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879:- is the supreme body to negotiate climate frameworks under the UNFCCC Convention. It consists of the representatives of the Parties to the Convention and holds its sessions every year, and takes decisions which are necessary to ensure the effective implementation of the provisions of the Convention and regularly reviews the implementation of these provisions. Preventing "dangerous" human interference with the climate system is the ultimate aim of the UNFCCC. The UNFCCC is a "Rio Convention", one of three adopted at the "Rio Earth Summit" in 1992. The UNFCCC entered into force on March 21, 1994. Today, it has near-universal membership. The COP has discussed Climate Security during panels, workshops as session, but not as a programmatic track. The greater focus on this topic by the UN has led to the launch in October 2018 of the inter-agency
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sea level can affect military bases or extreme heat events can undermine the operability of armies. Climate change is also seen as a catalyst for violent conflict and a threat to international security, although the causality of climate and conflict is also debated. Due to the growing importance of climate security on the agendas of many governments, international organizations, and other bodies some now run programs which are designed to mitigate the effects of climate change on conflict. These practices are known as climate security practices. These practices stem from a variety of actors with different motivations in the sphere of development, diplomacy and defense; both NATO and the UN Security
Council are involved in these practices.
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last century, that an increase of 2 °C above pre-industrial levels more than doubles the current risk of conflict, increasing it to 13%, and that an increase of 4 °C multiplies the risk by five, up to a 26% risk. Other researchers have specified the conditions under which climate change increases the risk of conflict and violence. These include a history of political instability, agricultural dependence, low levels of development, the political of ethnic groups from the political system, and insufficient conflict resolution institutions.
676:'s Sixth Assessment Report concluded in 2022: "Climate hazards have affected armed conflict within countries (medium confidence), but the influence of climate is small compared to socio-economic, political, and cultural factors (high confidence). Climate increases conflict risk by undermining food and water security, income and livelihoods, in situations where there are large populations, weather-sensitive economic activities, weak institutions and high levels of poverty and inequality (high confidence)."
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The G77 also stated that it is inappropriate to consider the issue of energy in the UNSC, ‘reaffirming the key role of energy in achieving the goals of sustainable development, poverty eradication and achieving the MDGs ’. In 2013, the G77 and China argued that the UNSC was ‘not the appropriate forum for this discussion’ and that such issues should be assigned to the
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and the UN General Assembly. The G77 has not issued public positions since then.
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of the
British military in conflict prevention, conflict resolution or responding to increased humanitarian requirements due to extreme weather impacts.’ The UK-established International Climate Fund (ICF) identifies climate change as a ‘threat multiplier’ within ‘fragile’ states. In 2015 a report by the Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy (NSS) confirmed that climate change presents a risk to national security and that spending on security would need to adapt.
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979:. Reports suggest that Lake Chad is shrinking at a fast speed, which is creating sharp competition for water. In 2017, the UNSC adopted Resolution 2349 connecting conflict and water scarcity in the region. In 2020, Niger co-organized a UN Security Council meeting on climate security, following a 2018 UNSC statement on the Lake Chad Basin which identified climate change and the shrinking of Lake Chad as one of the root causes of the Boko Haram uprisings.
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1038:(COP26) in Glasgow on October 31 – 12 November 12, 2021. The UK’s ‘Integrated Review of Defence, Security, Development, and Foreign Policy’, published in March 2021, argues that dealing with climate change and biodiversity loss was its ‘number one international priority’ and identified African countries as vulnerable countries to climate change, which can amplify insecurity, migration and instability on the continent.
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defined by von Lossow et al. as "tangible actions implemented by a (local or central) government, organization, community, private actor or individual to help prevent, reduce, mitigate or adapt (to) security risks and threats related to impacts of climate change and related environmental degradation". The
Planetary Security Initiative at the Clingendael Institute maintain an updated list of climate security practices.
1004:'s conclusions on climate diplomacy state that "Climate change is a decisive global challenge which, if not urgently managed, will put at risk ... peace, stability and security." The Intelligence on European Pensions and Institutional Investment think-tank published a 2018 report with the key point, "Climate change is an existential risk whose elimination must become a corporate objective". In June 2018
168:, concerned with security, conducted research on climate change. Global climate change became an international issue with the broadening of the concept of security which emerged in the 1980s in the post-Cold War era.The broadening of the concept of security sought to look beyond the military domain, and include political, economic, societal, and environmental areas in the security agenda. The term
237:, argue that security justifies urgency and exceptionalism, focusing on defense, the military and the state and that climate change should instead be placed into ‘normal politics’ and removed from the security agenda. Furthermore, some scholars note how securitization theory, stemming as a response to traditional realism theory in the post-Cold War era, is mostly a
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change as a security issue can be problematic as it could increase solutions that rely on militaries which can worsen the injustices of those most affected by the climate crisis. This can also mean that security solutions end up benefiting the status quo, ignoring the well-being of the rest, such as refugees and other marginalized communities.
1008:(EEAS) High-Level Event hosted an event themed "Climate, Peace and Security: The Time for Action". The EU's comprehensive approach to security would suggest that the EU is well placed to respond to climate-related security risks. However, recent scientific research shows that the European Union has not yet developed a fully coherent policy.
616:, Nigeria and Tanzania. Evidence is also ambiguous and highly contested for high-intensity conflicts such as civil wars. Some experts suggest a contribution of climate change to civil wars in Mali, Nigeria, Somalia and Sudan. Other studies suggest that there is very little evidence for these causal claims, including for the cases of
60:. It is a concept that summons the idea that climate-related change amplifies existing risks in society that endangers the security of humans, ecosystems, economy, infrastructure and societies. Climate-related security risks have far-reaching implications for the way the world manages peace and security. Climate actions to
526:, and by causing forced migration. Predicting future risks of climate change and conflict remains difficult, despite the existence of several predictive models and tools. Future climate change is likely to be very different from what humanity has experienced previously and the ability of societies to adapt is unclear.
571:, Burke and Miguel concluded in 2013 that warmer temperatures and more extreme rainfall could increase interpersonal violence by 4%, and intergroup conflict by 14% (median estimates). However, their results have been disputed by other researchers as being not sufficiently robust to alternative model specifications.
875:(UNFCCC) and now also under the Paris agreement, the security implications of climate change do not have an institutional home within the United Nations system, and hence remain largely unaddressed, in spite of the urgency of the threat it poses to peace and security in several regions. The UN, through its COP -
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injury. At least since 2010, the U.S. military begun to push to develop, evaluate and deploy renewable energy to decrease its need to transport fossil fuels. The NATO’s 2021 Climate Change and
Security Action Plan proposes strategies to protect its assets along with a promise of GHG emissions reduction by 2050.
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face of high food prices or water scarcity. Studies indeed show that in vulnerable societies, the anticipated consequences of climate change such as reduced food and water security increase the risk of protests. These conflicts often add to and trigger the escalation of deeper social and political struggles.
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The UK’s former
Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) (now the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, FCDO) was the first to push the UN to hold a meeting in the UN Security Council on climate change and urged the UNFCCC to take action in 2007. In 2011, the then UK Department for International
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A 2018 published report by the
Australian Senate noted how "climate change as a current and existential national security risk... defined as one that threatens the premature extinction of Earth-originating intelligent life or the permanent and drastic destruction of its potential for desirable future
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However scholars disagree on whether the desertification of Lake Chad has indeed led to conflicts, because there are other factors such as pre-existing socioeconomic and political conditions, the influx of arms into the region, unfair terms of trade, religious issues, and the marginalization of
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Climate change has had devastating effects on the
African continent, affecting the poorest communities. It has escalated food insecurity, led to the displacement of populations and exerted extreme pressure on the available water resources. Africa's exposure to climate change is high due to the legacy
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in the United
Nations Security Council. In 2021 the UN Security Council convened for a high-level open debate on climate security. Climate change grew beyond its categorization as a hypothetical, existential risk and became an operational concern of relevance to other peace and security practitioners
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in the area was aggravated by food insecurity because irregular rainfall that caused poor harvests led to an uptick in insurgent recruitment sparking further violence. The project successfully integrated former insurgents into the community by training them in agricultural methods and fostering trust
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in 1994. It seeks to center the wellbeing of people rather than states. For the UN agencies, mitigation strategies and the redistribution of resources are seen as central to providing security to populations. The ecological security discourse is seldom included in dominant policy or academic debates.
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Those who look at the national and international security risks argue that climate change has the potential to exacerbate existing tensions or create new ones – serving as a threat multiplier. For example, climate change is seen as a threat to military operations and national security, as the rise in
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also argued that the U.S.' Trump administration is "putting
British national security at risk", according to over 100 climate scientists. In the same year, the former UK Special Representative for Climate Change, Rear Admiral Neil Morisetti, claimed that ‘Climate change will require more deployment
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argued that ‘the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change’ and that the richest countries should not only address the ‘consequences but mainly the roots of the problem.'
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A growing number of non-military and civil society organizations are advocating for a national security approach including Brookings Institution and the Council on Foreign Relations (US), the International Institute for Strategic Studies and Chatham House (UK), Stockholm International Peace Research
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However, because military emissions reporting is only voluntary, there is a lack of transparent data on militaries’ GHG emissions. A 2019 study by Brown University estimated 1.2 billion metric tons of GHG have been consumed by the U.S. military alone since the beginning of the War on Terror in
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identified four pathways potentially connecting climate change to conflict: degradation of freshwater resources, food insecurity, an increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters, and increasing or changing migration patterns. A more recent 2021 report from the US Office of the Director of
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The climate security approach has become prominent among political and policy spheres and has been called inevitable by some countries, inviting the UN Security Council to adopt more militarized approaches. However, some scholars and activists criticize climate security, arguing that framing climate
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and Doug Randall looked at potential implications from climate-related scenarios for the national security of the United States, and concluded, "We have created a climate change scenario that although not the most likely, is plausible, and would challenge United States national security in ways that
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Climate security refers to the security risks induced, directly or indirectly, by changes in climate patterns. Climate change has been identified as a severe-to-catastrophic threat to international security in the 21st century by multiple risk and security reports. The 2020 Global Catastrophic Risks
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ecological types of security which respectively concern nation-states, ‘people’, the international community, and the ‘ecosystem’. National climate security is the most dominant of the four discourses as it focuses on the threat climate change poses to nation-states and the maintenance of its
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To map the different ways in which climate change is conceptualized, scholar Matt McDonald identifies four discourses of climate security advanced by policymakers, lobbyists, environmental advocates, civil society groups and academic analysts. He divides them into national, human, international and
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noted: "Unpredictable instability has become the 'new normal,' and this trend will continue for the foreseeable future...Extreme weather, climate change, environmental degradation, rising demand for food and water, poor policy decisions and inadequate infrastructure will magnify this instability."
