2077:, and the Government generally observes these prohibitions. The law provides for judicial determination of the legality of detention. Persons may not be detained without charge, and prosecuting authorities must be prepared to demonstrate that probable cause exists to detain the accused. Under the law, a suspect may be held in detention at either a regular detention facility or "substitute" (police) detention facility for up to 72 hours. A judge must interview suspects prior to detention. A judge may extend preindictment custody by up to two consecutive 10-day periods based on a prosecutor's application. These extensions were sought and granted routinely. Under extraordinary circumstances, prosecutors may seek an additional 5-day extension, bringing the maximum period of preindictment custody to 28 days.
2151:
if such restriction is compatible with the spirit of the
Constitution. Access sometimes was abridged in practice; for example, the law allows prosecutors to control access to counsel before indictment, and there were allegations of coerced confessions. Defendants are protected from the retroactive application of laws and have the right of access to incriminating evidence after a formal indictment. However, the law does not require full disclosure by prosecutors, and material that the prosecution does not use in court may be suppressed. Critics claimed that legal representatives of defendants did not always have access to all needed relevant material in the police record. A defendant who is dissatisfied with the decision of a trial court of first instance may appeal to a higher court.
2095:, police and prosecutors have the power to control or limit access by legal counsel when deemed necessary for the sake of an investigation. Counsel may not be present during interrogations at any time before or after indictment. As a court-appointed attorney is not approved until after indictment, suspects must rely on their own resources to hire an attorney before indictment, although local bar associations provided detainees with limited free counseling. Critics charged that access to counsel was limited both in duration and frequency; however, the Government denied that this was the case. Incommunicado detention could be used for up to 23 days.
2667:, often goes unreported due to social and cultural concerns about shaming one's family or endangering the reputation of one's spouse or children. NPA statistics on violence against women probably understated the magnitude of the problem. According to NPA statistics, there were 12,568 cases of alleged domestic violence and 1,499 restraining orders issued in 2003. Police took action in 41 cases in which court orders were violated. Between April and September, the 120 preferential consultation centers received 24,818 cases of domestic violence consultations. Of the total 103,986 consultations since fiscal 2002, 99.6% were for women.
357:
314:
197:
1708:(406 cases), followed by the physically disabled, the sick, foreign residents, women, the elderly, and gender identity. Of the cases in which the MOJ initiated redress for victims, 18.6% involved privacy violations, 14.5% involved labor rights, 13.3% involved school bullying, 12.8% involved assault and abuse, and 10.2% involved extortion and coercion. According to the MOJ, the number of human rights violations has decreased from year to year, but the number of cases of school bullying and human rights violations on the Internet remained high.
131:
106:
297:
52:
2696:" student group, as well as a third woman in December 2001. All 13 other defendants received jail sentences of up to 10 years. Many local governments responded to the need for confidential assistance for abused women by establishing special women's consultation departments in police and prefectural offices. However, as of 2018, women were still deterred from reporting rape and sexual assault by legal and practical obstacles, by the treatment of women who speak out, such as
2900:
7117:
5835:
2979:. Women and girls from Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, South Korea, Malaysia, Burma, and Indonesia also were trafficked into the country in smaller numbers. The country was a destination for illegal immigrants from China who were trafficked by organized crime groups and held in debt bondage for sexual exploitation and indentured servitude in sweatshops and restaurants. The Government reported that some smugglers used killings and abduction to enforce cooperation.
2511:
5845:
2043:. The Crime-Victims law calls for compensation and counseling for crime victims, upholding victims' rights, and providing victims with criminal investigation information. Aimed at toughening penalties against felons, the Penal Code revision establishes new charges for gang rape, increases maximum prison terms and penalties for life-threatening crimes, and extends the statute of limitations for prosecuting capital offenses from 15 to 29 years.
2722:) during World War II were finalized during 2004. In February, the Tokyo High Court rejected an appeal by 7 Taiwanese former "comfort women", while in November the Supreme Court dismissed a damage suit filed in 1991 by 35 Korean wartime "comfort women". In December 2004 the Tokyo High Court dismissed an appeal by 4 Chinese former "comfort women", and the Supreme Court rejected a suit filed in 1993 by 46 Filipina wartime "comfort women".
3314:
2997:
1888:
2143:
graduate law schools to increase the overall number of legal professionals threefold by 2010, and requiring that courts and opposing litigants jointly work to improve trial planning by allowing for earlier evidence collection and disclosure. The advisory panel on judicial reform released the official standards for setting up graduate law schools, and in March 2004, 68 universities (22 public and 46 private) opened new law schools.
7106:
3482:
1608:
2334:, and the government respects this right in practice. The government does not interfere with access to Internet publications. Individuals and groups engage in the pleasant expression of views via the Internet, including eâmail. The law and constitution prohibit arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.
2147:
A defendant is informed of the charges upon arrest and is assured a public trial by an independent civilian court with defense counsel and the right of cross-examination. There was no trial by jury; however, a judicial reform bill passed in May will allow serious criminal cases to be tried by a six-person, randomly selected jury and panel of judges. The law was scheduled to take effect in 2009.
3634:
3090:
workers with disabilities employed by private companies comprised on average 1.5% of the total number of regular employees, somewhat less than the legally stipulated rate of 1.8%. While nearly 70% of large corporations (1,000 or more employees) fell short of this goal, several large corporations had special divisions for workers with disabilities, including
2983:
individuals for trafficking-related offenses, 8 of whom were traffickers. Of these individuals, 36 were convicted, 14 received prison terms, 17 received fines, and 5 received both a fine and prison term. In
February 2003, 17 prefecture police offices and the Tokyo Metropolitan police simultaneously raided 24 strip clubs and rescued 68 trafficking victims.
1704:(MOJ) for 2022, the MOJ human rights organs received 159,864 consultations on human rights violations, completed 7,627 cases of remedial measures for victims, and initiated 7,859 cases of remedial measures. Of the cases in which the MOJ completed redress for victims, the largest number of cases related to discriminatory treatment were for discriminated
3235:. According to a government survey, more than 70% of citizens worried that an increase in the number of illegally employed foreign workers could undermine public safety and result in human rights abuses against the workers themselves. Nevertheless, more than 80% said the country should accept foreign laborers conditionally or unconditionally.
2200:
international human rights groups generally operated without governmental restrictions, investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases. Government officials generally were cooperative and responsive to their views, although the
Government restricted access by human rights groups to detention facilities.
2050:, allowing foreign prisoners to petition to serve their sentences in their home country. The government added the stipulation that prisoners must serve at least one third of their sentence in Japan before petitions will be considered. As of June 2007, 10 American prisoners have been transferred to the
3082:
The law does not mandate accessibility to buildings for persons with disabilities; however, the law on construction standards for public facilities allows operators of hospitals, theaters, hotels, and similar enterprises to receive low-interest loans and tax benefits if they build wider entrances and
3071:. Although not generally subject to overt discrimination in employment, education, or in the provision of other state services, persons with disabilities faced limited access to public transportation, "mainstream" public education, and other facilities. The Deliberation Panel on the Employment of the
2944:
In April 2004, the
Government of Japan created a task force to combat trafficking in persons. In December of the same year, the Government released its Action Plan to combat trafficking in persons. The Action Plan focuses on the prevention and elimination of trafficking in persons, and the protection
2441:
In May 2003, the Diet passed a bill abolishing the 60-day application deadline previously required for aliens seeking refugee status. The previous refugee recognition law stipulated that those seeking refugee status had to apply within 60 days upon arriving in Japan or within 60 days of learning that
2249:
In July 2003, the Diet passed legislation prohibiting the solicitation of sex from minors through the
Internet. The Japan Internet Providers Association and the Telecom Services Association expressed concerns about the definitions of child prohibited sites and about the actions providers are required
2207:
gave a recommendation to Japan relating to public welfare in
Article 12 and 13 of the Constitution that "while taking note of the State party's explanation that 'public welfare' cannot be relied on as a ground on placing arbitrary restrictions on human rights, the Committee reiterate its concern that
3435:
provides for penalties against employers of undocumented foreign workers. Maximum fines for illegal employment assistance were raised to 3 million yen in
December. Suspected foreign workers also may be denied entry for passport, visa, and entry application irregularities. The Government continued to
2150:
The defendant is presumed innocent. The
Constitution provides defendants with the right not to be compelled to testify against themselves as well as to free and private access to counsel; however, the Government contended that the right to consult with attorneys is not absolute and can be restricted
2146:
The July 2003, law also makes the
Supreme Court responsible for accelerating proceedings in lower courts, imposes a 2-year time limit for courts to bring criminal and civil trials to conclusion, and requires the government to take the legal and financial measures necessary to accomplish these goals.
