96:
456:
621:
647:
84:
902:
632:
111:
827:, reserved the right to appoint the bishops of Reval to himself and his successors as king of Denmark. The decision to simply nominate the See of Reval was unique in the whole Catholic Church at the time and was disputed by bishops and the Pope. During this period, the election of bishops was never established in Reval, and royal rights over the bishopric and to nominate the bishops were even included in the treaty when the territories were sold to Teutonic Order in 1346.
1232:
1218:
470:
894:(1290) complained that the king of Denmark was accepting Estonians as his vassals. Danish rule was more liberal in this respect than that of the Brothers of the Sword, in whose territories no natives were allowed to become lords of fiefs. In 1248, the vassals and burgers of Reval already had a local legislative body or
959:
occupied the territories. The overthrow of the Danish government came two days after the Order had put down the
Estonian revolt, and the Danish viceroy was imprisoned in cooperation with the pro-German vassals. The castles in Reval and Wesenberg were handed over to the Order by the pro-German party
842:) appointed by the king and functioning as his plenipotentiary. The viceroy had administrative powers, he collected the taxes, and he commanded the vassals and the troops in case of war. Most of the viceroys were either of Danish or Danish-Estonian nationality.
707:
had conquered southern
Estonia whilst Denmark had taken the North, and the two agreed to divide Estonia but quarreled over the exact borders. In 1220, the King of Denmark gave up his claim on the southern Estonian provinces of
751:
with the Danish king, Valdemar II. Under the treaty, Jerwia stayed part of the
Ordenstaat, while Harria and Vironia were ceded back to King of Denmark as his direct dominion, the Duchy of Estonia. The first
878:
in exchange for military and court services. The vassals' oath to a new king had to be sworn for a "year and a day". One researcher has estimated that 80% of the vassals were
Germans from
972:
in 1329 never to abandon or sell
Denmark's Estonian territories. The king of Denmark even made a public statement repenting breaking that promise and asking forgiveness from the
947:
died and
Denmark fell into political turmoil. The province in Estonia became split between a pro-Danish party led by bishop Olaf of Reval and the pro-German party led by captain
1075:
1074:
1073:
1077:
1076:
431:
417:
403:
1084:
2309:
983:" which had previously been held by the Danish kings, fell into disuse during the Teutonic Order era and was not revived until 1456 by the Danish King
948:
670:, the leader of the Teutonic crusaders fighting the Estonians from the south, visited the king and asked him to attack the Estonians from the north.
2265:
987:. The title was assumed by the Swedish kings after they gained control of Reval and northern Estonia in 1561. The title was then transferred to the
891:
95:
1677:
777:) (1220–41), an important geographic and historic document. The list contains about 500 Estonian place names and the names of 114 local vassals.
1070:
110:
1476:
928:. King Valdemar sent his sons Abel and Canute to support his vassals' campaign, but they did not win any new territory. The Danish king
2304:
1082:
808:. Even today, Danish influence can be seen in heraldic symbols: the city of Tallinn's coat of arms features the Danish cross, while
2319:
1571:
2339:
2324:
1054:
possessions in Ösel. In 1572, Ösel was transferred to direct administration by
Denmark. In 1645, it was ceded from Denmark to
2329:
1905:
1765:
1682:
1300:
1059:
1827:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1726:
1714:
1699:
1327:
716:, which had already been conquered by Brothers of the Sword. Bishop Albert ceded to Denmark the Estonian provinces of
2237:
2196:
2052:
1584:
1540:
1517:
1486:
1459:
1310:
1071:
572:
Denmark rose as a great military and mercantile power in the 12th century. It had an interest in ending the frequent
2085:
1072:
1760:
1743:
756:
had been appointed by
Valdemar II in 1220, and the title was now resumed by the kings of Denmark starting in 1269.
