1453:
his elder brother, who strongly reprimanded him on several occasions and arranged for his posting to unimportant positions where he could be more closely watched. Apart from Prince
Chichibu, the February 26 rebels relied on the tacit support of Princes Asaka and Higashikuni, both senior army generals and imperial princes who were leaders within the "Imperial Way" faction and had close ties to prominent rightist groups. If the emperor had either died or had been compelled to abdicate, Prince Chichibu would have received strong support from the rightists as the regent for Crown Prince Akihito; however, he was reported to have distanced himself from the "Imperial Way" officers following the suppression of the February 26 revolt. Still, in 1938, Prince Saionji expressed his worry that Prince Chichibu might someday usurp the throne by violent means. By October 1940, however, Prince Chichibu had become seriously ill with pulmonary tuberculosis, and led a retired life from then on. He was quietly passed over in the line of succession in favour of his brother Prince Takamatsu, who began to undertake more official duties. In an emergency, Prince Takamatsu was intended to assume the regency for his nephew the Crown Prince.
360:, the cadet branches of the imperial family, who were fifth– or sixth-generation descendants of an emperor. The amendment provided for princes to leave the imperial family, either by imperial decree or by imperial sanction. They were then granted a family name and assumed the status of nobles with the peerage titles of marquis or count, thereby becoming subjects (Article I). Alternatively, a prince could be formally adopted into a noble family or succeed to the headship of an imperial family line as a noble (Article II). Under the terms of the amendment, those former princes and their descendants who left the imperial family were excluded from the line of succession and made ineligible to return to the imperial family at any future date (Article VI).
1470:
Tojo as prime minister and attempt to negotiate a settlement with the Allies. However, the plan was ultimately dismissed as being too risky. Konoe had informed Kido of rumours that if such a situation were to arise, radicals in the military would stage a coup and take the emperor to
Manchuria, still considered a safe location for a government, or replace him on the throne with a more militant imperial prince. In the event, Kido and Konoe used the influence of the Emperor’s mother,
391:
231:
218:
404:
249:
349:
existed in the direct line; however, the illegitimate sons of an emperor had precedence over any legitimate brothers of the emperor (Ch. I: Article 4). Those in the line of succession suffering from "incurable diseases of mind or body," or when "any other weighty cause exists," could be passed over with the advice of the
Imperial Family Council, headed by the emperor, and after consulting the Privy Council (Ch. I: Article 9).
1549:
dynastic purposes, prohibited only in modern times after the adoption in 1947 of the
American-written Constitution of Japan. The child would presumably be adopted from one of the former imperial branches which lost imperial status after World War II. However, a government-appointed panel of experts submitted a report on November 24, 2005, recommending that the imperial succession law be amended to permit
1516:(princes), unmarried imperial princesses and princesses, and the widows of imperial princes and princes may, upon their own request or in the event of special circumstances, renounce their membership in the imperial family with approval of the Imperial House Council; and that the Emperor and other members of the imperial family may not adopt children.
