7239:(1): 4. 7214:83978250 7179:83701682 7045:Archived 7010:14628039 6961:39987650 6953:23992554 6899:Archived 6869:Archived 6817:Archived 6812:BBC News 6726:Archived 6721:BBC News 6701:86077963 6687:(2): 1. 6645:Archived 6572:Archived 6562:: 4–21. 6512:15190921 6412:28839147 6337:6 August 6328:Archived 6316:22282037 6134:Archived 6099:Calvaria 6076:17730171 5922:86773685 5881:86670941 5669:85387209 5634:28617863 5546:23510175 5503:89661119 5489:: 1–10. 5456:Archived 5386:Archived 5290:(1907). 5274:26788418 5219:30903508 5168:21380621 5125:29215473 5117:21240603 5056:Archived 4972:(2017). 4875:(2003). 4830:(2002). 4791:Archived 4777:(1996). 4718:(2001). 4684:14 March 4678:Archived 4634:Archived 4571:(2006). 4526:83708873 4479:87957947 4421:28619917 4413:10521332 4344:25027719 4267:83711229 4218:17661233 4169:Archived 4164:BBC News 4142:Archived 4123:Archived 4119:11872833 4031:Archived 3946:Archived 3897:Archived 3801:: 71–72. 3762:Archived 3758:85743497 3649:85845297 3576:See also 3420:and the 3284:and the 3244:binomial 3212:albinism 3062:Le Pouce 2933:The Ibis 2527:fearless 2519:anymore. 2470:Nagasaki 2463:tropical 1935:allegory 1899:and the 1817:Pandanus 1775:endocast 1685:Jahangir 1480:pectoral 1439:notarium 1416:fenestra 1393:Skeleton 1387:CT scans 1320:bustards 1308:Struthio 1207:red rail 1057:volcanic 1018:Gourinae 713:and 12S 642:red rail 586:mandible 574:clutches 431:Taxonomy 385:to help 344:Raphinae 312:) is an 273:Synonyms 246:Linnaeus 182:Raphinae 165:Family: 139:Chordata 135:Phylum: 129:Animalia 115:Domain: 92:IUCN 3.1 10366:2496198 10353:1049951 10263:Avibase 9920:Raphini 9844:Phabini 9713:Columba 9686:Zenaida 9363:Clade: 9359:Neoaves 9357:Clade: 9351:Class: 9328:mesites 9320:pigeons 9246:Biology 9234:Animals 9208:Portals 8998:8552658 8966:Bibcode 8889:Zootaxa 8788:Bibcode 8267:4073093 7968:Bibcode 7909:Bibcode 7315:6257901 7295:Bibcode 7051:22 July 7018:4347830 6988:Bibcode 6933:Bibcode 6865:Reuters 6760:26 June 6555:Zootaxa 6520:4343538 6490:Bibcode 6403:5570941 6374:Bibcode 6296:Bibcode 6185:3545415 6165:Bibcode 6084:2392411 6056:Bibcode 6048:Science 6019:The Auk 5614:Bibcode 5526:Bibcode 5392:25 July 5265:4715441 5199:Bibcode 5176:9126864 5148:Bibcode 5097:Bibcode 4630:2954728 4592:Bibcode 4506:Bibcode 4335:4099497 4312:Bibcode 4247:Bibcode 4099:Science 4065:Bibcode 4027:4083934 4005:The Auk 3942:4170867 3738:Bibcode 3629:Bibcode 3462:from a 3432:spider 3401:on all 3393:on the 3151:One of 3135:Orpheus 3028:malaria 3019:in 2011 2938:coolies 2790:tendons 2556:. Such 2541:habitat 2272:salting 2260:admiral 2231:penguin 2214:moulted 