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the risk of distributive or social policies to the elite because the state has other sources of revenue to finance this kind of policies that is not the elite wealth or income. And in countries plagued with high inequality, which was the case of
Ecuador in the 1970s, the result would be a higher likelihood of democratization. In 1972, the military coup had overthrown the government in large part because of the fears of elites that redistribution would take place. That same year oil became an increasing financial source for the country. Although the rents were used to finance the military, the eventual second oil boom of 1979 ran parallel to the country's re-democratization. Ecuador's re-democratization can then be attributed, as argued by Dunning, to the large increase of oil rents, which enabled not only a surge in public spending but placated the fears of redistribution that had grappled the elite circles. The exploitation of Ecuador's resource rent enabled the government to implement price and wage policies that benefited citizens at no cost to the elite and allowed for a smooth transition and growth of democratic institutions.
4457:
time, the country was also living in a state of economic crisis virtually since the first World War (in the 1910s), a crisis which was eventually worsened by the effects of the Great
Depression. There is also the general observation that democracy was very rare before the industrial revolution. Empirical research thus led many to believe that economic development either increases chances for a transition to democracy, or helps newly established democracies consolidate. One study finds that economic development prompts democratization but only in the medium run (10â20 years). This is because development may entrench the incumbent leader but make it more difficult for him deliver the state to a son or trusted aide when he exits. However, the debate about whether democracy is a consequence of wealth, a cause of it, or both processes are unrelated, is far from conclusive. Another study suggests that economic development depends on the political stability of a country to promote democracy. Clark, Robert and Golder, in their reformulation of Albert Hirschman's model of
6307:
of
Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects.... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
4954:
may opt for democratization and inclusive institutions. According to a 2020 study, authoritarian-led democratization is more likely to lead to lasting democracy in cases when the party strength of the authoritarian incumbent is high. However, Michael
Albertus and Victor Menaldo argue that democratizing rules implemented by outgoing authoritarians may distort democracy in favor of the outgoing authoritarian regime and its supporters, resulting in "bad" institutions that are hard to get rid of. According to Michael K. Miller, elite-driven democratization is particularly likely in the wake of major violent shocks (either domestic or international) which provide openings to opposition actors to the authoritarian regime. Dan Slater and Joseph Wong argue that dictators in Asia chose to implement democratic reforms when they were in positions of strength in order to retain and revitalize their power.
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675:
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socioeconomic structures shifted because modernization made the agriculture sector more efficient, bigger investments of time and resources were used for the manufacture and service sectors. In
England, for example, members of the gentry began investing more in commercial activities that allowed them to become economically more important for the state. This new kind of productive activities came with new economic power were assets became more difficult for the state to count and hence more difficult to tax. Because of this, predation was no longer possible and the state had to negotiate with the new economic elites to extract revenue. A sustainable bargain had to be reached because the state became more dependent of its citizens remaining loyal and, with this, citizens had now leverage to be taken into account in the decision making process for the country.
3994:
4418:
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make it more difficult for states to claim sovereignty over a population. These responses can include planting crops that are more difficult for states to count, or tending livestock that are more mobile. In fact, the entire political arrangement of a state is a result of individuals adapting to the environment, and making a choice as to whether or not to stay in a territory. If people are free to move, then the exit, voice, and loyalty model predicts that a state will have to be of that population representative, and appease the populace in order to prevent them from leaving. If individuals have plausible exit options then they are better able to constrain a government's arbitrary behaviour through threat of exit.
2545:
5064:
4579:(1966), argues that the distribution of power among classes â the peasantry, the bourgeoise and the landed aristocracy â and the nature of alliances between classes determined whether democratic, authoritarian or communist revolutions occurred. Moore also argued there were at least "three routes to the modern world" â the liberal democratic, the fascist, and the communist â each deriving from the timing of industrialization and the social structure at the time of transition. Thus, Moore challenged modernization theory, by stressing that there was not one path to the modern world and that economic development did not always bring about democracy.
2742:
4884:
civil society; however, Berman argues that this vibrant civil society eventually weakened democracy within
Germany as it exacerbated existing social divisions due to the creation of exclusionary community organizations. Subsequent empirical research and theoretical analysis has lent support for Berman's argument. Yale University political scientist Daniel Mattingly argues civil society in China helps the authoritarian regime in China to cement control. Clark, M. Golder, and S. Golder also argue that despite many believing democratization requires a
4590:(1992), raise questions about Moore's analysis of the role of the bourgeoisie in democratization. Eva Bellin argues that under certain circumstances, the bourgeoise and labor are more likely to favor democratization, but less so under other circumstances. Samuel Valenzuela argues that, counter to Moore's view, the landed elite supported democratization in Chile. A comprehensive assessment conducted by James Mahoney concludes that "Moore's specific hypotheses about democracy and authoritarianism receive only limited and highly conditional support."
4962:, outbid elite rivals, or limit factional violence." His study shows that in many cases, "democratization occurred not because incumbent elites chose it but because, in trying to prevent it, they made mistakes that weakened their hold on power. Common mistakes include: calling elections or starting military conflicts, only to lose them; ignoring popular unrest and being overthrown; initiating limited reforms that get out of hand; and selecting a covert democrat as leader. These mistakes reflect well-known cognitive biases such as
4836:
2726:
4225:
3239:, in November 1975. Initially, "the political elites left over from Francoism" attempted "to reform of the institutions of dictatorship" through existing legal means, but social and political pressure saw the formation of a democratic parliament in the 1977 general election, which had the imprimatur to write a new constitution that was then approved by referendum in December 1978. The following years saw the beginning of the development of the rule of law and establishment of
2684:
2236:
633:
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801:
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catalyzed not through foreign invasion, and only rarely through armed revolt or voluntary elite-driven reforms, but overwhelmingly by democratic civil society organizations utilizing nonviolent action and other forms of civil resistance, such as strikes, boycotts, civil disobedience, and mass protests. A 2016 study found that about a quarter of all cases of democracy protests between 1989 and 2011 lead to democratization.
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3324:
727:
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either the elite or the people, Chile's democratic transition process is known as an intermediate transition â a transition involving both the regime and the civil society. Throughout the transition, though the regime increased repressive violence, it simultaneously supported liberalization â progressively strengthening democratic institutions and gradually weakening those of the military.
6693:
4706:
2281:, enduring democracy advocates succeed almost always through peaceful means when there is a window of opportunity. One major type of opportunity include governments weakened after a violent shock. The other main avenue occurs when autocrats are not threatened by elections, and democratize while retaining power. The path to democracy can be long with setbacks along the way.
5037:
association between the state and its citizens). Herbst writes that in Africa and elsewhere in the non-European world "states are developing in a fundamentally new environment" because they mostly "gained
Independence without having to resort to combat and have not faced a security threat since independence." Herbst notes that the strongest non-European states,
5247:(2004), holds that the reason is that the initial patterns of colonization, the subsequent process of economic incorporation of the new colonies, and the wars of independence differ. The divergent histories of Britain and Iberia are seen as creating different cultural legacies that affected the prospects of democracy. A related argument is presented by
2421:, elected the next year, continued the transition to democracy, freeing the last political prisoners in 1980, instituting direct elections in 1982. The 1985 election of a ruling opposition party marked the military dictatorship's end. The process of liberalization ultimately was successful, culminating with the promulgation of the
4926:(1986), argued against the notion that there are structural "big" causes of democratization. These scholars instead emphasize how the democratization process occurs in a more contingent manner that depends on the characteristics and circumstances of the elites who ultimately oversee the shift from authoritarianism to democracy.
4982:
of civilian dictators. A military dictatorship seizes power to act as a caretaker government to replace what they consider a flawed civilian government. Military dictatorships are more likely to transition to democracy because at the onset, they are meant to be stop-gap solutions while a new acceptable government forms.
4697:, Acemoglu and Robinson argue that the nature of the relationship between elites and society determine whether stable democracy emerges. When elites are overly dominant, despotic states emerge. When society is overly dominant, weak states emerge. When elites and society are evenly balance, inclusive states emerge.
4816:
2010 finds no support for the claim that democratization increased access to primary education around the world. It is true that transitions to democracy often coincided with an acceleration in the expansion of primary education, but the same acceleration was observed in countries that remained non-democratic.
4796:, that countries with a "democratic political culture" were more prone for democratization and democratic survival. He also argued that cultural homogeneity and smallness contribute to democratic survival. Other scholars have however challenged the notion that small states and homogeneity strengthen democracy.
6276:
The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of
Parliament over the Crown.... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch's prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech
4981:
The three dictatorship types, monarchy, civilian and military have different approaches to democratization as a result of their individual goals. Monarchic and civilian dictatorships seek to remain in power indefinitely through hereditary rule in the case of monarchs or through oppression in the case
4784:
have linked Islam to undemocratic outcomes. However, Michael Ross argues that the lack of democracies in some parts of the Muslim world has more to do with the adverse effects of the resource curse than Islam. Lisa
Blaydes and Eric Chaney have linked the democratic divergence between the West and the
4724:
Thad
Dunning proposes a plausible explanation for Ecuador's return to democracy that contradicts the conventional wisdom that natural resource rents encourage authoritarian governments. Dunning proposes that there are situations where natural resource rents, such as those acquired through oil, reduce
4604:, representative government is "more likely to occur when a society is divided across multiple political cleavages." A 2021 study found that constitutions that emerge through pluralism (reflecting distinct segments of society) are more likely to induce liberal democracy (at least, in the short term).
5087:
and lead to autocracy. This is supported by historical evidence showing that in almost all cases, peace has come before democracy. A number of scholars have argued that there is little support for the hypothesis that democracy causes peace, but strong evidence for the opposite hypothesis that peace
4953:
Scholars have argued that processes of democratization may be elite-driven or driven by the authoritarian incumbents as a way for those elites to retain power amid popular demands for representative government. If the costs of repression are higher than the costs of giving away power, authoritarians
4815:
It is commonly claimed that democracy and democratization were important drivers of the expansion of primary education around the world. However, new evidence from historical education trends challenges this assertion. An analysis of historical student enrollment rates for 109 countries from 1820 to
4811:
It has long been theorized that education promotes stable and democratic societies. Research shows that education leads to greater political tolerance, increases the likelihood of political participation and reduces inequality. One study finds "that increases in levels of education improve levels of
4802:
Sirianne Dahlum and Carl Henrik Knutsen offer a test of the Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel revised version of modernization theory, which focuses on cultural traits triggered by economic development that are presumed to be conducive to democratization. They find "no empirical support" for the
4757:
which is cited as "best suited" to democracy, with other cultures portrayed as containing values which make democracy difficult or undesirable. This argument is sometimes used by undemocratic regimes to justify their failure to implement democratic reforms. Today, however, there are many non-Western
4625:
argued that the mobility of commerce meant that rulers had to bargain with merchants in order to tax them, otherwise they would leave the country or hide their commercial activities. Stasavage argues that the small size and backwardness of European states, as well as the weakness of European rulers,
6306:
The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th, and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House
5221:
that foreign interventions contributed to democratic failures, citing Soviet interventions in Central and Eastern Europe and U.S. interventions in Latin America. However, the delegitimization of empires contributed to the emergence of democracy as former colonies gained independence and implemented
5048:
Elizabeth Kier has challenged claims that total war prompts democratization, showing in the cases of the UK and Italy during World War I that the policies adopted by the Italian government during World War I prompted a fascist backlash whereas UK government policies towards labor undermined broader
4977:
dispute that elite-driven democratization produce liberal democracy. They argue that low levels of inequality and weak identity cleavages are necessary for liberal democracy to emerge. A 2020 study by several political scientists from German universities found that democratization through bottom-up
4637:
argues that governments may find it difficult to claim a sovereignty over a population when that population is in motion. Scott additionally asserts that exit may not solely include physical exit from the territory of a coercive state, but can include a number of adaptive responses to coercion that
4526:
The âdoomsway viewâ is that capital mobility is an inherent threat to underdeveloped democracies by worsening the economic inequalities and favoring the interests of powerful elites and external actors over broader societal, which might lead to depending on money from outside, therefore affected by
4476:
argue that while economic development makes democracies less likely to turn authoritarian, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that development causes democratization (turning an authoritarian state into a democracy). Economic development can boost public support for authoritarian regimes in
4929:
O'Donnell and Schmitter proposed a strategic choice approach to transitions to democracy that highlighted how they were driven by the decisions of different actors in response to a core set of dilemmas. The analysis centered on the interaction among four actors: the hard-liners and soft-liners who
4883:
has rebutted Putnam's theory that civil society contributes to democratization, writing that in the case of the Weimar Republic, civil society facilitated the rise of the Nazi Party. According to Berman, Germany's democratization after World War I allowed for a renewed development in the country's
4872:
are able to better build the "norms of trust, reciprocity, and civic engagement" that lead to democratization and well-functioning participatory democracies. By contrasting communities in Northern Italy, which had dense horizontal networks, to communities in Southern Italy, which had more vertical
4666:
and power in a democracy would be so harmful to elites that these would do everything to prevent democratization. Democratization is more likely to emerge somewhere in the middle, in the countries, whose elites offer concessions because (1) they consider the threat of a revolution credible and (2)
4522:
Theories on causes to democratization such as economic development focus rather on the aspect of gaining capital, capital mobility focuses on the movement of money and the across borders of countries and different financial instruments and the corresponding restrictions. Over the past decades they
4456:
correlates with democracy and some claim the wealthiest democracies have never been observed to fall into authoritarianism. The rise of Hitler and of the Nazis in Weimar Germany can be seen as an obvious counter-example, but although in early 1930s Germany was already an advanced economy, by that
2442:
The military regime in Chile led by General Augusto Pinochet ended on 11 March 1990 and was replaced by a democratically elected government. The transition period lasted roughly two years, although some aspects of the process lasted significantly longer. Unlike most democratic transitions, led by
5383:
Some historians suggest an earlier date for the conclusion of the Transition including the 1977 general election, the 1978 Constitution, or the 1981 attempted coup. One writer suggests the Transition only concluded in 2006 with the end of consensus politics and the re-emergence of open debate on
4465:
which influences a democratization process, but rather the changes in the socio-economic structures that come together with the increase of wealth. They explain how these structure changes have been called out to be one of the main reasons several European countries became democratic. When their
5259:
Scholars have discussed whether the order in which things happen helps or hinders the process of democratization. An early discussion occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. Dankwart Rustow argued that "'the most effective sequence' is the pursuit of national unity, government authority, and political
4761:
Huntington presented an influential, but also controversial arguments about Confucianism and Islam. Huntington held that that "In practice Confucian or Confucian-influenced societies have been inhospitable to democracy." He also held that "Islamic doctrine ... contains elements that may be both
2961:
notes that writers that "Meiji leadership embraced constitutional government with some pluralist features for essentially tactical reasons" and that pre-World war II Japanese society was dominated by a "loose coalition" of "landed rural elites, big business, and the military" that was averse to
5036:
that is missing in Africa today." Herbst writes that war and the threat of invasion by neighbors caused European state to more efficiently collect revenue, forced leaders to improve administrative capabilities, and fostered state unification and a sense of national identity (a common, powerful
704:
Whether and to what extent democratization occurs can be influenced by various factors, including economic development, historical legacies, civil society, and international processes. Some accounts of democratization emphasize how elites drove democratization, whereas other accounts emphasize
4896:
Research indicates that democracy protests are associated with democratization. According to a study by Freedom House, in 67 countries where dictatorships have fallen since 1972, nonviolent civic resistance was a strong influence over 70 percent of the time. In these transitions, changes were
876:
identified for the year 2023 9 cases of stand-alone democratization in East Timor, The Gambia, Honduras, Fiji, Dominican Republic, Solomon Islands, Montenegro, Seychelles, and Kosovo and 9 cases of U-Turn Democratization in Thailand, Maldives, Tunisia, Bolivia, Zambia, Benin, North Macedonia,
5015:
One of the critiques of Huntington's periodization is that it doesn't give enough weight to universal suffrage. Pamela Paxton argues that once women's suffrage is taken into account, the data reveal "a long, continuous democratization period from 1893â1958, with only war-related reversals."
4997:
theorizes that the process of democratization occurs when elites are unable to reconstitute an autocracy. Olson suggests that this occurs when constituencies or identity groups are mixed within a geographic region. He asserts that this mixed geographic constituencies requires elites to for
5006:
One analysis found that "Compared with other forms of leadership turnover in autocraciesâsuch as coups, elections, or term limitsâwhich lead to regime collapse about half of the time, the death of a dictator is remarkably inconsequential. ... of the 79 dictators who have died in office
8139:
8102:
J. Samuel Valenzuela, 2001. "Class Relations and Democratization: A Reassessment of Barrington Moore's Model", pp. 240â86, in Miguel Angel Centeno and Fernando LĂłpez-Alves (eds.), The Other Mirror: Grand Theory Through the Lens of Latin America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
4736:(2011). Haber and Menaldo argue that "natural resource reliance is not an exogenous variable" and find that when tests of the relationship between natural resources and democracy take this point into account "increases in resource reliance are not associated with authoritarianism."
4481:
argues that China is a problematic case for the thesis that economic development causes democratization. Michael Miller finds that development increases the likelihood of "democratization in regimes that are fragile and unstable, but makes this fragility less likely to begin with."
4957:
According to a study by political scientist Daniel Treisman, influential theories of democratization posit that autocrats "deliberately choose to share or surrender power. They do so to prevent revolution, motivate citizens to fight wars, incentivize governments to provide
4503:
argue that modernization theory cannot account for various paths of political development "because it posits a link between economics and politics that is not conditional on institutions and culture and that presumes a definite endpointâfor example, an 'end of history'."
2592:, which codified certain rights and liberties for individuals. It set out the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, rules for freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarch, ensuring that, unlike much of the rest of Europe,
5141:
with playing a role in democratization. international forces can significantly affect democratization. Global forces like the diffusion of democratic ideas and pressure from international financial institutions to democratize have led to democratization.
5032:, in his paper "War and the State in Africa" (1990), explains how democratization in European states was achieved through political development fostered by war-making and these "lessons from the case of Europe show that war is an important cause of
3068:
became independent between 1810 and 1825, and soon had some early experiences with representative government and elections. All Latin American countries established representative institutions soon after independence, the early cases being those of
8539:
3089:
shows that some experiments with representative institutions in Latin America occurred earlier than in most European countries. Mass democracy, in which the working class had the right to vote, become common only in the 1930s and 1940s.
5295:(2021), argue that counter to the state-first thesis, the "starting point of political developments is less important than whether the Stateâdemocracy relationship is a virtuous cycle, triggering causal mechanisms that reinforce each."
5298:
In sequences of democratization for many countries, Morrison et al. found elections as the most frequent first element of the sequence of democratization but found this ordering does not necessarily predict successful democratization.
5282:
However, this state-first thesis has been challenged. Relying on a comparison of Denmark and Greece, and quantitative research on 180 countries across 1789â2019, Haakon GjerlĂžw, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Tore Wig, and Matthew C. Wilson, in
4985:
Research suggests that the threat of civil conflict encourages regimes to make democratic concessions. A 2016 study found that drought-induced riots in Sub-Saharan Africa lead regimes, fearing conflict, to make democratic concessions.
5275:(2014), echoes Huntington's "state-first" argument and holds that those "countries in which democracy preceded modern state-building have had much greater problems achieving high-quality governance." This view has been supported by
4445:. According to Daniel Treisman, there is "a strong and consistent relationship between higher income and both democratization and democratic survival in the medium term (10â20 years), but not necessarily in shorter time windows."
4892:
also asserts that the existence of civil society is not a prerequisite for the transition to democracy, but rather democratization is usually followed by the resurrection of civil society (even if it did not exist previously).
4758:
democracies. Examples include: India, Japan, Indonesia, Namibia, Botswana, Taiwan, and South Korea. Research finds that "Western-educated leaders significantly and substantively improve a country's democratization prospects".
4403:
There is considerable debate about the factors which affect (e.g., promote or limit) democratization. Factors discussed include economic, political, cultural, individual agents and their choices, international and historical.
8230:
11074:
812:
identified three waves of democratization that have taken place in history. The first one brought democracy to Western Europe and Northern America in the 19th century. It was followed by a rise of dictatorships during the
3280:
4867:
argues that certain characteristics make societies more likely to have cultures of civic engagement that lead to more participatory democracies. According to Putnam, communities with denser horizontal networks of
5260:
equality, in that order." Eric Nordlinger and Samuel Huntington stressed "the importance of developing effective governmental institutions before the emergence of mass participation in politics." Robert Dahl, in
4620:
and Donald Lien, as well as David Stasavage, have argued that rulers' need for taxes gave asset-owning elites the bargaining power to demand a say on public policy, thus giving rise to democratic institutions.
11712:
Morrison, Kelly and Lundstedt, Martin and Sato, Yuko and Boese, Vanessa A. and Markström, Klas and Lindberg, Staffan I., Chains in Episodes of Democratization (June 28, 2023). V-Dem Working Paper No. 2023:141
4531:
argues that a bigger demand for transparency in both the private and public sectors by some investors can contribute to a strengthening of democratic institutions and can encourage democratic consolidation.
8526:
Krauss, Alexander. "The scientific limits of understanding the (potential) relationship between complex social phenomena: the case of democracy and inequality." Journal of Economic Methodology 23.1 (2016):
9592:
2568:(1642â1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament, during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the
4930:
belonged to the incumbent authoritarian regime, and the moderate and radical oppositions against the regime. This book not only became the point of reference for a burgeoning academic literature on
12157:
Cheibub, JosĂ© Antonio, and James Raymond Vreeland. 2018. "Modernization Theory: Does Economic Development Cause Democratization?" pp. 3â21, in Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle (eds.),
4258:
in January 2011. It eventually led to a thorough democratization of the country and to free and democratic elections, which had led to people believing it was the only successful movement in the
6825:
Let's say no to "jasmine" and stick to the name that was enshrined in our new constitution - the Tunisian Revolution of Dignity -to remind ourselves where our common efforts must remain focused.
7847:
4717:
is the sole resource that has "been consistently correlated with less democracy and worse institutions" and is the "key variable in the vast majority of the studies" identifying some type of
5264:(1971), held that the "commonest sequence among the older and more stable polyarchies has been some approximation of the ... path competitive politics preceded expansion in participation."
5279:, who offers a sweeping overview of European history and concludes that "sequencing matters" and that "without strong states...liberal democracy is difficult if not impossible to achieve."