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The field of climate security practices is still young and even though the issue is growing in importance, some actors are still reluctant to get involved due to the uncertainty inherent in the new field. Because climatic change will only increase in the near future von Lossow et al. conclude that
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There are also concerns about the reliance on fossil fuels, which can pose vulnerabilities for armed forces. The Pentagon alone is the world’s largest consumer of fossil fuel. For example, during the US invasion of Iraq, one in nearly 40 fuel convoys in Iraq in 2007 resulted in a death or serious
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The main concern for military strategists - and central to many military and national security strategies - is the operability of armed forces during climate change. There are concerns over the impact of climate change on infrastructure, such as military bases, as well as on the capacity to fight,
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concludes that between 3% and 20% of intrastate, armed conflict risks in the previous century were affected by climate-related factors, but that other drivers of conflict are far more important. The expert assessment itself notes that major knowledge gaps and uncertainties continue to exist in the
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Studies have shown that extreme weather events can damage economies, lower food production and raise inequality, which can increase risks of violence when combined with other factors. An article by leading experts found that climate change has influenced between 3% and 20% of armed conflict in the
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Climate change is a global challenge which will affect all countries in the long-term as the impact of climate change is spread unevenly across different regions. However, there may be a disproportionately harsher effect in fragile contexts and/or socially vulnerable and marginalized groups due to
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Recently, researchers have paid increased attention to the impacts of climate change on low-intensity and even non-violent conflicts, such as riots or demonstrations. Even if people do not have the means or motivation to use violence, they can engage in such forms of conflict, for instance in the
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for a report on climate matters. The report was published in 2019, and notes, "The effects of a changing climate are a national security issue with potential impacts to Department of Defense (DoD or the Department) missions, operational plans, and installations." In 2021, United States President
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The secondary impacts of climate hazards could be even more dangerous. Chief among them is an increased risk of armed conflict in places where established social orders and populations are disrupted. The risk will rise even more where climate effects compound social instability, reduce access to
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stated in 2015 that climate change is a significant security threat and that "Its bite is already being felt". In 2021, NATO agreed a Climate Change and Security Action Plan that committed the alliance to 1) analyze the impact of climate change on NATO's strategic environment and NATO's assets,
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between 2006 and 2009 led to mass migration into urban areas, contributing to grievances and unrest that erupted in the 2011 protests. The repression of the latter marked the start of the civil war. A team around Jan Selby argues that these claims are overstated and that political decisions and
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The climate security approach has also a significant impact on borders and migration, as its narrative emphasizes the ‘threat’ of climate-induced mass migration. Indeed, the border industrial complex is expected to grow globally by 7% annually. As the Transnational Institute report “Global
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Due to the growing importance of climate security on the agendas of many governments, international organizations, and other bodies some now run programs which are designed to mitigate the effects of climate change on conflict. These practices are known as climate security practices which are
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found that 971 million people lived in areas with either a high or very high climate change exposure and that 400 million of those people lived in countries with low levels of peacefulness. It warned that climate change can increase the likelihood of violent conflict by impacting upon resource
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The international security discourse focuses on internationalism and global cooperation where international organizations are viewed as providers of security. Mitigation and adaptation strategies are central to this discourse, such as the transition to low carbon economies and the transfer of
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and von Uexkull have been more careful. They agree that climate-related disasters (including heatwaves, droughts, storms and floods) modestly increase armed conflict risks, but only in the presence of contextual factors like agricultural dependence, insufficient infrastructure, the political
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installations, missions and operations 2) incorporate climate change considerations into its work3) contribute to the mitigation of climate change and 4) exchange with partner countries, as well as with international and regional organizations that are active on climate change and security.
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Indeed, the richest 10% (circa 630 million people), of the world’s population, mostly from EU and North America, are in fact responsible for 52% of carbon emissions, whereas the poorest 50% (circa 3.1 billion people) were responsible for only 7% of cumulative emissions. The Global North is
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was beyond a mile every year. The ensuing friction between farmers and pastoralists over the reducing grazing land and the few water sources available was at the heart of the Darfur civil war. More recently US and European security analysts refer to the Sahel and the Lake Chad basin as a
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because of its severe climate-related vulnerabilities, communal violence, jihadist insurgencies, political instability, and internal and regional displacement. Climate change has caused rainfall variations and desertification threatening the well-being of people whose lives depend on
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exclusion of ethnic groups, insufficient conflict management, and high disaster vulnerability. Climate change is therefore rather a "risk multiplier" that amplifies existing risks of conflict. In line with this and other reviews of the topic, an expert assessment published 2019 in
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In some cases, climate change could also decrease conflict risks. This happens either if climate-related disasters impose financial and logistical constraints on conflict parties or if various social groups come together to cooperate about the shared challenge of climate change
126:, concluded that climate change has a high likelihood to end civilization. 70% of international governments consider climate change to be a national security issue. Policy interest in climate security risks has grown rapidly and affects the policy agenda in relation to food and
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scholars link climate change with security and conflict through a traditional military approach, there is an ongoing debate on whether climate change and environmental issues should be securitized and who and what is really protected. The scholars who theorized the concept of
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In the United States, analysis of climate security and the development of policy ideas for addressing it has been led by the Center for Climate and Security, founded by Francesco Femia and Caitlin Werrell in 2011, which is now an institute of the Council on Strategic Risks.
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The transnational character of climate-related security risks often goes beyond the capacity of national governments to respond adequately. Many parts of governments or state leaders acknowledge climate change as an issue for human security, national or regional security.
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Climate Wall” shows, the seven biggest GHG emitters the United States, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and Australia spent collectively at least twice on border and immigration control than on climate finance between 2013 and 2018. The EU’s budget for
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National Intelligence predicts intensifying physical effects of climate change "will exacerbate geopolitical flashpoints, particularly after 2030, and key countries and regions will face increasing risks of instability and need for humanitarian assistance." The
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Despite ongoing concerns about the securitization of climate change, it has had little effect on the policies and activities of national governments, which have tended to take ‘business as usual’ approaches to managing and containing international migration.
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From an academic standpoint, the concept of ecological security, allows for a more systemic approach to climate change that examines the structural roots of the climate crisis as the overlapping economic, political, and social issues of the global system.
6275:"White House edits of intelligence agency's testimony. This document shows White House officials' comments on the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research climate testimony, which they ultimately blocked from being submitted to Congress"
567:. However, other scholars believe that climate change are unlikely to have major impacts on the nature of interstate wars, but have expressed concerns about its impacts on civil wars and communal conflicts. Based on a meta-analysis of 60 studies,
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Development (DFID) committed to spending 30% of its aid in fragile and conflict-affected states by 2014–15. Between 2013 and 2015, the FCO had discussions on the climate, security and conflict in ‘fragile’ states at G8 and G7 meetings.In 2014,
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mismanagement, rather than climate change and migration, have caused the onset of the war. Several recent studies find that the debate is not yet settled because there is evidence for both positions, yet a lack of comprehensive empirical data.
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has discussed the links between climate change and security various times, even though the position of its member states vary. Other key decision makers in the USA, the European Union, and NATO are also concerned about climate conflict risks.
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Institute, Clingendael (Netherlands), French Institute for International and Strategic Affairs, Adelphi (Germany) and the Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Environmental groups have also embraced a national security approach such as the
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There are also critics of the term who argue that the term encourages a militarized response to the climate crisis, and ignores issues of maldistribution and inequity that underpin both the climate crisis and vulnerability to its impacts.
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There have consequently been efforts to ‘green’ the military and prepare it for a climate changed world, through the installation of solar panels at military bases, alternative fuels in shipping and renewable energy equipment.
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Mach, Katharine J.; Kraan, Caroline M.; Adger, W. Neil; Buhaug, Halvard; Burke, Marshall; Fearon, James D.; Field, Christopher B.; Hendrix, Cullen S.; Maystadt, Jean-Francois; O'Loughlin, John; Roessler, Philip (July 2019).
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There are a number of studies that criticize how climate-conflict research is based on a deterministic and conflict-oriented worldview, that findings of statistical studies on the topic are based on problematic models and
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Mach, Katharine J.; Kraan, Caroline M.; Adger, W. Neil; Buhaug, Halvard; Burke, Marshall; Fearon, James D.; Field, Christopher B.; Hendrix, Cullen S.; Maystadt, Jean-Francois; O’Loughlin, John; Roessler, Philip (2019).
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for example in extreme heat. A 2018 Pentagon report revealed that half of 3,500 military sites were suffering the effects of six key categories of extreme weather events, such as storm surge, wildfires and droughts.
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2001. Additionally, Scientists for Global Responsibility have calculated UK military emissions to be 11 million tonnes, and EU emissions to be 24.8 million tonnes with France contributing to a third of the total.
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These practices stem from a variety of actors with different motivations in the sphere of development, diplomacy and defence. An example is the Arms to Farms project in Kauswagan municipality, the Philippines. An
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represented in red (uniform distribution, actual sea level rise will vary regionally). Hotspots of SLR can divert 3–4 times in the rate of rise, compared to the global average, such as projected for parts of the
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On September 23, 2021, Lord Ahmad of Wimbledon, UK Minister for the United Nations stated that climate change threatened the safety of the country and all people. Recently the United Kingdom hosted the 26th UN
931:(LMICs), do not think climate change should be seen as a security issue. When the topic of climate and security first emerged in the UN, LMICs opposed the securitization of climate change. In 2006 the
6248:"Intelligence aide, blocked from submitting written testimony on climate change, resigns from State Dept. Rod Schoonover's decision to leave was voluntary, according to individuals familiar with the matter"
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Additionally, militarism and war have caused devastating environmental damages. The chemical contamination left in Afghanistan and the nuclear contamination in the Marshalls Islands are some examples of
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At least since 2010, the U.S. military begun to push aggressively to develop, evaluate and deploy renewable energy to decrease its need to transport fossil fuels. Based on the 2015 annual report from
325:
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indicated that second and third order impacts of climate change, such as migration and state stability, are of concern for the US defense and intelligence communities. A 2015 report published by the
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103:. It is a concept that summons the idea that climate-related change amplifies existing risks in society that endangers the security of humans, ecosystems, economy, infrastructure and societies.
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6247:
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The term climate security was initially promoted by national security analysts in the US and later Europe, but has since been adopted by a wide variety of actors including the United Nations,
71:
The term climate security was initially promoted by national security analysts in the US and later Europe, but has since been adopted by a wide variety of actors including the United Nations,
378:, which includes Bangladesh, Myanmar, India, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka, is one of the world’s most climate-vulnerable regions. Marginalized groups and minority communities, both in the
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is viewed as the most capable provider of security through the military apparatus. This discourse has also been advanced by policy think tanks embracing the concept of ‘threat multiplier'.
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US intelligence analysts have expressed concern about the "serious security risks" of climate change since the 1980s. In 2007, the Council on Foreign Relations released a report titled,
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are an embodiment of such discourse. However, the UN Security Council plays a central role as the securitizing agent, which has been often criticized by developing countries, such as
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It is important to note that the deployment of security forces can sometimes lead to insecurity, rather than security, for certain populations.For example the 20-year US-led and
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Buhaug, H.; Nordkvelle, J.; Bernauer, T.; Böhmelt, T.; Brzoska, M.; Busby, J. W.; Ciccone, A.; Fjelde, H.; Gartzke, E.; Gleditsch, N. P.; Goldstone, J. A. (December 1, 2014).
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technology, sources, and expertise to developing countries. International organizations such as the UN Environment Program are involved in these processes and the more recent
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built a new and more effective water pump in order to solve the issue of conflict between different stakeholders in the area over water which risked a violent confrontation.
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Office, and the analyst who wrote the statement resigned. The idea of creating a presidential committee on climate security has been proposed. As part of the United States
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In 2008, the EU published a report on climate change and international security, defining climate change as a ‘threat multiplier’ affecting EU own security and interests.
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Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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expanding the number of climate security practices in vulnerable areas of the world has "huge potential to catalyse more sustainable and long-term peace and stability".
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728:, the alliance plans investments in renewables and energy efficiency to reduce risks to soldiers, and cites the impacts from climate change on security as a reason.
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states, civil society organizations and academia. The term is used in fields such as politics, diplomacy, environment and security with increasing frequency.
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1054:, stating that "Climate change presents a serious threat to the security and prosperity of the United States and other countries." A 2012 report published by the
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Setup of a solar shade canopy for humanitarian aid and disaster relief. The solar shade has the potential to provide enough energy for continuous 24-hour use.
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states, civil society organizations and academia. The term is used in fields such as politics, diplomacy, environment and security with increasing frequency.
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Bremberg, Niklas; Sonnsjö, Hannes; Mobjörk, Malin (November 23, 2018). "The EU and climate-related security risks: a community of practice in the making?".
4210:"Research methods for exploring the links between climate change and conflict: Research methods for exploring the links between climate change and conflict"
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Benjaminsen, Tor A.; Maganga, Faustin P.; Abdallah, Jumanne Moshi (2009). "The Kilosa Killings: Political Ecology of a Farmer–Herder Conflict in Tanzania".