2120:gosling 2063:ecology 2046:abraded 2034:endemic 1747:Modern 1729:ratites 1680:of the 1648:in 1626 1642:'s Dodo 1640:Edwards 1582:Phoenix 1459:sternum 1357:plumage 1332:synonym 1266:was an 1231:Dodaars 1227:Dodaars 1161:penguin 1061:lineage 1049:Réunion 1041:Neogene 756:) from 602:cranium 558:nostril 496:pigeons 488:vulture 486:, or a 476:ostrich 415:species 391:habitat 379:plumage 364:Réunion 331:in the 321:endemic 314:extinct 248:, 1758) 235:† 214:† 202:Brisson 188:Genus: 155:Order: 145:Class: 90: ( 86:Extinct 10444:455687 10431:187135 10405:555609 10304:857418 10250:ARKive 10213:Q43502 10109:Ducula 10075:Treron 10055:Turtur 10007:Trugon 10000:Raphus 9417:Monias 9258:Africa 9160: 9101:12 May 9039: 9031: 8996: 8986: 8918: 8910: 8806: 8608: 8509: 8453: 8414:"dodo" 8265: 8196:12 May 8128: 8089: 8051: 8011: 7986: 7927: 7749: 7706: 7571: 7521: 7393: 7313: 7212: 7177: 7090: 7016: 7008: 6980:Nature 6959: 6951: 6908:12 May 6699: 6651:12 May 6637: 6518: 6510: 6482:Nature 6457: 6410: 6400: 6392: 6324:514542 6322: 6314: 6183: 6140:12 May 6082: 6074: 5920: 5879: 5667: 5632: 5544: 5501: 5462:12 May 5448: 5380: 5272: 5262: 5217: 5174: 5166: 5123: 5115: 4980: 4883: 4842: 4797:21 May 4726: 4628: 4620: 4602: 4524: 4494:Ducula 4477: 4419: 4411: 4403: 4365: 4342: 4332: 4265: 4216: 4117: 4025: 3952:3 June 3940: 3903:3 June 3756: 3647: 3488:DodoPi 3460:isopod 3424:. The 3387:mascot 3302:(1907) 3185:Baron 3094:, the 3041:Leiden 2917:Bishop 2567:Arnhem 2474:bezoar 2276:dugong 1883:. The 1875:, the 1871:, the 1859:, the 1855:, the 1851:, the 1847:, the 1843:, the 1839:, the 1500:orbits 1488:pelvic 1451:sacrum 1435:thorax 1316:Raphus 1284:Cygnus 1223:dodoor 1171:pinion 1134:voghel 1129:Walghe 1051:, and 722:tarsal 661:family 629:Raphus 598:hallux 594:palate 592:, the 588:, the 582:septum 566:scales 466:pigeon 395:clutch 387:digest 356:living 348:family 204:, 1760 196:Raphus 10457:92329 10387:IRMNG 10340:dodo1 10335:eBird 10327:4RKVF 10314:dodo1 10311:BOW: 10278:21894 9953:Goura 9909:Phaps 9222:Birds 9037:S2CID 8989:40255 8916:S2CID 8853:(PDF) 8830:(PDF) 8606:S2CID 8487:(PDF) 8263:JSTOR 8243:(PDF) 8126:S2CID 8087:S2CID 7984:S2CID 7936:(PDF) 7925:S2CID 7897:(PDF) 7747:S2CID 7665:(PDF) 7642:(PDF) 7569:S2CID 7530:(PDF) 7506:(PDF) 7391:S2CID 7311:S2CID 7210:S2CID 7175:S2CID 7078:–89. 