692:
was born at this time, falling from the sky during a critical moment in the fight and helping the Danes to win the
463:
2314:
2145:
1709:
576:
attacks that threatened its Baltic trade. Danish fleets attacked
Estonia in 1170, 1194, and 1197. In 1206, King
1605:
952:
732:
704:
605:
17:
2186:
2115:
1991:
1384:
1868:
1750:
1687:
1600:
1564:
960:
on 16 May 1343, and the castle at Narva in 1345. In 1346, Estonia (Harria and
Vironia) was sold for 19,000
917:
2181:
2015:
1812:
1672:
565:
449:
83:
2191:
1817:
1802:
1797:
1652:
551:
129:
1915:
1822:
1792:
1080:
1000:
969:
944:
422:
1692:
1015:
596:. In 1219, the Danish fleet landed in the major harbor of Estonia and defeated the Estonians in the
1930:
1807:
796:. Estonians still call their capital "Tallinn", which, according to an urban legend, derives from
2334:
2105:
2090:
2032:
1900:
1878:
1858:
1721:
1557:
1047:
1035:
1011:
813:
809:
229:
217:
2120:
1966:
1956:
1883:
1667:
1662:
1249:
883:
205:
193:
2206:
2161:
2057:
1873:
1253:
1245:
976:. The shift of sovereignty from Denmark to the Teutonic Order took place on 1 November 1346.
674:
1349:
765:
2135:
2037:
2001:
1976:
1910:
1863:
1775:
933:
921:
693:
640:
597:
673:
In 1219, Valdemar gathered his fleet, joined forces with the navy led by prince Wizlav of
8:
2140:
2130:
2062:
1986:
1853:
1841:
328:
646:
620:
2230:
2211:
2171:
2077:
1996:
1944:
1787:
1755:
1736:
1657:
1592:
1269:
1264:
1259:
992:
937:
932:
visited Estonia in 1249, and the Danish fleet sailed to Reval in 1268 and 1270 against
862:
820:
500:
116:
2125:
2100:
2047:
1971:
1536:
1529:
1513:
1482:
1455:
1306:
1274:
1043:
1031:
910:
748:
744:
696:
against the Estonians. The date of the battle, 15 June, is to this day celebrated as
659:
519:
169:
159:
155:
40:
901:
2246:
2201:
2166:
2110:
2067:
2027:
1647:
1617:
996:
906:
805:
760:
655:
601:
589:
345:
1343:
2176:
2095:
1961:
1895:
1612:
1507:
1449:
1414:
1279:
995:(1700–1721) and continued to be a subsidiary title of Russian emperors until the
988:
980:
929:
789:
770:
753:
736:
686:
581:
556:
527:
151:
51:
735:
conquered all Danish territories in Northern Estonia. After their defeat in the
2251:
1981:
1890:
1731:
1704:
1637:
1632:
1237:
1223:
965:
956:
835:
740:
667:
631:
609:
560:
546:
534:
62:
2298:
2280:
2267:
1627:
1019:
874:
709:
890:
names (Clemens Esto, Otto Kivele, Odwardus Sorseferæ, etc.). The chronicler
801:
1642:
1199:
1007:
961:
793:
666:
a free hand to annex as much land as he could conquer in Estonia. Besides,
984:
763:, the Duchy of Estonia was included in a nationwide Danish taxation list
663:
636:
577:
305:
2152:
879:
2042:
1920:
887:
824:
785:
678:
573:
916:
The Danish army only visited the province occasionally. In 1240–42,
743:
of Prussia in 1237. On 7 June 1238 the Teutonic Order concluded the
1549:
1039:
1027:
585:
1474:
1580:
1051:
1023:
925:
846:
831:
721:
713:
625:
496:
488:
436:
341:
141:
1055:
725:
717:
682:
408:
1069:
850:
830:
First mentioned in 1240, the duchy was locally governed by a
781:
624:
St. Olaf's Church is a visible reminder of the Danish era in
504:
788:
after the invasion of 1219. The Danes built the fortress of
1325:
973:
869:
593:
1302:
The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: Prehistory to 1520
1475:
Williams, Nicola; Debra Herrmann; Cathryn Kemp (2003).
