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Among the initial acts of removal were dragging paintings out of homes, book burnings containing art work, public execution to TV sets and the discontinuation of music. In 1996, at the very beginning of the
Taliban's rise to power, the entire card catalog archiving the art at the Afghan National Museum was burned in order to keep the rebels warm. The systematic destruction of museums and their collections, to include film archives were purged to cleanse them of the "unIslamic" depiction of the living and human form. In addition to the bans on tangible and visual art mediums, social and cultural expressions such as kite flying and owning pet birds were similarly forbidden. For women, an edict was issued banning make-up and high heels in the Afghan capital where the Department of Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice was installed to ensure strict compliance. The Ministry administrators regularly beat women who disobeyed these dress-code laws. Even a decade after the end of the Taliban's official regime ended, beauty parlors in Afghanistan's capital, Kabul, do their best to hide go unnoticed by Taliban sympathizers.
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Afghanistan's lost, forgotten or otherwise suppressed traditional teachings and cultural heritage. In 2002, UNESCO was charged with the task of rehabilitating
Afghanistan's scarred cultural heritage that underwent incredible loss and irreversible damage during two continuous decades of war and civil unrest. Despite ongoing operations to thwart Taliban resurgence attempts, UNESCO is entrusted by the existing Afghan government to coordinate all international efforts to aiming to safeguard and enhance Afghanistan's cultural heritage. UNESCO's strategy includes assisting in the re-establishment of links between the populations in order to develop a sense of common ownership of monuments, artifacts and historical sites that represent the cultural heritage of different segments of Afghan society. To date, the expenditures of UNESCO's funding and alternative forms of assistance well exceed the 7 million committed at the Kabul Seminar in May 2002.
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heritage is the least of
Afghanistan's priorities. Why bother about the ancient Buddha statues when ordinary Afghans are starving here and now? But a nation's cultural identity cannot be so easily dismissed: the past, the monuments, the history, the art treasures are as essential in establishing national unity and self-confidence as basic infrastructure isβ¦This not only applies to new nations: the importance of Firdausi and Persepolis to Iran's identity, or Homer and the Parthenon to Greece's or the Great Wall to China's, need hardly emphasizing. The glories and achievements of the Kushan or the Ghaznavid civilizations are far more a part of Afghanistan's identity than the Taliban, the factionalism or the fighting areβ¦ If the last decades of Afghanistan's history have demonstrated nothing else, t is the need for a strong, unified cultural identity and cohesiveness. The role of its cultural heritage is essential in this.
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style. The slow devastation of Ai
Khanoum began with treasure profiteers who had metal detectors brought into the country, originally designed to seek out landmines, but were used instead to hunt the ancient soils. Corinthian and Doric capitals unearthed by French archeologists were taken away and recycled as bases for the columns in tcha-khan while hundreds of ivory pieces, jewelry, intaglios, plaster medallions, bronze items, precious coins and statuettes have found their way to Pakistani bazaars and private collections. Historian and numismatist, Osmund Bopearachchi describes the gravity of loss: "The objects that I have seen personally in Pakistani bazaars do not represent one-tenth of the artifacts that have been dispersed in international art markets."
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destroyed. During this period of political complication, the museum agonized greatly from its location in the suburbs of Kabul as it was on the frontline of much of the Soviet combat. Until 1992, more than one hundred thousand objects belonging to periods from prehistory to twentieth century were conserved and partially displayed in the museum. From 1992 onward, more than 70 percent of objects in the
National Museums collection and 100 percent of the objects deposited in the Archeological Institute, located nearby, were plundered and exported to bordering countries for sale. Meanwhile, clandestine excavations took place throughout the country where the artifacts were illicitly trafficked into international black markets.
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decorated with elaborate stucco figures dated to the second century CE. Looters and pillagers have systematically destroyed the site in addition to some illegal, clandestine excavations. Those statues that were too large to remove were smashed, and the small statues were taken to
Pakistani bazaars to be sold. Remains above the plateau, where the site is situated, are Buddhist temple sites including Tapa-Kalan, Tapa-i-Kafariha, Bagh-gai, Chakhil-i-Gundi, deh-Ghundi and Gar-Nao.