7014:S2CID 6957:S2CID 6902:(PDF) 6895:(PDF) 6697:S2CID 6575:(PDF) 6550:(PDF) 6516:S2CID 6455:S2CID 6362:(PDF) 6331:(PDF) 6320:S2CID 6282:(PDF) 6181:JSTOR 6157:Oikos 6080:S2CID 5918:S2CID 5877:S2CID 5665:S2CID 5630:S2CID 5579:(PDF) 5564:(PDF) 5542:S2CID 5499:S2CID 5242:PeerJ 5215:S2CID 5172:S2CID 5121:S2CID 4637:(PDF) 4626:S2CID 4580:(PDF) 4522:S2CID 4475:S2CID 4417:S2CID 4401:JSTOR 4263:S2CID 4126:(PDF) 4095:(PDF) 4023:JSTOR 3765:(PDF) 3754:S2CID 3726:(PDF) 3645:S2CID 3440:biota 3377:Rupee 3294:, by 3288:from 3282:Alice 3056:lost 2955:Leeds 2266:ship 1948:crabs 1833:fauna 1689:Surat 1302:used 1260:doido 1256:doudo 1254:word 1022:Goura 994:Goura 977:1848 762:clade 758:Samoa 744:) of 742:Goura 726:femur 625:Didus 615:, as 578:vomer 482:, an 10500:Dodo 10426:NCBI 10413:IUCN 10400:ITIS 10379:2713 10361:GBIF 10299:BOLD 10041:Oena 9353:Aves 9158:ISBN 9103:2012 9072:2012 9029:PMID 8994:PMID 8908:PMID 8894:3683 8861:2016 8804:PMID 8778:)". 8761:2015 8728:2006 8671:Oryx 8652:2014 8569:2009 8523:2019 8507:PMID 8469:2016 8451:ISBN 8430:2016 8388:2013 8351:2013 8198:2012 8049:ISBN 8027:2016 8009:ISBN 7944:2019 7871:2018 7825:2020 7704:ISSN 7688:Ibis 7673:2011 7538:2011 7519:ISSN 7515:126A 7454:2018 7421:2023 7120:Ibis 7088:ISBN 7053:2020 7037:Ibis 7006:PMID 6949:PMID 6910:2012 6877:2006 6825:2006 6762:2024 6734:2006 6653:2012 6635:ISBN 6560:1513 6508:PMID 6408:PMID 6390:ISSN 6339:2018 6312:PMID 6142:2012 6072:PMID 5900:Oryx 5859:Oryx 5587:2011 5464:2012 5446:ISBN 5394:2022 5378:ISSN 5270:PMID 5164:PMID 5113:PMID 5064:2017 4978:ISBN 4881:ISBN 4840:ISBN 4799:2007 4724:ISBN 4686:2016 4645:2011 4618:ISSN 4409:PMID 4363:ISBN 4340:PMID 4214:PMID 4177:2006 4134:2015 4115:PMID 4039:2015 3974:Ibis 3954:2021 3938:OCLC 3905:2021 3773:2015 3700:2021 3683:2016 3286:Dodo 3219:ibis 3170:and 2959:York 2957:and 2239:Arab 2111:call 1960:palm 1950:and 1814:and 1733:kiwi 1702:and 1449:and 1264:dodo 1248:dodo 1239:dodo 1219:dodo 1213:The 1205:, a 1180:fowl 1097:Fiji 996:and 985:for 905:dodo 715:rRNA 691:The 675:and 652:and 627:and 619:and 580:and 570:crop 554:beak 525:the 519:myth 506:and 480:rail 478:, a 407:myth 304:dodo 302:The 149:Aves 42:1662 31:Dodo 10348:EoL 10322:CoL 10237:ADW 9021:doi 9017:271 8984:PMC 8974:doi 8898:doi 8842:doi 8796:doi 8679:doi 8596:doi 8499:doi 8376:320 8339:305 8302:doi 8255:doi 8118:doi 8079:doi 7976:doi 7917:doi 7855:doi 7809:doi 7739:doi 7696:doi 7654:doi 7604:181 7561:doi 7477:doi 7383:doi 7353:doi 7303:doi 7241:doi 7202:doi 7167:doi 7128:doi 7124:148 7118:". 7080:doi 6996:doi 6984:426 6941:doi 6785:doi 6754:BBC 6689:doi 6564:doi 6498:doi 6486:429 6447:doi 6398:PMC 6382:doi 6304:doi 6173:doi 6111:doi 6064:doi 6052:197 6027:doi 6023:122 5960:doi 5908:doi 5867:doi 5834:hdl 5824:doi 5751:doi 5747:177 5715:doi 5711:110 5657:doi 5622:doi 5534:doi 5491:doi 5421:doi 5340:doi 5260:PMC 5250:doi 5207:doi 5156:doi 5105:doi 5087:". 