861:. Wesenberg was granted Lübeck city rights in 1302 by
853:, built on the site of the old Estonian fortresses of
739:, the surviving members of the order merged into the
677:, and landed on the northern coast of Estonia in the
1213:
499:(Rakvere) was granted Lübeck city rights in 1302 by
845:
In Vironia, the main power centers were Wesenberg (
1528:
1181:Klaus von Ungern zu Dalby (May 1573 – August 1576)
681:(now Tallinn) harbor in the Estonian province of
2296:
1326:King of Denmark, Valdemar; Svend Aakjær (1926).
1190:Claes Maltesen Sehested (2 February 1599 – 1612)
951:. After the Estonians of Harria rebelled in the
592:claimed Estonia, and this was recognised by the
1509:Danish Medieval History & Saxo Grammaticus
608:, when the territories were taken over by the
1565:
1505:
559:from 1219 until 1346 when it was sold to the
1526:
1042:) with an army in 1560. Denmark ceded Wiek (
924:and tried to extend its rule to the land of
1305:. Cambridge University Press. p. 269.
1172:
800:(Danish town or castle). Reval was granted
2310:States and territories established in 1219
1572:
1558:
1184:Johann von Mentz (2 September 1576 – 1584)
109:
759:Due to its status as the king's personal
650:Estonia within The Danish Empire ca. 1220
1425:
1423:
900:
868:The vassals of the Danish king received
685:. According to the legend, the national
645:
630:
619:
1481:. University of Michigan. p. 190.
1361:
1359:
865:. Narva received these rights in 1345.
14:
2297:
1447:
1022:Johannes V von Münchhausen for 30,000
700:(the national "flag day") in Denmark.
1553:
1420:
612:. They were sold by Denmark in 1346.
1579:
1356:
1298:
812:depicts three lions, similar to the
747:at a royal fortress in the south of
1178:Heinrich Wulf (5 March 1562 – 1567)
1091:
784:(Tallinn), founded at the place of
27:Former Danish possession in Baltics
24:
780:The capital of Danish Estonia was
615:
115:Territories that were part of the
25:
2351:
1026:. The possession was given as an
968:, notwithstanding the promise by
819:In 1240, Valdemar II created the
2305:1346 disestablishments in Europe
1230:
1216:
639:falling from the sky during the
468:
454:
429:
415:
401:
94:
82:
2320:Historical geography of Estonia
1478:Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania
1468:
1441:
1432:
1064:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1377:
1368:
1336:
1319:
1292:
1161:Konrad Preen (1340 – May 1343)
733:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
705:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
507:received these rights in 1345.
101:Seal of Valdemar IV of Denmark
13:
1:
2340:Historical regions in Estonia
1506:Skyum-Nielsen, Niels (1981).
1385:chronicle of Henry of Livonia
1348:. E. Frantzen. 1842. p.
1285:
1149:Heinrich Bernauer (1313–1314)
1119:Eilard von Oberch (1275–1279)
886:, and only 2% had distinctly
1167:Stigot Andersson (1344–1346)
1164:Bertram von Parembeke (1343)
604:under Danish rule until the
7:
2330:Medieval history of Estonia
1766:Restoration of independence
1683:Declaration of Independence
1527:Christiansen, Eric (1997).
1512:. Museum Tusculanum Press.