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discovered at the bottom of a well. The circumstances surrounding the treasure's discovery remain unknown to this day. The coin deposit is calculated to contain more than four tons of minted metal, near 550,000 coins of mostly silver and bronze and 350 kilograms of gold. The numismatic travesty of this profound discovery is, according to reliable sources, two and a half tons of the coins had been taken to
Switzerland for sale.
342:, an Afghan archeologist that fled to France upon the Soviet invasion, made the decision to return to Afghanistan and search out an elusive piece of Afghanistan's history, the Sleeping Buddha of Bamiyan. The last time the Sleeping Buddha was seen was approximately 630 CE when it was recorded in the journal of Xuanzang, a Chinese pilgrim who traveled to central Afghanistan in the seventh century CE.
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outpost to control the eastern territories of
Alexander the Great's ancient Bactria. The topographic prowess of city complex provided a natural acropolis spanning 60 meters higher than the surrounding areas while two rivers form the west and south provided protection. And for the past 20 years, the world-renowned site in northern Afghanistan has been the target of systematic illicit digs.
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journal of
Xuanzang to locate the suspected area of the ancient Buddhist monastery, housing the sleeping Buddha. Professor Tarzi sought to offer up the discovery and resurrection of the mythological sleeping Buddha of Bamiyan to the Taliban as a response to the terror exacted on the other colossals, affectionately known as the sleeping Buddha's "Brothers".
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Beginning during the Soviet occupation that carried through the
Taliban insurgence, it is said the Kabul Museum was arguably one of the greatest casualties Afghanistan suffered. As a result of the Soviet and Taliban occupation, more than two thirds of the museums treasures and artifacts were lost or
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The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979 and exacted a staunch interpretation of art that stifled creativity in the 1980s during the Soviet backed regime in Afghanistan from 1979-1989. Throughout this time thousands of pieces of art were pillaged, looted or mysteriously disappeared during the ten
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Although saved from the ravages of war and conflict, the sleeping colossal did not escape significant injury. Due to the fact very little is known about the sleeping Buddha it is difficult for archeologists to ascertain the exact causes of the damages, however, Professor Tarzi assessed the majority
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believe it embodies a woman. In the height of their existence, the two colossi rendered an awesome sight situated in a cliff with innumerable caves on either side of them while visible for miles with giant copper plated accents and brightly painted garments, as the statues were naturally illuminated
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Some of the most significant contributions toward the understanding of Greek presence in Bactria were provided by the discoveries made at Ai Khanoum, and as some claim, demonstrated how the Greek artists of Ai Khanoum not only had an affinity for the Greek traditions but also perpetuated a classical
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is thought to be the historical Alexandria on the Oxus, founded in the fourth century BC as a result of the conquests of Alexander the Great. The Graeco-Bactrian site stood on the left bank of the Oxus river at its meeting point with the Kokcha tributary, rendering it a strategically placed military
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A rare find in Mir Zakah, located in Pakhtia province on the Pakistan border is loosely related to the numismatic knowledge of the Greco-Bactrian era, for which Ai Khanoum provided significant insight. Between 1992 and 1995 one of the largest deposit of coins known in the history of currencies was
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In the first years of the Soviet occupation several ancient sites, previously explored by French and Afghan archeologists, were ransacked by the pro-Russian government and destitute villagers. The ancient sites included in the ransack and pillaging, which ultimately would continue through and even
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Much of Afghanistan's art can be traced back through the invasions, occupations and dynasties that so frequently have ravaged the country. Afghanistan has been a crossroads of cultures that make up the colorfully robust and dynamic foundation of Afghan art. These civilizations include, but are not
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Due to the intricate detail and accuracy of Xuanzang's immaculately preserved 1,400-year-old journal of the Bamiyan Buddhas, Professor Tarzi mapped out the locations for test sites in search for Xuanzang's descriptions of a giant reclining Buddha nearby. (3)(4) After three years of test sites, in
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Explosives, tanks, and anti-aircraft weapons blew apart two colossal images of the Buddha in Bamiyan Province, 230 kilometers (150 miles) from the capital of Kabul. Broken pieces of the statues and fragments of the beautiful paintings that decorated the niches were subsequently offered for sale in
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According to Islam, I don't worry about anything. My job is the implementation of Islamic order. The breaking of statues is an Islamic order and I have given this decision in the light of a fatwa of the ulema (clerics) and the supreme court of Afghanistan. Islamic law is the only law acceptable to
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In 1998, a Taliban commander fired grenades at the smaller statue, severing its upper half. The Taliban bombed the mountain above the statues frequently, cracking the enclaves that held the statues and damaging the colossi further. By winter 2001, pleas were raining down on the Taliban from around
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issued an edict against un-Islamic graven images, including but not limited to, all idolatrous images of humans and animals. The well-coordinated and media sensationalized dynamiting of the giant Buddhas was the Taliban's outwardly dramatic expression of their quest to exterminate all "idolatrous"
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rule from 1996-2001 the ban on most forms of art and cultural expression was immediately implemented. The Taliban's war on art was inspired by the Koran. The Koran forbids the portrayal of living things, whereby drawing or sculpting living things is recognized as a direct affront to the Almighty.