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Visser, Wayne; Brundtland, Gro Harlem (December 13, 2009). "Our Common Future ('The Brundtland Report'): World Commission on Environment and Development".
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Many politicians, decision makers, and journalists have drawn a connection between climate change and conflict. Already in a 2007 study on the topic, the
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are crossed. Climate activists are engaged in a range of activities around the world that seek to ameliorate these issues or prevent them from happening.
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Krampe, Florian; Mobjörk, Malin (October 20, 2018). "Responding to Climate-Related Security Risks: Reviewing Regional Organizations in Asia and Africa".
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between communities, increasing food security, peace and human security overall. Another example is a division of the UN peacekeeping mission in Mali (
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Madu, Ignatius Ani; Nwankwo, Cletus Famous (May 20, 2020). "Spatial pattern of climate change and farmer–herder conflict vulnerabilities in Nigeria".
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allowed to deepen and broaden concepts of security beyond traditional military security through discourse methodology and ‘speech acts.’ For example,
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Benjaminsen, Tor A; Alinon, Koffi; Buhaug, Halvard; Buseth, Jill Tove (January 2012). "Does climate change drive land-use conflicts in the Sahel?".
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Detges, Adrien (September 2016). "Local conditions of drought-related violence in sub-Saharan Africa: The role of road and water infrastructures".
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hearings on the national security implications of climate change, the White House blocked the submission of a statement by the State Department's
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approaches are largely ignored. Existing research also predominantly focuses on a few, well-known and already conflict-ridden regions, such as
204:, as they are concerned climate change will be used to justify military intervention and increased military budgets by powerful countries. The
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382:, are most affected by the effects of climate change, for which they are least responsible, which many call environmental injustice (see also
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de Bruin, Sophie P.; Hoch, Jannis M.; von Uexkull, Nina; Buhaug, Halvard; Demmers, Jolle; Visser, Hans; Wanders, Niko (January 1, 2022).
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on marginalized or otherwise vulnerable populations. Climate justice seeks to achieve an equitable distribution of both the burdens of
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even invited a Dutch military general to contribute to their ‘rebel’ handbook. Even though these groups are often more concerned with
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1737:""Climate Change and International Security:Paper from the High Representative and the European Commission to the European Council.""
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339:, and also the establishment of Loss and Damage Finance Facility (LDFF), which has been proposed by low-income countries, as well as
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Obioha, Emeka E. (April 2008). "Climate Change, Population Drift and Violent Conflict over Land Resources in Northeastern Nigeria".
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1894:"Global Justice in the Anthropocene. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND GOVERNANCE FOR THE ANTHROPOCENE. Louis Kotze, ed. Hart Publishing, 2017"
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they seek to involve the military as allies, driven by the belief that it can help achieve broader political and economic support.
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and other frontline communities that are fighting for climate change and also already protecting 80% of Earth’s biodiversity.
260:, the scale of climate change impacts pushed international actors to view climate change as a security threat. A report in 2003 by
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Hartmann, Betsy (October 2, 2014). "Converging on Disaster: Climate Security and the Malthusian Anticipatory Regime for Africa".
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2622:"Climate Change and Violent Conflict in East Africa: Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Research to Probe the Mechanisms"
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basic necessities, undermine fragile governments and economies, damage vital infrastructure, and lower agricultural production.
481:
343:. This way, low-income countries could tackle the impacts of climate change for which they are bear the least responsibility.
7879:
7017:
4518:
4467:
4417:
4400:
3200:
1876:
1622:
1562:
1523:
852:
5281:
4500:
4083:"Syrian farmers in the midst of drought and conflict: the causes, patterns, and aftermath of land abandonment and migration"
1866:
1688:"Is securitization theory racist? Civilizationism, methodological whiteness, and antiblack thought in the Copenhagen School"
184:
and ‘territorial integrity’ from an external threat. This discourse is advanced by national security institutions where the
7901:
6852:
6847:
5396:
1580:
1214:
965:, Sudan conflict. Between 1967 and 2007, the total rainfall in the area had reduced by 30 percent and the expansion of the
888:
884:
446:
304:
rather than climate security. Climate justice puts the emphasis on the root causes of climate change, like colonialism and
209:
48:
is a political and policy framework that looks at the impacts of climate on security. Climate security often refers to the
6196:
1066:
poses risks to other parts of the country, risk for infrastructure, and increases demands on military resources. In 2016,
957:
and limited government capabilities, making it the most vulnerable continent. A 2007 report by the UN Secretary-General,
8008:
7382:
7160:
6978:
6905:
6895:
6878:
6785:
6592:
5884:"Donald Trump UK visit: US president is 'putting British national security at risk', say over 100 top climate scientists"
1110:
1098:
390:
responsible for 92 percent of GHG emissions and climate change is devastating the Global South. To account for this, the
112:
6910:
3989:"Climate migrants as protestors? Dispelling misconceptions about global environmental change in pre-revolutionary Syria"
1443:
783:) that seeks to solve community conflicts, which can stem from climate change caused resource shortages. One project in
379:
7811:
7672:
7629:
7125:
6386:
2555:
Ge, Quansheng; Hao, Mengmeng; Ding, Fangyu; Jiang, Dong; Scheffran, Jürgen; Helman, David; Ide, Tobias (May 20, 2022).
1102:
3716:
Selby, Jan; Hoffmann, Clemens (2014). "Beyond scarcity: Rethinking water, climate change and conflict in the Sudans".
1736:
7738:
7614:
7431:
6629:
4818:
1067:
321:
317:
4998:
7971:
7609:
7589:
7536:
7488:
6545:
4442:
Hardt, Judith Nora; Harrington, Cameron; von Lucke, Franziskus; Estève, Adrien; Simpson, Nicholas P., eds. (2023).
3410:"Cooperation and Co-Existence Between Farmers and Herders in the Midst of Violent Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Ghana"
2846:
Solomon M. Hsiang; Marshall Burke; Edward Miguel (2013). "Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict".
2773:
2229:
1093:
released a report stating that climate change is a national security threat to USA. In June 2019, in the course of
1005:
848:
293:
8003:
7728:
7679:
7105:
7067:
7012:
6477:
5962:"Global Britain in a Competitive Age: the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy"
5545:
5311:
4444:"Climate Security in the Anthropocene: Exploring the Approaches of United Nations Security Council Member-States"
3761:
3348:"Gender and climate change-induced conflict in pastoral communities: Case study of Turkana in northwestern Kenya"
876:
685:
422:
5260:
4711:
3183:
Scheffran, Jürgen; Link, Peter Michael; Schilling, Janpeter (April 26, 2019), "Climate and Conflict in Africa",
2199:
7796:
7080:
6832:
3216:
859:, but it ended up fueling more war, conflict, and the return to power of the Taliban as a result of the
398:” which addresses developed countries’ responsibility to transfer aid and technology to developing countries.
7906:
7441:
6973:
6170:
2659:
2092:
1753:
1289:
775:
193:
4418:"Intelligence community says climate change effects will "exacerbate risks" to national security - CBS News"
3835:
1220:
7889:
7561:
7090:
7085:
6990:
6862:
6419:
6022:
5468:
371:
360:
253:
123:
61:
4028:"Climate War in the Middle East? Drought, the Syrian Civil War and the State of Climate-Conflict Research"
2688:
2300:
7100:
6948:
5043:
3881:
Kelley, Colin P.; Mohtadi, Shahrzad; Cane, Mark A.; Seager, Richard; Kushnir, Yochanan (March 17, 2015).
3388:
2480:
694:
669:
649:
497:
6194:
7998:
7959:
7723:
7526:
7483:
7256:
7178:
7032:
5417:
4921:
4896:
3247:
796:
792:
660:. This raises questions about sampling biases as well as implications for less-considered regions like
605:
20:
5499:
4623:
3949:
3678:
3646:"Extreme Weather and Civil War: Does Drought Fuel Conflict in Somalia through Livestock Price Shocks?"
2710:
2507:
1648:
7828:
7503:
7478:
7451:
7413:
7330:
7148:
6995:
6953:
6703:
6472:
6467:
6462:
5350:
3788:
954:
908:
601:
477:
469:
403:
356:
261:
208:
discourse emerged as a counteracting alternative to national security, and was embraced first by the
65:
7343:
4577:"Weakened by the storm: Rebel group recruitment in the wake of natural disasters in the Philippines"
3988:
3103:"Multi-method evidence for when and how climate-related disasters contribute to armed conflict risk"
2348:"Multi-method evidence for when and how climate-related disasters contribute to armed conflict risk"
1914:
7838:
7833:
7823:
7764:
7604:
7110:
7075:
6963:
6890:
6731:
6560:
6496:
6457:
2709:
Buhaug, Halvard; Benjaminsen, Tor A.; Gilmore, Elisabeth A.; Hendrix, Cullen S. (January 1, 2023).
1149:
289:
91:
Climate security looks at the impacts of climate on security. Climate security often refers to the
6017:
5089:
5030:
Von Lossow, T.; Schrijver, A.; van der Kroon, M.; van Schaik, L. & Meester, J. (April, 2021),
4870:
3789:"Understanding the Politics of Climate Security Policy Discourse: The Case of the Lake Chad Basin"
2011:"From environmental to climate justice: climate change and the discourse of environmental justice"
7993:
7947:
7869:
7779:
7521:
7493:
7173:
6827:
6805:
6412:
2226:
1341:
217:
6398:
4767:
2948:
Raleigh, Clionadh; Linke, Andrew; O'Loughlin, John (2014). "Extreme temperatures and violence".
1243:
172:
can refer to a broad range of securities including national, international, ecological and
7546:
7366:
7308:
7225:
7210:
7095:
6736:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
5625:
Oramah, Chinwe Philomina; Olsen, Odd Einar; Arne Pettersen Gould, Kenneth (September 1, 2021).
4845:
4301:
3101:
Ide, Tobias; Brzoska, Michael; Donges, Jonathan D.; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich (May 1, 2020).
2557:"Modelling armed conflict risk under climate change with machine learning and time-series data"
2346:
Ide, Tobias; Brzoska, Michael; Donges, Jonathan F.; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich (May 1, 2020).
1397:
912:
800:
485:
165:
161:
116:
96:
53:
5627:"Assessing the impact of the securitization narrative on climate change adaptation in Nigeria"
5234:
4737:
3264:
Ide, Tobias; Lopez, Miguel Rodriguez; Fröhlich, Christiane; Scheffran, Jürgen (July 2, 2020).
2066:
961:
points out that, climate change and environmental degradation were partly responsible for the
590:
research field, especially regarding the pathways connecting climate change to conflict risk.
433:. As the climate changes it impacts the natural environment with effects such as more intense
7935:
7581:
7458:
7266:
6721:
6644:
4327:
4209:
4027:
3248:"Food and Water Insecurity as Causes of Social Unrest: Evidence from Geolocated Twitter Data"
3192:
2454:
1901:
1754:"Border Security Market Size & Share Analysis - Industry Research Report - Growth Trends"
1131:
1078:
465:
301:
3308:
1579:
597:
On a country by country basis, several case studies have linked climate change to increased
7774:
7652:
7313:
6883:
6810:
5442:
5111:
5069:“Climate change, agricultural production and civil conflict: Evidence from the Philippines”
4576:
4443:
4339:
4039:
3894:
3679:"Long-term environmental change and geographical patterns of violence in Darfur, 2003–2005"
3004:
2957:
2902:
2788:
2722:
2568:
2400:
2244:
2154:
2022:
1311:
1267:"Briefer: Climate Change as a "Threat Multiplier": History, Uses and Future of the Concept"
1086:
971:
808:
579:
201:
19:"Climate war" redirects here. For public debate or "culture war" about climate change, see
5204:"NATO: Climate Change Is Significant Security Threat and 'Its Bite Is Already Being Felt'"
3347:
2316:
920:
144:, projected changes in food prices, depending on emissions scenarios, also factoring trade
8:
7791:
7566:
6795:
6790:
6252:
6195:
Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment (January 2019).