4789:(slave soldiers) by Muslim rulers whereas European rulers had to rely on local elites for military forces, thus giving those elites bargaining power to push for representative government.
10493:
705:
grassroots bottom-up processes. How democratization occurs has also been used to explain other political phenomena, such as whether a country goes to a war or whether its economy grows.
12229:
7149:
4803:
Inglehart and Welzel thesis and conclude that "self-expression values do not enhance democracy levels or democratization chances, and neither do they stabilize existing democracies."
9668:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005; Dahlum, S., & Knutsen, C., "Democracy by Demand? Reinvestigating the Effect of Self-expression Values on Political Regime Type."
9651:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005; Dahlum, S., & Knutsen, C., "Democracy by Demand? Reinvestigating the Effect of Self-expression Values on Political Regime Type."
8112:
James Mahoney, "Knowledge Accumulation in Comparative Historical Research: The Case of Democracy and Authoritarianism," pp. 131â74, in James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer (eds.),
6182:
6161:
5166:
and Lucan Way have argued that close ties to the West increased the likelihood of democratization after the end of the Cold War, whereas states with weak ties to the West adopted
12965:
2413:
opposition party's participation in congressional elections. He worked to address human rights violations and began to undo the military dictatorship's founding legislation, the
6812:
4543:, while trade between democracies and autocracies reduces democratization of the autocracies. Trade and capital mobility often involve international organizations, such as the
12244:
4514:
A 2024 study linked industrialization to democratization, arguing that large-scale employment in manufacturing made mass mobilization easier to occur and harder to repress.
3138:
was touted as one of the more stable democracies in Africa, with a long tradition of peaceful democratic discourse. Democratization proceeded gradually from 1970s to 1990s.
5230:
Some scholars link the emergence and sustenance of democracies to areas with access to the sea, which tends to increase the mobility of people, goods, capital, and ideas.
4068:
8848:
7893:
FREEMAN, J. R., & QUINN, D. P. (2012). The Economic Origins of Democracy Reconsidered. American Political Science Review, 106(1), 58â80. doi:10.1017/S0003055411000505
4199:. The details of the event were largely forgotten by the Romans a few centuries later; later Roman historians presented a narrative of the events, traditionally dated to
4154:, was modified several times during the following decades and wholly replaced in 1999. The 1848 constitution represented the first time, other than when the short-lived
8798:
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posits that existential security leads to emancipative cultural values and support for a democratic political organization. This is in agreement with theories based on
12217:
Welzel, Christian. 2009. "Theories of Democratization", pp. 74â91, in Christian W. Haerpfer, Patrick Bernhagen, Ronald F. Inglehart, and Christian Welzel (eds.),
12370:
11617:
James A. Robinson, "Critical Junctures and Developmental Paths: Colonialism and Long-Term Economic Prosperity," Ch. 2, in David Collier and Gerardo L. Munck (eds.),
4799:
A 2012 study found that areas in Africa with Protestant missionaries were more likely to become stable democracies. A 2020 study failed to replicate those findings.
4667:
the cost of the concessions is not too high. This expectation is in line with the empirical research showing that democracy is more stable in egalitarian societies.
738:
Theories of democratization seek to explain a large macro-level change of a political regime from authoritarianism to democracy. Symptoms of democratization include
4567:
Theorists such as Barrington Moore Jr. argued that the roots of democratization could be found in the relationship between lords and peasants in agrarian societies.
10733:
6401:
5160:
wrote in 2009, "there is a consensus in the literature on Eastern Europe that the EU membership perspective had a huge anchoring effects for the new democracies."
8912:
Girod, Desha M.; Stewart, Megan A.; Walters, Meir R. (2016-07-27). "Mass protests and the resource curse: The politics of demobilization in rentier autocracies".
4511:
of research on Lipset's argument shows that a majority of studies do not support the thesis that higher levels of economic development leads to more democracy.
9421:
Blaydes, Lisa; Chaney, Eric (2013). "The Feudal Revolution and Europe's Rise: Political Divergence of the Christian West and the Muslim World before 1500 CE".
5342:
substantially realized and the death of Cavour himself in 1861, the Liberal Party was split into at least two major factions or new parties later known as the
4539:
can increase democratization of a country, especially in case of trade with other democracies. A 2020 study found increased trade between democracies reduces
5198:
sometimes facilitated the establishment of democracies that were soon replaced by authoritarian regimes. For example, Syria, after gaining independence from
10185:
6865:
2957:(1870s and 1880s) and some proto-democratic institutions, Japanese society remained constrained by a highly conservative society and bureaucracy. Historian
8189:
7845:
5117:
and an authoritarian government when people perceive collective danger, while the development in the democratic direction requires collective safety.
13189:
5211:
12945:
5113:
values and a preference for democracy in situations of peace and safety. The consequence of this is that a society will develop in the direction of
12178:
6939:
6259:
3434:
11723:
Gibler, Douglas M.; Miller, Steven V. (2021). "The Territorial Peace: Current and Future Research". In McLaughlin, Sara; Vasquez, John A. (eds.).
11500:
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was ended through a series of bilateral and multi-party negotiations between 1990 and 1993. The negotiations culminated in the passage of a new
2843:
increased in strength, challenging the traditional liberal and conservative establishment. From 1915 to 1918, the Kingdom of Italy took part in
5843:
5102:
11465:
11191:
Risse, Thomas (2009). "Conclusions: Towards Transatlantic Democracy Promotion?". In Magen, Amichai; Risse, Thomas; McFaul, Michael A. (eds.).
9996:
6786:
6289:
5452:
4453:
3401:
3273:
619:
7123:
12210:
Potter, David. 1997. "Explaining Democratization," pp. 1â40, in David Potter, David Goldblatt, Margaret Kiloh, and Paul Lewis (eds.),
6895:[The 1989â1991 National Liberation Revolution in Ukraine as a product of a social movement and multivector network of structures].
6648:
4633:'s exit, voice, and loyalty model is that if individuals have plausible exit options, then a government may be more likely to democratize.
4576:
4111:. In this way, he hoped to rejuvenate the party with reform-minded personnel who would carry out his institutional and policy reforms. The
3948:
3386:
614:
9948:
7411:
Traversa, Federico (2014). "Income and the stability of democracy: Pushing beyond the borders of logic to explain a strong correlation?".
6169:
5156:
The European Union has contributed to the spread of democracy, in particular by encouraging democratic reforms in aspiring member states.
674:
13112:
12285:
4877:, Putnam asserts that the latter never built the culture of civic engagement that some deem as necessary for successful democratization.
4367:. In many fields, it was a success ideologically in the sense that a true republic was established that never had a single dictator, but
2769:
661:
6233:
5973:
5287:(2022), "find little evidence to support the stateness-first argument." Based on a comparison of European and Latin American countries,
12813:
11536:
4857:
refers to a collection of non-governmental organizations and institutions that advance the interests, priorities and will of citizens.
11342:
6808:
5700:
3336:
836:
Waves of democratization can be followed by waves of de-democratization. Thus, Huntington, in 1991, offered the following depiction.
13001:
4773:
The compatibility of Islam and democracy continues to be a focus of discussion; the image depicts a mosque in Medina, Saudi Arabia.
3491:
2979:
2753:
4941:(1991), offered the first analysis of the interaction between rulers and opposition in transitions to democracy using rudimentary
4749:
It is claimed by some that certain cultures are simply more conducive to democratic values than others. This view is likely to be
4861:
refers to features of social lifeânetworks, norms, and trustâthat allow individuals to act together to pursue shared objectives.
4626:
after the fall of the Roman Empire meant that European rulers had to obtain consent from their population to govern effectively.
3876:
2954:
1821:
13117:
10639:
Debs, Alexandre (2016-02-18). "Living by the Sword and Dying by the Sword? Leadership Transitions in and out of Dictatorships".
12496:
12433:
8895:
7321:
Rice, Tom W.; Ling, Jeffrey (2002-12-01). "Democracy, Economic Wealth and Social Capital: Sorting Out the Causal Connections".
6555:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 2; Przeworski, Adam, "The Mechanics of Regime Instability in Latin America."
5083:
makes the opposite claim that peace causes democracy. In fact, war and territorial threats to a country are likely to increase
4364:
4323:
4288:
4284:
3792:
3541:
3526:
965:
3993:
3244:
854:
The idea of waves of democratization has also been used and scrutinized by many other authors, including Renske Doorenspleet,
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13041:
13021:
12996:
12898:
12843:
11904:
11820:
11755:
11589:
11554:
11216:
11172:
11057:
10920:
10623:
10435:
10363:
10323:
10097:
9477:
8596:
8420:
8385:
8060:
Bellin, Eva (January 2000). "Contingent Democrats: Industrialists, Labor, and Democratization in Late-Developing Countries".
8018:
7784:
7567:
7143:
6848:
6385:
6350:
5998:
5776:
5422:
4375:
male property owners (about 6% of the population). Slavery was not abolished in the Southern states until the constitutional
2900:
2746:
2597:
1972:
1912:
3043:
A referendum on reintroducing multi-party democracy was held in Malawi on 14 June 1993. Over 64% of voters voted to end the
2712:
on 21 May 1998. Since his resignation, the country has been in a period of transition known as the Reform era (Indonesian:
13061:
13051:
6893:"ĐĐ°ŃŃĐŸĐœĐ°Đ»ŃĐœĐŸ-ĐČОзĐČĐŸĐ»ŃĐœĐ° ŃĐ”ĐČĐŸĐ»ŃŃŃŃ ĐČ ĐŁĐșŃĐ°ŃĐœŃ 1989â1991 ŃŃ. ŃĐș ĐżŃĐŸĐŽŃĐșŃ ŃĐŸŃŃĐ°Đ»ŃĐœĐŸĐłĐŸ ŃŃŃ
Ń Đ· багаŃĐŸĐČĐ”ĐșŃĐŸŃĐœĐŸŃ ĐŒĐ”ŃĐ”Đ¶ĐœĐŸŃ ŃŃŃŃĐșŃŃŃĐŸŃ"
6319:
5793:
4762:
congenial and uncongenial to democracy," but generally thought that Islam was an obstacle to democratization. In contrast,
3566:
3346:
3259:
3011:
3004:
2817:
2045:
10313:
5243:
In seeking to explain why North America developed stable democracies and Latin America did not, Seymour Martin Lipset, in
1962:
13097:
12428:
8957:"How oil income and missing hydrocarbon rents data influence autocratic survival: A response to Lucas and Richter (2016)"
6572:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991; Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens,
6085:
5331:
5272:
5075:
that precedes a transition to democracy, but war is mainly a serious obstacle to democratization. While adherents of the
4683:
4597:: as landed elites became less reliant on the repression of agricultural workers, they became less hostile to democracy.
4417:
4104:
3964:
3956:
3935:
3446:
3351:
3251:
2891:(1943â1945). The aftermath of World War II left Italy also with an anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the
2658:
2257:
2115:
1741:
1432:
6731:
821:, but lost steam between 1962 and the mid-1970s. The latest wave began in 1974 and is still ongoing. Democratization of
13066:
12893:
12187:
Mazzuca, SebastiĂĄn. 2010. "Macrofoundations of Regime Change: Democracy, State Formation, and Capitalist Development."
11485:
10996:
6975:
5130:
4650:
and democratic transition is complicated: People have less incentive to revolt in an egalitarian society (for example,
4617:
4441:
increases the likelihood of democratization. Initially argued by Lipset in 1959, this subsequently been referred to as
4368:
4352:
4273:
3909:
3476:
3100:
3037:
2520:. Historians continue to debate the reasons why the Weimar Republic's attempt at democratization failed. After Germany
2132:
1942:
1402:
10260:"Autocratic ruling parties during regime transitions: Investigating the democratizing effect of strong ruling parties"
7989:
Chwieroth, J. M. (2010). Capital Ideas: The IMF and the Rise of Financial Liberalization. Princeton University Press.
7607:
7503:
6211:
4978:
peaceful protests led to higher levels of democracy and democratic stability than democratization prompted by elites.
4713:
Research shows that oil wealth lowers levels of democracy and strengthens autocratic rule. According to Michael Ross,
2716:). This period has been characterised by a more open political-social environment and grassroots economic improvement.
12340:
12325:
11882:
11360:
10513:
10203:
10132:
9966:
9198:
Stephen Haber and Victor Menaldo, "Do Natural Resources Fuel Authoritarianism? A Reappraisal of the Resource Curse,"
8454:
8207:
7585:
7014:
Lipset, Seymour Martin (1959). "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy".
6190:
5199:
5134:
5045:, are "largely 'warfare' states that have been molded, in part, by the near constant threat of external aggression."
4728:
The thesis that oil and other natural resources have a negative impact on democracy has been challenged by historian
4344:
3551:
3521:
2801:
2341:
was a wave of protests, demonstrations, nonviolent boycotts, grassroots rallies, opposition campaigns and strikes in
2222:
1687:
1472:
12224:
Wucherpfennig, Julian, and Franziska Deutsch. 2009. "Modernization and Democracy: Theories and Evidence Revisited."
12024:
Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1959. "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy."
7959:
Pronin, Pavel (2020). "International Trade And Democracy: How Trade Partners Affect Regime Change And Persistence".
4998:
democratic and representative institutions to control the region, and to limit the power of competing elite groups.
4888:, empirical evidence produced by several reanalyses of past studies suggest this claim is only partially supported.
4022:
to hold direct presidential elections and institute other democratic reforms, which led to the establishment of the
13386:
13087:
13071:
12345:
4485:
There is research to suggest that greater urbanization, through various pathways, contributes to democratization.
3866:
3496:
2789:
2662:
2090:
1761:
731:
571:
471:
31:
11376:
Pevehouse, Jon C. (2002-06-01). "Democracy from the Outside-In? International Organizations and Democratization".
8116:
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 145. For an earlier review of a wide range of critical response to
4187:
that took place between the 6th and 5th centuries BC where a political revolution replaced the then-existing
2796:. This constitution was quite advanced for its time in liberal democratic terms, as was the proposal of a unified
2002:
13294:
13224:
12975:
12858:
12853:
12459:
12278:
6869:
5267:
In the 2010s, the discussion focused on the impact of the sequencing between state building and democratization.
4327:
4303:
4280:
4180:
4173:
4037:
3856:
3481:
3376:
3240:
3157:
3149:
2824:(Fundamental Statute). However, only King Charles Albert maintained the statute even after the end of the riots.
2513:
2436:
2386:
778:. Democracy indices can be quantitative or categorical. Some disagreements among scholars concern the concept of
654:
17:
11777:[All is almost forgiven. Regarding the Transition, historiographic debate and methodological proposals]
10425:
8695:
6277:
in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from 'cruel or unusual punishment'.
6030:
13417:
13132:
12423:
10944:
Gibler, Douglas M.; Owsiak, Andrew (2017). "Democracy and the Settlement of International Borders, 1919â2001".
7801:
5327:
5109:
form of government in situations of war or perceived collective danger. On the other hand, people will support
4348:
4133:
4126:
4086:
4014:), also known as the June Democracy Movement and the June Uprising, was a nationwide pro-democracy movement in
3546:
2895:
for the previous twenty years. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement.
2250:
1096:
4242:), also called the Jasmine Revolution and Tunisian Revolution of Dignity, was an intensive 28-day campaign of
3022:
demanding free results of elections, new constitution and shared their dissatisfaction with the government in
2017:
13407:
13304:
12903:
12888:
12019:
Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe
8799:"Resource Curse or Rentier Peace? The Ambiguous Effects of Oil Wealth and Oil Dependence on Violent Conflict"
5248:
4500:
4158:
had been imposed, that the Swiss had a central government instead of being simply a collection of autonomous
3699:
3576:
3561:
3536:
3255:
2914:
2892:
2690:
2676:
2521:
2473:
2410:
2338:
2331:
1387:
426:
12196:
Democracy and Democratization in Comparative Perspective: Conceptions, Conjunctures, Causes and Consequences
9212:
Gift, Thomas; Krcmaric, Daniel (2015). "Who Democratizes? Western-educated Leaders and Regime Transitions".
7916:
Manger, Mark S.; Pickup, Mark A. (2016-02-01). "The Coevolution of Trade Agreement Networks and Democracy".
5346:
on the right-wing, who substantially assembled the Count of Cavour's followers and political heirs; and the
2808:, granted the Constitution, with the general approval of his subjects. The Habsburg example was followed by
2584:
in 1679, which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence. The
2548:
Magna Carta in the British Library. The document was described as "the chief cause of Democracy in England".
1997:
13214:
13179:
13169:
13127:
12940:
11775:"Todo estĂĄ casi perdonado. A propĂłsito de la TransiciĂłn, debate historiogrĂĄfico y propuestas metodolĂłgicas"
10038:
3960:
3841:
3456:
2212:
2175:
2095:
2055:
1957:
1952:
762:
Democracy indices enable the quantitative assessment of democratization. Some common democracy indices are
486:
11633:
Samuel P. Huntington, "The Goals of Development," pp. 3â32, in Myron Weiner and Samuel Huntington (eds.),
3250:
and global economic problems. The Transition is said to have concluded after the landslide victory of the
2544:
13442:
13194:
13107:
12960:
12833:
11832:
10682:
Cheibub, Jose Antonio; Gandhi, Jennifer; Vreeland, James (2010). "Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited".
10114:
8140:"Lord, Peasant ⊠and Tractor? Agricultural Mechanization, Moore's Thesis, and the Emergence of Democracy"
6947:
6892:
6702:
6570:
Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America
5063:
4523:
have been multiple theories as to what the relationship is between capital mobility and democratization.
3714:
3556:
3501:
3411:
3406:
2765:
2367:
2360:
1947:
516:
281:
30:
This article is about the process by which political systems become more democratic. For other uses, see
12176:
12040:
The State-Democracy Nexus. Conceptual Distinctions, Theoretical Perspectives, and Comparative Approaches
11232:
Poast, Paul; Chinchilla, Alexandra (2020). "Good for democracy? Evidence from the 2004 NATO expansion".
9251:
6457:
6263:
13259:
12913:
12908:
12271:
11511:
7482:
6048:
5125:
A number of studies have found that institutional institutions have helped facilitate democratization.
4192:
4147:
4137:
3416:
2809:
2788:
region which were backed by the majority of the intelligentsia of the Kingdom, on 29 January 1848 King
2730:
2050:
1751:
1422:
855:
647:
8481:
7165:"The political sociologist Seymour M. Lipset: Remembered in political science, neglected in sociology"
3744:
13274:
11984:
Political Order and Political Decay. From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy
11661:
Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalisation of Democracy
8648:
6708:
5881:
5191:
5007:(1946â2014)... in the vast majority (92%) of cases, the regime persists after the autocrat's death."
4820:
4536:
4376:
4326:. The protests were ultimately successful, leading to the independence of Ukraine amidst the broader
4291:
on 1 December 1991, a non-violent protest movement worked to achieve Ukrainian independence from the
3968:
3664:
3511:
3506:
3486:
3461:
3441:
3018:: Fihetsiketsehana 1990-1992 teto Madagascar) was a strike movement and popular uprising that rocked
2839:. The new kingdom was governed by a parliamentary constitutional monarchy dominated by liberals. The
2457:
2060:
2027:
1927:
1922:
1592:
1209:
10000:
8715:
7902:
Maxfield, S. (2000). Capital Mobility and Democratic Stability. Journal of Democracy 11(4), 95-106.
5856:
5719:"Waves of autocratization and democratization: A critical note on conceptualization and measurement"
5718:
5583:
13437:
13412:
13289:
13239:
12878:
12868:
12637:
12398:
6758:
5448:"The Matthew effect in political science: head start and key reforms important for democratization"
5371:
5307:
5207:
5080:
5058:
4934:, it was also read widely by political activists engaged in actual struggles to achieve democracy.
4663:
4552:
4544:
4001:
3986:
3851:
3471:
3114:
2085:
2080:
2075:
1977:
1552:
955:
551:
396:
256:
12735:
8540:"Weak, Despotic, or Inclusive? How State Type Emerges from State versus Civil Society Competition"
6293:
5909:
3674:
2950:
1332:
873:
830:
13340:
13279:
13219:
13122:
13046:
13006:
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12491:
12403:
5303:
5098:
5076:
4959:
4885:
4255:
4247:
4023:
4019:
3928:
3881:
3649:
3222:
2876:
2840:
2836:
2529:
2394:
2313:
2110:
2100:
2065:
1781:
1427:
1018:
930:
794:
One way to summarize the outcome theories of democratization seek to account is with the idea of
771:
556:
491:
401:
376:
231:
8007:
Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: lord and peasant in the making of the modern world
7631:
Miller, Michael K. (2012). "Economic Development, Violent Leader Removal, and Democratization".
4492:
to the emergence and sustenance of democracy, whereas others have challenged this relationship.
13244:
13056:
12627:
12474:
11619:
Critical Junctures and Historical Legacies: Insights and Methods for Comparative Social Science
11200:
10880:
10875:
Paxton, P. "Women's suffrage in the measurement of democracy: Problems of operationalization."
10780:
10612:
Lambach, Daniel; Bayer, Markus; Bethke, Felix S.; Dressler, Matteo; Dudouet, VĂ©ronique (2020).
9034:
8710:
5366:) were composed of royalist liberals. At the same time, radicals organized themselves into the
4931:
4915:
4594:
4540:
4356:
4315:
4311:
4159:
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3214:
3055:
and most of the dictatorial powers he had held since the institution of one-party rule in 1966.
2905:
2868:
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2706:
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2120:
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709:
381:
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266:
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182:
122:
112:
107:
87:
12257:
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11284:
8446:
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7135:
6375:
6292:. Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Archived from
5988:
1234:
13345:
13299:
13284:
13249:
13036:
12980:
12569:
12335:
12201:
Munck, Gerardo L. 2015. "Democratic Transitions," pp. 97â100, in James D. Wright (ed.),
12124:
Making Waves: Democratic Contention in Europe and Latin America since the Revolutions of 1848
11975:
Coppedge, Michael, Amanda Edgell, Carl Henrik Knutsen, and Staffan I. Lindberg (eds.). 2022.
10221:"Poland's Contentious Elites Enter the Age of Revolution: Extending Social Movement Concepts"
10220:
9997:"Study: Nonviolent Civic Resistance Key Factor in Building Durable Democracies, May 24, 2005"
8002:
6237:
5367:
5188:
5174:
4963:
4919:
4889:
4812:
democracy and that the democratizing effect of education is more intense in poor countries".