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Three quarters of the collections that have been found were removed without any iconoclastic intent. The pillaging of the museum follows the same surgical rules as the looting of castles. It is carried out with method and order, under the guidance of professional thieves who take care to salvage,
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In May 1993, The National Museum was destroyed by several rockets that penetrated the roof, top floor and most of the building doors and windows. Shortly thereafter it was looted where more than four thousand objects deposited in the storerooms of the museum for safe keeping were stolen. Nearby,
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Little is certain on the survival and preservation of Afghanistan's cultural heritage through the mediums of art and architecture. However, much is being done to reinstitute art studios, traditional clay sculpting schools and archeological foundations in order to reopen the doors and expand upon
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It may be argued that in the face of millions of displaced Afghans, large scale impoverishment, homelessness, unemployment and injustice, not to mention the almost total destruction of basic national infrastructure and the continued instability, factionalism and international division, cultural
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Prior to the Soviet invasion in 1979, Professor Tarzi had already spent three decades of study and completed extensive restoration on the standing Buddhas of Bamiyan's. Devastated by the Taliban's indiscriminate destruction of the two standing Buddhas, Dr. Tarzi used the ancient texts from the
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an ancient state in what is now north-eastern Afghanistan, 10 kilometers from the present day city of Jalalabad (adjacent the Khyber Pass). This site was excavated in the 1930s and 1970s where approximately 23,000 clay and plaster sculptures were found. These findings exemplified elements of
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World Archaeological Congress and Agnew, Neville, and Bridgland, Janet. Of the past, for the future: integrating archaeology and conservation: proceedings of the conservation theme at the 5th World Archaeological Congress, Washington, D.C., 22β26 June 2003 / edited by Neville Agnew and Janet
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In February 2001, a motorcade of vehicles stopped in front of the museum where the minister of finance, the minister of culture and his adjunct, and the infamous Mollah Khari Faiz ur-Rahamn who slapped the Bodhisattva in the summer of 2001, ordered that the storeroom of the museum be opened.
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is a Buddhist monastery and stupa complex located at Hadda that was excavated between 1974 and 1979 by Afghan, and later French, archeologists. It is positioned midpoint on the main road from Kabul to Kandahar. The site consisted of an entire ancient town, numerous Buddhist stupas and caves
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Dated to the seventh century BC, the Colossi were cut at what is conceived to be an immeasurable cost into the towering, sandstone cliffs surrounding Bamiyan. Located at the center of a long valley, separating the mountain ranges of Hindu Kush and Koh-i-Baba, the taller of the two statues
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Mullah Mohammad Omar, leader of the Taliban Islamic militia in Afghanistan, dismissed the international pleas of the art and historical preservation world community with regard to saving the world-renowned Buddhas from imminent destruction. Despite international condemnation,
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Most of the parts are damaged. But we discovered a piece from the upper right arm down to the elbow. We discovered its neck and its shoulders. But the head is broken because of water damage beneath the ground. Still, the pillow he is sleeping on is in perfect condition.
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To date, some of the looted or otherwise removed pieces from Ai Khanoum have been found and restored. However, the architectural infrastructure of the lower city is destroyed in its entirety. Craters now occupy the space where Ai Khanoum's lower city once existed.
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the summer of 2008, Professor Tarzi discovered the remains of the 19-meter-long reclining Buddha statue within the foundations of an ancient Buddhist temple less than two kilometers from the niches where Bamiyan's two giant Buddha statues once stood.