2027:
stipulates that the maximum time prisoners may be held in single cells is 6 months, activists claim that wardens continued to have broad leeway in enforcing punishments selectively, including "minor solitary confinement", which may be imposed for a minimum of 1 and not more than 60 days. Claims have
1723:
Japan has a criminal conviction rate of over 99%. In several cases, courts have acknowledged confessions were forced and released those imprisoned. To combat this, a law was passed in 2016 requiring some interrogations to be videotaped. However, this only applies to people accused of serious crimes,
3275:
In 1999 the Equal
Employment Opportunity Act was revised and a provision was added that required employers to take measures to prevent sexual harassment against women in the workplace. It was revised again in 2007 to include male victims, and it was revised again in 2014 to include same-sex sexual
2886:
have routinely suffered physical, sexual and verbal abuse from their coaches, which led some of them to take their own lives. The report ââI Was Hit So Many Times I Canât Countâ: Abuse of Child Athletes in Japan, documented the country's history of corporal punishment in sport, known as taibatsu in
2675:
figures from January through September 2003, 1,579 applications for restraining orders against abusive spouses were sought, and 1,256 were issued. The orders either banned perpetrators from approaching their victims or ordered them to move away from the home, or both. The law also covers common-law
2457:, noted that, from 1982 to December 2002, 301 persons were accepted as refugees. The Government considered that most persons seeking asylum in the country did so for economic reasons. In 2003, there were approximately 7,900 refugees and asylum seekers in the country, of whom an estimated 7,700 were
2389:
of church members. While deprogramming cases decreased during the year, a Unification Church spokesman reported that prosecutors dropped two cases due to insufficient evidence. Although one member reportedly was kidnapped by her family during the year, the Unification Church did not report the case
1799:
include safeguards to ensure that no criminal suspect can be compelled to make a self-incriminating conviction. In 2003, the use of leather restraining body belts was abolished. Softer leather handcuffs without body belts were instituted as substitute restraining devices. Amnesty International has
2856:
and obliges teachers, doctors, and welfare officials to report any suspicious circumstances to 1 of the 182 nationwide local child counseling centers or to a municipal welfare center. In May 2003, the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare reported that 108 children died as a result of child abuse
2237:
has been criticised by press freedom groups. The clubs often provide major media outlets with exclusive access to news sources, while generally barring foreign and freelance reporters. The clubs provide the establishment press with access to official press conferences and background briefings with
2154:
No guidelines mandate the acceptable quality of communications between judges, lawyers, and non-Japanese speaking defendants, and no standard licensing or qualification system for certifying court interpreters exists. A trial may proceed even if the accused does not understand what is happening or
2057:
Women and juveniles were housed separately from men; however, male prison guards sometimes guarded female prisoners. During the year, a male prison warden was charged with "violence and cruelty by a special public officer" for engaging in sexual acts with a female inmate awaiting trial. During the
2000:
In some institutions clothing and blankets were insufficient to protect inmates against cold weather. Most prisons did not provide heating during nighttime hours in winter despite freezing temperatures, subjecting inmates to a range of preventable cold injuries. Foreign prisoners in the Tokyo area
1856:
In 2003, the Justice Ministry formed a special team to investigate 1,566 prisoner deaths from 1993 to 2002. A preliminary report suggested that nearly one third of the cases involved suspicious circumstances. However, in June, the Ministry announced that there was evidence of abuse only in the two
2287:
Under Article 4 of the Broadcasting Law, Japanese television broadcasting requires political fairness, and there are penalties such as license revocation. This law has existed since before the Abe administration. The license revocation issue was an answer to the opposition party's question on the
2142:
In July 2003, the Diet passed legislation aimed at reducing the average time required to complete criminal trials and civil trials that include witness examination. Its provisions include hiring substantial numbers of additional court and MOJ personnel, revising bar examinations, establishing new
2098:
Critics charged that allowing suspects to be detained by the same authorities who interrogated them heightened the potential for abuse and coercion. The Government countered that cases of persons sent to police detention facilities tended to be those in which the facts were not in dispute. An MOJ
2019:
The MOJ is not required to inform a condemned inmate's family prior to the person's execution. Human rights organizations reported that lawyers also were not told of an execution until after the fact and that death row prisoners were held for years in solitary confinement with little contact with
3465:
It is common practice for Japanese companies to take the passport of foreign employees. It is illegal for companies to confiscate passports of Japanese citizens, but not of foreign workers. There are only government guidelines against confiscation. Companies fear that foreign employees could run
3443:
effectively administered various laws and regulations governing occupational health and safety, principal among which is the Industrial Safety and Health Law. Standards were set by the Ministry of Labor and issued after consultation with the Standing Committee on Safety and Health of the Central
3413:
are set on a regional (prefectural) and industry basis, with the input of tripartite (workers, employers, public interest) advisory councils. Employers covered by a minimum wage must post the concerned minimum wages, and compliance with minimum wages was considered widespread. Minimum wage rates
3089:
includes those with mental disabilities. The law also loosened the licensing requirements for community support centers that promote employment for persons with disabilities, and it introduced government subsidies for the employment of persons with mental disabilities in part-time jobs. In 2003,
3199:
experienced varying degrees of societal discrimination, some of it severe and longstanding. The approximately 3 million Burakumin (descendants of feudal era "outcasts"), although not subject to governmental discrimination, frequently were victims of entrenched societal discrimination, including
2691:
NPA statistics reported 2,472 rapes in 2003. Husbands have been prosecuted for spousal rape; usually these cases involved a third party who assisted in the rape. In light of several high-profile gang rapes in 2003 involving college students at Waseda University, the Upper House passed a bill in
2129:
There are several levels of court, including high courts, district courts, family courts, and summary courts, with the Supreme Court serving as the final court of appeal. Normally a trial begins at the district court level, and a verdict may be appealed to a higher court, and ultimately, to the
2106:
became effective in 2003. The average trial period in 2005 was 3.2 months for criminal cases and 8.2 months for civil cases. The length of time before a suspect was brought to trial depended on the nature of the crime, but rarely exceeded 3 months from the date of arrest; the average was 1 to 2
1984:
Prison conditions met international standards; although some lacked adequate medical care and sufficient heating in the winter or cooling in the summer and some facilities were overcrowded. Prisoners were not allowed to purchase or receive supplementary food. While death records are kept for 10
1996:
prisons, medical attention was inadequate. The MOJ's Corrections Bureau likewise acknowledged that correctional facilities lacked medical preparedness. The Government's Project Team on Medical Issues of Correctional Institutions continued to consult with related organizations on such issues as
2757:
There is major criticism about divorced Japanese parents and foreign parents who are denied access to their children post-divorce. Many of these divorced people lose access and contact with their children. Foreign parents post-divorce can suffer from child-abduction. In 2020, lawmakers of the
2982:
Although reliable statistics on the number of women trafficked to the country were unavailable, human rights groups reported that up to 200,000 persons, mostly Southeast Asian women, are smuggled annually into the country and forced to work in the sex industry. In 2003, the NPA arrested 41
2199:
The government's attitude regarding international and nongovernmental investigation of alleged violations of human rights is generally cooperative and responsive to human rights groups' views, although the government restricts their access to detention facilities. A number of domestic and
2445:
Government records indicated that 523,617 persons were detained in 2003 at immigration detention centers. According to media reports, several deportations were carried out in secret. In July, two Kurdish families staged a 72-day protest against their deportation orders in front of the
2795:). Education was available widely to students who met minimum academic standards at the upper secondary level through the age of 18. Society places an extremely high value on education, and enrollment levels for both boys and girls through the free upper secondary level exceeded 96%.
3444:
Labor Standards Council. Labor inspectors have the authority to suspend unsafe operations immediately, and the law provides that workers may voice concerns over occupational safety and remove themselves from unsafe working conditions without jeopardizing their continued employment.
2477:
and issued long-term residence permits based on humanitarian considerations to 16. As part of its ongoing family-reunification program for close relatives of Indochinese refugees resettled in earlier years, the Government admitted 147 refugees from Vietnam and Cambodia in 2003.
2088:(NPA). In addition, each prefecture has a prefectural police safety commission as well as a prefectural police agency, which was primarily funded by the prefecture's budget. Corruption and impunity were not problems within either the national or the prefectural police forces.
1865:
2945:
of trafficking victims. The Action Plan calls for a review of "entertainer" visas, strengthened immigration control, revision of the penal code to make trafficking in persons a crime, and added protection of victims through shelters, counselling, and repatriation assistance.
2679:
The revision to the Law for the Prevention of Spousal Violence and the Protection of Victims passed in May expanded the definition of spousal violence to include mental, sexual, and physical abuse and increased the length of restraining orders from 2 weeks to 2 months.