4670:
Other approaches to the relationship between inequality and democracy have been presented by
4426:
4388:
4319:
3846:
3836:
3531:
3451:
3396:
3232:
3044:
2910:
2848:
2630:
2557:
2553:
2489:
2165:
1987:
1801:
1682:
1294:
1274:
1184:
1028:
910:
694:
436:
416:
391:
386:
366:
328:
303:
12054:
Democracy and the Market. Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America
11774:
11192:
10494:"The Stickiness of "Bad" Institutions: Constitutional Continuity and Change under Democracy"
10172:
Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America
4721:
effect. A 2014 meta-analysis confirms the negative impact of oil wealth on democratization.
4654:), so the likelihood of democratization is lower. In a highly unequal society (for example,
2385:'political opening') was the 1974â1988 period of liberalization under the country's
13254:
12755:
12750:
12710:
12579:
12564:
12251:
10828:
7710:"Endogenous democracy: causal evidence from the potato productivity shock in the old world"
7674:
5851:
5608:
4572:
4555:(WTO), which can condition financial assistance or trade agreements on democratic reforms.
4442:
4438:
4360:
4299:
3813:
3614:
3571:
3421:
3361:
3218:
3135:
3128:
3110:
2832:
2481:
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2278:
2150:
1892:
1831:
1194:
1116:
1023:
990:
809:
609:
411:
313:
246:
177:
172:
152:
58:
12524:
10469:
10452:
9085:
9068:
8350:
8333:
8280:
7817:
7802:"Non-Modernization: PowerâCulture Trajectories and the Dynamics of Political Institutions"
7273:
7238:
7221:
6989:
6970:
6049:"Chile: Period of democratic transition: 1988â1989, Pro-democracy civic movement: present"
5659:
5288:
8:
13432:
13199:
13174:
12970:
12955:
12554:
12294:
11538:
The Deep Roots of Modern Democracy: Geography and the Diffusion of Political Institutions
5755:
5339:
5184:
5167:
5151:
4967:
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1992:
1902:
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406:
343:
323:
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276:
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261:
236:
191:
167:
142:
117:
102:
12685:
12061:
Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950â1990
12059:
Przeworski, Adam, Michael E. Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi. 2000.
11298:
Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan (2005-07-27). "International Linkage and Democratization".
7678:
7308:
Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950â1990
6578:
Paths Toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America
4449:
argued that market economies provided favorable conditions for democratic institutions.
2741:
13427:
13142:
13031:
13026:
13016:
13011:
11857:
11802:
11687:
One Road to Riches?: How State Building and Democratization Affect Economic Development
11560:
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6778:
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5738:
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4100:
3921:
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2414:
2206:
2180:
2022:
2012:
1982:
1937:
1882:
1868:
1731:
1672:
1447:
1362:
1081:
795:
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576:
506:
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441:
216:
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132:
97:
92:
80:
12501:
12150:
Bunce, Valerie. 2000. "Comparative Democratization: Big and Bounded Generalizations."
12047:
Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies
11743:
6525:
4924:
Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies
4018:
that generated mass protests from June 10 to 29, 1987. The demonstrations forced the
3599:
2418:
678:
Since 1900, the number of countries democratizing (yellow) has been higher than those
13422:
13320:
12950:
12838:
12795:
12790:
12740:
12534:
12529:
12310:
11900:
11878:
11849:
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11808:
Asia's Unknown Uprisings, Volume 1: South Korean Social Movements in the 20th Century
11790:
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11442:
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8978:
8941:
8929:
8891:
8879:
8833:
8821:
8783:
8771:
8754:
Ulfelder, Jay (2007-08-01). "Natural-Resource Wealth and the Survival of Autocracy".
8740:
8728:
8668:
8592:
8571:
8559:
8460:
8450:
8416:
8391:
8381:
8355:
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8262:
8250:
8203:
8191:
Public Debt and the Birth of the Democratic State: France and Great Britain 1688â1789
8171:
8159:
8077:
8014:
7972:
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7876:
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7694:
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5994:
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5772:
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1967:
1907:
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1771:
1542:
1452:
1204:
1101:
889:
783:
599:
526:
251:
241:
187:
68:
41:
12171:
Geddes, Barbara. 1999. "What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?"
11970:
Paths Toward Democracy: Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America
11460:
10930:
10765:
10703:
10407:
9577:
9466:
9450:
9407:
9317:
9035:"The Long-Run Effects of Oil Wealth on Development: Evidence from Petroleum Geology"
8089:
7094:
7051:
6117:
6100:
5414:
1487:
945:
13269:
13137:
12770:
12675:
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11841:
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11086:
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11005:
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9913:
9863:
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9754:
9713:
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9549:
9506:
9430:
9387:
9344:
9297:
9221:
9117:
9080:
9049:
9013:
9005:
8996:
Wigley, Simon (December 2018). "Is There a Resource Curse for Private Liberties?".
8968:
8921:
8871:
8863:
8813:
8763:
8720:
8660:
8621:
8551:
8345:
8295:
8242:
8195:
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8069:
7964:
7925:
7821:
7813:
7721:
7682:
7640:
7573:
7552:
7524:
7455:
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7377:
7330:
7233:
7192:
7176:
7131:
7074:
7023:
6994:
6984:
6770:
6112:
5921:
5805:
5730:
5674:
5541:
5494:
5461:
5410:
5355:
5268:
5177:"is correlated with transitions to democracy during the period from 1950 to 1992."
5106:
5091:
5084:
4945:. and he emphasizes the interdependence of political and economic transformations.
4869:
4864:
4846:, is conducive to democratization. These volunteers are cleaning up after the 2012
4839:
4508:
4478:
4473:
4243:
4108:
4059:
3754:
3704:
3634:
3236:
3206:
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2971:
2828:
2573:
2465:
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2160:
1877:
1711:
1617:
1517:
1502:
1412:
1342:
1249:
1244:
1219:
1126:
1106:
1091:
950:
751:
743:
739:
536:
531:
481:
308:
196:
157:
147:
127:
12089:
Determinants of Democratization: Explaining Regime Change in the World, 1972 -2006
12068:
The Autocratic Middle Class: How State Dependency Reduces the Demand for Democracy
11700:
A Middle-Quality Institutional Trap: Democracy and State Capacity in Latin America
9799:
8680:
7840:
Gerardo L.Munck, "Modernization Theory as a Case of Failed Knowledge Production."
7776:
The Autocratic Middle Class: How State Dependency Reduces the Demand for Democracy
7686:
7504:"Origins and growth of Parliament". The National Archives. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
7502:"Origins and growth of Parliament". The National Archives. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
7180:
5734:
5129:
wrote in 2009, "there is a consensus in the literature on Eastern Europe that the
4835:
4766:
was more optimistic about the compatibility of different religions and democracy.
2312:, establishing the almost century-long self-governance of Athens in the form of a
1532:
1442:
13325:
13184:
13092:
12413:
12388:
12365:
12182:
11806:
11579:
11471:
11162:
10859:
10613:
10537:
8633:
8586:
8185:
7851:
7774:
7515:
Przeworski, Adam; Limongi, Fernando (1997). "Modernization: Theories and Facts".
7303:
6838:
6774:
6377:
Nahdlatul Ulama and the Struggle for Power Within Islam and Politics in Indonesia
5163:
5033:
4911:
4847:
4754:
4675:
4647:
4601:
4528:
4469:
4372:
4235:
4005:
3871:
3861:
3371:
3086:
2856:
2793:
2757:
2725:
2702:
2501:
2461:
2240:
1932:
1917:
1557:
1437:
1397:
1372:
1352:
1299:
1284:
1136:
1131:
1000:
995:
985:
915:
814:
775:
637:
461:
206:
12680:
11075:"Democracy from the Outside-In? International Organizations and Democratization"
10734:"The Democratic Window of Opportunity Evidence from Riots in Sub-Saharan Africa"
9783:
8525:
7334:
5105:
finds that people develop a psychological preference for a strong leader and an
4582:
Many authors have questioned parts of Moore's arguments. Dietrich Rueschemeyer,
1337:
1164:
13360:
13264:
12780:
12760:
12539:
12320:
11942:
Democracy and Dictatorship in Europe: From the Ancien RĂ©gime to the Present Day
11892:
11830:
Orme, John (1988). "Dismounting the Tiger: Lessons from Four Liberalizations".
11674:
Democracy and Dictatorship in Europe: From the Ancien RĂ©gime to the Present Day
11581:
Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village
11389:
11245:
11090:
10864:
Engendering Transitions: Women's Mobilization, Institutions and Gender Outcomes
10451:
Riedl, Rachel Beatty; Slater, Dan; Wong, Joseph; Ziblatt, Daniel (2020-03-04).
8412:
Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village
8299:
6582:
Between Tyranny and Anarchy: A History of Democracy in Latin America, 1800â2006
5466:
5447:
5195:
5138:
5110:
5094:
5072:
5029:
4858:
4718:
4634:
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4196:
4141:
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3619:
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3284:
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1897:
1863:
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1652:
1607:
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1562:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1477:
1407:
1392:
1377:
1367:
1279:
1179:
1169:
1159:
808:
A wave of democratization refers to a major surge of democracy in history. And
566:
456:
226:
11138:
11121:
10695:
10505:
10339:
Acemoglu, Daron; Naidu, Suresh; Restrepo, Pascual; Robinson, James A. (2015),
9759:
9742:
9608:
9553:
9434:
9391:
9108:
Ahmadov, Anar K. (2014-08-01). "Oil, Democracy, and Context A Meta-Analysis".
8664:
8555:
8395:
8246:
8155:
8073:
8009:(with a new foreword by Edward Friedman and James C. Scott ed.). Boston:
7459:
7424:
6138:. Eds. John Garrard, Vera Tolz & Ralph White (Springer, 2000), pp. 96â115.
5809:
5678:
4224:
1462:
13401:
13365:
13355:
13350:
13234:
13102:
12785:
12765:
12745:
12725:
12700:
12657:
12599:
12589:
12418:
12033:
Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America. Emergence, Survival, and Fall
11853:
11794:
11765:
11446:
11397:
11352:
11319:
11253:
11147:
11098:
10957:
10757:
10749:
10660:
10478:
10399:
10295:
10276:
10259:
10244:
10062:
9925:
9875:
9768:
9727:
9718:
9701:
9626:
9561:
9518:
9442:
9399:
9356:
9309:
9225:
9129:
9121:
8982:
8973:
8956:
8933:
8925:
8883:
8867:
8825:
8817:
8775:
8767:
8732:
8724:
8672:
8563:
8464:
8359:
8307:
8254:
8199:
8163:
8081:
7976:
7937:
7929:
7880:
7735:
7577:
7536:
7389:
7342:
7247:
7188:
7086:
7035:
6735:
6697:
6660:
6513:
The Making and Unmaking of Democracy: Lessons from History and World Politics
6360:
5980:
5933:
5817:
5769:
Shock to the system: coups, elections, and war on the road to democratization
5686:
5553:
5545:
5506:
5183:
Democracies have often been imposed by military intervention, for example in
4854:
4824:
4763:
4750:
4729:
4583:
4434:
4347:
established a relatively strong federal national government that included an
3886:
3759:
3709:
3381:
3366:
3296:
3226:
3210:
3065:
2650:
2617:
2610:
2505:
2007:
1841:
1811:
1721:
1627:
1622:
1597:
1577:
1417:
1289:
1264:
1239:
1224:
1214:
1199:
1154:
920:
896:
859:
822:
763:
721:
679:
466:
333:
286:
162:
11998:
Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence
11208:
8442:
The Art of not being governed: an anarchist history of upland Southeast Asia
8231:"Constitutional Origins and Liberal Democracy: A Global Analysis, 1900â2015"
7864:
7446:
FENG, YI (July 1997). "Democracy, Political Stability and Economic Growth".
6515:(eds. Theodore K. Rabb & Ezra N. Suleiman: Routledge, 2003). pp. 251â59.
5925:
4421:
Industrialization was seen by many theorists as a driver of democratization.
2921:
forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the
701:, including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction.
63:
13229:
12848:
12775:
12730:
12464:
12355:
12330:
11535:
Gerring, John; Apfeld, Brendan; Wig, Tore; Tollefsen, Andreas ForĂž (2022).
11199:. Governance and Limited Statehood Series. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp.
10124:
9851:
9834:
8010:
7206:
5794:"Don't Call It a Comeback: Autocratic Ruling Parties After Democratization"
5276:
5157:
5126:
5067:
The link between war and democratization has been a focus on some theories.
4994:
4880:
4843:
4781:
4655:
4489:
4430:
4292:
4188:
4184:
4079:
3952:
3787:
3749:
3739:
3729:
3629:
3292:
2918:
2872:
2860:
2821:
2683:
2525:
2517:
2306:
1677:
1657:
1642:
1602:
1587:
1547:
1482:
1467:
1357:
1259:
925:
826:
818:
11711:
11546:
11311:
10195:
9958:
9540:
Woodberry, Robert D. (2012). "The Missionary Roots of Liberal Democracy".
9510:
6809:"Enough with the 'Jasmine Revolution' narrative: Tunisians demand dignity"
6714:
6340:
6149:
Democracy Imposed: U.S. Occupation Policy and the German Public, 1945â1949
5910:"Democratization and Violent Conflict: Is There A Scandinavian Exception?"
4646:
Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson argued that the relationship between
2316:â open to all free male citizens. It was a reaction to a broader trend of
12828:
12715:
12690:
12632:
12594:
12584:
12454:
12075:
Democracy in Translation: Understanding Politics in an Unfamiliar Culture
11195:
Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law: American and European Strategies
10652:
10587:
10570:
10391:
9867:
9301:
9009:
8625:
7990:
7968:
7826:
7726:
7709:
7528:
7078:
5955:
5038:
4974:
4942:
4874:
4777:
4671:
4622:
4446:
4259:
4015:
3997:
Crowds gather at the state funeral of Lee Han-yeol in Seoul, July 9, 1987
3689:
3684:
3669:
3604:
2975:
2942:
2864:
2844:
2509:
2500:
Germany established its first democracy in 1919 with the creation of the
2155:
1692:
1632:
1582:
1527:
1322:
1254:
980:
975:
866:
446:
137:
10597:
10340:
9898:
9897:
Satyanath, Shanker; VoigtlÀnder, Nico; Voth, Hans-Joachim (2017-04-01).
9617:
9569:
9053:
8875:
8334:"Representation and Consent: Why They Arose in Europe and Not Elsewhere"
7903:
7659:
7544:
6999:
6576:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1992; Collier, Ruth Berins,
5561:
5350:
on the left-wing, who mostly reunited the followers and sympathizers of
5180:
A 2004 study found no evidence that foreign aid led to democratization.
4732:
and political scientist Victor Menaldo in a widely cited article in the
2989:
2235:
632:
13330:
13204:
12818:
12604:
12549:
12519:
12449:
11861:
10846:
Renske Doorenspleet, "Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization."
10804:
10496:. In Daniel M. Brinks; Steven Levitsky; MarĂa Victoria Murillo (eds.).
10236:
9018:
8378:
Decline and rise of democracy: a global history from antiquity to today
7569:
Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and its Demise in Mexico
7381:
7043:
5625:
Renske Doorenspleet, "Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization."
5529:
5514:
4679:
4548:
3797:
3764:
3639:
3624:
3609:
3466:
3023:
3019:
2195:
2185:
1647:
1612:
1537:
1522:
1457:
1382:
1327:
1229:
1174:
1053:
1038:
521:
451:
318:
12263:
11048:
10286:
10070:
9494:
6493:
5482:
4769:
13370:
13164:
12883:
12823:
12705:
12315:
10378:
Boix, Carles; Stokes, Susan C. (2003). "Endogenous Democratization".
9743:"The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years"
9274:
Stepan, Alfred C. "Religion, Democracy, and the "Twin Tolerations"."
8046:
Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Stephens, and John D. Stephens. 1992.
7065:
Boix, Carles; Stokes, Susan C. (2003). "Endogenous Democratization".
6162:"From legal document to public myth: Magna Carta in the 17th century"
6024:
6022:
5114:
4714:
4659:
4651:
4096:
4075:
3818:
3782:
3719:
3315:
3078:
2698:
2309:
1667:
1347:
1043:
935:
800:
779:
546:
501:
361:
48:
11845:
11629:
11627:
11040:
Warlike and Peaceful Societies: The Interaction of Genes and Culture
10796:
9899:"Bowling for Fascism: Social Capital and the Rise of the Nazi Party"
8482:"Power and politics: insights from an exit, voice, and loyalty game"
7749:
7483:"Power and politics: insights from an exit, voice, and loyalty game"
7027:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6484:
Smyth, Howard McGaw Italy: From Fascism to the Republic (1943â1946)
5145:
2946:
2580:(1660) restored more autocratic rule although Parliament passed the
12720:
12695:
12652:
12486:
12469:
12393:
11812:
10554:
10541:
10054:
9917:
9348:
8514:
American Political Science Association. Comparative Democratization
8512:
Special issue on "Inequality and Democratization: What Do We Know?"
7660:"Transforming Cities: Does Urbanization Promote Democratic Change?"
7365:
6685:
6443:
5203:
4392:
3106:
3074:
3070:
3026:
which led to elections and the fall of the government in 1990â1992.
2792:
was forced to grant a constitution, using for a pattern the French
2512:. The Weimar Republic lasted only 14 years before it collapsed and
1512:
1269:
1033:
970:
747:
541:
511:
476:
298:
8410:
7222:"Economic Development and Democracy: Predispositions and Triggers"
6840:
Ben Ali's Tunisia: Power and Contention in an Authoritarian Regime
6580:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1999; Drake, Paul W..
6019:
5446:
Lindenfors, Patrik; Wilson, Matthew; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2020).
4563:
12647:
11624:
10825:
9854:(1997). "Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic".
6884:
6696:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6599:
4900:
4251:
4206:, but it is largely believed to be fictitious by modern scholars.
3323:
2785:
2777:
2761:
2709:
2317:
12260:, hundreds of interviews with democracy experts around the world
12203:
International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences
12117:
Freedom Rising: Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation
12082:
Forging the Franchise: The Political Origins of the Women's Vote
11025:
Freedom Rising: Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation
8849:"The Big Oil Change A Closer Look at the HaberâMenaldo Analysis"
8281:"A Note on Taxation, Development, and Representative Government"
6134:
Stefan Berger, "The Attempt at Democratization under Weimar" in
5987:
Tosta, Antonio Luciano de Andrade; Coutinho, Eduardo F. (2015).
5210:
its democracy, so it eventually collapsed and was replaced by a
4905:
4412:
12574:
12254:. InterAmerican Wiki: Terms â Concepts â Critical Perspectives.
12012:
Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War
11344:
Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War
8612:
Ross, Michael L. (13 June 2011). "Does Oil Hinder Democracy?".
8588:
The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty
5042:
4786:
4307:
3808:
2945:
period (when the industrial modernization of Japan began), the
2871:(1940â1943) and then, as part of its territory was occupied by
2781:
2302:
1189:
804:
The three waves of democracy identified by Samuel P. Huntington
726:
698:
561:
12245:
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
9288:
Fish, M. Steven (October 2002). "Islam and Authoritarianism".
9187:
Crude Democracy: Natural Resource Wealth and Political Regimes
9165:
Crude Democracy: Natural Resource Wealth and Political Regimes
9152:
Crude Democracy: Natural Resource Wealth and Political Regimes
7481:
Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona N. (2013).
3051:, leader since independence, was stripped of both his post of
2564:
in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects. The
12131:
The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad
11965:. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
11871:
Los socialistas europeos y la transiciĂłn española (1959â1977)
10338:
9181:
9179:
9177:
9175:
9173:
4488:
Numerous scholars and political thinkers have linked a large
3161:
3082:
2986:, Japan adopted a much more vigorous, pluralistic democracy.
2938:
2896:
2797:
2342:
682:(blue), except in the late 1920s through 1940s and since 2010
11685:
GjerlĂžw, H., Knutsen, C., Wig, T., & Wilson, M. (2022).
10981:
The Causes of War and the Spread of Peace: Will War Rebound?
6649:"Mandela and de Klerk Receive Liberty Medal in Philadelphia"
6587:
5948:
5483:"Domestic and Transnational Perspectives on Democratization"
4461:, explain how it is not the increase of wealth in a country
2768:, which were put down by the military. On 12 January 1848 a
11750:. Translated by Douch, Martin. Cambridge University Press.
9821:
Putnam, Robert (March 1993). "What makes democracy work?".
9378:
Ross, Michael L. (February 2008). "Oil, Islam, and Women".
7750:"Aristotle: Politics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
6940:"Expansion of Rights and Liberties â The Right of Suffrage"
6101:"What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?"
4705:
4629:
According to Clark, Golder, and Golder, an application of
4314:. Later, the protests grew in size and scope, leading to a
4112:
2772:
spread throughout the island and served as a spark for the
11991:
Dictators and Democrats: Elites, Masses, and Regime Change
11897:
Ghosts of Spain. Travels through Spain and its silent past
11875:
European socialists and the Spanish transition (1959â1977)
11608:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004, Part II.
11164:
Forced to Be Good: Why Trade Agreements Boost Human Rights
10826:
Andrea Kendall-Taylor; Erica Frantz (September 10, 2015).
10611:
9170:
6969:
Gerring, John; Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Berge, Jonas (2022).
6673:
6616:
6342:
Us indonesia diplomatic and political cooperation handbook
4823:
can lead to increased education on politics and increased
2776:
all over Europe. After similar revolutionary outbursts in
12371:
Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
12350:
11727:(3 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 158â170.
11534:
8497:
8229:
Negretto, Gabriel L.; SĂĄnchez-Talanquer, Mariano (2021).
8228:
5974:"Anti-Government Protesters Confront Benin's Riot Police"
5643:
Waves of Democracy: Social Movements and Political Change
5530:"Measures of Democratization: From Degree to Type to War"
5409:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1â7.
2855:. In 1922, following a period of crisis and turmoil, the
865:
According to Seva Gunitsky, from the 18th century to the
12110:
Democratization: A Comparative Analysis of 170 Countries
9896:
8035:
State Formation, Regime Change, and Economic Development
5521:
5445:
5251:
in "Critical Junctures and Developmental Paths" (2022).
4146:. The constitution, which was heavily influenced by the
3047:'s 27-year monopoly on power. Soon afterwards President
2941:, limited democratic reforms were introduced during the
2820:
and remained in force, with changes, until 1948) and by
2588:
in 1688 established a strong Parliament that passed the
2389:, ending with the decline of the regime, the signing of
12045:
O'Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1986.