4946:
1781:
900:
414:
332:
6331:"New Pentagon Report: "The effects of a changing climate are a national security issue""
5115:
4897:"Papers - 2019 - Pentagon Fuel Use, Climate Change, and the Costs of War | Costs of War"
4343:
4043:
3898:
3008:
2961:
2906:
2792:
2726:
2572:
2404:
2248:
2175:
2158:
2142:
2026:
7619:
7551:
7468:
7318:
7283:
7240:
7235:
7230:
6800:
5851:
5666:
5607:
5599:
5527:
5378:
5184:
5135:
4651:
4604:
4481:
4363:
4282:
4239:
4190:
4147:
4063:
3925:
3882:
3863:
3816:
3743:
3555:
3517:
3474:
3328:
3083:
3035:
2992:
2871:
2828:
2597:
2556:
2431:
2388:
2328:
2276:
2048:
1984:
1965:
1957:
1717:
1554:
1425:
1139:
928:
653:
555:
A 2016 article suggested that conflict over climate-related water issues could lead to
518:
164:
and was first mentioned in the Brundtland Report in 1987. During the '70s and '80s the
154:
72:
5211:
4302:"Comments on Mach et al, 'Climate as a risk factor for armed conflict', Nature (2019)"
3883:"Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought"
7853:
7516:
7261:
7027:
6815:
6778:
6565:
6519:
6067:
5910:
5870:"David Cameron: 'Climate change is one of the most serious threats facing our world'"
5855:
5843:
5684:
5670:
5658:
5611:
5591:
5587:
5531:
5519:
5466:
5382:
5370:
5335:
Smith, D., Mobjörk, M., Krampe, F., Eklöw, K., ‘Climate Security Making it #Doable’,
5188:
5176:
5139:
5127:
4692:
4655:
4643:
4608:
4596:
4557:
4514:
4485:
4473:
4463:
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4355:
4286:
4274:
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4194:
4182:
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4139:
4104:
4067:
4055:
4008:
3969:
3930:
3912:
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3820:
3808:
3698:
3590:
3586:
3559:
3509:
3466:
3431:
3369:
3332:
3196:
3165:
3124:
3087:
3075:
3040:
3022:
2991:
von Uexkull, Nina; Croicu, Mihai; Fjelde, Hanne; Buhaug, Halvard (November 1, 2016).
2973:
2930:
2863:
2832:
2820:
2812:
2748:
2641:
2602:
2584:
2537:
2436:
2418:
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2332:
2320:
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2268:
2180:
2052:
2040:
1969:
1949:
1872:
1815:
1721:
1709:
1668:
1618:
1589:
1558:
1471:"Global tension is hampering our ability to fight climate change, Davos survey warns"
1429:
1417:
1378:
1210:
1082:
309:
92:
49:
6145:"Trump's national security agenda to have big environmental impacts on both borders"
4794:"The Pentagon alone is the world's largest consumer of fossil fuel. - Google Search"
4367:
3747:
3729:
3521:
3478:
3119:
3102:
2523:
2364:
2347:
1089:
removed climate change from its national security strategy. But in January 2019 the
7896:
7463:
7446:
7387:
7278:
6761:
6634:
6570:
6057:
5835:
5648:
5638:
5583:
5511:
5362:
5166:
5119:
4682:
4671:"From climate conflicts to environmental peacebuilding: Exploring local dimensions"
4639:
4635:
4622:
Johnson, McKenzie F.; Rodríguez, Luz A.; Quijano Hoyos, Manuela (January 1, 2021).
4588:
4547:
4506:
4455:
4388:
4347:
4266:
4229:
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4174:
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3582:
3547:
3505:
3501:
3458:
3421:
3359:
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3287:
3277:
3228:
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3155:
3114:
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3030:
3012:
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2910:
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2855:
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2738:
2730:
2633:
2592:
2576:
2527:
2519:
2426:
2408:
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2312:
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2252:
2170:
2162:
2030:
1941:
1699:
1660:
1550:
1409:
1368:
1001:
632:
584:
556:
5839:
5643:
5626:
5366:
4257:
Selby, Jan (October 2, 2014). "Positivist Climate Conflict Research: A Critique".
4099:
4082:
4004:
3948:
Selby, Jan; Dahi, Omar S.; Fröhlich, Christiane; Hulme, Mike (September 1, 2017).
3804:
3626:
2387:
von Uexkull, Nina; Croicu, Mihai; Fjelde, Hanne; Buhaug, Halvard (November 2016).
1840:
1373:
1356:
445:. These changes impact ecosystems and societies, and can become irreversible once
7848:
7769:
7733:
7662:
7636:
7624:
7541:
7473:
7348:
7205:
6822:
6773:
6751:
5515:
5289:
5171:
5155:"Climate change and security research: Conflict, securitisation and human agency"
5154:
4270:
4178:
3965:
3694:
2508:"Projecting long-term armed conflict risk: An underappreciated field of inquiry?"
1664:
1612:
1144:
1026:
962:
617:
461:
455:
442:
430:
383:
364:
336:
297:
131:
127:
38:
5261:"A RESOLUTION FOR A PEACEFUL CLIMATE: OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL"
4999:"How the U.S. betrayed the Marshall Islands, kindling the next nuclear disaster"
4380:
4122:
Barnett, Jon (2019). "Global environmental change I: Climate resilient peace?".
1982:
7801:
7657:
7599:
7594:
7436:
7325:
7057:
7052:
7047:
6900:
6837:
6575:
6555:
6514:
6435:
4669:
Sändig, Jan; Dalmer, Natalia; Ide, Tobias; Vogler, Anselm (February 21, 2024).
3551:
2580:
2166:
1164:
1159:
812:
568:
489:
473:
418:
410:
305:
205:
173:
100:
57:
33:
6126:"The Pentagon & Climate Change: How Deniers Put National Security at Risk"
6062:
6045:
5123:
5067:(1) Crost, B., Duquennois, C., Felter, J. H., & Rees, D. I. (2018).
4687:
4670:
4459:
4351:
4051:
3851:
3217:"Reframing Climate-Induced Socio-Environmental Conflicts: A Systematic Review"
2925:
2915:
2890:
2800:
2734:
2256:
1413:
904:
7987:
7874:
7806:
7531:
7353:
7338:
7273:
7168:
6071:
5914:
5903:"Climate change 'will see more UK forces deployed in conflicts around world'"
5847:
5662:
5595:
5523:
5374:
5180:
5131:
4696:
4647:
4600:
4592:
4561:
4477:
4359:
4278:
4186:
4143:
4135:
4108:
4059:
4012:
3973:
3916:
3859:
3812:
3702:
3594:
3513:
3470:
3462:
3435:
3373:
3364:
3324:
3282:
3265:
3169:
3128:
3079:
3071:
3026:
2977:
2934:
2816:
2752:
2645:
2588:
2541:
2422:
2373:
2324:
2044:
1953:
1819:
1713:
1704:
1687:
1672:
1593:
1421:
1382:
1154:
1106:
1070:
1018:
856:
661:
375:
313:
5056:“Climate Security Practice Spotlight – Kauswagan From Arms to Farms Project”
3907:
3017:
2859:
2845:
2413:
1244:
Primer on Climate Security: The dangers of a militarising the climate crisis
7759:
7556:
7200:
7190:
6842:
6726:
6639:
6399:
Primer on Climate Security - The dangers of militarising the climate crisis
5802:"Political Leaders Urge More Climate Action and Strong Outcome in Katowice"
3934:
3044:
2867:
2824:
2606:
2440:
2272:
2184:
1090:
753:
523:
493:
434:
238:
185:
6354:"Fact Sheet: Prioritizing Climate in Foreign Policy and National Security"
5467:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (October 27, 2020).
5044:“The Planetary Security Initiative Overview of Climate Security Practices”
4510:
4392:
3662:
3645:
3232:
2118:"Can cost benefit analysis grasp the climate change nettle? And can we..."
234:
7786:
7303:
7295:
6550:
5653:
5397:"The South Centre | G77 Summit Declaration addresses "global challenges""
4552:
4535:
3426:
3409:
3160:
3143:
2969:
2743:
2637:
2532:
1398:"Who Cares about the Weather?: Climate Change and U.S. National Security"
1059:
958:
932:
657:
340:
324:. Indeed, many proponents of climate justice call for bigger support for
242:
230:
197:
181:
137:
4234:
3292:
7818:
7195:
5603:
5571:
4536:"Rise or Recede? How Climate Disasters Affect Armed Conflict Intensity"
3738:
3144:"Rise or Recede? How Climate Disasters Affect Armed Conflict Intensity"
2808:
2264:
1961:
903:
first debated climate security and energy in 2007 and in 2011 issued a
438:
6197:"Report on Effects of a Changing Climate to the Department of Defense"
5572:"Climate Change as the 'New' Security Threat: Implications for Africa"
5498:
Busby, Joshua W.; Smith, Todd G.; Krishnan, Nisha (November 1, 2014).
1062:
found that climate change puts coastal areas at risk, that a changing
855:
was launched in order to obtain security from terrorism and fight the
6768:
4974:"U.S. Forces Are Leaving a Toxic Environmental Legacy in Afghanistan"
3393:
2621:
2200:"Social Justice Resources for Teachers: Topic Guide. Climate change"
2141:
Kotz, Mazimilian.; Levermann, Anders; Wenz, Leonie (April 17, 2024).
976:
625:
285:
has increased by 2763% since its establishment in 2016 through 2021.
4624:"Intrastate environmental peacebuilding: A review of the literature"
4502:
Ecological Security: Climate Change and the Construction of Security
4326:
Adams, Courtland; Ide, Tobias; Barnett, Jon; Detges, Adrien (2018).
4225:
2035:
2010:
1945:
1893:
1868:
Ecological Security: Climate Change and the Construction of Security
1808:"Why protecting Indigenous communities can also help save the Earth"
1186:"Why the U.S. East Coast could be a major 'hotspot' for rising seas"
1023:
Climate change is one of the most serious threats facing our world".
28:
613:
564:
6222:"Pentagon Warns of Dire Risk to Bases, Troops From Climate Change"
6171:"Pentagon: Climate Change Is Real and a 'National Security Issue'"
5936:"Climate action is necessary for international peace and security"
5736:"Implications of climate change for Australia's national security"
3309:"Riots and resources: How food access affects collective violence"
6746:
6404:
6301:"Does the U.S. need a 'presidential climate security committee'?"
3408:
Bukari, Kaderi Noagah; Sow, Papa; Scheffran, Jürgen (July 2018).
1930:"Common But Differentiated Responsibilities in International Law"
665:
636:
501:
282:
68:
can also have a negative effect on human security if mishandled.
5351:"Climate and security: UN agenda-setting and the 'Global South'"
5068:
2891:"One effect to rule them all? A comment on climate and conflict"
1336:
Barnett, Jon; Dabelko, Geoffrey D. (2019). Collins, Alan (ed.).
7754:
5624:
2888:
2708:
1063:
966:
953:
of colonialism, inequitable global trade arrangements, its low
871:
Although climate change is first and foremost dealt within the
861:
withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)
5032:“Towards a Better Understanding of Climate Security Practices”
4819:"U.S. military marches forward on green energy, despite Trump"
4441:
3266:"Pathways to water conflict during drought in the MENA region"
1983:
CounterAct; Women's Climate Justice Collective (May 4, 2020).
160:
Within academia, climate security emerged from a discourse of
7668:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
6756:
6112:"Worldwide Threat Assessment: Climate Magnifying Instability"
5088:
Hegazi, F.; Krampe, F. & Seymour-Smith, E. (April 2021).
4621:
3448:
2990:
2505:
2386:
1035:
784:
752:
The military’s sustainability plans have been criticized as ‘
621:
609:
560:
5685:"FAO - News Article: Lake Chad facing humanitarian disaster"
2652:
1976:
1114:
Biden declared climate change a national security priority.