1548:
On
January 24, 2005, the Japanese government announced that it would consider allowing the Crown Prince and Crown Princess to adopt a male child, in order to avoid a possible succession disputes. Adoption from other male-line branches of the Imperial Line is an age-old imperial Japanese tradition for
1452:
A large number of "Imperial Way" followers in the military were critical of the emperor for his scientific interests, self-effacing demeanour and presumed pacifism, considering him a "mediocre" individual easily manipulated by corrupt advisors. With his political leanings, Prince
Chichibu antagonized
1444:
to the throne until the birth of Crown Prince
Akihito in December 1933. As a career military officer and known nationalist with radical leanings, the prince enjoyed close relations with the rightist faction in the military. During the early 1930s, his strong support for the "Imperial Way" faction in
1605:
In
November 2020, it was recommended that the discussion be shelved until Prince Hisahito himself becomes an adult and begins producing offspring, this proposition has been criticized as possibly delaying the debate until the women of the imperial house would be too old to have children, as getting
348:
In all instances, the succession proceeded from the eldest male heir to the youngest (Ch. I: Article 3). In the majority of cases, the legitimate sons and male heirs of an emperor were favoured over those born to concubines. Illegitimate sons would only be eligible to succeed if no other male heirs
1469:
about the possibility of forcing the emperor to abdicate in favour of his son the Crown Prince, and declaring a regency with Prince
Takamatsu as regent. On 8 July, the decision was formally taken, with Prince Takamatsu endorsing it several days later. By this plan, Prince Higashikuni would replace
1456:
In July 1944, though the hopelessness of Japan's war effort became clear after the loss of Saipan, the emperor persisted in defending Prime
Minister Tojo and his government and refused to dismiss him. Recognising the emperor's continued obstructiveness would lead to certain defeat, Marquess
1430:
The Nashimoto collateral branch became extinct in 1951, followed by the Yamashina in 1987, the Kan'in in 1988, and the Kitashirakawa in 2018. The main Fushimi-no-miya line and the Kaya, Kuni, Asaka, Higashikuni, and Takeda collateral branches remain extant, though the present head of the
1439:
Debate over the imperial succession was first raised in the late 1920s, after the Shōwa Emperor's accession. For the first eight years of their marriage, the emperor and empress only had girls; as a result, the emperor's younger brother, Prince Chichibu, remained first in line and
1617:
The results of various polls and surveys in recent years have shown consistent high levels of support for reigning empresses. According to a 2005 poll, 85% of the Japanese support reigning empresses, 71% support matrilineal emperors and 54% support absolute primogeniture.
512:
that were extant as of 1947. A 1907 amendment to the Imperial House Law further reduced the number of imperial princes eligible to succeed to the throne. By the amended 1889 house law, the imperial line of succession continued as follows:
477:
Prior to this date, the imperial succession was defined by the Imperial House Law of 1889. As the Taishō Emperor had no brothers, if the main family line had become extinct, the imperial line would have continued through the
1663:
334:
1621:
Polls in more recent years have shown overwhelming support, 76% in an Asahi Shimbun poll (2018), 92% in a NHK survey (2018) and 82%, 85% and 87% in Kyodo News polls from 2018, 2019, and 2021, respectively.
1474:, the Prince Takamatsu and his uncles the Princes Asaka and Higashikuni to pressure the emperor to ask for Tojo's resignation; this strategy proved successful, and Tojo resigned his posts on 18 July.
1584:, who died in 1398. The Ōke families have not been considered aristocrats since 1947 and their descendants are engaged in various private business and media concerns. Notably, the far-right YouTuber
1541:, there was significant public debate about amending the Imperial House Law to allow female descendants of an emperor and their descendants to succeed to the throne. In January 2005, Prime Minister
1770:
485:
cadet branch under the terms of the 1889 house law. The Fushimi-no-miya house constitute the nearest direct-male line of imperial descendants; the princes of this branch were descended from
1609:
In September 2021, it was considered to amend the Imperial Household Law and allow the 85-year-old Prince Hitachi to adopt a male member of the collateral branches of the imperial family.
1500:
that went into effect in May 1947. In an effort to control the size of the imperial family, the law stipulates that only legitimate male descendants in the male line can be dynasts; that
942:
Includes individuals' possible positions in the line of succession were the cadet branches to be reinstated. All princes born before October 14, 1947, lost their titles from that date.
1537:
Before September 2006, there was a potential succession crisis since no male child had been born into the imperial family since Prince Akishino in 1965. Following the birth of
1231:
1703:
p. 1239, "The Imperial House Law - A Supplement to the Imperial House Law (February 11, 1907)," Japan Year Book 1933, Kenkyusha Press, Foreign Association of Japan, Tokyo
1545:
appointed a special panel of judges, university professors, and civil servants to study changes to the Imperial House Law and to make recommendations to the government.