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providing a vector for Buddhism and Hellenistic culture and even Egyptian influences from the west, renders an amalgamation of culture and art. Perpetual invasion and conflict has rendered a cyclic continuum of renaissance and
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is uniquely situated as a throughway of cultures throughout its history due to it geographic placement in South Asia. Afghanistan's location lends porous borders to trade routes between the East and West, while the
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have been denounced as "promoting Buddhism" and threatened by the Taliban and many of the Afghan excavators who are working for purely financial reasons don't feel any connection to the Buddhist artifacts.
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Public Library. The library contained over 55,000 books and old manuscripts and was considered by Afghans as one of the most valuable and beautiful collections of their nation and their culture.
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both day and night. The Buddhas were seen as transcendental images and key symbols in the rise of Mahayana Buddhist teachings, the antithesis of Taliban belief construct and rule of law.
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Of the past, for the future: integrating archaeology and conservation: proceedings of the conservation theme at the 5th World Archaeological Congress, Washington, D.C., 22-26 June 2003
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Of the past, for the future: integrating archaeology and conservation: proceedings of the conservation theme at the 5th World Archaeological Congress, Washington, D.C., 22-26 June 2003
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Of the past, for the future: integrating archaeology and conservation: proceedings of the conservation theme at the 5th World Archaeological Congress, Washington, D.C., 22-26 June 2003
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Of the past, for the future: integrating archaeology and conservation: proceedings of the conservation theme at the 5th World Archaeological Congress, Washington, D.C., 22-26 June 2003
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Of the past, for the future: integrating archaeology and conservation: proceedings of the conservation theme at the 5th World Archaeological Congress, Washington, D.C., 22-26 June 2003
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Of the past, for the future: integrating archaeology and conservation: proceedings of the conservation theme at the 5th World Archaeological Congress, Washington, D.C., 22-26 June 2003
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Of the past, for the future: integrating archaeology and conservation: proceedings of the conservation theme at the 5th World Archaeological Congress, Washington, D.C., 22-26 June 2003
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Of the past, for the future: integrating archaeology and conservation: proceedings of the conservation theme at the 5th World Archaeological Congress, Washington, D.C., 22-26 June 2003
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Of the past, for the future: integrating archaeology and conservation: proceedings of the conservation theme at the 5th World Archaeological Congress, Washington, D.C., 22-26 June 2003
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and unIslamic images from Afghanistan's pre-Islamic past. The destruction ancient art, like the peaceful giants, was seen by Taliban radicals as the fulfillment of Koranic law.
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According to a staff member who witnessed the scene, "As they entered the storeroom, they snarled in excitement and started to smash everything while chanting 'Allahu Akbar'"
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the Institute of Archaeology was also severely damaged. Philippe Flandrin describes the looting process in which the storerooms of the museum were systematically emptied:
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Based on the verdict of the clergymen and the decision of the supreme court of the Islamic Emirate (Taliban) all the statues around Afghanistan must be destroyed.
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also known as the "Bamiyan Massacre" is arguably the most devastating act by the Taliban against the history of Afghanistan. In March 2001, supreme Taliban leader
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year occupation. During the Soviet era, from 1979 through 1992, and the initial rise of the Taliban, only one archeological excavation was carried out in Kabul at
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On February 26, 2001, the Taliban's supreme leader, Mullah Mohammad Omar, declared, "these idols have been gods of the infidels" and ordered them destroyed.
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limited to the empires and kingdoms that comprise Afghanistan's political origins as a modern state. The more renowned, larger regional empires include the
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ordered the ancient Buddhas to be destroyed per the judgment of the clergymen and the ruling of the supreme court of the Islamic Emirate (Taliban).
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Buddhism and Hellenism in a near perfect traditional Hellenistic style comparable to the sculptures found at the Temple of Apollo in
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Synovitz, Ron. "Archaeologists Find Giant 'Sleeping' Buddha In Afghanistan". Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. September 9, 2008 <
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Flandrin, P. 2001. Le Tresor perdu des rois d'Afghanistan. Paris: Editions du Rocher. (cited translations by Osmund Bopearachchi)
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2. World Archaeological Congress and Agnew, Neville, and Bridgland, Janet (2006). Neville Agnew and Janet Bridgland (ed.).
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after the Taliban regime, were the stupa-monastery complex of Tepe Shortor, Hadda, Ai Khanoum, Bactres and Tepe Marandjan.