6393:
National Security in the Fourth National Climate Assessment
3100:
2620:
van Baalen, Sebastian; Mobjörk, Malin (November 10, 2017).
2345:
1581:"Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change"
840:
731:
725:
645:
141:
6381:
5090:“Climate-related Security Risks and Peacebuilding in Mali”
3572:
2947:
1052:
Climate Change and National Security: An Agenda for Action
7844:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
5774:
4381:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2023).
3263:
3246:
Koren, Ore; Bagozzi, Benjamin E.; Benson, Thomas (2020).
2110:
804:
292:, We are Dissenters, Grassroots Global Justice Alliance,
3762:"Overstating Climate Change in Egypt's Uprising - Egypt"
3644:
Maystadt, Jean-François; Ecker, Olivier (October 2014).
2134:
1611:
Sheehan, Michael J.; Sheehan, Professor Michael (2005).
1304:"World in Transition: Climate Change as a Security Risk"
5500:"Climate security vulnerability in Africa mapping 3.01"
5058:. Planetary Security Initiative. Clingendael Institute.
5046:. Planetary Security Initiative. Clingendael Institute.
4387:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1045.
3880:
3836:"Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria"
3627:"The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali"
1685:
1444:"A Security Threat Assessment of Global Climate Change"
504:
and the historical responsibilities for climate change.
5825:
4768:"Primer on climate security | Transnational Institute"
4712:"U.S. Military Orders Less Dependence on Fossil Fuels"
3947:
3609:"Climate change, food shortages, and conflict in Mali"
3182:
2993:"Civil conflict sensitivity to growing-season drought"
2389:"Civil conflict sensitivity to growing-season drought"
7685:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
6387:
How Climate Change Became a National Security Problem
4668:
4325:
2711:"Climate-driven risks to peace over the 21st century"
1524:"The Global Security Defense Index on Climate Change"
873:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
258:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
6087:"4 Reasons Climate Change Affects National Security"
5418:"G-77 Journal - Volume 19/1 (2007) (Spring Edition)"
3386:
2770:
1121:
907:
expressing concern at the possible adverse security
5992:"The long history of climate change security risks"
5570:Brown, Oli; Hammill, Anne; McLeman, Robert (2007).
5569:
4709:
4448:
The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science
3950:"Climate change and the Syrian civil war revisited"
2669:. United States Army. February 2022. pp. 4–5.
2009:Schlosberg, David; Collins, Lisette B. (May 2014).
1734:
1686:Howell, Alison; Richter-Montpetit, Melanie (2020).
915:on issues related to climate change. In July 2018,
891:cooperation called the Climate Security Mechanism.
631:The most prominent example of these debates is the
6382:Global Military Advisory Council On Climate Change
5497:
5469:"Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa"
3407:
3245:
1985:"Climate Justice and Feminism Resource Collection"
1357:"Climate change and Australia's national security"
894:
5073:Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
4738:"NATO: Renewable Energy Can Save Soldiers' Lives"
2619:
2197:
2140:
2008:
942:
396:common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR)
7985:
7885:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
1841:"Loss and Damage Finance Facility - Why and How"
1544:
1279:
599:violent conflicts between farmers and herders in
5095:
4871:"The military's contribution to climate change"
4214:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change
3887:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3389:"Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa"
3185:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science
2997:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2393:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1782:"Global Climate Wall | Transnational Institute"
1202:
635:. Several studies claim that a climate-induced
5756:. Council of the European Union. July 20, 2015
5506:. Special Issue: Climate Change and Conflict.
5235:"NATO Climate Change and Security Action Plan"
4846:"NATO Climate Change and Security Action Plan"
3787:Daoust, Gabrielle; Selby, Jan (May 27, 2023).
2554:
1610:
1335:
924:beyond the diplomats in the Security Council.
668:, with topics such as peaceful adaptation and
316:and exploitative economic systems such as the
6625:History of climate change policy and politics
6420:
6168:
6142:
5710:"Drying Lake Chad Basin gives rise to crisis"
5349:Abdenur, Adriana Erthal (September 2, 2021).
5201:
5101:
3715:
3643:
2774:"Climate as a risk factor for armed conflict"
2230:"Climate as a risk factor for armed conflict"
764:
413:are well documented and growing for Earth's
271:
6169:Lorraine Chow, Lorraine (January 18, 2018).
6114:. The Center for Climate and Security. 2016.
6084:
4735:
4328:"Sampling bias in climate–conflict research"
4299:
1614:International Security: An Analytical Survey
1468:
1264:
1183:
488:. Climate justice examines concepts such as
482:economic burden of climate change mitigation
350:
288:Social movements and organizations, such as
6742:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
3987:Fröhlich, Christiane J. (January 2, 2016).
3786:
3537:
2143:"The economic commitment of climate change"
1361:Australian Journal of International Affairs
1241:
484:is estimated by some at around 1% to 2% of
241:field and does not include the legacies of
7966:
7954:
7411:
6427:
6413:
5989:
5900:
5775:David Murray; Thomas Murtha (April 2018).
5754:"Council Conclusions on Climate Diplomacy"
4081:Dinc, Pinar; Eklund, Lina (July 1, 2023).
4080:
3650:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
2689:"Kashmir, climate change, and nuclear war"
720:Energy usage of the United States military
99:risks induced, directly or indirectly, by
56:risks induced, directly or indirectly, by
7706:
7512:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
6650:United Nations Climate Change conferences
6061:
6044:Malone, Elizabeth L. (October 17, 2012).
5652:
5642:
5170:
4686:
4551:
4505:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4233:
4098:
3924:
3906:
3737:
3661:
3425:
3363:
3291:
3281:
3214:
3159:
3118:
3034:
3016:
2924:
2914:
2742:
2596:
2531:
2430:
2412:
2363:
2174:
2034:
1871:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1703:
1372:
7216:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
6245:
6219:
5901:Carrington, Damian (November 10, 2014).
4527:
4498:
4164:
3986:
2686:
2481:"Climate crisis raises risk of conflict"
2093:"Climate Equality: A Planet For the 99%"
1864:
1646:
1308:German Advisory Council on Global Change
1280:Smith, Dan; Vivekananda, Janani (2007).
1265:Goodman, Sherri; Baudu, Pauline (2013).
1036:Climate Change Conference of the Parties
732:Military Operations and Climate Security
704:
681:German Advisory Council on Global Change
331:Many civil society actors also call for
136:
27:
7572:National Adaptation Programme of Action
7361:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
5985:
5983:
5443:"Security dimensions of climate change"
5348:
4710:Elisabeth Rosenthal (October 4, 2010).
4121:
3676:
3387:Juliana Nnoko-Mewanu (August 6, 2018).
1549:. Greenleaf Publishing Limited: 52–55.
1396:Busby, Joshua W. (September 18, 2008).
1077:A 2015 Pentagon report pointed out how
822:
320:. Many call this addressing the era of
249:inform global politics and governance.
7986:
7221:Economics of climate change mitigation
7184:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
6702:
6530:Scientific consensus on climate change
6220:Capaccio, Anthony (January 18, 2019).
6046:"Climate Change and National Security"
6043:
6018:"Climate Change and National Security"
5152:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5020:
4947:"How does war damage the environment?"
3833:
3491:
3352:African Journal on Conflict Resolution
3306:
3193:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.557
3057:
2676:from the original on February 9, 2022.
1600:from the original on January 15, 2022.
1512:from the original on November 3, 2020.
1095:House Select Committee on Intelligence
1056:Joint Global Change Research Institute
911:. There has been a series of informal
7880:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
7705:
7410:
7146:
6701:
6613:
6494:
6446:
6408:
6352:House, The White (October 21, 2021).
6351:
6015:
5479:from the original on November 3, 2020
4762:
4760:
4758:
4574:
4415:
4256:
3533:
3531:
3345:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2704:
2702:
2317:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070830
2298:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2222:
2220:
1934:American Journal of International Law
1927:
1776:
1774:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1534:from the original on October 6, 2014.
1448:The Center for Climate & Security
1395:
7902:Representative Concentration Pathway
6848:Tipping points in the climate system
6524:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
5980:
5618:
5563:
5258:
4971:
4926:Scientists for Global Responsibility
3677:De Juan, Alexander (March 1, 2015).
1928:Stone, Christopher D. (April 2004).
1891:
1577:
1571:
1331:
1329:
1206:Climate Change and National Security
927:However, some countries, especially
417:and human societies. Changes to the
7673:Nationally determined contributions
7383:Individual action on climate change
6593:World energy supply and consumption
6307:. February 22, 2019. Archived from
5777:"Climate risk: Running out of time"
5017:
4533:
4207:
4025:
3141:
2198:Commons Librarian (June 17, 2024).
1530:. American Security Project. 2021.
1354:
1099:Bureau of Intelligence and Research
608:, but have found mixed results for
265:should be considered immediately."
113:Effects of climate change on humans
16:Environmental aspect of geopolitics
13:
7812:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
6434:
6246:Eilperin, Juliet (July 10, 2019).
5990:Nuccitelli, Dana (April 8, 2019).
5202:Tierney Smith (October 12, 2015).
4755:
4416:Gazis, Olivia (October 22, 2021).
3528:
2759:
2699:
2305:Annual Review of Political Science
2287:
2217:
1771:
1735:European Commission (March 2008).
1631:
1578:Rich, Nathaniel (August 5, 2018).
1555:10.9774/gleaf.978-1-907643-44-6_12
1103:National Defense Authorization Act
210:United Nations Development Program
32:Map of the Earth with a six-meter
14:
8020:
7739:Satellite temperature measurement
7344:forestry for carbon sequestration
6630:History of climate change science
6375:
5312:"Conference of the Parties (COP)"
4736:Cole Mellino (February 1, 2016).
4575:Walch, Colin (February 5, 2018).
3834:Gleick, Peter H. (July 1, 2014).
3307:Heslin, Alison (April 28, 2020).
2693:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2455:"Global Peace Index 2019 - World"
2204:The Commons Social Change Library
1989:The Commons Social Change Library
1469:Chloe Taylor (January 16, 2019).
1326:
1246:(Report). Transnational Institute
1184:Chris Mooney (February 1, 2016).
1068:Director of National Intelligence
1011:
995:
866:
427:changes to precipitation patterns
318:exploitation of natural resources
7965:
7953:
7942:
7941:
7929:
7590:Climate Change Performance Index
6969:Destruction of cultural heritage
6345:
6323:
6293:
6267:
6239:
6213:
6188:
6162:
6143:Justine Calma (August 2, 2018).
6136:
6118:
6104:
6078:
6037:
6009:
5954:
5928:
5894:
5876:
5862:
5819:
5794:
5768:
5746:
5728:
5702:
5677:
5588:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00678.x
5538:
5491:
5460:
5435:
5410:
5389:
5342:
5329:
5304:
5274:
5252:
5232:
5226:
5195:
5146:
5082:
5061:
5049:
5037:
4991:
4965:
4939:
4914:
4889:
4843:
4026:Ide, Tobias (December 1, 2018).
3587:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2009.01558.x
3346:Omolo, N. A. (January 1, 2010).
1649:"Discourses of climate security"
1647:McDonald, Matt (March 1, 2013).
1496:"Global Catastrophic Risks 2020"
1209:. Council on Foreign Relations.
1124:
1041:
1006:European External Action Service
849:NATO-supported military invasion
809:Extinction Rebellion Netherlands
807:in Europe. The grassroots group
454:This section is an excerpt from
402:This section is an excerpt from
296:, call for a bigger emphasis on
294:Indigenous Environmental Network
7729:Instrumental temperature record
7680:Sustainable Development Goal 13
6401:(Transnational Institute, 2021)
5828:Journal of European Integration
4863:
4837:
4811:
4786:
4729:
4703:
4662:
4615:
4568:
4492:
4435:
4409:
4374:
4319:
4293:
4250:
4201:
4158:
4115:
4074:
4019:
3980:
3941:
3874:
3827:
3780:
3754:
3730:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.01.008
3709:
3670:
3637:
3619:
3601:
3566:
3485:
3442:
3401:
3380:
3339:
3300:
3257:
3239:
3208:
3176:
3135:
3120:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102063
3094:
3051:
2984:
2941:
2882:
2839:
2680:
2613:
2548:
2524:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102423
2499:
2473:
2447:
2380:
2365:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102063
2339:
2191:
2085:
2059:
2002:
1921:
1885:
1858:
1833:
1800:
1746:
1728:
1679:
1604:
1547:The Top 50 Sustainability Books
1538:
1516:
1488:
1462:
1436:
1355:Ide, Tobias (January 2, 2023).