1345:Monumenta Livoniae Antiquae
1209:
1158:Marquard Breide (1332–1335)
991:after their victory in the
953:St. George's Night Uprising
584:led a raid on Ösel island (
450:State of the Teutonic Order
10:
2356:
1761:Declaration of sovereignty
1499:
2325:Denmark–Estonia relations
2224:
2076:
2023:
2014:
1952:
1943:
1849:
1840:
1783:
1774:
1591:
1396:Skyum-Nielsen pp. 113–115
1374:Skyum-Nielsen pp. 112–113
1187:Mathias Budde (1584–1587)
945:Christopher II of Denmark
606:Estonian uprising in 1343
545:, was a direct dominion (
494:
484:
380:
376:
366:
356:
338:
325:
315:
311:
301:
297:
287:
277:
273:
265:
261:
251:
247:
239:
235:
223:
211:
199:
187:
183:
175:
165:
147:
137:
124:
108:
78:
71:
32:
1854:Administrative divisions
1454:. ABC-CLIO. p. 70.
1448:Frucht, Richard (2005).
1173:Danish governors of Øsel
1146:Ago Saxisson (1312–1313)
1131:Johann Sialanzfar (1288)
1128:Friedrich Moltike (1287)
1122:Odewart Lode (1279–1281)
1032:Magnus, Duke of Holstein
1332:(in Danish). Jørgensen.
1329:Kong Valdemars Jordebog
1137:Nikolaus Ubbison (1298)
1048:Polish-Lithuanian Union
1012:Frederick II of Denmark
814:coat of arms of Denmark
810:coat of arms of Estonia
775:Valdemar Sejrs Jordebog
563:and became part of the
2315:Former Danish colonies
1193:Nils Kraggen (1612–15)
1155:Heinrich Spliit (1329)
1140:Johann Saxesson (1304)
1113:Woghen Palissun (1266)
1101:Saxo Aginsun (1248–49)
1038:, who landed on Ösel (
1016:Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
913:
839:
804:(1248) and joined the
774:
651:
643:
628:
550:
538:
531:
523:
358:• Disestablished
1710:Occupation of Estonia
1531:The Northern Crusades
1438:Skyum-Nielsen pp. 129
1429:Skyum-Nielsen pp. 118
1405:Skyum-Nielsen pp. 120
1205:Ebbe Ulfeld (1643–45)
1196:Jakob Wacke (1615–35)
1152:Johannes Kanna (1323)
1143:Johannes Canne (1310)
1110:Jakob Ramessun (1259)
943:In August 1332, King
904:
649:
634:
623:
148:Common languages
37:Eestimaa hertsogkond
1365:Christiansen, pp.111
1299:Knut, Helle (2003).
1134:Nils Axelsson (1296)
1104:Stigot Agison (1249)
1006:In 1559, during the
882:, 18% were probably
532:Hertugdømmet Estland
524:Eestimaa hertsogkond
47:Hertugdømmet Estland
2277: /
1751:Government-in-exile
1688:War of Independence
1060:Treaty of Brömsebro
918:Denmark went to war
694:Battle of Lindanise
641:Battle of Lindanise
598:Battle of Lindanise
368:• Danish Ösel
329:Battle of Lindanise
317:• Established
1992:Telecommunications
1756:Singing Revolution
1737:Estonian partisans
1658:Great Northern War
1270:History of Finland
1265:History of Estonia
1260:History of Denmark
1001:overthrown in 1917
993:Great Northern War
914:
821:Bishopric of Reval
802:Lübeck city rights
766:Liber Census Daniæ
652:
644:
629:
117:Kingdom of Denmark
2281:59.433°N 24.750°E
2260:
2259:
2220:
2219:
2048:Estonian language
2010:
2009:
1939:
1938:
1906:Political parties
1869:Foreign relations
1836:
1835:
1678:German occupation
1628:German Bishoprics
1275:Northern Crusades
1089:
1088:
1034:, the brother of
823:but, contrary to
745:Treaty of Stensby
660:Pope Honorius III
552:dominium directum
541:), also known as
512:
511:
480:
479:
476:
475:
442:
441:
289:• 1643–1645
279:• 1562–1567
253:• 1344–1346
225:• 1588–1645
213:• 1559–1588
201:• 1340–1346
189:• 1219–1241
170:Roman Catholicism
119:from 1219 to 1645
16:(Redirected from
2347:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2240:
2233:
2021:
2020:
1950:
1949:
1926:
1847:
1846:
1813:Populated places
1781:
1780:
1673:Age of Awakening
1618:Livonian Crusade
1574:
1567:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1534:
1523:
1493:
1492:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1296:
1256:Swedish crusades
1240:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1092:List of Viceroys
1065:
1050:in exchange for
989:Russian emperors
909:were started by
907:Walls of Tallinn
863:King Erik Menved
806:Hanseatic League
656:Livonian crusade
602:Northern Estonia
590:Kings of Denmark
539:Ducatus Estoniae