2851:
officials the authority to prohibit abusive parents from meeting or communicating with their children, although due to Japanese cultural views on family matters being "private", this enforcement option is rarely exercised. The law also bans abuse under the guise of
1732:
in the case of minor crimes or when there is a high possibility of innocence. Some Japanese researchers believe that is one of the causes of the high conviction rate in Japan. The prosecution rate in Japan is 33.4%. 64.3% was not pursued. Japan also practices the
3451:
abuses have been revealed against renewable energy projects. In 2019, a London-based group that promotes human rights, documented 47 attacks, ranging from frivolous lawsuits to violence on individuals who raised concerns about human rights abuses in the industry.
2433:
or its 1967 Protocol. In practice, the government provided protection against refoulement, the return of persons to a country where they feared persecution, but did not routinely grant refugee or asylum status. The Government cooperated with the office of the
1985:
years, many of them were missing, which sparked an ongoing review of the prison system. Prisons operated at an average 117% capacity. In some institutions, two inmates were placed in cells designed for one inmate, and thirty or sixty in cells meant for 15.
2868:. Child welfare centers likewise reported a record 26,573 calls in 2003, an increase of 2,800 calls from the previous year. Generally accepted statistics indicate that upwards of 70% of child abuse cases involve a female perpetrator, usually the child's
1997:
increasing medical staff, upgrading medical conditions during nights and weekends, and strengthening cooperative relationships with medical institutions in the community. In May, the Minister formed a subcommittee to improve prison medical facilities.
2186:
on interpretation on Article 13 of the Constitution, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice. In April 2003, the Public Security Investigation Agency extended surveillance of the terrorist group Aleph (formerly known as
2676:
marriages and divorced individuals; it also encourages prefectures to expand shelter facilities for domestic abuse victims and stipulates that local governments offer financial assistance to 40 private institutions already operating such shelters.
2121:
The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary, and the Government has generally respected this provision in practice. The Cabinet appoints judges for 10-year terms, which can be renewed until judges reach the age of 65. Justices of the
2872:. Although the Government offered subsidies to local governments to combat record-high child abuse, only 13% accepted the offer. Most of the local governments declining the subsidies stated they could not afford to pay their share of the bill.
2232:
provides for freedom of speech and of the press. In theory, an independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combine to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. However, Japan's system of exclusive
3421:
The Labor Standards Law provides for a 40-hour work week for most industries and mandates premium pay for hours worked over 40 in a week or 8 in a day. However, labor unions frequently criticized the government for failing to enforce maximum
2953:
2565:
formed the existing coalition government. Except for a brief hiatus in the 1990s, the LDP has been the dominant party in every government since the mid-1950s. The last general elections were held on October 31, 2021, and elections for the
2028:
also been made that prisoners were sometimes forced to kneel motionless in an empty cell for several hours at a time; however, foreigners and the handicapped were allowed to sit on a hard stool, at the discretion of the prison warden.
3430:
The government tried to reduce the inflow of illegal foreign workers by prosecuting employers of such workers. According to NPA figures, 175 persons were charged with "illegal employment assistance" during the first half of 2002. The
1857:
Nagoya fatalities. Regarding the other suspicious deaths, the Ministry said that approximately 10 deaths could be attributed to poor medical care. The authorities reported they had lost the documentation on nine deaths in Tokyo's
3776:
2642:
For the first time ever, MHLW, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, and MEXT issued ministerial regulations and formal notices requiring corporations, local governments, and schools attend to issues pertaining
3470:. They have implored the Japanese government to make it illegal in order to protect human rights. The specific number of cases is unclear, but many cases are underreported due to language barriers and threats of deportation.
2138:
by an impartial tribunal in all criminal cases. Although most criminal trials were completed within a reasonable length of time, cases occasionally took several years to work their way through the trial and appeals process.
3086:
5800:
2581:. This was an increase of 14 cases from the previous year for the same time period. In recent years, the numbers of women holding public office has slowly increased. As of August 2023, women held 46 of 465 seats in the
2163:
5383:
2806:
proceedings are not open to the public, a policy that has been criticized by family members of juvenile crime victims. For the last several years, juvenile crime has shown a trend toward more serious offenses such as
2159:
3267:
The Equal Employment Opportunity Law of Japan created in 1972 only advises or recommends employers to take measures to prevent sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is the most reported category labor cases at the
4809:
3102:. For example, 80% of Omron's Kyoto factory staff of 82 had disabilities, with the majority having severe disabilities. These employees earn an average of 3 million yen per year, which is above the minimum wage.
2692:
December making gang rape an offense punishable by a minimum penalty of 4 years in prison. In November 2004, a former student was sentenced to 14 years in prison for raping two women at a party organized by the "
2770:
In February 2020 all use of corporal punishments against children in Japan ended after the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) issued guidelines to implement 2019 amendments made to laws on children.
1816:
On June 20, 1994, Iranian national Arjang Mehrpooran died from unknown causes while in custody for a visa violation at the Minami Senju police station. Allegations have been made that his death was caused by
3117:
2670:
The law allows district courts to impose 6-month restraining orders on perpetrators of domestic violence and to sentence violators up to 1 year in prison or impose fines of up to 1 million yen. According to
3426:
regulations in smaller firms. Activist groups claimed that employers exploited or discriminated against foreign workers, who often had little or no knowledge of the Japanese language or their legal rights.
5810:
2195:
confirmed reports that it had violated a law protecting personal information when it compiled lists of citizens seeking official documents. A privacy bill to prevent such actions passed the Diet on May 2,
2257:
is engineering a fundamental shift in the balance of power between his administration and the news media, using tactics to silence criticism that go beyond anything his predecessors tried. These include:
2012:, the authorities are permitted to read letters sent or received by prisoners and they are not required to disclose this practice to prisoners. If the content is deemed "inappropriate", the letter may be
2453:
As of 2005, the government has granted refugee and asylum status to those claiming fear of persecution in only a small number of cases. A nongovernmental organization (NGO), in a statement to the
1724:
such as murder, arson and kidnapping, which make up only 3% of cases. In common law countries which practice trial by jury, a high conviction rate may indicate that defendants are not receiving a
2605:
509:
2414:
generally respects them in practice. Citizens have the right to travel freely both within the country and abroad, to change their place of residence, to emigrate, and to repatriate voluntarily.
4437:
OHCHR | Preliminary observations by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Mr. David Kaye at the end of his visit to Japan (12â19 April 2016)
2009:
1752:. Although the Japanese consider themselves to be a homogeneous people, minorities do exist, and they often suffer discrimination. The largest indigenous minority are the two to four million
2941:
Although Japan has laws that criminalise sex trafficking and labor trafficking, these laws are not considered to be comprehensive with definitions that are in line with international law.
2103:
2023:
The JFBA and human rights groups have criticized the prison system, with its emphasis on strict discipline and obedience to numerous rules. Prison rules remained confidential. While the
4954:
2081:
2024:
5805:
3106:
2522:. The reason given is: The information about how many politicians were charged with corruption is based on the early 2000s and needs to be updated to reflect the current statistics.
2418:
may be forfeited by naturalization in a foreign country or by failure of persons born with dual nationality to elect citizenship at the required age. The law does not permit forced
2442:
they were likely to be persecuted in their home country. An alien recognized as a refugee has access to educational facilities, public relief and aid, and social welfare benefits.
1831:
at an "unruly" inmate's anus, resulting in his death the following day. In the outcome of his March 2003 trial, the warden was warned to prevent further abuses by his subordinates.
2454:
5391:
2020:
anyone but prison guards. Parole may not be granted for any reason, including medical and humanitarian reasons, until an inmate has served two thirds of his or her sentence.
1711:
Foreigners in Japan may face human rights violations that Japanese citizens do not. In recent years, Western media has reported that Japanese firms frequently confiscate the
2578:
4899:
2016:
or confiscated. All visits with convicted prisoners were monitored; however, prisoners whose cases were pending were allowed private access to their legal representatives.
4801:
1820:
On August 9, 1997, Mousavi Abarbe Kouh Mir Hossein, an Iranian national, had his neck broken and died while in the custody of the Kita Ward Immigration Detention Center.
3223:, most of whom were born, raised, and educated in Japan) were subject to various forms of deeply entrenched societal discrimination. Harassment and threats against pro-
3079:, has mandated that private companies with 300 or more employees hire a fixed minimum proportion of persons with disabilities. The penalty for noncompliance is a fine.