929:low and middle income countries
895:United Nations Security Council
686:United Nations Security Council
574:Recent studies by authors like
134:policy, and diplomatic efforts.
7797:Climate variability and change
7147:
6833:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
5259:Born, Camilla (January 2017).
5153:Arnall, Alex (March 2, 2023).
5104:Current Climate Change Reports
4640:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105150
4300:janselbyblog (July 12, 2019).
4032:Current Climate Change Reports
3506:10.1080/09709274.2008.11906084
1389:
1348:
1296:
1273:
1258:
1235:
1196:
1177:
943:Country and continent examples
761:and its environmental legacy.
535:
148:
1:
7907:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
7442:Climate emergency declaration
6085:Reynard Loki (May 20, 2015).
6050:Weather, Climate, and Society
5840:10.1080/07036337.2018.1546301
5644:10.1080/09644016.2021.1970456
5546:"A Climate Culprit In Darfur"
5367:10.1080/01436597.2021.1951609
4100:10.1080/17565529.2023.2223600
4005:10.1080/20581831.2016.1149355
3840:Weather, Climate, and Society
3805:10.1080/14650045.2021.2014821
3215:Scartozzi, Cesare M. (2020).
2687:Zia Mian (December 7, 2016).
2301:"Climate Change and Conflict"
2299:Koubi, Vally (May 11, 2019).
1374:10.1080/10357718.2023.2170978
1170:
877:The Conference of the Parties
700:
380:Global North and Global South
194:Sustainable Development Goals
106:
86:
7890:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
7116:Middle East and North Africa
6447:
6023:Council on Foreign Relations
5516:10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.10.005
5172:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000072
4271:10.1080/14650045.2014.964865
4179:10.1080/14650045.2013.847433
3966:10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.05.007
3695:10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.09.001
3221:International Studies Review
2626:International Studies Review
1665:10.1016/j.polgeo.2013.01.002
1617:. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
1503:Global Challenges Foundation
986:
508:
468:that focuses on the unequal
372:climate change vulnerability
361:climate change vulnerability
254:first IPCC Assessment Report
218:International Relations (IR)
124:Global Challenges Foundation
7:
6614:
5742:. 2018. pp. Chapter 2.
4306:Politics, Ecology, Security
4124:Progress in Human Geography
3718:Global Environmental Change
3187:, Oxford University Press,
3107:Global Environmental Change
2512:Global Environmental Change
2352:Global Environmental Change
1586:The New York Times Magazine
1117:
695:environmental peacebuilding
670:environmental peacebuilding
341:sovereign debt cancellation
101:changes in climate patterns
58:changes in climate patterns
10:
8025:
8009:Politics of climate change
7724:Global surface temperature
7615:Popular culture depictions
7527:Ecosystem-based adaptation
7257:Carbon capture and storage
7179:Carbon offsets and credits
6495:
3552:10.1007/s10708-020-10223-2
2581:10.1038/s41467-022-30356-x
2167:10.1038/s41586-024-07219-0
2067:"What is Climate Justice?"
1758:www.mordorintelligence.com
797:Environmental Defense Fund
765:Climate security practices
717:
453:
401:
354:
272:Critiques and alternatives
227:Copenhagen School scholars
110:
21:Global warming controversy
18:
7936:Climate change portal
7923:
7862:
7829:Extreme event attribution
7747:
7716:
7712:
7701:
7645:
7580:
7502:
7452:School Strike for Climate
7424:
7420:
7406:
7375:
7331:Climate-smart agriculture
7292:
7249:
7159:
7155:
7142:
7066:
6924:
6871:
6714:
6710:
6697:
6620:
6609:
6538:
6507:
6503:
6490:
6473:Climate change adaptation
6468:Climate change mitigation
6463:Effects of climate change
6453:
6442:
6063:10.1175/WCAS-D-12-00016.1
5124:10.1007/s40641-018-0118-x
4688:10.1177/27538796241231090
4581:Journal of Peace Research
4460:10.1007/978-3-031-26014-8
4352:10.1038/s41558-018-0068-2
4052:10.1007/s40641-018-0115-0
3852:10.1175/WCAS-D-13-00059.1
3451:Journal of Peace Research
3313:Journal of Peace Research
3270:Journal of Peace Research
3060:Journal of Peace Research
2916:10.1007/s10584-014-1266-1
2801:10.1038/s41586-019-1300-6
2735:10.1016/j.crm.2022.100471
2257:10.1038/s41586-019-1300-6
1414:10.1080/09636410802319529
983:pastoralist communities.
947:
909:effects of climate change
853:occupation of Afghanistan
713:
530:Climate threats and risks
470:impacts of climate change
404:Effects of climate change
357:Effects of climate change
351:Effects of climate change
7839:Global warming potential
7646:International agreements
7293:Preserving and enhancing
6732:Arctic methane emissions
6654:Years in climate change
6561:Greenhouse gas emissions
6458:Causes of climate change
5996:Yale Climate Connections
5034:. Clingendael Institute.
4675:Environment and Security
4593:10.1177/0022343317741535
4136:10.1177/0309132518798077
3494:Journal of Human Ecology
3463:10.1177/0022343311427343
3365:10.4314/ajcr.v10i2.63312
3325:10.1177/0022343319898227
3283:10.1177/0022343320910777
3072:10.1177/0022343316651922
1705:10.1177/0967010619862921
1203:Joshua W. Busby (2007).
1150:Environmental monitoring
394:embodies the notion of “
290:Climate Justice alliance
7870:Climate change scenario
7522:Disaster risk reduction
7174:Carbon emission trading
6984:U.S. insurance industry
6959:Civilizational collapse
6806:sea surface temperature
4499:McDonald, Matt (2021).
4087:Climate and Development
3908:10.1073/pnas.1421533112
3018:10.1073/pnas.1607542113
2860:10.1126/science.1235367
2715:Climate Risk Management
2414:10.1073/pnas.1607542113
1865:McDonald, Matt (2021).
1342:Oxford University Press
1282:"A climate of conflict"
1025:A 2018 article in UK's
835:
801:Nature Conservancy (US)
672:also understudied. The
478:mitigate climate change
8004:International security
7863:Research and modelling
7547:Nature-based solutions
7367:Nature-based solutions
7309:Carbon dioxide removal
7226:Fossil fuel divestment
7211:Climate risk insurance
7121:Small island countries
6737:Arctic sea ice decline
6016:Busby, Joshua (2007).
5872:. businessGreen. 2014.
5631:Environmental Politics
4540:International Security
3575:Development and Change
3414:African Studies Review
3148:International Security
2098:. Oxfam. November 2023
1909:Cite journal requires
1845:Climate Action Network
1338:Environmental security
1310:. 2007. Archived from
919:initiated a debate on
913:Arria-Formula meetings
905:presidential statement
710:
542:
162:environmental security
145:
122:report, issued by the
117:Environmental security
97:international security
54:international security
42:
7824:Earth's energy budget
7707:Background and theory
7595:Climate crisis (term)
7267:Fossil fuel phase-out
7161:Economics and finance
7126:by individual country
7068:By country and region
7043:Security and conflict
7038:Psychological impacts
6722:Abrupt climate change
6645:Charles David Keeling
6478:By country and region
5576:International Affairs
5355:Third World Quarterly
4511:10.1017/9781009024495
4393:10.1017/9781009325844
4332:Nature Climate Change
2950:Nature Climate Change
2561:Nature Communications
1132:Climate change portal
1111:Department of Defense
708:
532:
466:environmental justice
423:overall warming trend
355:Further information:
302:environmental justice
256:in 1990 and the 1992
155:low and middle income
140:
73:low and middle income
31:
7653:Glasgow Climate Pact
7314:Carbon sequestration
6884:Mass mortality event
5942:. September 23, 2021
5292:on December 22, 2018
5286:COP 24 Katowice 2018
4972:Atherton, Kelsey D.
4553:10.1162/isec_a_00459
4534:Ide, Tobias (2023).
4208:Ide, Tobias (2017).
3427:10.1017/asr.2017.124
3161:10.1162/isec_a_00459
3142:Ide, Tobias (2023).
2970:10.1038/nclimate2101
2485:Climate News Network
2121:Oxford Martin School
2015:WIREs Climate Change
1814:. October 12, 2020.
1314:on December 16, 2017
1242:Nick Buxton (2021).
1087:Trump administration
921:Climate and Security
823:Political approaches
759:American imperialism
202:non-Aligned Movement
166:Jason advisory group
7792:Climate sensitivity
7567:The Adaptation Fund
7023:Infectious diseases
6925:Social and economic
6279:The Washington Post
6253:The Washington Post
5716:. December 24, 2019
5504:Political Geography
5339:(Feb. 2019), p. 14.
5214:on October 13, 2015
5116:2018CCCR....4..330K
5005:. November 10, 2019
4978:Scientific American
4344:2018NatCC...8..200A
4044:2018CCCR....4..347I
3993:Contemporary Levant
3954:Political Geography
3899:2015PNAS..112.3241K
3683:Political Geography
3663:10.1093/ajae/aau010
3633:. January 22, 2019.
3233:10.1093/isr/viaa064
3009:2016PNAS..11312391V
3003:(44): 12391–12396.
2962:2014NatCC...4...76R
2907:2014ClCh..127..391B
2793:2019Natur.571..193M
2727:2023CliRM..3900471B
2573:2022NatCo..13.2839G
2405:2016PNAS..11312391V
2399:(44): 12391–12396.
2249:2019Natur.571..193M
2159:2024Natur.628..551K
2027:2014WIRCC...5..359S
1653:Political Geography
1450:. February 20, 2020
1344:. pp. 235–252.
1286:International Alert
1190:The Washington Post
901:UN Security Council
793:World Wildlife Fund
648:datasets, and that
476:and the efforts to
415:natural environment
374:. For example, the
333:climate reparations
322:climate colonialism
7363:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
7335:Forest management
7319:Direct air capture
7284:Sustainable energy
7241:Net zero emissions
7236:Low-carbon economy
7231:Green Climate Fund
7018:Indigenous peoples
6916:Plant biodiversity
6704:Effects and issues
6333:. January 18, 2019
5337:Clingendael report
4716:The New York Times
2926:20.500.11850/95273
2660:"Climate Strategy"
2638:10.1093/isr/vix043
2073:. December 2, 2021
1892:Gonzalez, Carmen.
1140:Climate resilience
711:
654:Sub-Saharan Africa
519:Global Peace Index
247:racial hierarchies
146:
43:
7999:National security
7981:
7980:
7919:
7918:
7915:
7914:
7854:Radiative forcing
7697:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7517:Adaptive capacity
7402:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7262:Energy transition
7138:
7137:
7134:
7133:
6853:Tropical cyclones
6779:Urban heat island
6693:
6692:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6566:Carbon accounting
6520:Greenhouse effect
6486:
6485:
5740:Australian Senate
5003:Los Angeles Times
4628:World Development
4520:978-1-316-51961-5
4469:978-3-031-26016-2
4402:978-1-009-32584-4
3893:(11): 3241–3246.
3615:. April 27, 2015.
3202:978-0-19-022862-0
2854:(6151): 1235367.
2787:(7764): 193–197.
2243:(7764): 193–197.
2153:(8008): 551–557.
1878:978-1-316-51961-5
1692:Security Dialogue
1624:978-1-58826-298-1
1564:978-1-907643-44-6
1505:. July 13, 2020.