10498:
The Politics of Institutional Weakness in Latin America
8279:
Bates, Robert H.; Donald Lien, Da-Hsiang (March 1985).
8114:
Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences.
6628:
6511:
Kent E. Calder, "East Asian Democratic Transitions" in
6007:
5474:
12240:
12214:. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press and The Open University.
11956:
Democracy Protests: Origins, Features and Significance
11877:] (in Spanish). Madrid: Marcial Pons. p. 22.
10994:
Ray, James Lee (1998). "Does Democracy Cause Peace?".
10450:
10024:
Democracy Protests: Origins, Features and Significance
9784:"Getting Out the Vote with Voting Advice Applications"
4391:
for African-Americans to overcome post-Reconstruction
1869:
12038:
MĂžller, JĂžrgen and Svend-Erik Skaaning (eds.). 2016.
10681:
10174:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, Ch. 2.
7658:
Glaeser, Edward L.; Steinberg, Bryce Millett (2017).
6732:"Tunisia Dossier: The Tunisian Revolution of Dignity"
6542:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 47.
4310:
that led to the removal of longtime communist leader
4090:
2320:
that had swept through Athens and the rest of Greece.
12049:. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
12021:. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
9495:"Is Small Really Beautiful?: The Microstate Mistake"
8847:
Andersen, JĂžrgen J.; Ross, Michael L. (2014-06-01).
8651:(2015-04-01). "Oil and Autocratic Regime Survival".
7169:
European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology
6759:"The Tunisian Revolution: The Revolution of Dignity"
6721:. Data as of July 1996 (retrieved December 25, 2014)
5407:
The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies
4395:
segregation in the South was achieved in the 1960s.
2953:
period. Despite pro-democracy movements such as the
2480:
had universal male suffrage but was followed by the
869:(2011â2012), 13 democratic waves can be identified.
11935:
Authoritarianism and the Elite Origins of Democracy
10187:
Authoritarianism and the Elite Origins of Democracy
8911:
6968:
5405:Arugay, Aries A. (2021). "Democratic Transitions".
4830:
4558:
4136:began on 12 September 1848, with the creation of a
2635:
11742:
11676:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019, p. 394.
11464:
11119:
10913:War and Democracy: Labor and the Politics of Peace
10827:
10615:Nonviolent Resistance and Democratic Consolidation
10085:
10039:"Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model"
9593:"Conversionary Protestants Do Not Cause Democracy"
9465:
8694:Jensen, Nathan; Wantchekon, Leonard (2004-09-01).
8646:
6610:
5398:
4709:The abundance of oil is sometimes seen as a curse.
3262:. Democracy was on the road to being consolidated.
848:âą Second wave of de-democratization, 1958â75
693:, is the structural government transition from an
12031:Mainwaring, Scott, and AnĂbal PĂ©rez-Liñån. 2014.
11122:"Democratization and International Organizations"
8696:"Resource Wealth and Political Regimes in Africa"
7514:
7480:
6459:Damage Foreshadows A-Bomb Test, 1946/06/06 (1946)
5146:Promotion, and foreign influence and intervention
3291:in July 1993, near the close of negotiations, in
2504:, a parliamentary republic created following the
842:âą First wave of de-democratization, 1922â42
13399:
11120:Mansfield, Edward D.; Pevehouse, Jon C. (2006).
10897:Herbst, Jeffrey. "War and the State in Africa."
10877:Studies in Comparative International Development
10218:
9590:
9261:Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy's Third Wave."
9246:Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy's Third Wave."
9069:"What Have We Learned about the Resource Curse?"
8693:
8584:
8537:
8375:
8278:
7799:
7657:
7122:Geddes, Barbara (2011). Goodin, Robert E (ed.).
6584:. Redwood City: Stanford University Press, 2009.
6345:. International Business Publication USA. 2007.
6031:"Transition to democracy in Chile | two factors"
5771:. Princeton Oxford: Princeton University Press.
3963:of 1996; and in South Africa's first non-racial
839:âą First wave of democratization, 1828â1926
12409:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
12205:2nd edn., Vol. 6. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science.
12194:MĂžller, JĂžrgen, and Svend-Erik Skaaning. 2013.
12138:Conservative Parties and the Birth of Democracy
11928:Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy.
11663:. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2014, p 30.
11466:"The rule of capital and the rise of democracy"
11231:
10491:
10183:
6897:Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs
6086:"Chileans overthrow Pinochet regime, 1983â1988"
4948:
4343:(1765â1783) created the United States. The new
2401:began the process of liberalization (nicknamed
845:âą Second wave of democratization, 1943â62
13190:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
12159:Oxford Handbook of the Politics of Development
11996:Inglehart, Ronald and Christian Welzel. 2005.
11926:Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson. 2006.
11702:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. i.
11689:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. i.
10500:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 61â97.
9781:
8500:Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
8137:
6183:"Magna Carta: Magna Carta in the 17th Century"
5306:claims that democracy causes peace, while the
5001:
4901:Theories based on political agents and choices
4254:, and led to the ousting of longtime dictator
3109:'s redemocratization process started with the
2800:confederation of states. On 11 February 1848,
757:
12279:
12096:Contention and Democracy in Europe, 1650â2000
12077:. 1998. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
11772:
11621:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022.
11160:
10350:, vol. 2, Elsevier, pp. 1885â1966,
10112:
9666:Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy
9649:Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy
9492:
9420:
8434:
8432:
7298:
7296:
7294:
6863:
6756:
6593:
6068:
5986:
5962:. Princeton University Press. pp. 32â52.
5756:Democracy Report 2024, Varieties of Democracy
5453:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
5338:(Italian Liberal Party). From 1860, with the
5133:perspective had a huge anchoring effects for
5120:
4906:Elite-opposition negotiations and contingency
4607:
4413:Economic development and modernization theory
4074:in January 1987 calling for the infusion of "
4049:
4043:
3929:
3274:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa
3190:
3165:
2456:(1789) briefly allowed a wide franchise. The
2258:
695:authoritarian government to a more democratic
655:
12144:
12084:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
12070:. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
11993:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
11933:Albertus, Michael and Victor Menaldo. 2018.
11868:
11722:
11698:SebastiĂĄn Mazzuca and Gerardo Munck (2021).
10943:
10571:"The Political Economy of Liberal Democracy"
10568:
9464:Dahl, Robert Alan; Tufte, Edward R. (1973).
9211:
8955:Wright, Joseph; Frantz, Erica (2017-07-01).
8954:
8846:
8585:Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James A. (2019).
8538:Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James A. (2022).
8122:Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
7915:
7707:
6622:
6069:Clark, William; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona.
5660:"Democratic Waves in Historical Perspective"
5645:, Second Edition. New York: Routledge, 2015.
5024:
4612:
4577:Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
4115:would retain sole custody of the ballot box.
4026:, the present-day government of South Korea.
4009:
2879:, a co-belligerent of the Allies during the
2301:(508â507 BCE) was a revolt by the people of
851:âą Third wave of democratization, 1974â
12168:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
12091:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
12063:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
12056:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
12014:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
11989:Haggard, Stephen and Robert Kaufman. 2016.
11979:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
11963:Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve
11801:
11340:
11297:
10732:Aidt, Toke S.; Leon, Gabriel (2016-06-01).
10492:Albertus, Michael; Menaldo, Victor (2020).
10341:"Democracy, Redistribution, and Inequality"
10184:Albertus, Michael; Menaldo, Victor (2018).
10153:Gerardo L. Munck, "Democratic Theory After
9493:Erk, Jan; Veenendaal, Wouter (2014-07-14).
9189:. Cambridge University Press. Ch. 1, p. 34.
9167:. Cambridge University Press. Ch. 1, p. 21.
8797:Basedau, Matthias; Lay, Jann (2009-11-01).
8498:Acemoglu, Daron; James A. Robinson (2006).
6866:"How Tunisia's revolution began â Features"
6679:
6553:Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government
6540:Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government
6488:vol. 1 no. 3 (pp. 205â222), September 1948.
5254:
4989:
4641:
4593:A 2020 study linked democratization to the
4527:the economic situation in other countries.
4334:
4283:on 1 July 1989 to the formalisation of the
2929:, and coming into force on 1 January 1948.
2661:to the transition period shortly after the
789:
12286:
12272:
12010:Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. 2010.
11650:. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 36.
10893:
10891:
10889:
10887:
10377:
10311:
9700:AlemĂĄn, Eduardo; Kim, Yeaji (2015-10-01).
9154:. Cambridge University Press. Ch. 1.Pp. 3.
8796:
8605:
8429:
8138:Samuels, David J.; Thomson, Henry (2020).
7302:
7291:
7064:
6910:
6422:
5844:"How Democracy Works: Lessons from Europe"
5607:
3936:
3922:
2982:, did not. After World War II, during the
2978:, other pluralistic institutions, such as
2903:held on 2 June, a day celebrated since as
2600:did a majority of the males get the vote.
2265:
2251:
662:
648:
11930:New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
11498:
11436:
11375:
11137:
11072:
11047:
10781:"Dictatorship, Democracy and Development"
10596:
10586:
10553:
10468:
10285:
10275:
10257:
10015:
9946:
9758:
9717:
9699:
9616:
9591:Nikolova, Elena; Polansky, Jakub (2020).
9539:
9463:
9084:
9017:
8972:
8714:
8491:
8349:
8331:
8184:
7862:
7842:The Annals of Comparative Democratization
7825:
7800:Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James (2022).
7772:
7725:
7237:
7196:
6998:
6988:
6918:The Radicalism of the American Revolution
6763:The Journal of the Middle East and Africa
6568:Collier, Ruth Berins, and David Collier.
6526:"Analysis: Madagascar's massive protests"
6507:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6290:"Constitutionalism: America & Beyond"
6130:
6128:
6116:
5694:
5601:
5465:
5079:believe that democracy causes peace, the
2917:formed by the representatives of all the
12161:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
12017:Linz, Juan J., and Alfred Stepan. 1996.
11891:
11459:
11341:Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (2010).
11031:
10866:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
10731:
10569:Mukand, Sharun W.; Rodrik, Dani (2020).
10536:
10219:Konieczny, Piotr; Markoff, John (2015).
10083:
10026:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10021:
9782:Germann, Micha; Gemenis, Kostas (2019).
9740:
9681:
8753:
8502:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7708:BarcelĂł, Joan; Rosas, Guillermo (2020).
7608:"The Puzzle of the Chinese Middle Class"
7565:
7410:
7366:"Income, Democracy, and Leader Turnover"
7363:
7320:
7310:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7219:
7128:The Oxford Handbook of Political Science
6646:
6634:
6380:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
5907:
5882:"Democratization and Political Violence"
5716:
5657:
5613:Democratization in the Late 20th century
5576:
5527:
5330:had formed a parliamentary group in the
5062:
5019:
4834:
4768:
4704:
4562:
4416:
4223:
3992:
3279:
2988:
2740:
2724:
2682:
2543:
799:
782:and how to measure democracy â and what
725:
673:
12814:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
12293:
12140:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
12119:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
12105:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
12098:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
12035:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
12005:Institutions and Democratic Citizenship
12000:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
11937:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
11648:Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition
11604:Seymour Martin Lipset and Jason Lakin,
11577:
11285:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.013.0029
11186:
11184:
10884:
10113:O'Donnell, Guillermo (September 1986).
9846:
9844:
9741:Paglayan, Agustina S. (February 2021).
9702:"The democratizing effect of education"
9664:Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel,
9647:Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel,
9107:
9032:
8519:
8408:
8037:. London: Routledge Press, 2017, Ch. 6.
7136:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.001.0001
6944:Online Exhibit: The Charters of Freedom
5615:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
5480:
5262:Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition
4140:in response to a 27-day civil war, the
3877:Music in the movement against apartheid
2816:; later became the constitution of the
2522:was militarily defeated in World War II
2464:lasted for more than twenty years. The
2349:, unpaid salaries, and new budget laws.
1822:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
14:
13400:
12497:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
12434:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
12221:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
12126:. New York: Cambridge University Press
11986:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
11972:. New York: Cambridge University Press
11958:. New York: Cambridge University Press
11951:. New York: Cambridge University Press
11274:
11022:
10423:
10419:
10417:
10307:
10305:
10036:
9850:
9820:
9695:
9693:
8995:
8476:
8474:
8371:
8369:
8327:
8325:
8274:
8272:
8120:, see Jon Wiener, "Review of Reviews:
8059:
7991:http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sbnq
7958:
7714:Political Science Research and Methods
7630:
7121:
7013:
6498:
6125:
6098:
5903:
5901:
5841:
5837:
5835:
5791:
5766:
5749:
5404:
5238:
5173:A 2002 study found that membership in
4744:
4324:1990 Ukrainian Supreme Soviet election
4285:Declaration of Independence of Ukraine
12844:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
12267:
11421:"Does Foreign Aid Promote Democracy?"
11418:
11190:
10778:
10716:
10470:10.1146/annurev-polisci-052318-025732
9950:The Art of Political Control in China
9542:The American Political Science Review
9330:
9086:10.1146/annurev-polisci-052213-040359
8914:Conflict Management and Peace Science
8438:
8351:10.1146/annurev-polisci-043014-105648
8050:Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8048:Capitalist Development and Democracy.
8001:
7904:https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2000.0080
7818:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-103913
7633:American Journal of Political Science
7370:American Journal of Political Science
7267:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7257:
7239:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-043546
7162:
7016:The American Political Science Review
6990:10.1146/annurev-polisci-060820-060910
6236:. The British Library. Archived from
6028:
5879:
5653:
5651:
5233:
5225:
4398:
4279:From the formal establishment of the
4272:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
4125:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
4058:
3174:
3113:. It ended with the enactment of the
2993:Voting in ValparaĂso, Chile, in 1888.
2901:1946 Italian institutional referendum
2859:dictatorship was established. During
2747:1946 Italian institutional referendum
2644:
2598:Representation of the People Act 1884
1973:1946 Italian institutional referendum
1913:Spanish American wars of independence
12166:Democratization and Research Methods
11944:. New York: Oxford University Press.
11829:
11637:. Boston: Little Brown, 1987, p. 19.
11181:
10910:
10638:
9841:
9670:British Journal of Political Science
9653:British Journal of Political Science
9597:British Journal of Political Science
9377:
9287:
9066:
8989:
8653:British Journal of Political Science
8611:
7952:
7566:Magaloni, Beatriz (September 2006).
7448:British Journal of Political Science
7445:
7111:. University Of Chicago Press. 1992.
7109:Capitalist Development and Democracy
6836:
6574:Capitalist Development and Democracy
6557:Journal of Politics in Latin America
6373:
6187:The Society of Antiquaries of London
6088:. Global Nonviolent Action Database.
6083:
6013:
5954:
5798:British Journal of Political Science
5767:Miller, Michael K. (2021). "Ch. 2".
5637:
5635:
5310:claims that peace causes democracy.
4700:
4588:Capitalist Development and Democracy
4302:, the protests began as a series of
3260:peaceful transfer of executive power
2955:Freedom and People's Rights Movement
11977:Why Democracies Develop and Decline
11773:Colomer Rubio, Juan Carlos (2012).
11635:Understanding Political Development
11453:
11037:
10993:
10978:
10453:"Authoritarian-Led Democratization"
10414:
10302:
10155:Transitions From Authoritarian Rule
10116:Transitions from Authoritarian Rule
9690:
9060:
8471:
8366:
8322:
8269:
6946:. National Archives. Archived from
6136:European Democratization since 1800
6071:Foundations of Comparative Politics
5898:
5832:
5293:A Middle-Quality Institutional Trap
5273:Political Order and Political Decay
5010:
4739:
4517:
4407:
4239:
3352:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
2962:pluralism and reformism. While the
2659:Ioannides military junta of 1973â74
2476:restored more autocratic rule. The
1742:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
24:
12173:Annual Review of Political Science
12007:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
11915:
11748:Twentieth-century Spain. A History
10997:Annual Review of Political Science
10457:Annual Review of Political Science
10356:10.1016/b978-0-444-59429-7.00022-4
10312:Slater, Dan; Wong, Joseph (2022).
10119:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
9073:Annual Review of Political Science
8338:Annual Review of Political Science
7806:Annual Review of Political Science
7254:
7226:Annual Review of Political Science
6976:Annual Review of Political Science
6815:from the original on 14 April 2023
6789:from the original on 14 April 2023
6260:"Britain's unwritten constitution"
6212:"Origins and growth of Parliament"
6105:Annual Review of Political Science
5976:. NewYorkTimes. December 14, 1989.
5706:from the original on Dec 26, 2022.
5648:
3101:Portuguese transition to democracy
3038:1993 Malawian democracy referendum
2949:period (1912â1926), and the early
2754:violent riots inspired by Liberals
25:
13454:
12341:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
12326:Criticism of communist party rule
12234:
12026:American Political Science Review
11161:Hafner-Burton, Emilie M. (2011).
10785:American Political Science Review
9747:American Political Science Review
9423:American Political Science Review
9380:American Political Science Review
9200:American Political Science Review
8544:American Political Science Review
8235:American Political Science Review
7865:"Industrialization and Democracy"
6929:Greene and Pole (1994) chapter 70
6890:
6864:Ryan, Yasmine (26 January 2011).
6551:Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune,
6538:Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune,
6440:Dizionario enciclopedico italiano
6425:Modern Italy: A Political History
6262:. British Library. Archived from
5792:Miller, Michael K. (April 2021).
5632:
4734:American Political Science Review
4695:American Political Science Review
4600:According to political scientist
4322:against the falsification of the
4246:. It included a series of street
4166:
2909:. Italy has a written democratic
2697:) is the contemporary history in
2596:would not prevail. Only with the
2539:
2524:, democracy was reestablished in
708:The opposite process is known as
13387:Human rights in the Soviet Union
12346:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
11716:
11705:
11692:
11679:
11666:
11653:
11640:
11611:
11598:
11571:
11528:
11501:"The Fall of Democracy in Syria"
11492:
11479:
11438:10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00299.x
11412:
11369:
11334:
11291:
11268:
11225:
11154:
11113:
11066:
11016:
10987:
10972:
10937:
10904:
10869:
10853:
10840:
10819:
10772:
10725:
10710:
10675:
10632:
10605:
10562:
10530:
10485:
10444:
10371:
10332:
10258:Kavasoglu, Berker (2021-01-05).
10251:
10212:
10177:
10164:
10147:
10106:
10077:
10030:
9989:
9940:
9890:
9814:
9775:
9734:
9675:
9658:
9641:
9584:
9533:
9486:
9457:
9414:
9371:
9324:
9281:
9268:
9255:
9240:
9205:
9192:
9157:
9144:
9101:
9026:
8948:
8905:
8840:
8790:
8747:
8687:
8640:
8578:
8531:
8506:
8402:
8222:
8178:
8131:
8106:
7645:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00595.x
7413:Constitutional Political Economy
7271:
7152:from the original on 2014-05-30.
6691:
5499:10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.00423.x
5052:
4831:Social capital and civil society
4559:Classes, cleavages and alliances
4216:This section is an excerpt from
4172:This section is an excerpt from
4095:meant the introduction of multi-
4036:This section is an excerpt from
3985:This section is an excerpt from
3905:
3904:
3867:Internal resistance to apartheid
3322:
3272:This section is an excerpt from
3252:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
3148:This section is an excerpt from
3127:This section is an excerpt from
3099:This section is an excerpt from
3059:
3036:This section is an excerpt from
3012:1990â1992 movement in Madagascar
3005:1990â1992 movement in Madagascar
3003:This section is an excerpt from
2790:Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies
2675:This section is an excerpt from
2609:This section is an excerpt from
2435:This section is an excerpt from
2359:This section is an excerpt from
2330:This section is an excerpt from
2290:This section is an excerpt from
2234:
1762:Discourses Concerning Government
732:Bertelsmann Transformation Index
631:
32:Democratization (disambiguation)
27:Society becoming more democratic
13295:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
13225:Fall of the inner German border
11783:Stvdivm. Revista de Humanidades
11425:International Studies Quarterly
11275:Geddes, Barbara (7 July 2011).
10641:International Studies Quarterly
10348:Handbook of Income Distribution
9331:Barro, Robert J. (1999-12-01).
8998:International Studies Quarterly
8647:Wright, Joseph; Frantz, Erica;
8332:Stasavage, David (2016-05-11).
8096:
8053:
8040:
8027:
7995:
7983:
7909:
7896:
7887:
7856:
7834:
7793:
7766:
7742:
7701:
7651:
7624:
7600:
7559:
7508:
7496:
7474:
7439:
7404:
7364:Treisman, Daniel (2015-10-01).
7357:
7314:
7213:
7156:
7115:
7101:
7058:
7007:
6962:
6932:
6923:
6857:
6830:
6801:
6750:
6724:
6640:
6562:
6545:
6532:
6518:
6486:The Western Political Quarterly
6478:
6450:
6431:
6416:
6394:
6367:
6333:
6312:
6282:
6252:
6226:
6204:
6154:
6141:
6118:10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.115
6092:
6077:
6062:
6041:
5966:
5873:
5842:Berman, Sherri (January 2007).
5785:
5760:
5710:
5415:10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_190-1
5377:
5320:
4785:Middle-East to the reliance on
4495:In "Non-Modernization" (2022),
4437:, and John Stephens argue that
4359:that represented states in the
4328:dissolution of the Soviet Union
4181:overthrow of the Roman monarchy
4174:Overthrow of the Roman monarchy
4038:Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union)
4030:
3377:Church Street, Pretoria bombing
3266:
3243:, amidst ongoing terrorism, an
3158:Spanish transition to democracy
3150:Spanish transition to democracy
2913:, resulting from the work of a
2554:renewed interest in Magna Carta
2437:Chilean transition to democracy
2409:) in 1974, by allowing for the
2028:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
615:Latin America and the Caribbean
13285:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
12424:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
12133:. 2003. New York: W.W. Norton.
11584:. Princeton University Press.
11541:. Cambridge University Press.
11347:. Cambridge University Press.
11010:10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.27
10946:Journal of Conflict Resolution
10738:Journal of Conflict Resolution
10430:. Princeton University Press.
10318:. Princeton University Press.
10190:. Cambridge University Press.
9953:. Cambridge University Press.
9214:Journal of Conflict Resolution
8415:. Princeton University Press.
8380:. Princeton University Press.
8194:. Cambridge University Press.
7918:Journal of Conflict Resolution
7779:. Princeton University Press.
6647:Olmstead, Larry (1993-07-05).