2541:
The Constitution provides citizens with the right to change their government peacefully, and citizens exercised this right in practice through periodic, free, and fair
2302:, âThe administration is not putting pressure,â âIf our report is lie, our program will be crushed, so there is a self-regulation to make a safe report afraid of it.â
499:
1852:, a Sri Lankan woman, died in custody at an immigration detention facility in Nagoya after her requests for provisional release and adequate medical care were denied.
4447:
2155:
being said. Foreign detainees frequently claimed that police urged them to sign statements in Japanese that they could not read and were not translated adequately.
4363:
3436:
study the foreign worker issue, and several citizens' groups were working with illegal foreign workers to improve their access to information on worker rights.
504:
2274:
openly hinting at revoking the broadcasting licenses of overly critical networks under a law that requires that TV news reports not intentionally twist facts.
3113:
2489:
to have legal status in the country during the refugee recognition process, in practice it was quite difficult to obtain such permits. In January 2003, the
2322:
Internet access in Japan is absolutely unrestricted. There are neither government restrictions on Internet access nor reports that the government checks on
4998:
3105:
At the end of 2002, all prefectural governments and 91.5% of local city governments had developed basic plans for citizens with disabilities. In June, the
2860:
In 2003, there were a record 23,738 cases of child abuse, up almost 2% from 2002, according to the Cabinet Office. Approximately 50% of the cases involved
2577:
figures for January through June 2003, there were 43 arrests involving political corruption for such charges as bribery, bid-rigging, and violation of the
2490:
4737:
3853:
2971:
into the country has been a problem. Women and girls, primarily from Thailand, the Philippines, and Eastern Europe, were trafficked into the country for
2036:
3414:
ranged according to prefecture from 606 to 710 yen per hour. Minimum wage rates were considered sufficient to provide a worker and family with a decent
2739:
which gives 80% of the mothers custody of children according to 2004 statistics from the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research.
2683:
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of article 750 of the Civil Code in December 2015. That article requires a husband and wife to adopt the same surname.
5343:
2371:
Freedom of religion is guaranteed to all. No religious organization shall receive any privileges from the State, nor exercise any political authority.
5153:
3292:
The Constitution provides that no person shall be held in bondage of any kind. Involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime, is prohibited.
3979:
3912:
2949:
3207:, there were nearly 1.85 million legal foreign residents as of 2002. The largest group, at approximately 625,400, was ethnic Koreans, followed by
6813:
5325:
3231:. Other foreigners also were subject to discrimination. There was a widespread perception among Japanese citizens that foreigners committed many
2628:, social status, or family origin; non-citizens are not protected from these forms of discrimination by the constitution nor the law as of 2014.
2047:
321:
4936:
3440:
3239:
2058:
year, some women's detention facilities were operating over stated capacity. Pretrial detainees were held separately from convicted prisoners.
427:
5237:
4459:
2261:
more aggressive complaints to the bosses of critical journalists and commentators, causing some reporters and commentators to lose their jobs;
17:
4484:
4394:
2435:
2430:
2208:
the concept of 'public welfare' is vague and open-ended and may permit restrictions exceeding those permissible under the Covenant (art. 2)."
5178:
5128:
2493:
began to give detailed, written explanations of decisions not to grant refugee status to asylum-seekers and opened an information office at
5299:
4122:
3545:
2957:
2040:
5203:
Jones, A. (2010). "Human Trafficking, the Japanese Commercial Sex Industry, and the Yakuza: Recommendations for the Japanese Government".
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866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
4972:
4364:"Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 40 of the Covenant, CCPR/C/JPN/CO/5, (para 10 p.3) 18 December 2008"
4564:
4411:
4165:
3625:
3515:
1568:
243:
3830:
3378:
2065:
claimed that human rights groups were not allowed access to Nagoya prison because of ongoing court cases related to alleged abuses.
1952:
5724:
3953:
546:
3350:
1924:
5749:
4239:
3269:
1195:
1077:
2617:
2229:
5881:
5769:
3535:
3331:
3076:
3018:
2752:
1905:
269:
1618:
6456:
5970:
5433:
5418:
3357:
2204:
1931:
1051:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
556:
364:
6330:
2762:
adopted a non-binding resolution for Japan to adhere to parental access, visitation rights and to return abducted children.
6567:
5474:
5423:
4716:
1064:
1060:
551:
541:
5262:
4194:
2311:
6626:
3740:
3228:
2061:
While the government limited access by human rights groups to detention facilities, prison visits were allowed. However,
1758:("discriminated communities"), descendants of the outcast communities of feudal Japan. Other such minorities include the
1042:
5438:
5429:
AHRC articles, including urgent appeals, statements and open letters into Japanese. Other related human rights documents
2099:
regulation permits officials to limit the amount of documentation related to ongoing court cases retained by prisoners.
6950:
6574:
4436:
3364:
1938:
1678:
1573:
1515:
1405:
998:
514:
6589:
6353:
5559:
5101:"Japan's Actions to Combat Trafficking in Persons: A Prompt and Appropriate Response from a Humanitarian Perspective"
4370:
4096:
3597:
3397:
3044:
1971:
1690:
1558:
1548:
1200:
980:
162:
138:
3026:
6646:
6557:
5447:
4881:
2582:
2558:
1345:
1135:
436:
305:
248:
221:
209:
3667:
3346:
2887:
Japanese, and revealed child abuse in sports training throughout Japanese schools, federations, and elite sports.
1920:
1715:
of guest workers in Japan, particularly unskilled laborers from the Philippines and other poorer Asian countries.
6708:
6584:
6416:
5905:
5894:
5764:
5669:
4671:
1866:
Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
1638:
1553:
1530:
1475:
1355:
1335:
1320:
1215:
145:
3447:
According to new reports from the Business & Human Rights Resource Center, approximately 197 allegations of
2410:
provides for the freedom of movement within the country, foreign travel, immigration, and repatriation, and the
1838:
Prison died after guards, as a disciplinary measure, used leather handcuffs and body belts too tightly clinched.
1697:
ranked Japan second last in the G7 after the United States on its "Human Rights and Rule of Law" sub-indicator.
7141:
6653:
5223:
3335:
3022:
2574:
2130:
Supreme Court. The government generally respected in practice the constitutional provisions for the right to a
2085:
2074:
1909:
1470:
1260:
1235:
1225:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
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721:
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711:
706:
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631:
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621:
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581:
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571:
566:
561:
536:
531:
6271:
4745:
6411:
5965:
5774:
1520:
1460:
1360:
1350:
1330:
1275:
1210:
1140:
474:
2911:
6594:
6406:
5953:
5719:
5684:
5639:
3565:
3179:
2827:
prefectural government continued programs to protect the welfare of stateless children, whose births their
2494:
2355:
1581:
1485:
1435:
1370:
1325:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1250:
1185:
1170:
1145:
1110:
1100:
5049:
6217:
5609:
5604:
5499:
4059:
3983:
3643:
3219:. Despite improvements in legal safeguards against discrimination, Korean permanent residents (so-called
3204:
2482:
2192:
1742:
1701:
1563:
1510:
1445:
1440:
1430:
1420:
1410:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1265:
1230:
1220:
1205:
1175:
1150:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1090:
3227:
organizations and persons reportedly have increased since the 2002 admission by North Korea that it had
2465:
refugees. Out of 336 refugee claims submitted in 2003, the Government granted asylum to 10 persons from
6843:
6513:
6386:
6358:
6142:
5874:
5729:
5704:
5619:
5599:
5549:
5519:
5509:
3530:
3163:
3058:
2553:
governed by the political party or parties able to form a majority in the lower house of its bicameral
2485:
authority to issue temporary stay permits to persons seeking asylum. While this law provides a way for
1631:
1505:
1495:
1490:
1480:
1455:
1425:
1415:
1375:
1365:
1285:
1245:
1240:
1180:
1160:
1155:
1095:
1035:
33:
5288:"70% of Japanese worried about illegal foreign labor: poll+". Kyodo World News Service. July 24, 2004.
4833:"Does child abuse and neglect increase risk for perpetration of violence inside and outside the home?"
2292:
calls for the removal of Article 4, but many Japanese media strongly oppose the removal of Article 4.
7023:
6737:
6619:
6579:
6501:
6451:
6313:
6283:
6202:
6100:
5975:
5960:
5815:
5694:
5689:
5569:
4693:
3804:
3649:
3592:
2798:
Children under the age of 14 cannot be held criminally responsible for their actions. Under juvenile
2447:
1540:
1535:
1500:
1465:
1450:
1340:
1315:
1270:
1255:
1165:
1115:
1105:
235:
167:
117:
4032:
3696:
3466:
away. According to activist lawyers, forcing people to work while taking their passports is akin to
2377:(3) The State and its organs shall refrain from religious education or any other religious activity.