1083:national security
955:adaptive capacity
498:collective rights
326:Indigenous people
310:global inequality
8016:
7969:
7968:
7957:
7956:
7945:
7944:
7934:
7933:
7932:
7897:Paleoclimatology
7714:
7713:
7703:
7702:
7464:Ecological grief
7447:Climate movement
7422:
7421:
7408:
7407:
7388:Plant-based diet
7279:Renewable energy
7157:
7156:
7144:
7143:
6979:Economic impacts
6906:Invasive species
6762:Coastal flooding
6712:
6711:
6699:
6698:
6635:Svante Arrhenius
6611:
6610:
6581:from agriculture
6571:Carbon footprint
6556:Greenhouse gases
6505:
6504:
6492:
6491:
6444:
6443:
6429:
6422:
6415:
6406:
6405:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6201:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6065:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5987:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5656:
5646:
5637:(6): 1037–1057.
5622:
5616:
5615:
5582:(6): 1141–1154.
5567:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5361:(9): 2074–2085.
5346:
5340:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5288:. Archived from
5282:"What is COP24?"
5278:
5272:
5271:
5265:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5210:. Archived from
5199:
5193:
5192:
5174:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5099:
5093:
5086:
5080:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5028:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4901:The Costs of War
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4774:. April 21, 2023
4764:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4690:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4555:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4237:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4102:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4023:
4017:
4016:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3910:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3799:(3): 1285–1322.
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3741:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3656:(5): 1157–1182.
3641:
3635:
3634:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3546:(6): 2691–2707.
3535:
3526:
3525:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3429:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3285:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3038:
3020:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2918:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2778:
2768:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2664:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2416:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2296:
2285:
2284:
2234:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2038:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1788:. April 21, 2023
1778:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1707:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1644:
1629:
1628:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1402:Security Studies
1393:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1292:on May 24, 2013.
1288:. Archived from
1277:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1219:. Archived from
1216:978-087609-413-6
1200:
1194:
1193:
1181:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1002:European Council
633:Syrian civil war
557:nuclear conflict
551:
547:Climate Strategy
540:
536:
517:A report by the
66:mitigate impacts
46:Climate security
8024:
8023:
8019:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8013:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7930:
7928:
7911:
7858:
7849:Orbital forcing
7743:
7708:
7689:
7663:Paris Agreement
7641:
7637:Warming stripes
7576:
7542:Managed retreat
7537:Loss and damage
7498:
7432:Business action
7416:
7394:
7371:
7294:
7288:
7245:
7206:Climate finance
7151:
7130:
7062:
6920:
6896:Extinction risk
6872:Flora and fauna
6867:
6828:Permafrost thaw
6823:Ozone depletion
6752:Extreme weather
6706:
6689:
6616:
6597:
6534:
6499:
6482:
6449:
6438:
6433:
6378:
6373:
6372:
6362:
6360:
6358:The White House
6350:
6346:
6336:
6334:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6314:
6312:
6311:on May 20, 2019
6299:
6298:
6294:
6284:
6282:
6281:. June 14, 2019
6273:
6272:
6268:
6258:
6256:
6244:
6240:
6230:
6228:
6218:
6214:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6193:
6189:
6179:
6177:
6167:
6163:
6153:
6151:
6141:
6137:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6095:
6093:
6083:
6079:
6042:
6038:
6028:
6026:
6014:
6010:
6000:
5998:
5988:
5981:
5971:
5969:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5945:
5943:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5919:
5917:
5899:
5895:
5888:The Independent
5882:
5881:
5877:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5824:
5820:
5810:
5808:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5785:
5783:
5773:
5769:
5759:
5757:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5719:
5717:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5693:
5691:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5623:
5619:
5568:
5564:
5554:
5552:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5496:
5492:
5482:
5480:
5465:
5461:
5451:
5449:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5426:
5424:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5347:
5343:
5334:
5330:
5320:
5318:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5295:
5293:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5263:
5257:
5253:
5243:
5241:
5231:
5227:
5217:
5215:
5200:
5196:
5165:(3): e0000072.
5151:
5147:
5100:
5096:
5087:
5083:
5066:
5062:
5054:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5029:
5018:
5008:
5006:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4982:
4980:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4954:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4928:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4903:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4878:
4877:. June 16, 2021
4869:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4852:
4842:
4838:
4828:
4826:
4825:. March 1, 2017
4817:
4816:
4812:
4802:
4800:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4777:
4775:
4766:
4765:
4756:
4746:
4744:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4718:
4708:
4704:
4667:
4663:
4620:
4616:
4573:
4569:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4497:
4493:
4470:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4424:
4422:www.cbsnews.com
4414:
4410:
4403:
4379:
4375:
4324:
4320:
4310:
4308:
4298:
4294:
4255:
4251:
4226:10.1002/wcc.456
4206:
4202:
4163:
4159:
4120:
4116:
4079:
4075:
4024:
4020:
3985:
3981:
3946:
3942:
3879:
3875:
3832:
3828:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3714:
3710:
3675:
3671:
3642:
3638:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3571:
3567:
3536:
3529:
3490:
3486:
3447:
3443:
3406:
3402:
3385:
3381:
3344:
3340:
3305:
3301:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3244:
3240:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3181:
3177:
3140:
3136:
3099:
3095:
3056:
3052:
2989:
2985:
2946:
2942:
2895:Climatic Change
2887:
2883:
2844:
2840:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2707:
2700:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2618:
2614:
2553:
2549:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2487:. June 14, 2019
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2461:. June 12, 2019
2453:
2452:
2448:
2385:
2381:
2344:
2340:
2297:
2288:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2196:
2192:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2036:10.1002/wcc.275
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1981:
1977:
1946:10.2307/3176729
1926:
1922:
1910:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1684:
1680:
1645:
1632:
1625:
1609:
1605:
1588:. pp. 4–.
1576:
1572:
1565:
1543:
1539:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1394:
1390:
1353:
1349:
1334:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1278:
1274:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1217:
1201:
1197:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1145:Energy security
1130:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1085:. In 2017, the
1044:
1027:The Independent
1014:
998:
989:
950:
945:
897:
869:
838:
825:
767:
734:
722:
716:
703:
553:
549:
544:
537:
534:
531:
511:
506:
505:
462:Climate justice
459:
456:Climate justice
451:
450:
443:desertification
431:extreme weather
407:
384:climate justice
367:
365:climate justice
353:
337:climate finance
335:on top of more
298:climate justice
274:
151:
128:energy security
119:
109:
89:
39:U.S. East Coast
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8022:
8012:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7994:Climate change
7979:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7963:
7951:
7939:
7924:
7921:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7804:
7802:Cloud feedback
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7757:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7720:
7718:
7710:
7709:
7699:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7670:
7660:
7658:Kyoto Protocol
7655:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7639:
7634:
7633:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7612:
7610:Media coverage
7607:
7602:
7600:Climate spiral
7597:
7592:
7586:
7584:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7508:
7506:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7489:Public opinion
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7455:
7454:
7444:
7439:
7437:Climate action
7434:
7428:
7426:
7418:
7417:
7404:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7379:
7377:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7364:
7358:
7357:
7356:
7351:
7349:REDD and REDD+
7346:
7341:
7333:
7328:
7326:Carbon farming
7323:
7322:
7321:
7316:
7306:
7300:
7298:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7259:
7253:
7251:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7176:
7171:
7165:
7163:
7153:
7152:
7140:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7072:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7058:Water security
7055:
7053:Water scarcity
7050:
7048:Urban flooding
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7009:
7008:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6987:
6986:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6901:Forest dieback
6898:
6893:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6838:Sea level rise
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6813:
6811:stratification
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6718:
6716:
6708:
6707:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6607:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6576:Carbon leakage
6573:
6568:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6517:
6515:Climate system
6511:
6509:
6501:
6500:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6440:
6439:
6436:Climate change
6432:
6431:
6424:
6417:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6377:
6376:External links
6374:
6371:
6370:
6344:
6322:
6292:
6266:
6238:
6212:
6187:
6161:
6135:
6117:
6103:
6077:
6036:
6008:
5979:
5968:. July 2, 2021
5953:
5927:
5893:
5875:
5861:
5834:(5): 623–639.
5818:
5793:
5767:
5745:
5727:
5714:Africa Renewal
5701:
5676:
5617:
5562:
5537:
5490:
5459:
5434:
5409:
5388:
5341:
5328:
5303:
5273:
5251:
5225:
5194:
5145:
5110:(4): 330–337.
5094:
5081:
5060:
5048:
5036:
5016:
4990:
4964:
4953:. June 4, 2020
4938:
4913:
4888:
4862:
4836:
4810:
4798:www.google.com
4785:
4754:
4728:
4702:
4661:
4614:
4587:(3): 336–350.
4567:
4526:
4519:
4491:
4468:
4434:
4408:
4401:
4373:
4338:(3): 200–203.
4318:
4292:
4265:(4): 829–856.
4249:
4200:
4173:(4): 757–783.
4157:
4130:(5): 927–936.
4114:
4093:(5): 349–362.
4073:
4038:(4): 347–354.
4018:
3979:
3940:
3873:
3846:(3): 331–340.
3826:
3779:
3768:. October 2018
3753:
3708:
3669:
3636:
3618:
3600:
3581:(3): 423–445.
3565:
3527:
3500:(4): 311–324.
3484:
3441:
3400:
3379:
3338:
3319:(2): 199–214.
3299:
3276:(3): 568–582.
3256:
3238:
3227:(3): 696–725.
3207:
3201:
3175:
3134:
3093:
3066:(5): 696–710.
3050:
2983:
2940:
2901:(3): 391–397.
2881:
2838:
2758:
2698:
2679:
2651:
2632:(4): 547–575.
2612:
2547:
2498:
2472:
2446:
2379:
2338:
2311:(1): 343–360.
2286:
2216:
2190:
2133:
2109:
2084:
2071:Global Witness
2058:
2021:(3): 359–374.
2001:
1975:
1940:(2): 276–301.
1920:
1911:|journal=
1884:
1877:
1857:
1832:
1799:
1770:
1745:
1727:
1678:
1630:
1623:
1603:
1570:
1563:
1537:
1515:
1487:
1461:
1435:
1408:(3): 468–504.
1388:
1347:
1325:
1295:
1272:
1257:
1234:
1223:on May 9, 2017
1215:
1195:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1165:Water security
1162:
1160:Water conflict
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1119:
1116:
1079:climate denial
1043:
1040:
1013:
1012:United Kingdom
1010:
997:
996:European Union
994:
992:development."
988:
985:
949:
946:
944:
941:
896:
893:
889:UN Environment
868:
867:United Nations
865:
837:
834:
824:
821:
813:human security
766:
763:
754:greenwashing.’