5024:doi 5020:230 4927:doi 4923:218 4917:". 4610:doi 4514:doi 4467:doi 4393:doi 4330:PMC 4320:doi 4255:doi 4204:doi 4107:doi 4103:295 4073:doi 4013:doi 3982:doi 3972:". 3930:doi 3889:doi 3826:doi 3799:IV. 3746:doi 3687:doi 3637:doi 3444:ant 3329:'s 3325:in 3106:at 3076:3-D 2964:moa 2926:at 2207:of 1973:by 1806:in 1186:in 1141:or 983:DNA 644:of 10491:: 10467:: 10454:: 10441:: 10428:: 10415:: 10402:: 10389:: 10376:: 10363:: 10350:: 10337:: 10324:: 10301:: 10288:: 10265:: 10252:: 10239:: 10224:: 10209:: 9326:, 9322:, 9093:. 9089:. 9058:. 9035:. 9027:. 9015:. 8992:. 8982:. 8972:. 8962:93 8960:. 8956:. 8939:71 8937:. 8914:. 8906:. 8892:. 8886:. 8848:. 8838:12 8836:. 8832:. 8802:. 8794:. 8784:59 8782:. 8718:. 8714:. 8675:51 8673:. 8669:. 8638:. 8604:. 8592:34 8590:. 8586:. 8555:. 8531:^ 8513:. 8505:. 8495:48 8493:. 8489:. 8459:. 8420:. 8416:. 8298:15 8296:. 8261:. 8251:36 8249:. 8245:. 8184:. 8155:42 8153:. 8124:. 8114:35 8112:. 8085:. 8075:35 8073:. 8017:. 7982:. 7974:. 7964:25 7962:. 7931:. 7923:. 7915:. 7905:28 7903:. 7899:. 7894:)" 7861:. 7851:13 7849:. 7845:. 7815:. 7788:12 7786:. 7745:. 7735:47 7733:. 7729:. 7727:)" 7702:. 7690:. 7660:. 7650:31 7648:. 7644:. 7624:^ 7602:. 7567:. 7557:29 7555:. 7525:. 7508:. 7473:13 7471:. 7444:. 7440:. 7411:. 7389:. 7379:29 7377:. 7365:^ 7349:19 7347:. 7323:^ 7309:. 7301:. 7291:20 7289:. 7277:^ 7267:. 7263:. 7235:. 7231:. 7208:. 7198:27 7196:. 7173:. 7163:26 7161:. 7122:. 7102:^ 7086:. 7039:. 7035:. 7012:. 7004:. 6994:. 6982:. 6978:. 6955:. 6947:. 6939:. 6929:27 6927:. 6867:. 6863:. 6857:. 6833:^ 6809:. 6797:^ 6781:49 6779:. 6751:. 6718:. 6695:. 6685:27 6683:. 6643:. 6607:^ 6570:. 6558:. 6552:. 6514:. 6506:. 6496:. 6484:. 6480:. 6453:. 6443:11 6441:. 6406:. 6396:. 6388:. 6380:. 6368:. 6364:. 6326:. 6318:. 6310:. 6302:. 6292:99 6284:. 6267:^ 6253:. 6193:^ 6179:. 6171:. 6161:61 6159:. 6105:. 6078:. 6070:. 6062:. 6050:. 6017:. 5956:44 5954:. 5942:^ 5916:. 5904:12 5902:. 5898:. 5875:. 5863:21 5861:. 5857:. 5832:. 5820:35 5818:. 5814:. 5802:^ 5775:^ 5745:. 5729:^ 5709:. 5705:. 5663:. 5653:28 5651:. 5628:. 5620:. 5610:99 5572:51 5570:. 5566:. 5540:. 5532:. 5522:99 5520:. 5497:. 5473:^ 5454:. 5417:20 5415:. 5384:. 5374:50 5372:. 5368:. 5352:^ 5336:30 5334:. 5315:^ 5268:. 5258:. 5244:. 5240:. 5213:. 5205:. 5195:98 5193:. 5170:. 5162:. 5154:. 5144:98 5142:. 5119:. 5111:. 5103:. 5093:98 5091:. 5075:^ 5048:. 5036:^ 5018:. 4992:^ 4951:^ 4921:. 4838:. 4819:^ 4785:. 4781:. 4766:^ 4739:^ 4707:^ 4632:. 4624:. 4616:. 4608:. 4598:. 4588:18 4586:. 4582:. 4534:^ 4520:. 4512:. 4502:31 4500:. 4473:. 4463:35 4461:. 4441:^ 4415:. 