6838:
6749:
6547:
6530:
6436:
6421:
6325:
6293:
6266:
5759:
5709:
5664:
5644:
5634:
5534:
5491:
5467:
4542:
4516:
4463:
4341:
4302:
4243:
3371:
3007:
2374:(2) No person shall be compelled to take part in any religious act, celebration, rite or practice.
2116:
1945:
1525:
1290:
1280:
1190:
397:
356:
4487:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
4221:
2802:, juvenile suspects are tried in family court and have the right of appeal to an appellate court.
6713:
6641:
6631:
6508:
6441:
6240:
5734:
5649:
5629:
5514:
5504:
3324:
3011:
2601:
2550:
2238:
politicians, lawyers and business leaders. Critics say the club system allows the authorities to
2092:
1898:
1670:
1662:
1310:
1047:
1017:
1007:
204:
152:
4641:
313:
6698:
6535:
6446:
6426:
6147:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5779:
5714:
5679:
5614:
5594:
5584:
5544:
5529:
5524:
4619:
3602:
3587:
3525:
3505:
3129:
2740:
2672:
2395:
2123:
1845:, died while in the custody of the Japanese Immigration Bureau while being deported from Japan.
1796:
1682:
1674:
413:
405:
180:
3888:
2954:
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children
2330:
without appropriate legal authority in the country. The constitution and law broadly protects
7066:
6998:
6988:
6890:
6828:
6794:
6764:
6693:
6486:
6038:
5867:
5820:
5739:
5699:
5674:
5654:
5564:
5554:
5539:
5439:
Text of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
4538:
4512:
4337:
4298:
4147:
3683:
3607:
3550:
3520:
3500:
3256:
3147:
3064:
2931:
2407:
2242:
news that they consider unfavorable to them and that it lowers the quality of news coverage.
2062:
1808:
There have been accounts of prisoners in Japan that have died under suspicious circumstances
1686:
76:
65:
6125:
5100:
4415:
3284:
The Constitution provides unions with the right to organize, bargain, and act collectively.
2930:
The Constitution prohibits holding persons in bondage of any kind. Under the criminal code,
7081:
6823:
6562:
6523:
6431:
6391:
6008:
5659:
5624:
5579:
5574:
5483:
5075:
4768:
4271:"Refworld | U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2003 â Japan"
4077:
3582:
3540:
3159:
2875:
in 2014 the police reported 13,037 cases of child abuse including sexual abuse and death.
2788:
2637:
2586:
2567:
2032:
1694:
1082:
988:
348:
255:
157:
4176:
2191:) because the government declared the group still posed a danger to society. In 2002, the
8:
7071:
7003:
6993:
6876:
6754:
6636:
6606:
6303:
5789:
5460:
5300:"UNESCO calls Member States to ratify the Convention against Discrimination in Education"
4937:"Child abuse soars to record high in Japan amid fury at 10-year-old girl's death at home"
4199:
3899:
3781:
3621:
3167:
3068:
2597:
2411:
2361:
2343:
2271:, who declared that the network will not deviate too far from the government's views; and
2223:
2001:
continued to present to visiting diplomats during the year fingers and toes affected by
264:
188:
3957:
3877:
2524:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
196:
7013:
6925:
6848:
6801:
6774:
6769:
6718:
6491:
6401:
6374:
6245:
6197:
6175:
6120:
6093:
4857:
4832:
4247:
3777:"Ghosn wasn't the only one trapped in Japan â many foreign workers also want to escape"
3415:
3216:
3151:
3143:
2784:
2644:
2546:
2542:
2398:
reported that their religious rights were respected by the Government during the year.
2382:
2253:
In 2015 journalists and political experts report that the government of Prime Minister
1767:
1012:
492:
81:
5238:"Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) | United Nations Enable"
4955:"U.N. rights panel calls on Japan to address high levels of violence against children"
4497:
4005:
6935:
6833:
6806:
6779:
6470:
6227:
6212:
6110:
5938:
5844:
4862:
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3171:
3155:
3109:
was revised, obligating all municipalities to draw up formal plans for the disabled.
2968:
2828:
2664:
2562:
2264:
more blatant retaliation against outlets that persist in faulting the administration;
2126:
can serve until the age of 70, but face periodic review through popular referendums.
1763:
1072:
383:
42:
2164:
Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
130:
7076:
6915:
6868:
6853:
6789:
6671:
6614:
6496:
6115:
5920:
5910:
4852:
4844:
3671:
3192:
3188:
2590:
2295:
2160:
First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1877:
1849:
1809:
994:
328:
230:
112:
99:
6043:
6940:
6910:
6905:
6818:
6784:
6703:
6396:
6288:
6207:
6187:
6088:
5948:
4973:""I Was Hit So Many Times I Can't Count" : Abuse of Child Athletes in Japan"
3555:
3432:
3220:
3133:
2648:
2346:
and association, and the Government generally respects these rights in practice.
2331:
2281:
479:
371:
6013:
4917:
4672:"Ignored, humiliated: How Japan is accused of failing survivors of sexual abuse"
4669:
4270:
2934:
is prohibited unless as punishment for a crime. The criminal code prohibits the
1989:
1858:
7120:
7056:
7008:
6965:
6858:
6759:
6137:
5943:
5266:
3570:
3232:
3175:
2972:
2759:
2719:
2621:
2299:
1749:
1738:
1729:
1666:
1665:. The Human Rights Scores Dataverse ranked Japan somewhere in the middle among
1594:
1022:
105:
5024:
4448:
Japan's Abe seeks to remove 'balance' requirements in broadcast news â Reuters
3751:
3118:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
7135:
7018:
6930:
6919:
6688:
6552:
6308:
5838:
3831:"Japan's notoriously ruthless criminal justice system is getting a face lift"
3638:
3510:
3467:
3423:
2976:
2938:; there is no legislation for institutions and practices similar to slavery.
2848:
2736:
2715:
2709:
2554:
2486:
2391:
2386:
2316:
2188:
2051:
1828:
1771:
1734:
449:
420:
288:
217:
6261:
6033:
5384:"Japan should ban confiscation of foreign employees' passports, lawyer says"
4999:"Human Rights Watch criticises Japan after report reveals abuse of athletes"
4589:
3805:"Japan should ban confiscation of foreign employees' passports, lawyer says"
2697:
2254:
296:
7110:
7086:
7029:
6895:
6723:
6542:
6067:
6055:
6050:
6028:
6023:
6018:
4866:
4037:
3487:
3448:
3410:
2832:
2803:
2135:
2131:
1612:
469:
340:
86:
69:
6278:
6105:
3255:
The Constitution provides for the right of workers to associate freely in
2390:
to police. Concerns remained regarding the tendency of officials to judge
2280:
Journalists, commentators and media experts say that news outlets are now
6298:
6062:
5848:
4900:"Police handled record 13,037 cases of child abuse in first half of year"
4670:
Anna Stewart; Euan McKirdy; Junko Ogura; Yoko Ishitani (April 22, 2018).
4123:"Her dream to teach English in Japan ended with a lesson for the country"
3938:
3913:"Think you've got rights as a foreigner in Japan? Well, it's complicated"
3675:
3495:
3224:
3208:
3072:
2844:
2792:
2780:
2415:
1775:
1759:
51:
6132:
5076:"MOFA: Japan's Action Plan of Measures to Combat Trafficking in Persons"
4097:"Japan Is Shaken After a Detainee, Wasting Away, Dies Alone in Her Cell"
2899:
2606:
United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
1748:
There is much controversy surrounding the social and legal treatment of
510:
Japanese House of Councillors national proportional representation block
6955:
6320:
6222:
6170:
6083:
5452:
5326:"Japan sees progress on sexual harassment, but some still don't get it"
5265:. Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute. Archived from
3710:
3196:
2853:
2693:
2327:
2239:
2234:
2013:
2002:
1912: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1779:
1725:
462:
5408:
4715:
Washington University, Memory and Reconciliation in the Asia-Pacific.
2005:
of varying severity, the direct result of long-term exposure to cold.
7045:
6348:
6192:
6182:
5434:
Japan Civil Liberties Union Subcommittee for the Rights of Foreigners
5428:
4848:
3560:
3184:
3137:
1754:
1712:
1705:
3313:
3063:
There were an estimated 3.4 million persons over the age of 18 with
2996:
1887:
3854:"Diet passes legislation to revamp Japan's criminal justice system"
2861:
2462:
2183:
1993:
124:
7039:
5409:
Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs page on Human Rights in Japan
2319:
rated Japan's Internet access as âfreeâ with scores as low as 22.