6611:Casanova & Gil Andrés 2014
6151:(Yale University Press, 1995).
5914:Scandinavian Political Studies
5880:Hegre, HĂ„vard (May 15, 2014).
5619:
5439:
5328:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
4387:(1861â1865). The provision of
4274:1989â1991 Ukrainian revolution
4134:Switzerland as a federal state
4127:Switzerland as a federal state
4119:
4010:
3979:
2863:, Italy was first part of the
2391:the country's new constitution
1963:1935 Greek coup d'Ă©tat attempt
1943:German Revolution of 1918â1919
817:. The second wave began after
715:
13:
1:
13305:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
12904:Inter-regional Deputies Group
12889:National League for Democracy
12152:Comparative Political Studies
11746:; Gil Andrés, Carlos (2014).
11499:Krokowska, Katarzyna (2011).
11419:Knack, Stephen (2004-03-01).
11027:. Cambridge University Press.
10315:From Development to Democracy
10092:. Columbia University Press.
9947:Mattingly, Daniel C. (2019).
9800:10.1080/10584609.2018.1526237
9472:. Stanford University Press.
9110:Comparative Political Studies
9067:Ross, Michael L. (May 2015).
8856:Comparative Political Studies
8756:Comparative Political Studies
8703:Comparative Political Studies
7687:10.1080/00343404.2016.1262020
7181:10.1080/23254823.2019.1570859
7124:"What Causes Democratization"
6757:Aleya-Sghaier, Amira (2012).
6528:. BBC News. February 5, 2002.
5735:10.1080/13510347.2020.1799194
5717:Skaaning, Svend-Erik (2020).
5391:
5137:." Scholars have also linked
4537:preferential trade agreements
4433:, and Dietrich Rueschemeyer,
4371:were initially restricted to
4200:
4067:) was a slogan introduced by
4060:[dÊČÉȘmÉkrÉtÊČÉȘËzatsÉšjÉ]
2997:
2677:Post-Suharto era in Indonesia
2411:Brazilian Democratic Movement
880:
427:Democracy and economic growth
13215:Alexanderplatz demonstration
13180:Polish Round Table Agreement
12854:People's Movement of Ukraine
11968:Collier, Ruth Berins. 1999.
11949:Democracy and Redistribution
11920:
11869:Ortuño Anaya, Pilar (2005).
11167:. Cornell University Press.
10915:. Cornell University Press.
10879:35(3): 2000: 92â111, p. 102.
10850:52(3) 2000: 384â406, p. 385.
10546:NBER Working Paper No. 23944
10161:Vol. 9, NÂș 2 (2011): 333â43.
10084:Anderson, Lisa, ed. (1999).
10037:Rustow, Dankwart A. (1970).
9906:Journal of Political Economy
9337:Journal of Political Economy
6868:. Al Jazeera. Archived from
6775:10.1080/21520844.2012.675545
6442:(in Italian), vol. VI,
5534:Political Research Quarterly
5487:International Studies Review
5481:Schmitz, Hans Peter (2004).
4949:Elite-driven democratization
4806:
4595:mechanization of agriculture
4281:People's Movement of Ukraine
3959:in 1993, a precursor to the
3842:Apartheid in popular culture
3295:wait to jointly receive the
3111:Carnation Revolution of 1974
2899:became a republic after the
2867:until it surrendered to the
2669:
2552:In Great Britain, there was
2213:Republic without republicans
1958:11 September 1922 Revolution
1953:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
620:Middle East and North Africa
487:Peaceful transition of power
7:
13260:January Events in Lithuania
13195:Hungarian Round Table Talks
12834:Democratic Party of Albania
12226:Living Reviews in Democracy
11833:Political Science Quarterly
11578:Deudney, Daniel H. (2007).
11277:What Causes Democratization
10424:Miller, Michael K. (2021).
9333:"Determinants of Democracy"
8409:Deudney, Daniel H. (2010).
7335:10.1080/1356257022000031995
6843:. Oxford University Press.
5528:Bogaards, Matthijs (2010).
5362:) and the Historical Left (
5071:Wars may contribute to the
5002:Death or ouster of dictator
4586:, and John D. Stephens, in
4320:widespread student protests
4091:
4044:
3412:Saint James Church massacre
3407:Assassination of Chris Hani
3093:
2766:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2636:
2423:1988 Brazilian Constitution
2368:redemocratization of Brazil
2361:Redemocratization in Brazil
1948:Turkish War of Independence
1870:
862:, and Svend-Erik Skaaning.
758:Measures of democratization
517:Proportional representation
10:
13459:
12914:Hungarian Democratic Forum
12909:Alliance of Free Democrats
12899:Union of Democratic Forces
12258:Podcast: Democracy Paradox
12080:Teele, Dawn Langan. 2018.
11735:
11725:What do we know about War?
11390:10.1162/002081802760199872
11378:International Organization
11246:10.1057/s41311-020-00236-6
11126:International Organization
11091:10.1162/002081802760199872
11079:International Organization
11073:Pevehouse, Jon C. (2002).
11023:Welzel, Christian (2013).
10983:. Oxford University Press.
10721:. Oxford University Press.
10719:Democracy in Latin America
9672:47(2)(2017): 437â61, p 437
9250:2(2)(1991): 12â34, p. 24.
8300:10.1177/003232928501400102
6423:Mack Smith, Denis (1997).
5467:10.1057/s41599-020-00596-7
5149:
5121:International institutions
5056:
4821:voting advice applications
4608:Political-economic factors
4477:the short-to-medium term.
4363:and the population in the
4271:
4266:
4215:
4210:
4193:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
4171:
4148:United States Constitution
4124:
4035:
3984:
3417:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
3293:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
3271:
3217:to the consolidation of a
3147:
3126:
3121:
3098:
3035:
3002:
2810:Charles Albert of Sardinia
2804:, first cousin of Emperor
2731:Charles Albert of Sardinia
2674:
2663:1974 legislative elections
2653:") was a period in modern
2608:
2495:
2488:(1870â71) resulted in the
2434:
2358:
2345:against the government of
2329:
2305:that overthrew the ruling
2289:
2003:1970 Cambodian coup d'Ă©tat
1752:The Commonwealth of Oceana
719:
29:
13379:
13313:
13275:1991 protests in Belgrade
13155:
13080:
12989:
12931:
12922:
12804:
12666:
12613:
12510:
12442:
12379:
12301:
12164:Coppedge, Michael. 2012.
12145:Overviews of the research
12115:Welzel, Christian. 2013.
11982:Fukuyama, Francis. 2014.
11961:Carothers, Thomas. 1999.
11139:10.1017/S002081830606005X
10696:10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2
10506:10.1017/9781108776608.003
9760:10.1017/S0003055420000647
9682:Friedman, Milton (1962).
9609:10.1017/S0007123420000174
9554:10.1017/S0003055412000093
9435:10.1017/S0003055412000561
9392:10.1017/S0003055408080040
9265:2(2)(1991): 12â34, p. 24.
9033:Cassidy, Traviss (2019).
8806:Journal of Peace Research
8665:10.1017/S0007123413000252
8556:10.1017/S0003055422000740
8376:Stasavage, David (2020).
8247:10.1017/S0003055420001069
8156:10.1017/S1537592720002303
8074:10.1017/S0043887100002598
7460:10.1017/S0007123497000197
7425:10.1007/s10602-014-9175-x
7220:Treisman, Daniel (2020).
6709:Federal Research Division
5993:. ABC-CLIO. p. 353.
5810:10.1017/S0007123419000012
5679:10.1017/S1537592718001044
5370:and republicans into the
5336:Partito Liberale Italiano
5168:competitive authoritarian
5025:War and national security
4613:Rulers' need for taxation
4050:
3969:African National Congress
3665:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
3235:began after the death of
3030:
2625:
2603:
2556:in the 17th century. The
2468:was more oligarchic. The
2458:French Revolutionary Wars
2447:
2353:
2339:1989-1990 unrest in Benin
2332:1989â1990 unrest in Benin
2284:
2176:The Emperor's New Clothes
1928:5 October 1910 revolution
1923:French Revolution of 1848
946:Liberty as non-domination
13265:January Events in Latvia
13255:Reunification of Germany
13240:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
13170:1987â1989 Tibetan unrest
12894:National Salvation Front
12879:Belarusian Popular Front
12869:Popular Front of Estonia
12638:Polish underground press
12399:List of socialist states
12228:Vol. 1, p. 1â9. 9p.
12198:. London, UK: Routledge.
12052:Przeworski, Adam. 1991.
11646:Dahl, Robert A. (1971).
11353:10.1017/CBO9780511781353
11042:. Open Book Publishers.
10958:10.1177/0022002717708599
10911:Kier, Elizabeth (2021).
10750:10.1177/0022002714564014
10277:10.1177/1354068820985280
10159:Perspectives on Politics
10088:Transitions to Democracy
9719:10.1177/2053168015613360
9226:10.1177/0022002715590878
9122:10.1177/0010414013495358
8974:10.1177/2053168017719794
8926:10.1177/0738894216651826
8868:10.1177/0010414013488557
8818:10.1177/0022343309340500
8768:10.1177/0010414006287238
8725:10.1177/0010414004266867
8439:Scott, James C. (2010).
8200:10.1017/cbo9780511510557
8144:Perspectives on Politics
7930:10.1177/0022002714535431
7773:Rosenfeld, Bryn (2020).
7578:10.1017/CBO9780511510274
6971:"Does Democracy Matter?"
6427:. Yale University Press.
5908:Andersen, David (2021).
5667:Perspectives on Politics
5546:10.1177/1065912909358578
5372:Italian Republican Party
5358:. The Historical Right (
5313:
5308:territorial peace theory
5255:Sequencing and causality
5202:at the beginning of the
5200:French mandatory control
5095:human empowerment theory
5081:territorial peace theory
5059:Territorial peace theory
4990:Scrambled constituencies
4939:Democracy and the Market
4693:and a 2022 study in the
4678:and Robert Kaufman, and
4664:redistribution of wealth
4642:Inequality and democracy
4553:World Trade Organization
4545:International Money Fund
4535:A 2016 study found that
4365:House of Representatives
4335:United States of America
4002:June Democratic Struggle
3987:June Democratic Struggle
3852:Cape Qualified Franchise
3142:
3115:Constitution of Portugal
2966:survived the impacts of
2932:
2818:unified Kingdom of Italy
2745:Electoral ballot of the
2720:
2646:[metapoËlitefsi]
2429:
2324:
2018:1987 Fijian coups d'Ă©tat
1978:1952 Egyptian revolution
956:Political representation
796:waves of democratization
790:Waves of democratization
572:Wars between democracies
552:Territorial peace theory
397:Democratic confederalism
13341:Economic liberalization
13280:1991 Belarusian strikes
13220:Fall of the Berlin Wall
12874:Public Against Violence
12864:Popular Front of Latvia
12643:Political demonstration
12492:Chinese economic reform
12404:People Power Revolution
12136:Ziblatt, Daniel. 2017.
12066:Rosenfeld, Bryn. 2020.
11209:10.1057/9780230244528_9
10022:Brancati, Dawn (2016).
9788:Political Communication
9712:(4): 2053168015613360.
9706:Research & Politics
8967:(3): 2053168017719794.
8961:Research & Politics
7961:SSRN Electronic Journal
7863:Van Noort, Sam (2024).
7280:. Yale University Press
7163:Korom, Philipp (2019).
6322:. The National Archives
6214:. The National Archives
6099:Geddes, Barbra (1999).
5960:The Athenian Revolution
5926:10.1111/1467-9477.12178
5658:Gunitsky, Seva (2018).
5304:democratic peace theory
5099:evolutionary psychology
5077:democratic peace theory
4875:patron-client relations
4792:Robert Dahl argued, in
4459:Exit, Voice and Loyalty
4318:across the country and
4256:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
3882:Nostalgia for apartheid
3223:constitutional monarchy
3176:[latÉŸansiËΞjon]
2841:Italian Socialist Party
2837:constitutional monarchy
2572:of 1647. Subsequently,
2395:transition to democracy
2314:participatory democracy
1998:1969 Libyan coup d'Ă©tat
1782:Discourse on Inequality
931:Consent of the governed
772:V-Dem Democracy indices
557:Tyranny of the majority
492:Political demonstration
402:Democratic peace theory
377:Deliberative referendum
12475:New political thinking
12250:Muno, Wolfgang. 2012.
12108:Vanhanen, Tatu. 2003.
12101:Tilly, Charles. 2007.
12094:Tilly, Charles. 2004.
12073:Schaffer, Frederic C.
12003:Hadenius, Axel. 2001.
11954:Brancati, Dawn. 2016.
11606:The Democratic Century
11234:International Politics
10899:International Security
10779:Olson, Mancur (1993).
10618:. Palgrave Macmillan.
10542:"Democracy by mistake"
10125:10.56021/9780801831904
9835:10.1002/ncr.4100820204
9684:Capitalism and Freedom
8445:. NUS Press. pp.
8288:Politics & Society
7490:Unpublished Manuscript
7306:; et al. (2000).
5291:and Gerardo Munck, in
5245:The Democratic Century
5217:Robert Dahl argued in
5212:Ba'athist dictatorship
5175:regional organizations
5068:
4932:democratic transitions
4851:
4774:
4710:
4568:
4541:democratic backsliding
4422:
4312:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky
4228:
4069:CPSU General Secretary
3998:
3857:Disinvestment campaign
3582:State Security Council
3300:
3215:Francoist dictatorship
3207:modern Spanish history
3200:the Spanish Transition
3192:la Transición española
3191:
3166:
2994:
2906:Festa della Repubblica
2806:Ferdinand I of Austria
2749:
2738:
2713:
2694:
2687:
2549:
2478:French Second Republic
2406:
2375:
874:V-Dem Democracy Report
805:
735:
710:democratic backsliding
683:
382:Democratic backsliding
372:Criticism of democracy
13418:Political terminology
13346:Post-Soviet conflicts
13300:Tajikistani Civil War
13250:Revolution on Granite
13210:Monday Demonstrations
12736:SanjaasĂŒrengiin Zorig
12570:Mengistu Haile Mariam
12336:Eastern Bloc politics
12122:Weyland, Kurt. 2014.
11940:Berman, Sheri. 2019.
11547:10.1017/9781009115223
11312:10.1353/jod.2005.0048
10717:Smith, Peter (2005).
10196:10.1017/9781108185950
9959:10.1017/9781108662536
9823:National Civic Review
9511:10.1353/jod.2014.0054
8003:Moore, Barrington Jr.
7844:16, 3 (2018): 37â41.
6402:"AUTONOMISMO E UNITĂ"
5609:Huntington, Samuel P.
5334:Parliament named the
5066:
5020:International factors
4920:Philippe C. Schmitter
4890:Philippe C. Schmitter
4838:
4772:
4708:
4575:, in his influential
4566:
4427:Seymour Martin Lipset
4420:
4227:
4150:and the ideas of the
4107:(CPSU) officials and
4103:âelections for local
3996:
3847:Apartheid legislation
3837:Afrikaner nationalism
3397:Cape Town peace march
3387:Trojan Horse Incident
3347:1948 general election
3283:
3256:1982 general election
3233:democratic transition
3045:Malawi Congress Party
2992:
2877:fascist collaboration
2802:Leopold II of Tuscany
2744:
2728:
2686:
2657:from the fall of the
2558:Parliament of England
2547:
2490:French Third Republic
2166:Criticism of monarchy
1988:North Yemen civil war
1802:The Federalist Papers
1097:Federal parliamentary
877:Lesotho, and Brazil.
803:
729:
720:Further information:
677:
437:Electoral competition
417:Democratic transition
392:Democratic centralism
387:Democratic capitalism
13408:Comparative politics
12756:Vytautas Landsbergis
12751:Viacheslav Chornovil
12580:Denis Sassou Nguesso
12189:Comparative Politics
12087:Teorell, Jan. 2010.
12042:. London: Routledge.
11947:Boix, Carles. 2003.
11300:Journal of Democracy
10931:10.7591/j.ctv16pn3kw
10829:"When Dictators Die"
10575:The Economic Journal
10392:10.1353/wp.2003.0019
10043:Comparative Politics
10003:on December 23, 2011
9868:10.1353/wp.1997.0008
9655:47(2)(2017): 437â61.
9499:Journal of Democracy
9302:10.1353/wp.2003.0004
9276:Journal of Democracy
9263:Journal of Democracy
9248:Journal of Democracy
9185:Thad Dunning. 2008.
9163:Thad Dunning. 2008.
9150:Thad Dunning. 2008.
9042:The Economic Journal
8626:10.1353/wp.2001.0011
7969:10.2139/ssrn.3717614
7727:10.1017/psrm.2019.62
7612:Journal of Democracy
7529:10.1353/wp.1997.0004
7079:10.1353/wp.2003.0019
6374:Bush, Robin (2009).
6320:"Rise of Parliament"
6147:Richard L. Merritt,
6073:. p. Chapter 7.
5852:Journal of Democracy
5629:52(3) 2000: 384â406.
5340:Unification of Italy
5088:leads to democracy.
4937:Adam Przeworski, in
4573:Barrington Moore Jr.
4443:modernization theory
4439:economic development
4300:Viacheslav Chornovil
4250:which took place in
4138:federal constitution
4078:" elements into the
3967:in 1994, won by the
3957:interim Constitution
3745:EugĂšne Terre'Blanche
3615:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
3422:Shell House massacre
3392:Khotso House bombing
3362:Sharpeville massacre
3219:parliamentary system
3213:that moved from the
3136:Democracy in Senegal
3129:Democracy in Senegal
2915:Constituent Assembly
2833:unification of Italy
2532:which undertook the
2482:Second French Empire
2279:history of democracy
2151:Classical radicalism
1893:Republic of Florence
1832:Democracy in America
991:Separation of powers
966:Public participation
810:Samuel P. Huntington
730:Global trend report
712:or autocratization.
412:Democratic socialism
13200:Pan-European Picnic
13175:1988 Polish strikes
12555:Wojciech Jaruzelski
12295:Revolutions of 1989
11803:Katsiaficas, George
11659:Fukuyama, Francis.
11038:Fog, Agner (2017).
10427:Shock to the System
7679:2017RegSt..51...58G
7454:(3): 416, 391â418.
6837:Wolf, Anne (2023).
6446:, 1970, p. 456
6240:on 22 December 2016
6166:The British Library
6084:Plaistad, Shandra.
6029:Scott, Sam (2001).
6016:, pp. 247â248.
5332:Kingdom of Sardinia
5285:One Road to Riches?
5239:Historical legacies
5152:Democracy promotion
5135:the new democracies
4968:illusion of control
4916:Guillermo O'Donnell
4753:. Typically, it is
4745:Values and religion
4691:The Narrow Corridor
4689:In their 2019 book
4631:Albert O. Hirschman
4507:A meta-analysis by
4341:American Revolution
4232:Tunisian revolution
4218:Tunisian revolution
3973:liberation movement
3892:Sullivan Principles
3241:regional government
2968:Japanese militarism
2923:liberation of Italy
2889:liberation of Italy
2883:and the subsequent
2847:on the side of the
2774:Revolutions of 1848
2752:In September 1847,
2701:, which began with
2590:Bill of Rights 1689
2586:Glorious Revolution
2578:English Restoration
2530:U.S.-led occupation
2486:Franco-Prussian War
2474:Bourbon Restoration
2470:First French Empire
2417:, in 1978. General
2299:Athenian Revolution
2292:Athenian Revolution
2241:Politics portal
2046:Antigua and Barbuda
1993:Zanzibar Revolution
1903:American Revolution
1792:The Social Contract
961:Popular sovereignty
638:Politics portal
432:Democracy promotion
407:Democratic republic
13443:Types of democracy
12560:Slobodan MiloĆĄeviÄ
12429:Vatican Opposition
12241:International IDEA
12181:2022-05-22 at the
10979:Gat, Azar (2017).
10653:10.1093/isq/sqv014
10588:10.1093/ej/ueaa004
10237:10.1111/socf.12163
10225:Sociological Forum
9468:Size and Democracy
9278:11(4) 2000: 37â57.
9202:105(1) 2011: 1â26.
9048:(623): 2745â2778.
9010:10.1093/isq/sqy031
8128:15 (1976), 146â75.
8126:History and Theory
7850:2019-08-13 at the
7572:. Cambridge Core.
7382:10.1111/ajps.12135
7278:yalebooks.yale.edu
6872:on 3 February 2011
6653:The New York Times
6594:Colomer Rubio 2012
6464:Universal Newsreel
6296:on 24 October 2014
6266:on 8 December 2015
5584:"Global Dashboard"
5352:Giuseppe Garibaldi
5234:Historical factors
5226:Geographic factors
5194:. In other cases,
5192:after World War II
5092:Christian Welzel's
5069:
4973:Sharun Mukand and
4912:Dankwart A. Rustow
4852:
4819:Wider adoption of
4775:
4711:
4569:
4429:; Carles Boix and
4423:
4399:Causes and factors
4385:American Civil War
4381:Reconstruction era
4355:, and a bicameral
4353:national judiciary
4229:
4162:bound by treaties.
3999:
3477:Conservative Party
3357:1956 Treason Trial
3301:
3205:), is a period of
3053:President for life
2995:
2881:Italian resistance
2750:
2739:
2688:
2576:(1653â59) and the
2550:
2415:Institutional Acts
2207:Primus inter pares
2023:Nepalese Civil War
2013:Iranian Revolution
1983:14 July Revolution
1938:Russian Revolution
1933:Chinese Revolution
1883:Republic of Venice
1732:Discourses on Livy
806:
768:Polity data series
736:
684:
577:Waves of democracy
537:Right to candidacy
507:Popular referendum
497:Political equality
367:Citizens' assembly
13395:
13394:
13321:Colour revolution
13151:
13150:
13118:Congo-Brazzaville
12839:Democratic Russia
12796:Pope John Paul II
12791:George H. W. Bush
12741:Vladimir Bukovsky
12530:Mikhail Gorbachev
12525:Nicolae CeauÈescu
12311:Era of Stagnation
12252:"Democratization"
12129:Zakaria, Fareed.
11906:978-0-8027-1674-3
11822:978-1-60486-457-1
11757:978-1-107-60267-0
11591:978-1-4008-3727-4
11556:978-1-009-10037-3
11463:(MayâJune 1977).