516:Duchy of Estonia
501:King Erik Menved
472:
471:
458:
457:
446:
445:
433:
432:
419:
418:
405:
404:
398:
397:
382:
381:
346:Hanseatic League
266:Governor of Øsel
257:Stigot Andersson
113:
98:
86:
66:
58:Ducatus Estoniae
55:
44:
34:Duchy of Estonia
30:
29:
21:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2295:
2294:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2216:
2192:Public holidays
2072:
2006:
1935:
1924:
1896:Law enforcement
1832:
1818:Protected areas
1770:
1700:Interwar period
1693:Battle of Võnnu
1668:Russian Livonia
1663:Russian Estonia
1653:Swedish Estonia
1613:Ancient Estonia
1587:
1578:
1543:
1520:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1415:Old East Slavic
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1280:Swedish Estonia
1236:
1231:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1175:
1170:
1116:Siverith (1270)
1094:
1085:
1083:
997:Romanov dynasty
981:Duke of Estonia
949:Marquard Breide
930:Erik Plogpennig
911:Queen Margrethe
790:Castrum Danorum
754:Duke of Estonia
737:Battle of Saule
687:flag of Denmark
618:
616:Danish conquest
582:Andreas Sunonis
580:and archbishop
557:King of Denmark
508:
469:
464:Swedish Estonia
455:
430:
416:
402:
369:
359:
349:
331:
318:
290:
280:
254:
226:
214:
202:
190:
176:King of Denmark
142:Reval (Tallinn)
120:
104:
103:
102:
99:
91:
90:
87:
73:
67:
60:
56:
49:
45:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2353:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2335:Former duchies
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2286:59.433; 24.750
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2116:Estonian names
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:Stock exchange
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1918:
1916:Prime Minister
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1793:Extreme points
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1732:Ants Kaljurand
1724:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1705:Era of Silence
1702:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1648:Polish Livonia
1645:
1640:
1638:Baltic Germans
1635:
1633:Livonian Order
1630:
1625:
1623:Danish Estonia
1620:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1524:
1518:
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979:The title of "
970:Christopher II
966:Teutonic Order
957:Teutonic Order
892:Ditleb Alnpeke
741:Teutonic Order
668:Albert of Riga
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610:Teutonic Order
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543:Danish Estonia
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2053:Ethnic groups
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875:dominum utile
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731:In 1227, the
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703:The order of
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600:that brought
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485:Today part of
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283:Heinrich Wulf
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42:
31:
19:
2262:
2153:
2146:
2106:Coat of arms
2091:Architecture
2033:Demographics
1962:Central bank
1925:(parliament)
1921:
1879:Human rights
1859:Constitution
1744:Deportations
1722:World War II
1715:Estonian SSR
1643:Livonian War
1622:
1606:list of wars
1530:
1508:
1477:
1470:
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1434:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1379:
1370:
1344:
1338:
1328:
1321:
1301:
1294:
1200:Anders Bille
1036:Frederick II
1008:Livonian war
1005:
978:
942:
915:
896:ritterschaft
895:
873:
867:
858:
854:
844:
829:
818:
797:
794:Toompea Hill
779:
764:
758:
730:
702:
698:Valdemarsdag
697:
689:
672:
653:
571:
564:
542:
515:
513:
391:Succeeded by
390:
385:
334:15 June 1219
230:Christian IV
218:Frederick II
128:
57:
46:
2284: /
1967:e-Residency
1957:Agriculture
1535:. Penguin.