1737:, to which the U.N. objects, as do several prominent NGOs and the
7051:
6978:
6973:
5859:
3637:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2935:
2865:
2843:
Public attention has focused increasingly on reports of frequent
2812:
2593:. As of August 2023, 2 of the country's 47 governors were women.
2470:
2466:
2458:
2426:
2288:
Broadcasting law. However, Japanese media strongly opposed this.
2179:
252:
7061:
6983:
6960:
6945:
6900:
6234:
3212:
2869:
2857:
since the enactment of the Child Abuse Prevention Law in 2000.
2808:
2625:
2337:
2323:
2178:
The Constitution does not prohibit arbitrary interference with
2068:
1861:. The remaining deaths were determined to be "not suspicious".
1835:
1824:
3303:
2455:
Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
2267:
appointing a new chairman to the national public broadcaster,
1770:. Japan also has several hundred thousand native residents of
7035:
6885:
6881:
5890:
5442:
3279:
3099:
3091:
2883:
2824:
2816:
2419:
2385:
alleged that police did not respond to allegations of forced
2312:
Internet in Japan § Internet censorship and surveillance
2289:
1842:
1658:
4802:"EU lawmakers urge Japan to end parental child 'abductions'"
3287:
2438:
and other humanitarian organizations in assisting refugees.
5413:
4799:
4060:"A nation's bouncers: A suspicious death in police custody"
3200:
restricted access to housing and employment opportunities.
3095:
2820:
2652:
2474:
2284:
or removing critical voices to avoid drawing official ire.
500:
List of districts of the House of Representatives of Japan
3262:
2879:
2799:
2596:
As of August 2023, Japan had not ratified nor signed the
2268:
1589:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5365:
2735:
When couples divorce there is a strong bias in Japanese
2429:
status or asylum to persons in accordance with the 1951
1800:
urged Japan to reform its police interrogation methods.
1782:
experience varying forms and degrees of discrimination.
4565:"Japan: number of members in the lower house by gender"
2182:, family, home, or correspondence but prohibit them by
2986:
2158:
As of May 2019, Japan has not signed nor ratified the
1864:
As of May 2019, Japan has not signed nor ratified the
505:
List of districts of the House of Councillors of Japan
5362:
4590:"åé¢éž 女æ§åœéžè
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3114:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
2831:
mothers had refused to register for fear of forcible
2217:
1841:
On March 22, 2010, Abubaka Awudu Suraj, a citizen of
3477:
3087:
The Law to Promote the Employment of the Handicapped
3083:
elevators to accommodate persons with disabilities.
1827:
prison guards reportedly sprayed a high-power water
3338:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4934:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4617:
4539:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices â 2005"
4513:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices â 2003"
4338:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices â 2004"
4299:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices â 2006"
3956:. United for a Multicultural Japan. Archived from
3300:The Constitution bans the employment of children.
2431:U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
4714:
4665:
4663:
4395:"Effort by Japan to Stifle News Media Is Working"
3668:"Latent Human Rights Protection Scores Version 3"
2589:. As of August 2023, there were two women in the
2250:to take to prevent illegal use of Internet sites.
1669:countries on its human rights performance, below
7133:
5344:"Green-energy firms have a human rights problem"
4269:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
4078:"50 rally for investigation of deportee's death"
2950:Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
2714:Several cases filed by women forced to work as "
5381:
4786:
4766:
4478:
4195:"Errant Elders Find Amenities in Japan's Jails"
2048:Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons
4800:Marine Strauss; Chang-Ran Kim (July 9, 2020).
4686:
4660:
3951:
3240:Convention against Discrimination in Education
2394:as a family matter. Unlike in previous years,
2169:There were no reports of political prisoners.
2046:In February 2003, the government ratified the
5875:
5468:
3982:. Amnesty International. 1998. Archived from
3295:
3229:kidnapped more than a dozen Japanese citizens
2791:through the lower secondary level (age 14 or
2631:
2436:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1639:
3936:
3546:North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens
2958:United Nations Convention Against Corruption
2338:Freedom of peaceful assembly and association
2069:Prohibition of arbitrary arrest or detention
5050:"2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Japan"
4401:, April 26, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
3954:"Japanese Government's Mysterious Policies"
3304:Acceptable work conditions and minimum wage
3238:As of May 2019, Japan has not ratified the
3025:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2651:harassment and publicly outing a person as
2481:In May 2003, a law was passed granting the
5882:
5868:
5475:
5461:
4095:Dooley, Ben; Ueno, Hisako (May 18, 2021).
4094:
3280:Right to organize and bargain collectively
2838:
2298:is a journalist who lost his job. He told
1646:
1632:
4856:
4507:
4505:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4293:
4291:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3626:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
3398:Learn how and when to remove this message
3288:Prohibition of forced or compulsory labor
3045:Learn how and when to remove this message
2890:
2658:
2624:of citizens on the basis of race, creed,
1972:Learn how and when to remove this message
244:Second Kishida Cabinet (Second Reshuffle)
5482:
4830:
3939:"Japan urged to end 'false confessions'"
3802:
3620:This article incorporates text from the
3460:
3455:
3112:As of June 2015, Japan has ratified the
6155:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592â1598)
4935:Danielle Demetriou (February 8, 2019).
3270:Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare
3250:
2948:As of May 2019, Japan has ratified the
2765:
2725:
789:Japanese House of Councillors elections
14:
7134:
5263:"What is Buraku Discrimination ?"
4618:Human Rights Watch (January 5, 2021),
4531:
4502:
4317:
4288:
4192:
4120:
4031:Watts, Johnathan (November 15, 2002).
3728:
3665:
3536:International child abduction in Japan
3516:Freedom of Information Rights in Japan
3263:Sexual harassment law in the workplace
3077:Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
2963:
2753:International child abduction in Japan
2401:
2349:
2245:Free speech and press issues include:
1803:
5863:
5456:
5202:
4613:
4611:
4030:
3828:
3803:Murakami, Sakura (January 23, 2020).
2774:
2663:Violence against women, particularly
2425:The law provides for the granting of
2205:United Nations Human Rights Committee
1766:of northern Japan, and the people of
5382:Sakura Murakami (January 23, 2020).
4268:
3889:ã解説ã ã«ã«ãã¹ã»ãŽãŒã³åäŒé·ãšæ¥æ¬ã®ã人質åžæ³ã â BBCãã¥ãŒã¹
3711:"Global Data | Fragile States Index"
3666:Fariss, Christopher (May 27, 2019).
3336:adding citations to reliable sources
3307:
3023:adding citations to reliable sources
2990:
2894:
2779:Boys and girls have equal access to
2504:
2010:Japan Federation of Bar Associations
1910:adding citations to reliable sources
1881:
77:Constitution of Japan (1947âpresent)
5414:The Japan Children's Rights Network
5029:Antislavery in Domestic Legislation
4882:"Kodomo no Ie: home away from home"
4879:
2987:Rights of persons with disabilities
2700:, and by many other difficulties.
2500:
2305:
1700:According to the statistics of the
24:
6331:2011 TÅhoku earthquake and tsunami
5889:
5179:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
5154:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
5129:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
4880:Ito, Masami (September 13, 2014).
4767:Michael Hassett (August 7, 2007).
4760:
4608:
4193:Faiola, Anthony (April 17, 2006).
4121:Jozuka, Emiko (December 5, 2021).
4006:"Japan 'water hose' jailors freed"
2936:buying and selling of human beings
2342:The Constitution provides for the
2218:Freedom of speech and of the press
2212:
2104:Law for Expediting Court Procedure
1785:
25:
7153:
6198:Imperial Constitution (1890â1947)
5402:
4812:from the original on July 9, 2020
4485:"2016 Human Rights Report: Japan"
3910:
3851:
3750:. p. 3-5, 25. Archived from
3598:Human rights in the United States
2864:, and 40% were cases of parental
2743:or shared parenting is uncommon.
2611:
2082:National Police Safety Commission
2025:Prison Law Enforcement Regulation
1988:According to prison officials at
1728:. Sometimes Japanese prosecutors
7116:
7115:
7104:
5843:
5834:
5833:
5419:Equal Employment Opportunity Law
4412:"ç¹éã¯ã€ãïŒé«åžæ°ã®ãåæ³¢ãçºèš ãã³ãã®æã â æ¯æ¥æ°è"
4166:"JAPAN 2017 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT"
3937:Roland Buerk (October 5, 2009).
3632:
3480:
3312:
3245:
3116:but not signed nor ratified the
3107:Disabled Persons Fundamental Law
2995:
2898:
2882:revealed that child athletes in
2703:
2509:
1886:
1871:
1778:descent who together with other
1606:
437:Intellectual Property High Court
355:
312:
295:
195:
129:
104:
50:
5336:
5318:
5292:
5281:
5255:
5230:
5224:National Police Agency of Japan
5222:"White Paper on Police, 2004".