733:
730:
715:
712:
702:
699:
650:constructivist
529:
528:
522:availability,
510:
507:
474:climate change
460:
452:
447:tipping points
419:climate system
411:climate change
408:
400:
352:
349:
306:neocolonialism
273:
270:
262:Peter Schwartz
223:securitization
206:human security
174:human security
150:
147:
108:
105:
88:
85:
34:sea level rise
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8021:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7974:
7973:
7964:
7962:
7961:
7952:
7950:
7949:
7940:
7938:
7937:
7926:
7925:
7922:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7891:
7888:
7887:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7875:Climate model
7873:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7865:
7861:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7807:Cloud forcing
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7746:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7704:
7700:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7644:
7638:
7635:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7583:
7582:Communication
7579:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7562:Vulnerability
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7532:Flood control
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7505:
7501:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7409:
7405:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7374:
7368:
7365:
7362:
7359:
7355:
7354:reforestation
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7339:afforestation
7337:
7336:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7291:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7274:Nuclear power
7272:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7248:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7169:Carbon budget
7167:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7145:
7141:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7065:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7007:
7006:Mental health
7004:
7003:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6943:
6942:United States
6940:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6923:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6870:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6796:deoxygenation
6794:
6792:
6791:acidification
6789:
6788:
6787:
6784:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6700:
6696:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6612:
6608:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6586:from wetlands
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6546:Deforestation
6544:
6543:
6541:
6537:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6452:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6430:
6425:
6423:
6418:
6416:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6389:(Wired, 2015)
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6359:
6355:
6348:
6332:
6326:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6296:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6242:
6227:
6223:
6216:
6198:
6191:
6176:
6172:
6165:
6150:
6146:
6139:
6131:
6130:Rolling Stone
6127:
6121:
6113:
6107:
6092:
6088:
6081:
6073:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6012:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5984:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5897:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5871:
5865:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5822:
5807:
5803:
5797:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5755:
5749:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5720:September 28,
5715:
5711:
5705:
5694:September 28,
5690:
5686:
5680:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5655:
5654:11250/2827801
5650:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5621:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5566:
5555:September 28,
5551:
5547:
5541:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5494:
5483:September 27,
5478:
5474:
5470:
5463:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5398:
5392:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5332:
5317:
5313:
5307:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5198:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5085:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5057:
5052:
5045:
5040:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4979:
4975:
4968:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4743:
4739:
4732:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4571:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4522:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
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3664:
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3651:
3647:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3614:
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3604:
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3584:
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3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3457:(1): 97–111.
3456:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3420:(2): 78–102.
3419:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3383:
3375:
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3089:
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3073:
3069:
3065:
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3054:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
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3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2877:
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2826:
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2818:
2814:
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2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2744:11250/3061820
2740:
2736:
2732:
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2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2639:
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2631:
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2582:
2578:
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2562:
2558:
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2539:
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2533:11250/3063695
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2375:
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2334:
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2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2221:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2094:
2088:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1903:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1641:
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1637:
1635:
1626:
1620:
1616:
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1607:
1599:
1595:
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1582:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1449:
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1439:
1431:
1427:
1423:
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1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
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1392:
1384:
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1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
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1343:
1339:
1332:
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1313:
1309:
1305:
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1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1261:
1245:
1238:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Food security
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:U.S. Congress
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1071:James Clapper
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1042:United States
1039:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:David Cameron
1009:
1007:
1003:
993:
984:
980:
978:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
940:
937:
936:
930:
925:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
864:
862:
858:
857:War on Terror
854:
850:
845:
842:
833:
829:
820:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
788:
786:
782:
777:
771:
762:
760:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
729:
727:
721:
707:
698:
696:
690:
687:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:Latin America
659:
655:
651:
647:
641:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
595:
591:
588:
587:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
552:
550:February 2022
548:
541:
527:
525:
520:
515:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:is a type of
463:
457:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
405:
399:
397:
393:
387:
385:
381:
377:
376:Bay of Bengal
373:
366:
362:
358:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:globalization
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
278:
269:
266:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
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236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
214:
211:
207:
203:
199:
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189:
187:
183:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
143:
139:
135:
133:
129:
125:
118:
114:
104:
102:
98:
94:
84:
80:
76:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
40:
35:
30:
26:
22:
7970:
7958:
7946:
7927:
7760:Carbon cycle
7717:Measurements
7412:Society and
7296:carbon sinks
7201:Climate debt
7191:Carbon price
7042:
7013:Human rights
6843:Season creep
6801:heat content
6727:Anoxic event
6640:James Hansen
6361:. Retrieved
6357:
6347:
6335:. Retrieved
6325:
6313:. Retrieved
6309:the original
6304:
6295:
6283:. Retrieved
6278:
6269:
6257:. Retrieved
6251:
6241:
6229:. Retrieved
6225:
6215:
6203:. Retrieved
6190:
6178:. Retrieved
6174:
6164:
6152:. Retrieved
6148:
6138:
6129:
6120:
6106:
6094:. Retrieved
6090:
6080:
6056:(1): 93–95.
6053:
6049:
6039:
6027:. Retrieved
6021:
6011:
5999:. Retrieved
5995:
5970:. Retrieved
5965:
5956:
5944:. Retrieved
5939:
5930:
5918:. Retrieved
5907:The Guardian
5906:
5896:
5887:
5878:
5864:
5831:
5827:
5821:
5809:. Retrieved
5805:
5796:
5784:. Retrieved
5780:
5770:
5758:. Retrieved
5748:
5739:
5730:
5718:. Retrieved
5713:
5704:
5692:. Retrieved
5688:
5679:
5634:
5630:
5620:
5579:
5575:
5565:
5553:. Retrieved
5549:
5540:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5481:. Retrieved
5472:
5462:
5450:. Retrieved
5446:
5437:
5425:. Retrieved
5421:
5412:
5400:. Retrieved
5391:
5358:
5354:
5344:
5336:
5331:
5319:. Retrieved
5315:
5306:
5294:. Retrieved
5290:the original
5285:
5276:
5267:
5254:
5242:. Retrieved
5238:
5228:
5216:. Retrieved
5212:the original
5207:
5197:
5162:
5159:PLOS Climate
5158:
5148:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5084:
5076:
5072:
5063:
5051:
5039:
5007:. Retrieved
5002:
4993:
4981:. Retrieved
4977:
4967:
4955:. Retrieved
4950:
4941:
4929:. Retrieved
4925:
4916:
4904:. Retrieved
4900:
4891:
4879:. Retrieved
4874:
4865:
4853:. Retrieved
4849:
4839:
4827:. Retrieved
4822:
4813:
4801:. Retrieved
4797:
4788:
4776:. Retrieved
4771:
4745:. Retrieved
4741:
4731:
4719:. Retrieved
4715:
4705:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4584:
4580:
4570:
4546:(4): 50–78.
4543:
4539:
4529:
4501:
4494:
4451:
4447:
4437:
4425:. Retrieved
4421:
4411:
4383:
4376:
4335:
4331:
4321:
4311:December 20,
4309:. Retrieved
4305:
4295:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4235:11343/292314
4217:
4213:
4203:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4035:
4031:
4021:
3999:(1): 38–50.
3996:
3992:
3982:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3843:
3839:
3829:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3772:December 20,
3770:. Retrieved
3765:
3756:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3630:
3621:
3612:
3603:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3543:
3539:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3392:
3382:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3293:11343/252107
3273:
3269:
3259:
3241:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3184:
3178:
3154:(4): 50–78.
3151:
3147:
3137:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2956:(2): 76–77.
2953:
2949:
2943:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2784:
2780:
2718:
2714:
2692:
2682:
2666:
2654:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2484:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2458:
2449:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2308:
2304:
2240:
2236:
2207:. Retrieved
2203:
2193:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2126:November 11,
2124:. Retrieved
2120:
2112:
2102:November 24,
2100:. Retrieved
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2070:
2061:
2018:
2014:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:
1978:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1902:cite journal
1887:
1867:
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1844:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1812:The Guardian
1811:
1802:
1790:. Retrieved
1785:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:
1748:
1730:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1656:
1652:
1613:
1606:
1585:
1573:
1546:
1540:
1527:
1518:
1502:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1474:
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1447:
1438:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1367:(1): 26–44.
1364:
1360:
1350:
1337:
1316:. Retrieved
1312:the original
1307:
1298:
1290:the original
1285:
1275:
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:the original
1205:
1198:
1189:
1179:
1076:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1032:
1022:
1021:noted that "
1015:
999:
990:
981:
951:
934:
926:
898:
870:
846:
839:
830:
826:
817:
789:
772:
768:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
723:
691:
678:
642:
630:
596:
592:
585:
573:
554:
546:
543:
533:
524:job security
516:
512:
494:human rights
435:forest fires
388:
368:
345:
330:
287:
279:
275:
267:
251:
215:
190:
186:nation-state
178:
169:
159:
152:
120:
90:
81:
77:
70:
45:
44:
25:
7787:Carbon sink
7765:atmospheric
7630:video games
7304:Blue carbon
6932:Agriculture
6911:Marine life
6858:Water cycle
6816:temperature
6551:Fossil fuel
6337:January 18,
6305:Environment
6180:January 20,
5689:www.fao.org
5447:www.g77.org
5422:www.g77.org
4922:"Node view"
4772:www.tni.org
4427:February 5,
4259:Geopolitics
4220:(3): e456.
4167:Geopolitics
3960:: 232–244.
3793:Geopolitics
3739:11693/26445
3724:: 360–370.
2809:10871/37969
2567:(1): 2839.
2491:January 23,
2465:January 23,
2265:10871/37969
2077:October 25,
1786:www.tni.org
1698:(1): 3–22.
1480:January 18,
1318:October 19,
1250:January 30,
1227:January 25,
1060:White House
959:Ban Ki-Moon
658:Middle East
429:, and more
421:include an
409:Effects of
243:colonialism
239:Eurocentric
231:Barry Buzan
216:While many
182:sovereignty
149:Development
7988:Categories
7819:Cryosphere
7780:permafrost
7552:Resilience
7504:Adaptation
7479:Litigation
7469:Governance
7414:adaptation
7196:Carbon tax
7149:Mitigation
7086:Antarctica
6974:Disability
5946:October 7,
5806:unfccc.int
5550:www.un.org
5473:unfccc.int
5316:unfccc.int
5079:, 379-395.
4634:: 105150.
3613:Al-Jazeera
3540:GeoJournal
3113:: 102063.
2721:: 100471.
2518:: 102423.
2358:: 102063.
1340:. Oxford:
1171:References
1109:asked the
1081:threatens
776:insurgency
718:See also:
701:Adaptation
578:, Detges,
545:U.S. Army
439:permafrost
437:, thawing
229:, such as
111:See also:
107:Background
87:Definition
7834:Feedbacks
7605:Education
7106:Caribbean
7101:Australia
7028:Migration
6991:Fisheries
6937:Livestock
6863:Wildfires
6769:Heat wave
6226:Bloomberg
6072:1948-8327
5915:0261-3077
5856:158359602
5848:0703-6337
5811:August 5,
5671:239070760
5663:0964-4016
5612:154942217
5596:0020-5850
5532:143665984
5524:0962-6298
5510:: 51–67.
5383:237618587
5375:0143-6597
5268:SIPRI.ORG
5189:257331153
5181:2767-3200
5140:158777142
5132:2198-6061
4697:2753-8796
4656:225171953
4648:0305-750X
4609:111399194
4601:0022-3433
4562:0162-2889
4486:258789607
4478:2367-4024
4360:1758-6798
4287:144787600
4279:1465-0045
4244:131966816
4195:143980126
4187:1465-0045
4152:150146427
4144:0309-1325
4109:1756-5529
4068:159017324
4060:2198-6061
4013:2058-1831
3974:0962-6298
3917:0027-8424
3868:153715885
3860:1948-8327
3821:245695360
3813:1465-0045
3766:ReliefWeb
3703:0962-6298
3689:: 22–33.
3595:1467-7660
3560:219475368
3514:0970-9274
3471:0022-3433
3436:0002-0206
3394:ReliefWeb
3374:1562-6997
3333:219005631
3170:0162-2889
3129:0959-3780
3088:113591140
3080:0022-3433
3027:0027-8424
2978:1758-6798
2935:1573-1480
2833:186207310
2817:1476-4687
2753:2212-0963
2646:1521-9488
2589:2041-1723
2542:0959-3780
2459:ReliefWeb
2423:0027-8424
2374:0959-3780
2333:151015782
2325:1094-2939
2281:186207310
2053:145546565
2045:1757-7780
1970:145020223
1954:0002-9300
1820:0261-3077
1722:197697420
1714:0967-0106
1673:0962-6298
1659:: 42–51.
1594:0028-7822
1430:154990658
1422:0963-6412
1383:1035-7718
987:Australia
977:Lake Chad
972:‘hotspot’
933:Group of
626:Lake Chad
509:Conflicts
252:With the
235:Ole Wæver
132:migration
7960:Glossary
7948:Category
7770:biologic
7484:Politics
7376:Personal
7081:Americas
6949:Children
6715:Physical
6508:Overview
6448:Overview
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