1417:chronicles.
1014:bought the
985:Christian I
934:Novgorodian
798:Taani linna
664:Valdemar II
654:During the
578:Valdemar II
566:Ordensstaat
386:Preceded by
306:Middle Ages
293:Ebbe Ulfeld
206:Valdemar IV
194:Valdemar II
2299:Categories
2207:Television
2187:Newspapers
2154:Kalevipoeg
2141:Literature
2058:Healthcare
1874:Government
1286:References
938:Lithuanian
880:Westphalia
840:capitaneus
761:possession
160:Low German
133:of Denmark
2172:Mythology
2136:Languages
2043:Estonians
2038:Education
2002:Transport
1977:Oil shale
1922:Riigikogu
1911:President
1864:Elections
1776:Geography
1202:(1635–43)
1046:) to the
940:threats.
825:canon law
786:Lindanise
690:Dannebrog
679:Lindanise
658:in 1218,
637:Dannebrog
555:) of the
497:Wesenberg
372:1559–1645
166:Religion
74:1559–1645
72:1219–1346
2247:Category
2131:Internet
2126:Folklore
2063:Religion
1987:Taxation
1901:Military
1842:Politics
1601:Timeline
1585:articles
1210:See also
1052:Livonian
1044:Läänemaa
1040:Saaremaa
1028:appanage
922:Novgorod
920:against
888:Estonian
586:Saaremaa
574:Estonian
520:Estonian
423:Harjumaa
156:Estonian
2272:24°45′E
2269:59°26′N
2231:Outline
2212:Theatre
2182:Symbols
2111:Cuisine
2078:Culture
2016:Society
1997:Tourism
1945:Economy
1803:Islands
1788:Climate
1593:History
1581:Estonia
1500:Sources
1058:by the
1024:thalers
964:to the
926:Votians
859:Rugodiv
855:Rakovor
847:Rakvere
832:viceroy
749:Zealand
722:Vironia
714:Ugaunia
626:Tallinn
588:). The
489:Estonia
437:Virumaa
342:Tallinn
340:•
327:•
240:Viceroy
138:Capital
2252:Portal
2101:Cinema
2086:Anthem
1972:Energy
1823:Rivers
1583:
1539:
1516:
1485:
1458:
1309:
1250:Second
1056:Sweden
849:) and
771:Danish
726:Jerwia
718:Harria
710:Sakala
683:Revala
528:Danish
409:Revala
344:joins
269:
243:
179:
152:Danish
130:Colony
125:Status
2238:Index
2202:Sport
2197:Radio
2167:Music
2162:Media
2121:Flags
2068:Women
2028:Crime
1828:Towns
1808:Lakes
1798:Fauna
1254:Third
1246:First
1018:from
884:Danes
870:fiefs
851:Narva
836:Latin
782:Reval
675:Rügen
662:gave
547:Latin
535:Latin
505:Narva
2177:Name
2096:Beer
1884:LGBT
1537:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1483:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1383:The
1307:ISBN
1252:and
999:was
974:Pope
936:and
905:The
872:per
857:and
724:and
712:and
635:The
594:pope
514:The
362:1346
352:1248
321:1219
89:Flag
2147:ABD
1891:Law
1030:to
792:at
2301::
1422:^
1358:^
1350:36
1248:,
1062:.
1010:,
1003:.
838::
816:.
773::
728:.
720:,
569:.
549::
537::
530::
526:,
522::
503:.
348:¹
158:,
154:,
63:la
52:da
41:et
1573:e
1566:t
1559:v
1545:.
1522:.
1491:.
1464:.
1387:.
1352:.
1315:.
898:.
834:(
769:(
518:(
65:)
61:(
54:)
50:(
43:)
39:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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