11218:978-0-230-24452-8
11174:978-0-8014-5746-3
11059:978-1-78374-403-9
11049:10.11647/OBP.0128
10922:978-1-5017-5640-5
10625:978-3-030-39370-0
10437:978-0-691-21700-0
10365:978-0-444-59430-3
10325:978-0-691-16760-2
10170:Adam Przeworski,
10099:978-0-231-50247-4
9479:978-0-8047-0834-0
9343:(S6): S158âS183.
9054:10.1093/ej/uez009
8598:978-0-241-31431-9
8591:. Penguin Books.
8422:978-1-4008-3727-4
8387:978-0-691-17746-5
8020:978-0-8070-5073-6
7786:978-0-691-20977-7
7145:978-0-19-960445-6
6850:978-0-19-286850-3
6623:Ortuño Anaya 2005
6387:978-981-230-876-4
6352:978-1-4330-5330-6
6000:978-1-61069-258-8
5778:978-0-691-21701-7
5424:978-3-319-74336-3
5354:and other former
5289:SebastiĂĄn Mazzuca
5249:James A. Robinson
5049:democratization.
4922:in their classic
4910:Scholars such as
4870:civic association
4701:Natural resources
4501:James A. Robinson
4425:Scholars such as
4156:Helvetic Republic
4152:French Revolution
4072:Mikhail Gorbachev
4020:ruling government
3946:
3945:
3803:South-West Africa
3221:, in the form of
3209:encompassing the
2984:Allied occupation
2980:political parties
2927:Italian Civil War
2885:Italian Civil War
2814:Albertine Statute
2770:rising in Palermo
2735:Albertine Statute
2705:of authoritarian
2695:Era pasca-Suharto
2634:
2582:Habeas Corpus Act
2566:English Civil War
2562:Petition of Right
2518:Nazi dictatorship
2454:French Revolution
2397:. Then-president
2384:
2376:abertura polĂtica
2275:
2274:
2218:Republican empire
2191:List of republics
2040:National variants
1968:Spanish Civil War
1908:French Revolution
1888:Republic of Genoa
1772:The Spirit of Law
1705:Theoretical works
1049:Neo-republicanism
784:democracy indices
672:
671:
527:Right to petition
16:(Redirected from
13450:
13270:Transnistria War
12929:
12928:
12771:Aung San Suu Kyi
12686:Alexander DubÄek
12623:Civil resistance
12480:Sinatra Doctrine
12460:Demokratizatsiya
12361:Shortage economy
12288:
12281:
12274:
12265:
12264:
12154:33(6â7): 703â34.
11910:
11888:
11865:
11826:
11798:
11780:
11769:
11744:Casanova, JuliĂĄn
11729:
11728:
11720:
11714:
11709:
11703:
11696:
11690:
11683:
11677:
11670:
11664:
11657:
11651:
11644:
11638:
11631:
11622:
11615:
11609:
11602:
11596:
11595:
11575:
11569:
11568:
11532:
11526:
11525:
11523:
11522:
11516:
11510:. Archived from
11505:
11496:
11490:
11483:
11477:
11476:
11468:
11457:
11451:
11450:
11440:
11416:
11410:
11409:
11373:
11367:
11366:
11338:
11332:
11331:
11295:
11289:
11288:
11272:
11266:
11265:
11229:
11223:
11222:
11198:
11188:
11179:
11178:
11158:
11152:
11151:
11141:
11117:
11111:
11110:
11070:
11064:
11063:
11051:
11035:
11029:
11028:
11020:
11014:
11013:
10991:
10985:
10984:
10976:
10970:
10969:
10952:(9): 1847â1875.
10941:
10935:
10934:
10908:
10902:
10901:(1990): 117â139.
10895:
10882:
10873:
10867:
10857:
10851:
10844:
10838:
10837:
10831:
10823:
10817:
10816:
10776:
10770:
10769:
10729:
10723:
10722:
10714:
10708:
10707:
10679:
10673:
10672:
10636:
10630:
10629:
10609:
10603:
10602:
10600:
10590:
10581:(627): 765â792.
10566:
10560:
10559:
10557:
10540:(October 2017).
10538:Treisman, Daniel
10534:
10528:
10527:
10489:
10483:
10482:
10472:
10448:
10442:
10441:
10421:
10412:
10411:
10375:
10369:
10368:
10345:
10336:
10330:
10329:
10309:
10300:
10299:
10289:
10279:
10255:
10249:
10248:
10216:
10210:
10209:
10181:
10175:
10168:
10162:
10151:
10145:
10144:
10142:
10141:
10110:
10104:
10103:
10091:
10081:
10075:
10074:
10034:
10028:
10027:
10019:
10013:
10012:
10010:
10008:
9999:. Archived from
9993:
9987:
9986:
9984:
9983:
9944:
9938:
9937:
9903:
9894:
9888:
9887:
9848:
9839:
9838:
9818:
9812:
9811:
9779:
9773:
9772:
9762:
9738:
9732:
9731:
9721:
9697:
9688:
9687:
9679:
9673:
9662:
9656:
9645:
9639:
9638:
9620:
9603:(4): 1723â1733.
9588:
9582:
9581:
9537:
9531:
9530:
9490:
9484:
9483:
9471:
9461:
9455:
9454:
9418:
9412:
9411:
9375:
9369:
9368:
9328:
9322:
9321:
9285:
9279:
9272:
9266:
9259:
9253:
9244:
9238:
9237:
9209:
9203:
9196:
9190:
9183:
9168:
9161:
9155:
9148:
9142:
9141:
9116:(9): 1238â1267.
9105:
9099:
9098:
9088:
9064:
9058:
9057:
9039:
9030:
9024:
9023:
9021:
8993:
8987:
8986:
8976:
8952:
8946:
8945:
8909:
8903:
8902:
8900:
8894:. Archived from
8853:
8844:
8838:
8837:
8803:
8794:
8788:
8787:
8751:
8745:
8744:
8718:
8700:
8691:
8685:
8684:
8644:
8638:
8637:
8609:
8603:
8602:
8582:
8576:
8575:
8535:
8529:
8523:
8517:
8510:
8504:
8503:
8495:
8489:
8488:
8486:
8478:
8469:
8468:
8436:
8427:
8426:
8406:
8400:
8399:
8373:
8364:
8363:
8353:
8329:
8320:
8319:
8285:
8276:
8267:
8266:
8226:
8220:
8219:
8217:
8216:
8186:Stasavage, David
8182:
8176:
8175:
8135:
8129:
8110:
8104:
8100:
8094:
8093:
8057:
8051:
8044:
8038:
8031:
8025:
8024:
7999:
7993:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7956:
7950:
7949:
7913:
7907:
7900:
7894:
7891:
7885:
7884:
7860:
7854:
7838:
7832:
7831:
7829:
7797:
7791:
7790:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7760:
7746:
7740:
7739:
7729:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7667:Regional Studies
7664:
7655:
7649:
7648:
7639:(4): 1002â1020.
7628:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7618:
7604:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7594:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7512:
7506:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7487:
7478:
7472:
7471:
7443:
7437:
7436:
7408:
7402:
7401:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7323:Space and Polity
7318:
7312:
7311:
7304:Przeworski, Adam
7300:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7285:
7269:
7252:
7251:
7241:
7217:
7211:
7210:
7200:
7160:
7154:
7153:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7011:
7005:
7004:
7002:
6992:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6936:
6930:
6927:
6921:
6914:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6861:
6855:
6854:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6820:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6738:on 14 April 2023
6734:. Archived from
6728:
6722:
6719:Demokratizatsiya
6712:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6683:
6680:Katsiaficas 2012
6677:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6644:
6638:
6632:
6626:
6620:
6614:
6608:
6597:
6591:
6585:
6566:
6560:
6559:1(1) 2009: 5â36.
6549:
6543:
6536:
6530:
6529:
6522:
6516:
6509:
6496:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6234:"Putney debates"
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6189:. Archived from
6179:
6178:
6177:
6168:. Archived from
6158:
6152:
6145:
6139:
6132:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6053:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6026:
6017:
6011:
6005:
6004:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5905:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5886:ourworld.unu.edu
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5861:
5855:. Archived from
5848:
5839:
5830:
5829:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5764:
5758:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5729:(8): 1533â1542.
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5698:
5664:
5655:
5646:
5639:
5630:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5540:(2). : 475â488.
5525:
5519:
5518:
5493:(3). : 403â426.
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5402:
5385:
5384:divisive issues.
5381:
5375:
5364:Sinistra Storica
5348:Sinistra Storica
5324:
5269:Francis Fukuyama
5101:. The so-called
5085:authoritarianism
5011:Women's suffrage
4840:Civic engagement
4740:Cultural factors
4584:Evelyne Stephens
4518:Capital Mobility
4509:Gerardo L. Munck
4479:Andrew J. Nathan
4474:Fernando Limongi
4435:Evelyne Stephens
4408:Economic factors
4297:Soviet dissident
4244:civil resistance
4241:
4205:
4202:
4183:was an event in
4143:Sonderbundskrieg
4094:
4092:Demokratizatsiya
4062:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4045:Demokratizatsiya
4013:
4012:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3908:
3907:
3705:Albertina Sisulu
3700:Benjamin Moloise
3635:Arthur Goldreich
3326:
3303:
3302:
3237:Francisco Franco
3204:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
2972:Great Depression
2851:and against the
2829:Kingdom of Italy
2691:Post-Suharto era
2648:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2594:royal absolutism
2574:the Protectorate
2466:French Directory
2379:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2239:
2238:
2223:Republican Party
2201:Peasant republic
2161:Communitarianism
1878:Classical Athens
1873:
1847:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1747:
1737:
1727:
1717:
951:Mixed government
885:
884:
829:is part of this
786:should be used.
752:political apathy
744:electoral system
664:
657:
650:
636:
635:
532:Right to protest
482:Nomination rules
37:
36:
21:
13458:
13457:
13453:
13452:
13451:
13449:
13448:
13447:
13438:Global politics
13413:Democratization
13398:
13397:
13396:
13391:
13375:
13336:Democratization
13326:Decommunization
13309:
13245:Helsinki Summit
13185:April 9 tragedy
13157:
13147:
13076:
12985:
12933:
12924:
12918:
12806:
12800:
12668:
12662:
12615:
12609:
12565:Mathieu Kérékou
12512:
12506:
12438:
12414:Reagan Doctrine
12389:Active measures
12381:
12375:
12366:Totalitarianism
12303:
12297:
12292:
12237:
12219:Democratization
12212:Democratization
12183:Wayback Machine
12147:
11923:
11918:
11916:Further reading
11913:
11907:
11893:Tremlett, Giles
11885:
11846:10.2307/2151183
11823:
11778:
11758:
11738:
11733:
11732:
11721:
11717:
11710:
11706:
11697:
11693:
11684:
11680:
11672:Berman, Sheri,
11671:
11667:
11658:
11654:
11645:
11641:
11632:
11625:
11616:
11612:
11603:
11599:
11592:
11576:
11572:
11557:
11533:
11529:
11520:
11518:
11514:
11503:
11497:
11493:
11487:The Independent
11484:
11480:
11472:New Left Review
11461:Therborn, Göran
11458:
11454:
11417:
11413:
11374:
11370:
11363:
11339:
11335:
11296:
11292:
11273:
11269:
11230:
11226:
11219:
11189:
11182:
11175:
11159:
11155:
11118:
11114:
11071:
11067:
11060:
11036:
11032:
11021:
11017:
10992:
10988:
10977:
10973:
10942:
10938:
10923:
10909:
10905:
10896:
10885:
10874:
10870:
10860:Georgina Waylen
10858:
10854:
10845:
10841:
10824:
10820:
10797:10.2307/2938736
10777:
10773:
10730:
10726:
10715:
10711:
10690:(1â2): 67â101.
10680:
10676:
10637:
10633:
10626:
10610:
10606:
10567:
10563:
10535:
10531:
10516:
10490:
10486:
10449:
10445:
10438:
10422:
10415:
10376:
10372:
10366:
10343:
10337:
10333:
10326:
10310:
10303:
10256:
10252:
10217:
10213:
10206:
10182:
10178:
10169:
10165:
10152:
10148:
10139:
10137:
10135:
10111:
10107:
10100:
10082:
10078:
10035:
10031:
10020:
10016:
10006:
10004:
9995:
9994:
9990:
9981:
9979:
9969:
9945:
9941:
9901:
9895:
9891:
9849:
9842:
9819:
9815:
9780:
9776:
9739:
9735:
9698:
9691:
9680:
9676:
9663:
9659:
9646:
9642:
9589:
9585:
9538:
9534:
9491:
9487:
9480:
9462:
9458:
9419:
9415:
9376:
9372:
9329:
9325:
9286:
9282:
9273:
9269:
9260:
9256:
9245:
9241:
9210:
9206:
9197:
9193:
9184:
9171:
9162:
9158:
9149:
9145:
9106:
9102:
9065:
9061:
9037:
9031:
9027:
8994:
8990:
8953:
8949:
8910:
8906:
8898:
8862:(7): 993â1021.
8851:
8845:
8841:
8801:
8795:
8791:
8762:(8): 995â1018.
8752:
8748:
8716:10.1.1.607.9710
8698:
8692:
8688:
8649:Geddes, Barbara
8645:
8641:
8610:
8606:
8599:
8583:
8579:
8536:
8532:
8524:
8520:
8511:
8507:
8496:
8492:
8484:
8480:
8479:
8472:
8457:
8437:
8430:
8423:
8407:
8403:
8388:
8374:
8367:
8330:
8323:
8283:
8277:
8270:
8227:
8223:
8214:
8212:
8210:
8183:
8179:
8136:
8132:
8111:
8107:
8101:
8097:
8058:
8054:
8045:
8041:
8033:JĂžrgen MĂžller,
8032:
8028:
8021:
8013:. p. 430.
8000:
7996:
7988:
7984:
7963:. Elsevier BV.
7957:
7953:
7914:
7910:
7901:
7897:
7892:
7888:
7861:
7857:
7852:Wayback Machine
7839:
7835:
7798:
7794:
7787:
7771:
7767:
7758:
7756:
7754:www.iep.utm.edu
7748:
7747:
7743:
7706:
7702:
7662:
7656:
7652:
7629:
7625:
7616:
7614:
7606:
7605:
7601:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7564:
7560:
7513:
7509:
7501:
7497:
7485:
7479:
7475:
7444:
7440:
7409:
7405:
7362:
7358:
7319:
7315:
7301:
7292:
7283:
7281:
7270:
7255:
7218:
7214:
7161:
7157:
7146:
7120:
7116:
7107:
7106:
7102:
7063:
7059:
7028:10.2307/1951731
7012:
7008:
6967:
6963:
6953:
6951:
6950:on July 6, 2016
6938:
6937:
6933:
6928:
6924:
6915:
6911:
6901:
6899:
6889:
6885:
6875:
6873:
6862:
6858:
6851:
6835:
6831:
6818:
6816:
6807:
6806:
6802:
6792:
6790:
6755:
6751:
6741:
6739:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6704:Country Studies
6701:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6678:
6674:
6665:
6663:
6645:
6641:
6633:
6629:
6621:
6617:
6609:
6600:
6592:
6588:
6567:
6563:
6550:
6546:
6537:
6533:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6510:
6499:
6483:
6479:
6469:
6467:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6437:
6436:
6432:
6421:
6417:
6407:
6405:
6400:
6399:
6395:
6388:
6372:
6368:
6353:
6339:
6338:
6334:
6325:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6299:
6297:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6269:
6267:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6243:
6241:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6196:
6194:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6146:
6142:
6133:
6126:
6097:
6093:
6082:
6078:
6067:
6063:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6027:
6020:
6012:
6008:
6001:
5985:
5981:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5953:
5949:
5906:
5899:
5890:
5888:
5878:
5874:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5846:
5840:
5833:
5790:
5786:
5779:
5765:
5761:
5754:
5750:
5723:Democratization
5715:
5711:
5703:
5662:
5656:
5649:
5640:
5633:
5624:
5620:
5606:
5602:
5592:
5590:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5526:
5522:
5479:
5475:
5444:
5440:
5425:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5382:
5378:
5325:
5321:
5316:
5257:
5241:
5236:
5228:
5164:Steven Levitsky
5154:
5148:
5123:
5103:regality theory
5061:
5055:
5034:state formation
5027:
5022:
5013:
5004:
4992:
4951:
4908:
4903:
4848:Hurricane Sandy
4833:
4809:
4755:Western culture
4747:
4742:
4703:
4676:Stephan Haggard
4648:social equality
4644:
4615:
4610:
4602:David Stasavage
4561:
4529:Sylvia Maxfield
4520:
4470:Adam Przeworski
4415:
4410:
4401:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4277:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4240:ۧÙŰ«Ù۱۩ ۧÙŰȘÙÙŰłÙŰ©
4221:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4177:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4130:
4122:
4117:
4116:
4105:Communist Party
4089:. Gorbachev's
4065:democratization
4055:
4041:
4033:
4028:
4027:
3990:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3942:
3897:
3896:
3872:Kairos Document
3862:Freedom Charter
3832:
3824:
3823:
3807:
3778:
3770:
3769:
3600:Vernon Berrangé
3595:
3587:
3586:
3547:Security Branch
3437:
3427:
3426:
3372:Soweto uprising
3342:
3341:
3277:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3171:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3104:
3096:
3087:Adam Przeworski
3062:
3057:
3056:
3041:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3008:
3000:
2935:
2857:Italian fascist
2835:in 1861, was a
2794:Charter of 1830
2758:Reggio Calabria
2737:, 4 March 1848.
2723:
2718:
2717:
2703:the resignation
2680:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2641:
2614:
2606:
2542:
2502:Weimar Republic
2498:
2462:Napoleonic Wars
2450:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2419:JoĂŁo Figueiredo
2387:military regime
2364:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2347:Mathieu Kérékou
2335:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2295:
2287:
2277:Throughout the
2271:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2041:
2033:
2032:
1918:Trienio Liberal
1859:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1735:
1725:
1715:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1433:Flynn (Stephen)
1318:
1310:
1309:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1014:
1006:
1005:
1001:Social equality
996:Social contract
986:Self-governance
941:Democratization
916:Anti-corruption
911:Anti-monarchism
906:
890:Politics series
883:
825:and the former
815:Interwar period
792:
776:Democracy Index
760:
724:
718:
691:democratisation
687:Democratization
668:
630:
625:
624:
590:
582:
581:
462:Majoritarianism
422:Democratization
357:
349:
348:
83:
73:
42:Politics series
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Democratisation
15:
12:
11:
5:
13456:
13446:
13445:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13393:
13392:
13390:
13389:
13383:
13381:
13377:
13376:
13374:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13361:Post-communism
13358:
13353:
13348:
13343:
13338:
13333:
13328:
13323:
13317:
13315:
13311:
13310:
13308:
13307:
13302:
13297:
13292:
13287:
13282:
13277:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13257:
13252:
13247:
13242:
13237:
13232:
13227:
13222:
13217:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13197:
13192:
13187:
13182:
13177:
13172:
13167:
13161:
13159:
13153:
13152:
13149:
13148:
13146:
13145:
13140:
13135:
13130:
13125:
13120:
13115:
13110:
13105:
13100:
13095:
13090:
13084:
13082:
13078:
13077:
13075:
13074:
13069:
13064:
13059:
13054:
13049:
13044:
13039:
13034:
13029:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12993:
12991:
12987:
12986:
12984:
12983:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12963:
12958:
12953:
12951:Czechoslovakia
12948:
12943:
12937:
12935:
12934:Eastern Europe
12926:
12920:
12919:
12917:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12901:
12896:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12866:
12861:
12856:
12851:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12821:
12816:
12810:
12808:
12802:
12801:
12799:
12798:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12781:Isaias Afwerki
12778:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12761:Zianon Pazniak
12758:
12753:
12748:
12743:
12738:
12733:
12728:
12723:
12718:
12713:
12708:
12703:
12698:
12693:
12688:
12683:
12678:
12672:
12670:
12664:
12663:
12661:
12660:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12625:
12619:
12617:
12611:
12610:
12608:
12607:
12602:
12597:
12592:
12587:
12582:
12577:
12572:
12567:
12562:
12557:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12540:Erich Honecker
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12516:
12514:
12508:
12507:
12505:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12483:
12482:
12477:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12452:
12446:
12444:
12440:
12439:
12437:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12401:
12396:
12391:
12385:
12383:
12377:
12376:
12374:
12373:
12368:
12363:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12333:
12328:
12323:
12321:Anti-communism
12318:
12313:
12307:
12305:
12299:
12298:
12291:
12290:
12283:
12276:
12268:
12262:
12261:
12255:
12248:
12236:
12235:External links
12233:
12232:
12231:
12222:
12215:
12208:
12199:
12192:
12185:
12169:
12162:
12155:
12146:
12143:
12142:
12141:
12134:
12127:
12120:
12113:
12106:
12099:
12092:
12085:
12078:
12071:
12064:
12057:
12050:
12043:
12036:
12029:
12028:53(1): 69â105.
12022:
12015:
12008:
12001:
11994:
11987:
11980:
11973:
11966:
11959:
11952:
11945:
11938:
11931:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11911:
11905:
11899:. Bloomsbury.
11889:
11883:
11866:
11840:(2): 245â265.
11827:
11821:
11799:
11785:(in Spanish).
11770:
11756:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11731:
11730:
11715:
11704:
11691:
11678:
11665:
11652:
11639:
11623:
11610:
11597:
11590:
11570:
11555:
11527:
11491:
11478:
11452:
11431:(1): 251â266.
11411:
11384:(3): 515â549.
11368:
11361:
11333:
11290:
11267:
11240:(3): 471â490.
11224:
11217:
11180:
11173:
11153:
11132:(1): 137â167.
11112:
11085:(3): 515â549.
11065:
11058:
11030:
11015:
10986:
10971:
10936:
10921:
10903:
10883:
10868:
10852:
10848:World Politics
10839:
10834:Foreign Policy
10818:
10791:(3): 567â576.
10771:
10744:(4): 694â717.
10724:
10709:
10674:
10631:
10624:
10604:
10561:
10555:10.3386/w23944
10529:
10514:
10484:
10443:
10436:
10413:
10386:(4): 517â549.
10380:World Politics
10370:
10364:
10331:
10324:
10301:
10270:(2): 377â388.
10264:Party Politics
10250:
10231:(2): 286â304.
10211:
10204:
10176:
10163:
10146:
10133:
10105:
10098:
10076:
10055:10.2307/421307
10049:(3): 337â363.