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160:. It is said that Hadda sustained significant damage in the Afghan Civil war and was destroyed in its entirety in 1980.
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World Archaeological Congress and Agnew, Neville, and Bridgland, Janet. (2006). Neville Agnew; Janet Bridgland (eds.).
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World Archaeological Congress and Agnew, Neville, and Bridgland, Janet (2006). Neville Agnew; Janet Bridgland (eds.).
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Lost Treasures of Afghanistan. Dir. James Barrat. Ed. Geoff Luck. 2006. DVD. National Geographic Television and Films
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World Archaeological Congress and Agnew, Neville, and Bridgland, Janet (2006). Neville Agnew; Janet Bridgland (eds.).
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World Archaeological Congress and Agnew, Neville, and Bridgland, Janet (2006). Neville Agnew; Janet Bridgland (eds.).
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World Archaeological Congress and Agnew, Neville, and Bridgland, Janet (2006). Neville Agnew; Janet Bridgland (eds.).
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World Archaeological Congress and Agnew, Neville, and Bridgland, Janet (2006). Neville Agnew; Janet Bridgland (eds.).
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World Archaeological Congress and Agnew, Neville, and Bridgland, Janet (2006). Neville Agnew; Janet Bridgland (eds.).
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World Archaeological Congress and Agnew, Neville, and Bridgland, Janet (2006). Neville Agnew; Janet Bridgland (eds.).
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World Archaeological Congress and Agnew, Neville, and Bridgland, Janet (2006). Neville Agnew; Janet Bridgland (eds.).
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Routray, Bibhu Prasad. "Bibhu Prasad Routray: Why ban just the bra in Somalia? Ban Everything. Ban food. Ban life".
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In October 2001, Taliban was reported to have destroyed at least 2,750 ancient works of art at the
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along with the valuable, the corresponding catalogs and inventories that identify the stolen items.
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http://www.rferl.org/content/Archeologists_Find_Giant_Sleeping_Buddha_In_Afghanistan_/1197572.html
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dynasty), helped shape the development of Afghan art as well as its preservation and destruction.
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How wonderful that people show interest in our past, it means there is hope for the future.
910:"Bibhu Prasad Routray: Why ban just the bra in Somalia? Ban everything. Ban food. Ban Life"
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while the shorter one (approximately 36 meters/120 feet) most likely represents Buddha
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Only Allah, the Almighty, deserves to be worshipped, not anyone or anything else.
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resulted in a loss of 70% of the 100,000 artifacts of Afghan culture and history.
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1236:"Mega Copper Deal in Afghanistan Fuels Rush to Save Ancient Treasures"
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of the impairment is simple deterioration from time and the elements.
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the Peshawar bazaar. By early March 2001, the colossi were rubble.
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List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks
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Damage to heritage sites in the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
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Afghan Archivist of Culture, Robin Clewley, November 6, 2011 <
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818:. Los Angeles, Calif.: Getty Conservation Institute. p. 267.
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728:. Los Angeles, Calif.: Getty Conservation Institute. p. 270.
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Afghan Taliban leader orders destruction of ancient statues -
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Future of Afghanistan's art, cultural heritage and identity
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https://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2001/11/47842
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Censorship of historical thought: a world guide, 1945β2000
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January 8, 2008. Web. October 25, 2011. Archived from
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Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State
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Hadda and the Stupa-monastery complex of Tepe Shortor
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Damage to heritage sites during the Russian invasion
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Damage to heritage sites during the Syrian civil war
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Artworks lost or damaged in the 2023 Congress attack
1037:. November 23, 2001 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
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539:. Los Angeles, Calif.: Getty Conservation Institute.
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968:"Afghan gold: How the country's heritage was saved"
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338:After the demise of the two colossi in 2001, Dr.
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1336:Bopearachchi, Osmund. "Vandalized Afghanistan".
1312:. July 29, 2011, retrieved November 1, 2011.<
1201:Synovitz, Ron; Ali Irfanin (September 9, 2008).
437:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.
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453:Mojumdar, Aunohita (September 14, 2008).
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1061:"Why the Taliban are Destroying Buddhas"
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908:Routray, Bibhu Prasad (July 29, 2011).
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607:(in French). Paris: Editions du Rocher.
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665:(vol.19, issue 6, Mar. 16 - 29, 2002)
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1340:March 16β29, 2002. (vol.19, issue 6)
491:Comiteau, Lauren (January 8, 2008).