4407:. 4399:. 4389:72 4387:. 4338:. 4328:. 4318:. 4308:14 4306:. 4302:. 4290:^ 4275:^ 4261:. 4253:. 4243:28 4241:. 4226:^ 4212:. 4200:56 4198:. 4194:. 4161:. 4121:. 4113:. 4101:. 4097:. 4071:. 4061:91 4059:. 4047:^ 4029:. 4021:. 4009:87 4007:. 4003:. 3978:11 3976:. 3944:. 3936:. 3928:. 3924:. 3895:. 3885:33 3883:. 3879:. 3838:^ 3822:29 3820:. 3793:. 3760:. 3752:. 3744:. 3734:21 3732:. 3728:. 3708:^ 3681:. 3675:. 3657:^ 3643:. 3635:. 3625:21 3623:. 3605:^ 3090:, 2953:, 2848:, 2574:: 2548:. 2451:c. 2306:: 2188:. 2168:(" 2113:: 2057:, 1922:, 1917:c. 1735:. 1715:, 1660:, 1539:c. 1537:, 1338:. 1298:, 1115:") 907:) 671:. 656:. 604:. 427:. 44:AD 40:– 10143:† 9996:† 9986:† 9969:† 9959:† 9935:† 9719:† 9625:† 9615:† 9605:† 9595:† 9585:† 9575:† 9565:† 9479:† 9469:† 9459:† 9449:† 9311:e 9304:t 9297:v 9210:: 9166:. 9105:. 9074:. 9043:. 9023:: 9000:. 8976:: 8968:: 8922:. 8900:: 8884:" 8863:. 8844:: 8810:. 8798:: 8790:: 8763:. 8730:. 8687:. 8681:: 8654:. 8612:. 8598:: 8571:. 8525:. 8501:: 8471:. 8432:. 8390:. 8353:. 8308:. 8304:: 8269:. 8257:: 8200:. 8132:. 8120:: 8093:. 8081:: 8057:. 8029:. 7990:. 7978:: 7970:: 7946:. 7919:: 7911:: 7873:. 7857:: 7827:. 7811:: 7768:. 7741:: 7710:. 7698:: 7692:8 7675:. 7656:: 7575:. 7563:: 7540:. 7483:. 7479:: 7456:. 7423:. 7397:. 7385:: 7359:. 7355:: 7317:. 7305:: 7297:: 7269:2 7249:. 7243:: 7237:3 7216:. 7204:: 7181:. 7169:: 7134:. 7130:: 7096:. 7082:: 7076:5 7055:. 7041:4 7020:. 6998:: 6990:: 6963:. 6943:: 6935:: 6912:. 6879:. 6827:. 6791:. 6787:: 6764:. 6736:. 6703:. 6691:: 6655:. 6566:: 6522:. 6500:: 6492:: 6461:. 6449:: 6414:. 6384:: 6376:: 6370:7 6341:. 6306:: 6298:: 6187:. 6175:: 6167:: 6144:. 6117:. 6113:: 6107:5 6086:. 6066:: 6058:: 6035:. 6029:: 5966:. 5962:: 5924:. 5910:: 5883:. 5869:: 5842:. 5836:: 5826:: 5757:. 5753:: 5723:. 5717:: 5671:. 5659:: 5636:. 5624:: 5616:: 5589:. 5548:. 5536:: 5528:: 5505:. 5493:: 5466:. 5427:. 5423:: 5396:. 5346:. 5342:: 5276:. 5252:: 5246:4 5221:. 5209:: 5201:: 5178:. 5158:: 5150:: 5127:. 5107:: 5099:: 5066:. 5030:. 5026:: 4986:. 4933:. 4929:: 4889:. 4848:. 4801:. 4787:6 4732:. 4688:. 4647:. 4612:: 4594:: 4528:. 4516:: 4508:: 4481:. 4469:: 4423:. 4395:: 4371:. 4346:. 4322:: 4314:: 4269:. 4257:: 4249:: 4220:. 4206:: 4179:. 4136:. 4109:: 4079:. 4075:: 4067:: 4041:. 4015:: 3988:. 3984:: 3956:. 3932:: 3907:. 3891:: 3832:. 3828:: 3775:. 3748:: 3740:: 3702:. 3689:: 3673:" 3669:" 3651:. 3639:: 3631:: 3309:" 2629:) 1087:( 1039:- 1028:( 1012:( 1004:( 903:( 896:† 875:† 752:( 740:( 732:( 710:b 537:( 306:( 244:( 192:† 179:† 94:) 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index