10029:
10014:
9988:
9967:
9939:
9918:10.1086/690949
9912:(2): 478â526.
9889:
9862:(3): 401â429.
9856:World Politics
9840:
9829:(2): 101â107.
9813:
9774:
9753:(1): 179â198.
9733:
9689:
9674:
9657:
9640:
9583:
9548:(2): 244â274.
9532:
9505:(3): 135â148.
9485:
9478:
9456:
9413:
9386:(1): 107â123.
9370:
9349:10.1086/250107
9323:
9290:World Politics
9280:
9267:
9254:
9239:
9220:(3): 671â701.
9204:
9191:
9169:
9156:
9143:
9100:
9059:
9025:
9004:(4): 834â844.
8988:
8947:
8920:(5): 503â522.
8904:
8901:on 2018-07-23.
8839:
8812:(6): 757â776.
8789:
8746:
8709:(7): 816â841.
8686:
8659:(2): 287â306.
8639:
8620:(3): 325â361.
8614:World Politics
8604:
8597:
8577:
8550:(2): 407â420.
8530:
8518:
8505:
8490:
8470:
8455:
8428:
8421:
8401:
8386:
8365:
8344:(1): 145â162.
8321:
8268:
8241:(2): 522â536.
8221:
8208:
8177:
8150:(3): 739â753.
8130:
8118:Social Origins
8105:
8095:
8068:(2): 175â205.
8062:World Politics
8052:
8039:
8026:
8019:
7994:
7982:
7951:
7924:(1): 164â191.
7908:
7895:
7886:
7875:(3): 457â498.
7869:World Politics
7855:
7833:
7792:
7785:
7765:
7741:
7720:(3): 650â657.
7700:
7650:
7623:
7599:
7586:
7558:
7523:(2): 155â183.
7517:World Politics
7507:
7495:
7473:
7438:
7419:(2): 121â136.
7403:
7376:(4): 927â942.
7356:
7329:(3): 307â325.
7313:
7290:
7274:"On Democracy"
7272:Dahl, Robert.
7253:
7212:
7175:(4): 448â473.
7155:
7144:
7114:
7100:
7073:(4): 517â549.
7067:World Politics
7057:
7006:
6961:
6931:
6922:
6909:
6883:
6856:
6849:
6829:
6800:
6749:
6723:
6684:
6682:, p. 277.
6672:
6639:
6637:, p. 379.
6627:
6615:
6613:, p. 291.
6598:
6596:, p. 260.
6586:
6561:
6544:
6531:
6517:
6497:
6477:
6449:
6430:
6415:
6393:
6386:
6366:
6351:
6332:
6311:
6281:
6251:
6225:
6203:
6153:
6140:
6124:
6091:
6076:
6061:
6040:
6018:
6006:
5999:
5979:
5965:
5947:
5897:
5872:
5831:
5804:(2): 559â583.
5784:
5777:
5759:
5748:
5709:
5673:(3): 634â651.
5647:
5641:John Markoff,
5631:
5627:World Politics
5618:
5600:
5575:
5520:
5473:
5438:
5423:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5376:
5360:Destra Storica
5344:Destra Storica
5318:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5256:
5253:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5227:
5224:
5196:decolonization
5150:Main article:
5147:
5144:
5139:NATO expansion
5122:
5119:
5073:state-building
5057:Main article:
5054:
5051:
5030:Jeffrey Herbst
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4991:
4988:
4964:overconfidence
4950:
4947:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4859:Social capital
4832:
4829:
4808:
4805:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4719:resource curse
4702:
4699:
4643:
4640:
4635:James C. Scott
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4560:
4557:
4519:
4516:
4497:Daron Acemoglu
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4383:following the
4336:
4333:
4278:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4248:demonstrations
4222:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4189:Roman monarchy
4178:
4170:
4168:
4167:Roman Republic
4165:
4131:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4051:ĐŽĐ”ĐŒĐŸĐșŃĐ°ŃОзаŃĐžŃ
4048:(Russian:
4042:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4024:Sixth Republic
3991:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:Related topics
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3755:H. F. Verwoerd
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3735:Adelaide Tambo
3732:
3727:
3725:Robert Sobukwe
3722:
3717:
3715:J. G. Strijdom
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3695:Raymond Mhlaba
3692:
3687:
3682:
3680:Nelson Mandela
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3660:Albert Luthuli
3657:
3655:Ahmed Kathrada
3652:
3647:
3645:Bantu Holomisa
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3620:F. W. de Klerk
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3537:National Party
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3289:Nelson Mandela
3285:F. W. de Klerk
3278:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3258:and the first
3254:(PSOE) in the
3184:the Transition
3154:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3105:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3061:
3058:
3049:Hastings Banda
3042:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3009:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2959:Kent E. Calder
2934:
2931:
2893:Fascist regime
2853:Central Powers
2722:
2719:
2681:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2615:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2570:Putney Debates
2541:
2540:United Kingdom
2538:
2534:denazification
2497:
2494:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2399:Ernesto Geisel
2365:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2336:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2296:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2171:Egalitarianism
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:Related topics
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2116:United Kingdom
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1898:Dutch Republic
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1866:
1864:Roman Republic
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:Wollstonecraft
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
907:
904:
903:
900:
899:
893:
892:
882:
879:
791:
788:
759:
756:
717:
714:
670:
669:
667:
666:
659:
652:
644:
641:
640:
627:
626:
623:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
574:
569:
567:War referendum
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
457:Libertarianism
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
358:
356:Related topics
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
259:
257:Representative
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
84:
79:
78:
75:
74:
72:
71:
66:
61:
55:
52:
51:
45:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13455:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13405:
13403:
13388:
13385:
13384:
13382:
13378:
13372:
13369:
13367:
13366:Yugoslav Wars
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13356:Neo-Stalinism
13354:
13352:
13351:Neo-Sovietism
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13318:
13316:
13312:
13306:
13303:
13301:
13298:
13296:
13293:
13291:
13288:
13286:
13283:
13281:
13278:
13276:
13273:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13251:
13248:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13235:Black January
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13218:
13216:
13213:
13211:
13208:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13196:
13193:
13191:
13188:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13166:
13163:
13162:
13160:
13154:
13144:
13141:
13139:
13136:
13134:
13131:
13129:
13126:
13124:
13121:
13119:
13116:
13114:
13111:
13109:
13106:
13104:
13101:
13099:
13096:
13094:
13091:
13089:
13086:
13085:
13083:
13079:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13040:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13023:
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12994:
12992:
12988:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12938:
12936:
12930:
12927:
12921:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12900:
12897:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12811:
12809:
12803:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12786:Ronald Reagan
12784:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12766:Zhelyu Zhelev
12764:
12762:
12759:
12757:
12754:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12746:Boris Yeltsin
12744:
12742:
12739:
12737:
12734:
12732:
12729:
12727:
12726:Joachim Gauck
12724:
12722:
12719:
12717:
12714:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12704:
12702:
12699:
12697:
12694:
12692:
12689:
12687:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12677:
12674:
12673:
12671:
12665:
12659:
12658:Strike action
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12631:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12620:
12618:
12612:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12600:Todor Zhivkov
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12590:Deng Xiaoping
12588:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12517:
12515:
12509:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12481:
12478:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12457:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12447:
12445:
12441:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12419:Soviet Empire
12417:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12387:
12386:
12384:
12380:International
12378:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12352:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12309:
12308:
12306:
12300:
12296:
12289:
12284:
12282:
12277:
12275:
12270:
12269:
12266:
12259:
12256:
12253:
12249:
12246:
12242:
12239:
12238:
12230:
12227:
12223:
12220:
12216:
12213:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12200:
12197:
12193:
12190:
12186:
12184:
12180:
12177:
12175:2:1, 115â144.
12174:
12170:
12167:
12163:
12160:
12156:
12153:
12149:
12148:
12139:
12135:
12132:
12128:
12125:
12121:
12118:
12114:
12111:
12107:
12104:
12100:
12097:
12093:
12090:
12086:
12083:
12079:
12076:
12072:
12069:
12065:
12062:
12058:
12055:
12051:
12048:
12044:
12041:
12037:
12034:
12030:
12027:
12023:
12020:
12016:
12013:
12009:
12006:
12002:
11999:
11995:
11992:
11988:
11985:
11981:
11978:
11974:
11971:
11967:
11964:
11960:
11957:
11953:
11950:
11946:
11943:
11939:
11936:
11932:
11929:
11925:
11924:
11908:
11902:
11898:
11894:
11890:
11886:
11884:84-95379-88-0
11880:
11876:
11872:
11867:
11863:
11859:
11855:
11851:
11847:
11843:
11839:
11835:
11834:
11828:
11824:
11818:
11814:
11810:
11809:
11804:
11800:
11796:
11792:
11788:
11784:
11776:
11771:
11767:
11763:
11759:
11753:
11749:
11745:
11741:
11740:
11726:
11719:
11713:
11708:
11701:
11695:
11688:
11682:
11675:
11669:
11662:
11656:
11649:
11643:
11636:
11630:
11628:
11620:
11614:
11607:
11601:
11593:
11587:
11583:
11582:
11574:
11566:
11562:
11558:
11552:
11548:
11544:
11540:
11539:
11531:
11517:on 2017-03-12
11513:
11509:
11502:
11495:
11489:
11488:
11482:
11474:
11473:
11467:
11462:
11456:
11448:
11444:
11439:
11434:
11430:
11426:
11422:
11415:
11407:
11403:
11399:
11395:
11391:
11387:
11383:
11379:
11372:
11364:
11362:9780511781353
11358:
11354:
11350:
11346:
11345:
11337:
11329:
11325:
11321:
11317:
11313:
11309:
11305:
11301:
11294:
11286:
11282:
11278:
11271:
11263:
11259:
11255:
11251:
11247:
11243:
11239:
11235:
11228:
11220:
11214:
11210:
11206:
11202:
11197:
11196:
11187:
11185:
11176:
11170:
11166:
11165:
11157:
11149:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11131:
11127:
11123:
11116:
11108:
11104:
11100:
11096:
11092:
11088:
11084:
11080:
11076:
11069:
11061:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11041:
11034:
11026:
11019:
11011:
11007:
11003:
10999:
10998:
10990:
10982:
10975:
10967:
10963:
10959:
10955:
10951:
10947:
10940:
10932:
10928:
10924:
10918:
10914:
10907:
10900:
10894:
10892:
10890:
10888:
10881:
10878:
10872:
10865:
10861:
10856:
10849:
10843:
10835:
10830:
10822:
10814:
10810:
10806:
10802:
10798:
10794:
10790:
10786:
10782:
10775:
10767:
10763:
10759:
10755:
10751:
10747:
10743:
10739:
10735:
10728:
10720:
10713:
10705:
10701:
10697:
10693:
10689:
10685:
10684:Public Choice
10678:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10658:
10654:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10635:
10627:
10621:
10617:
10616:
10608:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10580:
10576:
10572:
10565:
10556:
10551:
10547:
10543:
10539:
10533:
10525:
10521:
10517:
10515:9781108776608
10511:
10507:
10503:
10499:
10495:
10488:
10480:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10462:
10458:
10454:
10447:
10439:
10433:
10429:
10428:
10420:
10418:
10409:
10405:
10401:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10385:
10381:
10374:
10367:
10361:
10357:
10353:
10349:
10342:
10335:
10327:
10321:
10317:
10316:
10308:
10306:
10297:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10269:
10265:
10261:
10254:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10230:
10226:
10222:
10215:
10207:
10205:9781108185950
10201:
10197:
10193:
10189:
10188:
10180:
10173:
10167:
10160:
10156:
10150:
10136:
10134:9780801831904
10130:
10126:
10122:
10118:
10117:
10109:
10101:
10095:
10090:
10089:
10080:
10072:
10068:
10064:
10060:
10056:
10052:
10048:
10044:
10040:
10033:
10025:
10018:
10002:
9998:
9992:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9968:9781108662536
9964:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9951:
9943:
9935:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9907:
9900:
9893:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9873:
9869:
9865:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9852:Berman, Sheri
9847:
9845:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9817:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9778:
9770:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9744:
9737:
9729:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9696:
9694:
9686:. p. 86.
9685:
9678:
9671:
9667:
9661:
9654:
9650:
9644:
9636:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9598:
9594:
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8232:
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8209:9780521809672
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7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7859:
7853:
7849:
7846:
7843:
7837:
7828:
7827:1721.1/144425
7823:
7819:
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7053:
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7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7022:(1): 69â105.
7021:
7017:
7010:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6965:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6935:
6926:
6919:
6913:
6898:
6894:
6891:Sappa, M. M.
6887:
6871:
6867:
6860:
6852:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6833:
6826:
6814:
6810:
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6760:
6753:
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6727:
6720:
6716:
6710:
6706:
6705:
6699:
6698:public domain
6688:
6681:
6676:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6635:Tremlett 2008
6631:
6625:, p. 22.
6624:
6619:
6612:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6595:
6590:
6583:
6579:
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6571:
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6403:
6397:
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6354:
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6336:
6321:
6315:
6308:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6278:
6265:
6261:
6255:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6213:
6207:
6193:on 2018-09-25
6192:
6188:
6184:
6172:on 2017-10-18
6171:
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6157:
6150:
6144:
6137:
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6110:
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6102:
6095:
6087:
6080:
6072:
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6057:
6050:
6044:
6036:
6032:
6025:
6023:
6015:
6010:
6002:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5983:
5975:
5969:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5904:
5902:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5862:on 2012-02-11
5858:
5854:
5853:
5845:
5838:
5836:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
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5780:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5757:
5752:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5652:
5644:
5638:
5636:
5628:
5622:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5442:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5397:
5380:
5373:
5369:
5368:Radical Party
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5319:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5263:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5231:
5223:
5220:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5159:
5153:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5131:EU membership
5128:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5107:authoritarian
5104:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5065:
5060:
5053:War and peace
5050:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5017:
5008:
4999:
4996:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4886:civic culture
4882:
4878:
4876:
4873:networks and
4871:
4866:
4865:Robert Putnam
4862:
4860:
4856:
4855:Civil society
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4828:
4826:
4825:voter turnout
4822:
4817:
4813:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4764:Alfred Stepan
4759:
4756:
4752:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4730:Stephen Haber
4726:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4707:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4685:
4684:David Samuels
4681:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4624:
4619:
4605:
4603:
4598:
4596:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4565:
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4538:
4533:
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4524:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4455:
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4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4419:
4405:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4369:voting rights
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4204: 509 BC
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4046:
4039:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3988:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3939:
3934:
3932:
3927:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Project Coast
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Robben Island
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3760:B. J. Vorster
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3710:Walter Sisulu
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:Organisations
3431:
3430:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Vaal uprising
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Rivonia Trial
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3297:Liberty Medal
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3227:Juan Carlos I
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3211:regime change
3208:
3193:
3177:
3168:
3167:la TransiciĂłn
3163:
3159:
3151:
3137:
3130:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:in 1811, and
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3066:Latin America
3064:Countries in
3060:Latin America
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:Imperial Diet
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2869:Allied powers
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2784:, and in the
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2756:broke out in
2755:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2715:
2714:Era Reformasi
2711:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:(Indonesian:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:Greek history
2652:
2651:regime change
2647:
2638:
2637:MetapolĂtefsi
2632:
2626:ÎΔÏαÏολίÏΔÏ
Ïη
2623:
2619:
2618:Metapolitefsi
2612:
2611:Metapolitefsi
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:'s defeat in
2507:
2506:German Empire
2503:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2438:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2282:
2280:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2199:
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1323:Adams (Gerry)
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1128:
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1122:Revolutionary
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:Parliamentary
1110:
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922:
921:Civil society
919:
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897:Republicanism
895:
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870:
868:
863:
861:
860:Seva Gunitsky
857:
852:
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837:
834:
832:
828:
824:
823:Latin America
820:
816:
811:
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798:
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787:
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781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:Freedom House
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
733:
728:
723:
722:Hybrid regime
713:
711:
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702:
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692:
688:
681:
680:autocratizing
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542:Right to vote
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467:Majority rule
465:
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334:Supermajority
332:
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232:Participatory
230:
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163:Hybrid regime
161:
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62:
60:
57:
56:
54:
53:
50:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
13335:
13314:Later events
13230:Malta Summit
13062:Turkmenistan
12990:Soviet Union
12976:Soviet Union
12956:East Germany
12776:Meles Zenawi
12731:Sali Berisha
12681:VĂĄclav Havel
12628:Human chains
12535:KĂĄroly GrĂłsz
12465:Khozraschyot
12356:Nomenklatura
12331:Eastern Bloc
12225:
12218:
12211:
12202:
12195:
12191:43(1): 1â19.
12188:
12172:
12165:
12158:
12151:
12137:
12130:
12123:
12116:
12112:. Routledge.
12109:
12102:
12095:
12088:
12081:
12074:
12067:
12060:
12053:
12046:
12039:
12032:
12025:
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11997:
11990:
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11782:
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11694:
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11681:
11673:
11668:
11660:
11655:
11647:
11642:
11634:
11618:
11613:
11605:
11600:
11580:
11573:
11537:
11530:
11519:. Retrieved
11512:the original
11507:
11494:
11486:
11481:
11475:(103): 3â41.
11470:
11455:
11428:
11424:
11414:
11381:
11377:
11371:
11343:
11336:
11306:(3): 20â34.
11303:
11299:
11293:
11276:
11270:
11237:
11233:
11227:
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11163:
11156:
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11125:
11115:
11082:
11078:
11068:
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11033:
11024:
11018:
11001:
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10980:
10974:
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10939:
10912:
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10898:
10876:
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10863:
10855:
10847:
10842:
10833:
10821:
10788:
10784:
10774:
10741:
10737:
10727:
10718:
10712:
10687:
10683:
10677:
10644:
10640:
10634:
10614:
10607:
10598:10419/161872
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10574:
10564:
10545:
10532:
10497:
10487:
10460:
10456:
10446:
10426:
10383:
10379:
10373:
10347:
10334:
10314:
10267:
10263:
10253:
10228:
10224:
10214:
10186:
10179:
10171:
10166:
10158:
10154:
10149:
10138:. Retrieved
10115:
10108:
10087:
10079:
10046:
10042:
10032:
10023:
10017:
10005:. Retrieved
10001:the original
9991:
9980:. Retrieved
9949:
9942:
9909:
9905:
9892:
9859:
9855:
9826:
9822:
9816:
9791:
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9777:
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9677:
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9652:
9648:
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9618:10419/214629
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9535:
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9498:
9488:
9467:
9459:
9429:(1): 16â34.
9426:
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9373:
9340:
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9289:
9283:
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9257:
9247:
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9199:
9194:
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9113:
9109:
9103:
9076:
9072:
9062:
9045:
9041:
9028:
9001:
8997:
8991:
8964:
8960:
8950:
8917:
8913:
8907:
8896:the original
8876:11250/195819
8859:
8855:
8842:
8809:
8805:
8792:
8759:
8755:
8749:
8706:
8702:
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8642:
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8587:
8580:
8547:
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8533:
8521:
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8411:
8404:
8377:
8341:
8337:
8294:(1): 53â70.
8291:
8287:
8238:
8234:
8224:
8213:. Retrieved
8190:
8180:
8147:
8143:
8133:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8108:
8098:
8065:
8061:
8055:
8047:
8042:
8034:
8029:
8011:Beacon Press
8006:
7997:
7985:
7960:
7954:
7921:
7917:
7911:
7898:
7889:
7872:
7868:
7858:
7841:
7836:
7809:
7805:
7795:
7775:
7768:
7757:. Retrieved
7753:
7744:
7717:
7713:
7703:
7673:(1): 58â68.
7670:
7666:
7653:
7636:
7632:
7626:
7615:. Retrieved
7611:
7602:
7591:. Retrieved
7568:
7561:
7520:
7516:
7510:
7498:
7489:
7476:
7451:
7447:
7441:
7416:
7412:
7406:
7373:
7369:
7359:
7326:
7322:
7316:
7307:
7282:. Retrieved
7277:
7229:
7225:
7215:
7172:
7168:
7158:
7127:
7117:
7108:
7103:
7070:
7066:
7060:
7019:
7015:
7009:
7000:10852/100947
6980:
6974:
6964:
6952:. Retrieved
6948:the original
6943:
6934:
6925:
6917:
6912:
6900:. Retrieved
6896:
6886:
6874:. Retrieved
6870:the original
6859:
6839:
6832:
6824:
6817:. Retrieved
6803:
6791:. Retrieved
6766:
6762:
6752:
6740:. Retrieved
6736:the original
6726:
6718:
6703:
6687:
6675:
6664:. Retrieved
6652:
6642:
6630:
6618:
6589:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6564:
6556:
6552:
6547:
6539:
6534:
6520:
6512:
6485:
6480:
6468:. Retrieved
6458:
6452:
6439:
6433:
6424:
6418:
6408:16 September
6406:. Retrieved
6404:(in Italian)
6396:
6376:
6369:
6341:
6335:
6324:. Retrieved
6314:
6305:
6298:. Retrieved
6294:the original
6284:
6275:
6268:. Retrieved
6264:the original
6254:
6242:. Retrieved
6238:the original
6228:
6216:. Retrieved
6206:
6195:. Retrieved
6191:the original
6186:
6174:. Retrieved
6170:the original
6165:
6156:
6148:
6143:
6135:
6108:
6104:
6094:
6079:
6070:
6064:
6056:Freedomhouse
6055:
6043:
6035:ScholarWorks
6034:
6009:
5989:
5982:
5968:
5959:
5956:Ober, Josiah
5950:
5917:
5913:
5889:. Retrieved
5885:
5875:
5864:. Retrieved
5857:the original
5850:
5801:
5797:
5787:
5768:
5762:
5751:
5726:
5722:
5712:
5670:
5666:
5642:
5626:
5621:
5612:
5603:
5591:. Retrieved
5587:
5578:
5537:
5533:
5523:
5490:
5486:
5476:
5457:
5451:
5441:
5406:
5400:
5379:
5363:
5359:
5347:
5343:
5335:
5322:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5284:
5281:
5277:Sheri Berman
5266:
5261:
5258:
5244:
5242:
5229:
5219:On Democracy
5218:
5216:
5206:, failed to
5182:
5179:
5172:
5162:
5158:Thomas Risse
5155:
5127:Thomas Risse
5124:
5090:
5070:
5047:
5028:
5014:
5005:
4995:Mancur Olson
4993:
4984:
4980:
4972:
4960:public goods
4956:
4952:
4938:
4936:
4928:
4923:
4909:
4895:
4881:Sheri Berman
4879:
4863:
4853:
4844:volunteering
4842:, including
4818:
4814:
4810:
4801:
4798:
4794:On Democracy
4793:
4791:
4782:Robert Barro
4776:
4760:
4751:ethnocentric
4748:
4733:
4727:
4723:
4712:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4669:
4656:South Africa
4645:
4628:
4618:Robert Bates
4616:
4599:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4571:Sociologist
4570:
4534:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4506:
4494:
4490:middle class
4487:
4484:
4468:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4431:Susan Stokes
4424:
4402:
4389:Civil Rights
4345:Constitution
4338:
4293:Soviet Union
4185:ancient Rome
4142:
4132:The rise of
4099:âthough not
4084:single-party
4080:Soviet Union
4064:
4031:Soviet Union
3961:Constitution
3953:South Africa
3788:District Six
3750:Desmond Tutu
3740:Oliver Tambo
3730:Helen Suzman
3630:Bram Fischer
3267:South Africa
3246:
3155:
3063:
2936:
2919:anti-fascist
2911:constitution
2904:
2873:Nazi Germany
2861:World War II
2831:, after the
2826:
2822:Pope Pius IX
2751:
2560:enacted the
2551:
2536:of society.