5215:
5196:
5171:
5146:
5121:
5093:
5068:
5042:
5017:
4991:
4965:
4947:
4928:
4910:
4892:
4873:
4824:
4730:
4708:
4634:
4582:
4557:
4490:
4452:
4441:
4430:
4404:
4388:
4356:
4262:
4232:
4214:
4186:
4158:
4140:
4114:
4088:
4070:
4052:
4024:
3998:
3972:
3945:
3930:
3904:
3893:
3323:needs additional citations for
2718:" (women and girls forced into
2655:. This took place in May 2019.
2172:
1897:needs additional citations for
1718:
18:Children's rights in Japan
6684:Agriculture, forestry, fishing
5801:British Indian Ocean Territory
5448:Polite Japan's dark underbelly
3980:"1998 Annual Report for Japan"
3882:
3871:
3845:
3822:
3796:
3769:
3703:
3659:
2969:Trafficking of women and girls
2878:On July 20, 2020, a report by
2497:for potential asylum seekers.
2360:The Constitution provides for
2075:arbitrary arrest and detention
1790:
82:Meiji Constitution (1890â1947)
13:
1:
3741:"什å4幎ã«ãããã人暩䟵ç¯äºä»¶ãã®ç¶æ³ã«ã€ããŠïŒæŠèŠïŒ"
3613:
3123:
2585:and 69 seats in the 248-seat
2054:to complete their sentences.
428:Justices of the Supreme Court
3566:Ryukyu independence movement
3180:History of the Jews in Japan
3075:, which operates within the
2847:in the home. The law grants
2746:
2570:were held on July 10, 2022.
2356:Freedom of religion in Japan
2282:censoring their own coverage
7:
6272:1923 Great KantÅ earthquake
6218:Abolition of the han system
3748:Ministry of Justice (Japan)
3473:
3067:and roughly 3 million with
2783:and other public services.
2579:Political Funds Control Law
2073:The Constitution prohibits
2039:and a revision to the 1908
1743:Capital punishment in Japan
1043:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
10:
7158:
4831:Milaniak, Izabela (2014).
4769:"Losing custody: the odds"
3531:Human trafficking in Japan
3296:Prohibition of child labor
3164:Vietnamese people in Japan
3141:
3127:
3059:Disability rights in Japan
3056:
2750:
2730:
2707:
2635:
2632:Gender identity harassment
2353:
2309:
2221:
2114:
1875:
524:Japanese general elections
7099:
6867:
6745:
6736:
6679:
6670:
6605:
6482:
6478:
6469:
6382:
6373:
6341:
6284:Japan during World War II
6254:
6163:
6101:Mongol invasions of Japan
6076:
6001:
5928:
5919:
5901:
5829:
5788:
5748:
5490:
4498:The Constitution of Japan
3650:Federal Research Division
3593:Human rights in Australia
2518:This section needs to be
2448:United Nations University
2110:
1795:The Constitution and the
168:Imperial Household Agency
6558:House of Representatives
6354:2019 imperial transition
6326:Great Hanshin earthquake
6294:Second Sino-Japanese War
6267:Japan during World War I
5550:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
5054:U.S. Department of State
4738:"Filipino Comfort Women"
4543:U.S. Department of State
4517:U.S. Department of State
4342:U.S. Department of State
4303:U.S. Department of State
4244:U.S. Department of State
4226:U.S. Department of State
4152:U.S. Department of State
2117:Judicial system of Japan
981:Administrative divisions
306:House of Representatives
32:This article is part of
6241:First Sino-Japanese War
5811:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4496:National Diet Library,
3900:å¹³æ29幎ç ç¯çœªçœæž 第2ç·š/第2ç« /第3ç¯
3347:"Human rights in Japan"
2839:Child abuse and neglect
2686:
2602:1926 Slavery Convention
2583:Lower House of the Diet
2551:parliamentary democracy
2093:Criminal Procedure Code
1921:"Human rights in Japan"
1730:decide not to prosecute
1663:constitutional monarchy
939:Unified local elections
270:Administrative Agencies
6709:Science and technology
6148:Council of Five Elders
6143:AzuchiâMomoyama period
4837:Psychology of Violence
4717:"Comfort Women: Japan"
4694:"Japan's secret shame"
3878:起蚎ç¶äºä»åŸ®çœªåŠå â ç¯çœªçœæž â æ³åç
3715:fragilestatesindex.org
3691:Cite journal requires
3603:Human rights in Russia
3588:Human rights in Europe
3526:Homosexuality in Japan
3506:Ethnic issues in Japan
3130:Ethnic issues in Japan
2891:Trafficking in persons
2741:Joint physical custody
2659:Violence against women
2575:National Police Agency
2422:, and it is not used.
2379:
2086:National Police Agency
1834:In 2002, an inmate at
1764:indigenous inhabitants
1061:Diplomatic missions of
7142:Human rights in Japan
6654:Deputy Prime Minister
6039:Asuka Kiyomihara Code
5484:Human rights in Asia
5269:on September 20, 2008
4906:. September 25, 2014.
4621:Japan: Events of 2020
3757:on September 15, 2023
3670:. Harvard Dataverse.
3608:Human rights in China
3551:Prostitution in Japan
3521:Homelessness in Japan
3501:Demographics of Japan
3461:Passport confiscation
3456:Foreign worker issues
3148:Bangladeshis in Japan
3065:physical disabilities
2932:involuntary servitude
2545:held on the basis of
2369:
2310:Further information:
2230:Japanese Constitution
2063:Amnesty International
6563:House of Councillors
6457:World Heritage Sites
5725:United Arab Emirates
5394:on January 27, 2021.
4696:. BBC. June 20, 2018
4642:"Human Rights Watch"
4250:on December 25, 2008
4033:"Inhumane behaviour"
3986:on February 18, 2011
3952:Imtiaz A. Chaudhry.
3583:Human rights in Asia
3541:LGBT rights in Japan
3332:improve this article
3251:Right of association
3160:Indonesians in Japan
3019:improve this section
2766:Corporal punishments
2726:Marriage and divorce
2638:LGBT rights in Japan
1906:improve this article
1695:Fragile States Index
349:House of Councillors
158:Chrysanthemum Throne
6580:Self-Defense Forces
5752:limited recognition
5424:Censorship in Japan
4961:. February 8, 2019.
4941:The Daily Telegraph
4748:on January 19, 2019
4519:. February 25, 2004
4466:on October 31, 2019
4418:on November 8, 2020
4344:. February 28, 2005
4240:"Prisoner Transfer"
4200:The Washington Post
3782:The Washington Post
3622:US State Department
3168:Mongolians in Japan
3069:mental disabilities
2973:sexual exploitation
2964:Sexual exploitation
2787:is mostly free and
2598:Genocide Convention
2549:. The country is a
2402:Freedom of movement
2396:Jehovah's Witnesses
2367:Article 20 states:
2362:freedom of religion
2350:Freedom of religion
2344:freedom of assembly
2224:Censorship in Japan
1804:Deaths of prisoners
1702:Ministry of Justice
1196:Trinidad and Tobago
163:Imperial Succession
6714:Telecommunications
6246:Russo-Japanese War
6176:Tokugawa shogunate
6126:Nanboku-chÅ period
6121:Ashikaga shogunate
6094:Kamakura shogunate
4977:Human Rights Watch
4904:Japan Times Online
4886:Japan Times Online
4648:. January 12, 2017
4646:Human Rights Watch
4397:, Martin Fackler,
4182:on April 20, 2018.
4101:The New York Times
4012:. November 4, 2005
3829:Kozlowska, Hanna.
3676:10.7910/DVN/TADPGE
3416:standard of living
3152:Filipinos in Japan
3144:Americans in Japan
2910:. You can help by
2775:Rights of children
2645:sexual orientation
2547:universal suffrage
2491:Immigration Bureau
2383:Unification Church
1848:On March 6, 2021,
7129:
7128:
7095:
7094:
6844:Sexual minorities
6732:
6731:
6666:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6575:Political parties
6514:Foreign relations
6465:
6464:
6369:
6368:
6359:COVID-19 pandemic
6228:Satsuma Rebellion
6213:Meiji Restoration
6111:Kenmu Restoration
5971:Foreign relations
5857:
5856:
5794:other territories
5332:. March 25, 2015.
4918:"Article expired"
4376:on April 13, 2015
4084:. April 13, 2010.
3960:on April 25, 2009
3852:Osaki, Tomohiro.