1508:Disappeared statues in Tehran, 2010
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378:Excavators at the Buddhist site of
13:
1443:Bangabandhu Memorial Museum attack
966:Lawson, Alastair (March 1, 2011).
939:Clewly, Robin (November 6, 2001).
237:Destruction of texts and artifacts
43:an Afghan refugee in Peshwar, 1994
14:
1932:
1916:Soviet war crimes in Afghanistan
1901:Destruction of cultural heritage
1643:Demolition of monuments to Lenin
1553:Destruction of Albanian heritage
1478:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
1234:Bloch, Hannah (September 2015).
996:"When memory is turn into ashes"
297:the world to spare the statues.
33:Historicity of Afghanistan's art
1558:Destruction of Serbian heritage
1352:http://www.rawa.org/statues.htm
1254:
1227:
1207:Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty
1156:
1135:
1059:Rathje, W.L. (March 22, 2001).
1027:
775:
746:
717:
1673:Churches in the City of London
1463:Monuments removed in 2020β2022
1142:Coverage of Buddha destruction
688:
611:
393:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
267:The obliteration of the giant
257:National Museum of Afghanistan
243:National Museum of Afghanistan
1:
1769:Stolen and missing Moon rocks
1685:Public art formerly in London
1303:Lost Treasures of Afghanistan
941:"Afghan Archivist of Culture"
408:
224:Taliban insurgence/occupation
170:
1473:Destruction of the Four Olds
1065:Discover Archeology Magazine
263:The Giant Buddhas of Bamiyan
29:and culture in Afghanistan.
7:
1267:September 16, 2008, at the
994:Civallero, Edgardo (2007).
386:
10:
1937:
1280:"Saving Afghanistan's Art"
1111:The New York Times Company
493:"Saving Afghanistan's Art"
125:Soviet invasion/occupation
1906:War crimes in Afghanistan
1840:
1824:
1800:Works by Vincent van Gogh
1782:
1712:
1422:
1413:
201:The National Kabul Museum
1752:Museums destroyed by war
662:"Vandalized Afghanistan"
1603:Looting in World War II
228:Upon the resurgence of
1845:Archaeological looting
1518:Archaeological looting
1319:March 4, 2016, at the
660:Bopearachchi, Osmund.
376:
361:
327:
221:
46:
1790:Art theft and looting
1598:Destruction of Warsaw
1260:Mojumadar, Aunohita.
467:on September 16, 2008
371:
356:
310:
288:, although the local
216:
36:
1292:on January 12, 2008.
1117:on February 14, 2009
947:. Conde Nast Digital
603:Flandrin, P (2001).
324:Mullah Mohammad Omar
273:Mullah Mohammed Omar
175:The ancient site of
59:Indian Maurya Empire
1896:Arts in Afghanistan
1730:Destroyed libraries
1623:Destroyed landmarks
1275:September 14, 2008.
1246:on August 14, 2015.
1240:National Geographic
505:on January 12, 2008
398:Alexander the Great
1911:Taliban activities
1795:Restitution claims
1757:Napoleonic looting
1720:Attacks on museums
1498:Bombing of Dresden
1433:Destruction of art
1278:Comiteau, Lauren.
1262:"Beyond the Frame"
455:"Beyond the Frame"
269:Buddhas of Bamiyan
192:Mir Zakah Treasure
27:destruction of art
1883:
1882:
1820:
1819:
1407:cultural heritage
1211:Radio Free Europe
1099:Tristam, Pierre.
1024:, Antoon de Baets
259:during the year.