2526:West Germany
2514:was replaced
2499:
2451:
2307:aristocratic
2276:
2205:
1840:
1830:
1820:
1810:
1800:
1790:
1780:
1770:
1760:
1750:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1523:Jones (Elin)
1428:Flynn (Paul)
1388:Clarke (Tom)
1383:Clark (Katy)
1328:Adams (John)
1149:Philosophers
940:
926:Civic virtue
888:Part of the
871:
864:
856:John Markoff
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
827:Eastern Bloc
819:World War II
807:
793:
761:
750:and reduced
746:, increased
737:
707:
703:
690:
686:
685:
421:
339:Totalitarian
222:Non-partisan
202:Majoritarian
183:Jeffersonian
123:Deliberative
113:Cosmopolitan
108:Conservative
88:Anticipatory
40:Part of the
13290:August Coup
13143:South Yemen
13088:Afghanistan
12932:Central and
12925:by location
12829:Civic Forum
12716:Feng Congde
12691:Ion Iliescu
12676:Lech WaĆÄsa
12633:Magnitizdat
12595:Zhao Ziyang
12585:Heng Samrin
12545:MiloĆĄ JakeĆĄ
12455:Perestroika
11508:Perceptions
10463:: 315â332.
9794:: 149â170.
9296:(1): 4â37.
9079:: 239â259.
9019:11693/48786
7812:: 323â339.
7232:: 241â257.
6983:: 357â375.
6902:17 December
6876:13 February
6470:22 February
6270:27 November
6244:22 December
5920:(1): 1â12.
5222:democracy.
5208:consolidate
5111:egalitarian
5039:South Korea
4975:Dani Rodrik
4943:game theory
4778:Steven Fish
4672:Carles Boix
4623:Montesquieu
4447:Robert Dahl
4316:human chain
4260:Arab Spring
4120:Switzerland
4101:multi-party
4016:South Korea
4008::
3980:South Korea
3690:Thabo Mbeki
3685:Govan Mbeki
3675:D. F. Malan
3670:Mac Maharaj
3605:P. W. Botha
3532:Broederbond
3247:coup d'Ă©tat
3160:, known in
2976:Pacific War
2845:World War I
2780:, south of
2528:during the
2510:World War I
2156:Common good
2096:New Zealand
2091:Netherlands
1836:(1835â1840)
1806:(1787â1788)
1716:(c. 375 BC)
1638:Robespierre
1413:Etherington
1348:Benn (Tony)
1317:Politicians
1295:Tocqueville
1255:Montesquieu
1235:Machiavelli
981:Rule of law
976:Res publica
867:Arab Spring
716:Description
447:Kleroterion
329:Substantive
304:Semi-direct
13433:Law reform
13402:Categories
13331:Lustration
13205:Baltic Way
13156:Individual
13133:Mozambique
13072:Uzbekistan
13057:Tajikistan
13042:Kyrgyzstan
13037:Kazakhstan
13002:Azerbaijan
12981:Yugoslavia
12859:Solidarity
12819:Charter 77
12805:Opposition
12701:Wu'erkaixi
12667:Opposition
12614:Opposition
12605:Siad Barre
12550:Egon Krenz
12520:Ramiz Alia
12511:Government
12450:Uskoreniye
12382:background
12304:background
11521:2016-02-13
10287:2077/64598
10140:2019-12-23
9982:2020-02-06
8516:11(3)2013.
8396:1125969950
8215:2019-12-24
7759:2020-02-03
7617:2019-12-22
7593:2019-12-17
7284:2020-02-02
6717:, section
6666:2022-07-23
6438:"Italia",
6326:2010-08-22
6300:30 October
6197:2017-10-16
6176:2017-10-16
5891:2021-02-14
5866:2008-04-17
5392:References
5356:Mazzinians
4680:Ben Ansell
4549:World Bank
4454:GDP/capita
4377:Amendments
4289:referendum
4087:government
4076:democratic
3951:system in
3798:Sophiatown
3765:Jacob Zuma
3650:Joel Joffe
3640:Chris Hani
3625:Ruth First
3610:Steve Biko
3467:Black Sash
3245:attempted
3024:Madagascar
3020:Madagascar
2998:Madagascar
2974:, and the
2887:, and the
2733:signs the
2403:Portuguese
2393:, and the
2372:Portuguese
2196:Monarchism
2186:Liberalism
2181:Jacobinism
1871:Gaáčasaáč
gha
1726:(54â51 BC)
1210:Harrington
1087:Democratic
1077:Capitalist
1072:Autonomous
1054:Venizelism
1039:Khomeinism
881:By country
831:third wave
697:political
610:Historical
522:Referendum
477:Ochlocracy
452:Liberalism
442:Initiative
319:Sociocracy
247:Procedural
217:Multiparty
178:Jacksonian
173:Industrial
153:Grassroots
138:Electronic
13428:Democracy
13371:Pink tide
13165:Jeltoqsan
13081:Elsewhere
13032:Lithuania
12884:Rastokhez
12824:New Forum
12807:movements
12706:Chai Ling
12316:Communism
12103:Democracy
11921:Key works
11854:0032-3195
11795:1137-8417
11766:870438787
11565:252021781
11447:0020-8833
11406:154702046
11398:1531-5088
11328:154397302
11320:1086-3214
11262:219012478
11254:1740-3898
11148:1531-5088
11107:154702046
11099:1531-5088
11004:: 27â46.
10966:158036471
10813:145312307
10758:0022-0027
10661:0020-8833
10647:: 73â84.
10524:219476337
10479:1094-2939
10400:0043-8871
10296:1354-0688
10245:1573-7861
10063:0010-4159
9977:213618572
9926:0022-3808
9884:145285276
9876:1086-3338
9808:149640396
9769:0003-0554
9728:2053-1680
9635:234540943
9627:0007-1234
9562:0003-0554
9527:155086258
9519:1086-3214
9443:0003-0554
9400:1537-5943
9365:216077816
9357:0022-3808
9310:1086-3338
9234:156073540
9138:154661151
9130:0010-4140
9095:154308471
8983:2053-1680
8942:157573005
8934:0738-8942
8892:154653329
8884:0010-4140
8834:144798465
8826:0022-3433
8784:154316752
8776:0010-4140
8741:154999593
8733:0010-4140
8711:CiteSeerX
8673:1469-2112
8572:251607252
8564:0003-0554
8465:872296825
8360:1094-2939
8316:154910942
8308:0032-3292
8263:232422425
8255:0003-0554
8172:225466533
8164:1537-5927
8082:1086-3338
8005:(1993) .
7977:1556-5068
7946:154493227
7938:0022-0027
7881:1086-3338
7736:2049-8470
7695:157638952
7537:0043-8871
7468:154749945
7433:154420163
7398:154067095
7390:1540-5907
7351:144947268
7343:1356-2576
7248:1094-2939
7189:2325-4823
7087:0043-8871
7036:0003-0554
6954:April 21,
6783:144602886
6769:: 18â45.
6661:0362-4331
6361:946753807
6014:Orme 1988
5942:225624391
5934:1467-9477
5826:203150075
5818:0007-1234
5743:225378571
5696:149523316
5687:1537-5927
5570:154168435
5554:1065-9129
5507:1521-9488
5433:240235199
5326:In 1848,
5170:regimes.
5115:autocracy
4807:Education
4715:petroleum
4660:Apartheid
4652:Singapore
4452:A higher
4349:executive
4295:. Led by
4097:candidate
3965:elections
3949:apartheid
3819:Vlakplaas
3783:Bantustan
3720:Joe Slovo
3316:Apartheid
3085:in 1818.
3079:Venezuela
3073:in 1810,
2707:president
2699:Indonesia
2670:Indonesia
2631:romanized
2407:distensĂŁo
2310:oligarchy
2051:Australia
1683:Venizelos
1673:Spadolini
1663:Slaughter
1608:McDonnell
1573:Mackenzie
1518:Jefferson
1473:Griffiths
1453:de Gaulle
1448:Garibaldi
1408:Drakeford
1300:Warburton
1220:Jefferson
1215:Honderich
1195:Condorcet
1082:Christian
1044:Nasserism
1019:Classical
936:Democracy
780:democracy
547:Sortition
502:Polyarchy
362:Anarchism
344:Workplace
324:Sovereign
314:Socialist
294:Sectarian
272:Christian
262:Religious
237:Pluralist
192:Illiberal
168:Inclusive
143:Empowered
118:Defensive
103:Consensus
49:Democracy
13423:Politics
13128:Mongolia
13123:Ethiopia
13108:Cambodia
13012:Chechnya
12946:Bulgaria
12721:Tank Man
12711:Wang Dan
12696:Liu Gang
12653:Samizdat
12648:Protests
12487:Glasnost
12470:500 Days
12394:Cold War
12302:Internal
12179:Archived
11895:(2008).
11813:PM Press
11805:(2012).
10766:29658309
10704:45234838
10408:18745191
10007:June 18,
9578:54677100
9570:41495078
9451:33455840
9408:54825180
9318:44555086
8188:(2003).
8090:54044493
7848:Archived
7545:25053996
7207:32309461
7150:Archived
7095:18745191
7052:53686238
6819:14 April
6813:Archived
6793:14 April
6787:Archived
6742:14 April
6444:Treccani
5958:(1996).
5701:Archived
5611:(1991).
5588:BTI 2022
5562:20721505
5204:Cold War
4966:and the
4393:Jim Crow
4357:Congress
4197:republic
4011:6ì ëŻŒìŁŒ íì
3910:Category
3814:Sun City
3308:a series
3306:Part of
3117:in 1976.
3107:Portugal
3094:Portugal
3075:Paraguay
3071:Colombia
3016:Malagasy
2925:and the
2472:and the
2460:and the
2121:Scotland
2061:Barbados
1712:Republic
1628:Prescott
1598:Naysmith
1588:McKechin
1548:La Malfa
1543:Khomeini
1503:Iorwerth
1468:Griffith
1443:Gambetta
1438:Galloway
1423:Ferguson
1403:Davidson
1398:Cromwell
1393:Connolly
1373:Campbell
1290:Sunstein
1275:Rousseau
1270:Polybius
1205:Franklin
1185:Chappell
1180:Cattaneo
1117:People's
1102:Imperial
1034:Kemalism
971:Republic
905:Concepts
748:suffrage
512:Populism
267:Buddhist
212:Monitory
133:Economic
98:Cellular
93:Athenian
13380:Related
13138:Somalia
13067:Ukraine
13047:Moldova
13022:Georgia
13017:Estonia
13007:Belarus
12997:Armenia
12971:Romania
12961:Hungary
12941:Albania
12849:SÄ
jƫdis
12669:leaders
12616:methods
12513:leaders
12502:Äá»i Má»i
12443:Reforms
11862:2151183
11736:Sources
10805:2938736
10669:8989565
9934:3827369
8527:97â109.
7675:Bibcode
7553:5981579
7198:7099882
7044:1951731
6218:7 April
5593:Apr 17,
5515:3699697
5460:(106).
5189:Germany
4787:mamluks
4662:), the
4547:(IMF),
4379:of the
4306:in the
4304:strikes
4267:Ukraine
4252:Tunisia
4211:Tunisia
4195:with a
4160:cantons
4109:Soviets
3122:Senegal
2849:Entente
2798:Italian
2786:Cilento
2778:Salerno
2764:in the
2762:Messina
2760:and in
2710:Suharto
2633::
2496:Germany
2383:
2318:tyranny
2086:Morocco
2076:Jamaica
2071:Ireland
2056:Bahamas
1858:History
1678:Taverne
1653:Skinner
1633:Ritchie
1578:Madison
1558:Lincoln
1508:Jackson
1498:Huppert
1493:Hopkins
1418:Fabiani
1378:Chapman
1363:BolĂvar
1353:Bennett
1343:Bartley
1333:AtatĂŒrk
1245:Mazzini
1240:Madison
1170:Bentham
1160:Baggini
1127:Secular
1107:Islamic
1092:Federal
1029:Federal
1013:Schools
742:of the
277:Islamic
252:Radical
242:Popular
188:Liberal
69:Indices
59:History
13158:events
13093:Angola
13052:Russia
13027:Latvia
12966:Poland
12923:Events
12575:Ne Win
11903:
11881:
11860:
11852:
11819:
11793:
11764:
11754:
11588:
11563:
11553:
11445:
11404:
11396:
11359:
11326:
11318:
11260:
11252:
11215:
11203:â271.
11171:
11146:
11105:
11097:
11056:
10964:
10929:
10919:
10811:
10803:
10764:
10756:
10702:
10667:
10659:
10622:
10522:
10512:
10477:
10434:
10406:
10398:
10362:
10322:
10294:
10243:
10202:
10131:
10096:
10071:421307
10069:
10061:
9975:
9965:
9932:
9924:
9882:
9874:
9806:
9767:
9726:
9633:
9625:
9576:
9568:
9560:
9525:
9517:
9476:
9449:
9441:
9406:
9398:
9363:
9355:
9316:
9308:
9232:
9136:
9128:
9093:
8981:
8940:
8932:
8890:
8882:
8832:
8824:
8782:
8774:
8739:
8731:
8713:
8681:988090
8679:
8671:
8632:
8595:
8570:
8562:
8463:
8453:
8419:
8394:
8384:
8358:
8314:
8306:
8261:
8253:
8206:
8170:
8162:
8103:Press.
8088:
8080:
8017:
7975:
7944:
7936:
7879:
7783:
7734:
7693:
7584:
7551:
7543:
7535:
7466:
7431:
7396:
7388:
7349:
7341:
7246:
7205:
7195:
7187:
7142:
7093:
7085:
7050:
7042:
7034:
6920:(1992)
6916:Wood,
6847:
6781:
6715:Russia
6700:.
6659:
6494:442274
6492:
6466:. 1946
6384:
6359:
6349:
5997:
5990:Brazil
5940:
5932:
5824:
5816:
5775:
5741:
5693:
5685:
5568:
5560:
5552:
5513:
5505:
5431:
5421:
5043:Taiwan
4914:, and
4658:under
4551:, and
4463:per se
4361:Senate
4308:Donbas
4236:Arabic
4191:under
4006:Korean
3971:(ANC)
3809:Soweto
3777:Places
3594:People
3542:COSATU
3492:FOSATU
3402:CODESA
3337:Events
3225:under
3031:Malawi
2970:, the
2947:TaishĆ
2782:Naples
2604:Greece
2484:. The
2448:France
2354:Brazil
2303:Athens
2285:Athens
2111:Sweden
2101:Norway
2066:Canada
1846:(1963)
1826:(1794)
1816:(1791)
1796:(1762)
1786:(1755)
1776:(1748)
1766:(1698)
1756:(1656)
1746:(1649)
1736:(1531)
1688:Wilson
1658:Slater
1648:Skates
1603:Mannin
1593:Mullin
1568:Mackay
1533:JuĂĄrez
1488:HĂ©bert
1483:Hatton
1478:Harvie
1368:Burgon
1285:Sidney
1280:Sandel
1265:Pettit
1190:Cicero
1155:Arendt
1137:Soviet
1132:Sister
1024:Modern
740:reform
699:regime
605:Europe
595:Africa
589:Region
562:Voting
472:Motion
309:Social
287:Mormon
282:Jewish
197:Liquid
158:Guided
148:Ethnic
128:Direct
64:Theory
13113:China
13103:Burma
13098:Benin
11873:[
11858:JSTOR
11779:(PDF)
11561:S2CID
11515:(PDF)
11504:(PDF)
11402:S2CID
11324:S2CID
11258:S2CID
11103:S2CID
10962:S2CID
10927:JSTOR
10809:S2CID
10801:JSTOR
10762:S2CID
10700:S2CID
10665:S2CID
10520:S2CID
10404:S2CID
10344:(PDF)
10067:JSTOR
9973:S2CID
9930:S2CID
9902:(PDF)
9880:S2CID
9804:S2CID
9631:S2CID
9574:S2CID
9566:JSTOR
9523:S2CID
9447:S2CID
9404:S2CID
9361:S2CID
9314:S2CID
9230:S2CID
9134:S2CID
9091:S2CID
9038:(PDF)
8938:S2CID
8899:(PDF)
8888:S2CID
8852:(PDF)
8830:S2CID
8802:(PDF)
8780:S2CID
8737:S2CID
8699:(PDF)
8677:S2CID
8634:18404
8630:S2CID
8568:S2CID
8485:(PDF)
8312:S2CID
8284:(PDF)
8259:S2CID
8168:S2CID
8086:S2CID
7942:S2CID
7691:S2CID
7663:(PDF)
7549:S2CID
7541:JSTOR
7486:(PDF)
7464:S2CID
7429:S2CID
7394:S2CID
7347:S2CID
7091:S2CID
7048:S2CID
7040:JSTOR
6779:S2CID
6490:JSTOR
6111:: 7.
6052:(PDF)
6037:: 12.
5938:S2CID
5860:(PDF)
5847:(PDF)
5822:S2CID
5739:S2CID
5704:(PDF)
5691:S2CID
5663:(PDF)
5566:S2CID
5558:JSTOR
5511:JSTOR
5429:S2CID
5314:Notes
5271:, in
5185:Japan
4373:white
3189:) or
3162:Spain
3143:Spain
3083:Chile
2951:ShĆwa
2943:Meiji
2939:Japan
2933:Japan
2897:Italy
2875:with
2729:King
2721:Italy
2622:Greek
2430:Chile
2343:Benin
2325:Benin
2126:Wales
2106:Spain
2081:Japan
1668:Smith
1643:Sayed
1623:Pound
1618:Nehru
1613:Nandy
1583:Magid
1563:Lucas
1553:Lewis
1463:Grévy
1458:Greer
1358:Black
1338:Azaña
1260:Paine
1230:Locke
1200:Crick
1175:Bodin
1165:Bello
1066:Types
734:2022
689:, or
207:Media
81:Types
11901:ISBN
11879:ISBN
11850:ISSN
11817:ISBN
11791:ISSN
11762:OCLC
11752:ISBN
11586:ISBN
11551:ISBN
11443:ISSN
11394:ISSN
11357:ISBN
11316:ISSN
11250:ISSN
11213:ISBN
11169:ISBN
11144:ISSN
11095:ISSN
11054:ISBN
10917:ISBN
10754:ISSN
10657:ISSN
10620:ISBN
10510:ISBN
10475:ISSN
10432:ISBN
10396:ISSN
10360:ISBN
10320:ISBN
10292:ISSN
10241:ISSN
10200:ISBN
10129:ISBN
10094:ISBN
10059:ISSN
10009:2009
9963:ISBN
9922:ISSN
9872:ISSN
9765:ISSN
9724:ISSN
9623:ISSN
9558:ISSN
9515:ISSN
9474:ISBN
9439:ISSN
9396:ISSN
9353:ISSN
9306:ISSN
9126:ISSN
8979:ISSN
8930:ISSN
8880:ISSN
8822:ISSN
8772:ISSN
8729:ISSN
8669:ISSN
8593:ISBN
8560:ISSN
8461:OCLC
8451:ISBN
8417:ISBN
8392:OCLC
8382:ISBN
8356:ISSN
8304:ISSN
8251:ISSN
8204:ISBN
8160:ISSN
8078:ISSN
8015:ISBN
7973:ISSN
7934:ISSN
7877:ISSN
7781:ISBN
7732:ISSN
7582:ISBN
7533:ISSN
7386:ISSN
7339:ISSN
7244:ISSN
7203:PMID
7185:ISSN
7140:ISBN
7083:ISSN
7032:ISSN
6956:2015
6904:2023
6878:2011
6845:ISBN
6821:2023
6795:2023
6744:2023
6657:ISSN
6472:2012
6410:2023
6382:ISBN
6357:OCLC
6347:ISBN
6302:2014
6272:2015
6246:2016
6220:2015
5995:ISBN
5930:ISSN
5814:ISSN
5773:ISBN
5683:ISSN
5595:2023
5550:ISSN
5503:ISSN
5419:ISBN
5302:The
5187:and
5041:and
4918:and
4780:and
4682:and
4499:and
4472:and
4351:, a
4339:The
4287:via
4230:The
4179:The
4113:CPSU
4056:IPA:
4000:The
3947:The
3577:SACP
3567:SAMA
3562:SAIC
3557:SADF
3552:SACC
3447:APLA
3287:and
3231:The
3172:IPA:
3156:The
3134:The
3077:and
3010:The
2865:Axis
2827:The
2689:The
2642:IPA:
2616:The
2452:The
2381:lit.
2366:The
2337:The
2297:The
1693:Wood
1538:Kane
1250:Mill
1225:Kant
872:The
774:and
600:Asia
299:Semi
227:Oral
12351:KGB
11842:doi
11838:103
11543:doi
11433:doi
11386:doi
11349:doi
11308:doi
11281:doi
11242:doi
11205:doi
11201:244
11134:doi
11087:doi
11044:doi
11006:doi
10954:doi
10793:doi
10746:doi
10692:doi
10688:143
10649:doi
10593:hdl
10583:doi
10579:130
10550:doi
10502:doi
10465:doi
10388:doi
10352:doi
10282:hdl
10272:doi
10233:doi
10192:doi
10157:,"
10121:doi
10051:doi
9955:doi
9914:doi
9910:125
9864:doi
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