3833:. Quartz (qz.com)
3441:Ministry of Labor
3408:
3407:
3400:
3382:
3203:According to the
3172:Russians in Japan
3156:Iranians in Japan
3055:
3054:
3047:
2928:
2927:
2829:illegal immigrant
2665:domestic violence
2563:New Komeito Party
2539:
2538:
2203:In December 2008
2037:Crime-Victims law
2031:In December, the
2008:According to the
1982:
1981:
1974:
1956:
1780:foreign residents
1656:
1655:
1078:Visa requirements
1073:Japanese passport
1036:Foreign relations
1023:Submunicipalities
515:Political parties
384:Hiroyuki Nagahama
43:Politics of Japan
16:(Redirected from
7149:
7119:
7118:
7111:Japan portal
7109:
7108:
7107:
7024:National symbols
6743:
6742:
6677:
6676:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6380:
6379:
6314:Economic miracle
6116:Muromachi period
5926:
5925:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5861:
5860:
5847:
5837:
5836:
5806:Christmas Island
5492:Sovereign states
5477:
5470:
5463:
5454:
5453:
5396:
5395:
5390:. Archived from
5379:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5306:. April 19, 2019
5296:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5105:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4860:
4849:10.1037/a0037956
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4797:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4744:. Archived from
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4667:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4615:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4509:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4462:. Archived from
4456:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4414:. Archived from
4408:
4402:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4375:
4369:. Archived from
4368:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4334:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4295:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4246:. Archived from
4236:
4230:
4229:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4175:. Archived from
4170:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3908:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3756:
3745:
3737:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3694:
3689:
3687:
3679:
3663:
3653:
3636:
3635:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3403:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3340:
3316:
3308:
3221:Zainichi Koreans
3050:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3030:
2999:
2991:
2923:
2920:
2902:
2895:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2501:Political rights
2483:Justice Minister
2306:Internet freedom
2296:Ichiro Furutachi
1977:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1914:
1890:
1882:
1878:Prisons in Japan
1850:Wishma Sandamali
1810:while in custody
1755:hisabetsu buraku
1648:
1641:
1634:
1613:Japan portal
1611:
1610:
1609:
359:
329:Fukushiro Nukaga
316:
299:
199:
133:
108:
54:
29:
28:
21:
7157:
7156:
7152:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7147:
7146:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7125:
7105:
7103:
7091:
6911:Class S (genre)
6863:
6839:Sex trafficking
6814:Life expectancy
6750:Anti-monarchism
6728:
6658:
6601:
6568:List of members
6548:Law enforcement
6461:
6365:
6337:
6289:Mukden Incident
6250:
6208:Meiji oligarchy
6188:Empire of Japan
6159:
6089:Kamakura period
6072:
5997:
5915:
5897:
5888:
5858:
5853:
5825:
5793:
5784:
5765:Northern Cyprus
5751:
5744:
5486:
5481:
5405:
5400:
5399:
5380:
5363:
5353:
5351:
5348:The Japan Times
5342:
5341:
5337:
5330:The Japan Times
5324:
5323:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5272:
5270:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5201:
5197:
5187:
5185:
5183:treaties.un.org
5177:
5176:
5172:
5162:
5160:
5158:treaties.un.org
5152:
5151:
5147:
5137:
5135:
5133:treaties.un.org
5127:
5126:
5122:
5112:
5110:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5084:
5082:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5059:
5057:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5033:
5031:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5008:
5006:
5005:. July 20, 2020
4997:
4996:
4992:
4982:
4980:
4979:. July 20, 2020
4971:
4970:
4966:
4959:The Japan Times
4953:
4952:
4948:
4933:
4929:
4924:. May 10, 2013.
4922:The Japan Times
4916:
4915:
4911:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4878:
4874:
4829:
4825:
4815:
4813:
4798:
4787:
4777:
4775:
4773:The Japan Times
4765:
4761:
4751:
4749:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4721:
4719:
4713:
4709:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4626:
4624:
4616:
4609:
4599:
4597:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4573:
4571:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4545:. March 8, 2006
4537:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4520:
4511:
4510:
4503:
4495:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4469:
4467:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4442:
4435:
4431:
4421:
4419:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4393:
4389:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4336:
4335:
4318:
4308:
4306:
4305:. March 6, 2007
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4082:The Japan Times
4076:
4075:
4071:
4066:. May 13, 2010.
4058:
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3917:The Japan Times
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3858:The Japan Times
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3645:Country Studies
3642:
3633:
3616:
3561:Ryukyuan People
3556:Raelyn Campbell
3486:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3463:
3458:
3433:immigration law
3404:
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3341:
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3182:
3142:Main articles:
3140:
3134:Racism in Japan
3126:
3061:
3051:
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3016:
3000:
2989:
2966:
2924:
2918:
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2908:needs expansion
2893:
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2777:
2768:
2755:
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2728:
2712:
2706:
2689:
2661:
2649:gender identity
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2529:
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2523:
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2381:Members of the
2358:
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2332:free expression
2314:
2308:
2226:
2220:
2215:
2213:Civil liberties
2175:
2119:
2113:
2071:
1978:
1967:
1961:
1958:
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1891:
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1786:Judicial system
1721:
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1619:Other countries
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372:Hidehisa Otsuji
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6642:Prime Minister
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6138:Sengoku period
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5403:External links
5401:
5398:
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5361:
5350:. July 6, 2020
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5280:
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5229:
5226:. p. 121.
5214:
5205:Affairs Review
5195:
5170:
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5120:
5108:www.mofa.go.jp
5092:
5080:www.mofa.go.jp
5067:
5056:. May 11, 2022
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4594:æ±äº¬æ°è TOKYO Web
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4399:New York Times
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3911:Jones, Colin.
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2760:European Union
2751:Main article:
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2720:sexual slavery
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2622:discrimination
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2612:Discrimination
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2495:Narita Airport
2487:asylum seekers
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2354:Main article:
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2300:Sankei Shimbun
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1980:
1979:
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1876:Main article:
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1739:European Union
1720:
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1679:United Kingdom
1677:and above the
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1569:Southeast Asia
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6044:HakuhÅ period
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6017:
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6000:
5992:
5991:Imperial Navy
5989:
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5986:Imperial Army
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5775:South Ossetia
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4596:(in Japanese)
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4079:
4073:
4065:
4064:The Economist
4061:
4055:
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4034:
4027:
4011:
4007:
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3784:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3761:September 15,
3753:
3749:
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3732:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3698:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3639:public domain
3631:
3629:
3627:
3624:'s 2003â2007
3623:
3618:
3617:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
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3534:
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3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Flag of Japan
3509:
3507:
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3499:
3497:
3494:
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3489:
3478:
3471:
3469:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3424:working hours
3419:
3417:
3412:
3411:Minimum wages
3402:
3399:
3391:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349: â
3348:
3344:
3343:Find sources:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3321:This article
3319:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3260:
3258:
3246:Worker rights
3243:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3197:alien workers
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3139:
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3121:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3103:
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3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3049:
3046:
3038:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3004:This section
3002:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2977:forced labour
2974:
2970:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2922:
2913:
2909:
2906:This section
2904:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2849:child welfare
2846:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2754:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:family courts
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:comfort women
2711:
2710:Comfort women
2704:Comfort women
2701:
2699:
2695:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:Supreme Court
2668:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2573:According to
2571:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2533:
2521:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2498:
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2439:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:deprogramming
2388:
2387:deprogramming
2384:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2317:Freedom House
2313:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2256:
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2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:Aum Shinrikyo
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2124:Supreme Court
2118:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2084:oversees the
2083:
2078:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:United States
2049:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1976:
1973:
1965:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923: â
1922:
1918:
1917:Find sources:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1895:This section
1893:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1872:Prison system
1869:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:In 2001, two
1822:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1801:
1798:
1797:Criminal Code
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:death penalty
1731:
1727:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1691:United States
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1559:Latin America
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1201:United States
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478:
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468:
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465:
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458:
455:
454:
451:
450:Bank of Japan
446:
445:
438:
435:
434:
430:
429:
425:
424:
423:
422:
421:Saburo Tokura
416:
415:
414:Chief Justice
411:
408:
407:
406:Supreme Court
403:
402:
399:
394:
393:
387:
385:
379:
376:
375:
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367:
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324:
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308:
307:
303:
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298:
291:
290:
289:National Diet
286:
285:
279:
278:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
260:
257:
254:
250:
245:
237:
233:
232:
228:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:Fumio Kishida
211:
207:
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201:
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177:
176:
169:
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58:
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49:
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44:
40:
39:
35:
31:
30:
27:
19:
7067:Tea ceremony
7044:
7038: /
7030:No-pan kissa
7028:
6999:Martial arts
6989:LGBT culture
6891:Architecture
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