55:Macedonian Empire
51:Achaemenid Empire
1928:
1875:Vandalism of art
1420:
1419:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1248:
1247:
1242:. Archived from
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1198:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1113:. Archived from
1096:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1056:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1017:
1011:
1010:
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985:
984:
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980:
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
936:
930:
929:
927:
925:
920:on March 4, 2016
916:. Archived from
905:
890:
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866:
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591:
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559:
558:
548:
540:
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515:
514:
512:
510:
501:. Archived from
488:
477:
476:
474:
472:
463:. Archived from
450:
439:
438:
430:
340:Zemaryalai Tarzi
325:
44:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1850:Art destruction
1836:
1816:
1778:
1708:
1654:United Kingdom
1415:
1409:
1391:
1321:Wayback Machine
1269:Wayback Machine
1257:
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1080:
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1068:
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1018:
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1004:
1002:
1001:. Acta Academia
998:
992:
988:
978:
976:
964:
960:
950:
948:
937:
933:
923:
921:
914:AL ARABIYA NEWS
906:
893:
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702:
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693:
689:
679:
677:
675:The Hindu Group
664:
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389:
366:
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326:
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239:
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173:
145:
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127:
71:Greco-Bactrians
67:Sassanid Empire
45:
42:
35:
12:
11:
5:
1934:
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1764:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1740:Body snatching
1732:
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1714:
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1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1699:
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1663:Baedeker Blitz
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158:Bassae, Greece
144:
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63:Islamic Empire
40:
34:
31:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1933:
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1866:
1865:Lost artworks
1863:
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1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:Grave robbery
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1700:
1698:
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1692:United States
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1609:Saudi Arabia
1608:
1604:
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1599:
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1593:
1589:
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1583:
1579:
1578:Benin Bronzes
1576:
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1214:Radio Liberty
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132:Tepe Maranjan
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18:
1855:Book burning
1812:Nazi plunder
1783:World War II
1564:Middle East
1432:
1429:Afghanistan
1337:
1302:
1290:the original
1283:
1272:
1255:Bibliography
1244:the original
1239:
1229:
1219:December 12,
1217:. Retrieved
1206:
1164:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1141:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1115:the original
1104:
1069:. Retrieved
1064:
1029:
1019:
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
989:
977:. Retrieved
971:
961:
949:. Retrieved
944:
934:
922:. Retrieved
918:the original
913:
847:
815:
783:
777:
754:
748:
725:
719:
696:
690:
680:December 12,
678:. Retrieved
668:
619:
613:
604:
572:
536:
507:. Retrieved
503:the original
496:
469:. Retrieved
465:the original
458:
434:
403:Kabul Museum
377:
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164:Tepe Shortor
162:
150:
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128:
117:dynasty and
79:Hephthalites
47:
37:
15:
1439:Bangladesh
1423:By location
1395:destruction
1148:October 25,
1121:October 30,
1071:October 30,
1067:. USA Today
951:October 25,
924:November 1,
509:October 25,
471:October 28,
303:Mullah Omar
250:Puli Khumri
83:Turk Shahis
17:Afghanistan
1890:Categories
1870:Looted art
1860:Iconoclasm
1584:Palestine
1310:Al Arabiya
1005:January 2,
409:References
177:Ai Khanoum
171:Ai Khanoum
95:Ghaznavids
1921:Art crime
1807:Libraries
1338:The Hindu
1273:The Hindu
1173:cite book
1106:About.com
945:Wired.com
856:cite book
824:cite book
792:cite book
763:cite book
734:cite book
705:cite book
670:Frontline
628:cite book
581:cite book
545:cite book
460:The Hindu
380:Mes Aynak
286:Sakyamuni
282:Vairocana
87:Saffarids
22:Silk Road
1639:Ukraine
1574:Nigeria
1529:Ireland
1494:Germany
1393:Damage,
1317:Archived
1265:Archived
979:March 1,
387:See also
322:β
153:Gandhara
107:Timurids
91:Samanids
65:and the
41:β
1825:Natural
1713:By type
1594:Poland
1549:Kosovo
1539:Israel
1484:France
1459:Canada
1449:Brazil
1399:looting
230:Taliban
119:Durrani
111:Mughals
103:Kartids
99:Ghurids
75:Kushans
1629:Syria
1619:Spain
1469:China
1416:caused
1414:Human-
1144:. RAWA
115:Hotaki
61:, the
57:, the
53:, the
1514:Iraq
1504:Iran
1136:AFP.
999:(PDF)
359:Tarzi
1762:List
1405:and
1397:and
1347:>
1330:>
1323:>
1285:Time
1221:2013
1179:link
1150:2011
1123:2011
1073:2011
1007:2021
981:2011
953:2011
926:2011
862:link
830:link
798:link
769:link
740:link
711:link
682:2013
634:link
587:link
555:link
551:link
511:2011
498:Time
473:2011
316:me.
1403:art
1401:of
973:BBC
1892::
1282:.
1271:.
1238:.
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589:)
557:)
513:.
475:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.