2175:
182:
2058:
1159:
1131:
1102:
1041:
1685:
p. 1235, "The Imperial House Law - Chapter 1: Succession to the Imperial Throne," Japan Year Book 1933, Kenkyusha Press, Foreign Association of Japan, Tokyo
1492:
enacted by the 92nd and last session of the Imperial Diet, retained the exclusion on female dynasts found in the 1889 law. The government of Prime Minister
2014:
1445:
the army was an open secret; he cultivated strong friendships with several junior officers who were later instrumental in leading the revolt during the
1585:
1399:
1367:
504:. Prince Fushimi Kuniie had 17 sons, 3 of which were by the prince's wife Princess Takatsukasa Hiroko (including his future heirs, Prince Sadanori and
1606:
married removes them from the imperial house, however such a law may retroactively bring princesses back into the family and resolve this problem.
1565:
has proposed absolute primogeniture, which would permit the women of the existing imperial household to serve as empress as well as produce heirs.
2033:
1140:
1120:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1111:
2364:
2168:
1431:
Fushimi-no-miya family lacks a male heir to continue his lineage. Also, Fushimi is pending extinction for having no men below the age of 60.
175:
2324:
1486:
provides that "The Imperial Throne shall be dynastic and succeeded to in accordance with the Imperial Household Law passed by the Diet."
2359:
2354:
2349:
1725:
2369:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2243:
2161:
91:
168:
337:
was the first Japanese law to regulate the imperial succession. Until October 1947, when it was abolished and replaced with the
2283:
131:
2248:
96:
1553:. The birth of Prince Hisahito temporarily relieved this discussion of urgency, but it continues to be a subject of debate.
1602:
A 2005 poll found that 71% of the Japanese public believe the imperial family should have input on the succession problem.
2258:
2253:
1532:
106:
101:
2273:
2233:
2208:
1892:
1852:
Shillony, Ben-Ami (1998). ""The February 26 Affair: Politics of a Military Insurrection"". In Large, Stephen S. (ed.).
1827:
Shillony, Ben-Ami (1998). ""The February 26 Affair: Politics of a Military Insurrection"". In Large, Stephen S. (ed.).
1811:
121:
81:
56:
352:
On 11 February 1907, an amendment was made to the Imperial House Law to reduce the numbers of imperial princes in the
2263:
2213:
2198:
1923:
1861:
1836:
1520:
111:
61:
46:
2062:
2308:
2293:
2288:
2238:
2203:
1728:[Former Imperial family member Kitashirakawa Michihisa dies] (in Japanese). 23 October 2018. Archived from
156:
141:
136:
86:
51:
2303:
2218:
1940:
270:
151:
66:
1786:
2278:
2268:
2223:
1791:
1789:
1313:
821:
363:
126:
116:
71:
2298:
2133:
2108:
2083:
844:
836:
146:
1781:
2390:
1508:(princesses) lose their status as imperial family-members if they marry outside the imperial family; that
1208:
808:
783:
286:
2395:
447:
1595:, whose YouTube account was terminated in 2018 for hate speech violations, is a male-line heir to the
1750:
p. 2-5, "Japanese Royalty" Japan Year Book 1939, Kenkyusha Press, Foreign Association of Japan, Tokyo
1566:
1496:
cobbled together the legislation to bring the Imperial House in compliance with the American-written
925:
908:
737:
606:
596:
465:
438:
1342:
979:
879:
557:
427:
306:
1978:
1590:
1404:
1327:
971:
963:
862:
549:
541:
505:
456:
1915:
1909:
1694:
pg. 143-144, "Leaders and Leadership In Japan," Japan Library, Curzon Press Ltd., Richmond, 1996
1550:
1488:
581:
338:
200:
1999:
1884:
1878:
1803:
1797:
1639:
1523:, it requires special legislation and cannot be explicitly expressed by the monarch himself.
1497:
1483:
1319:
1170:
1084:
1033:
948:
828:
752:
696:
649:
526:
486:
342:
1939:
1729:
364:
Historic line of succession according to the Imperial House Law of 1889 (as of October 1947)
1538:
1466:
1446:
1223:
1092:
1018:
799:
706:
632:
196:
22:
384:) cadet branches, the immediate line of succession to the Japanese throne was as follows:
8:
2184:
1214:
1003:
788:
617:
30:
1569:
opposed the introduction of absolute primogeniture, as have several Japanese lawmakers.
1759:
501:
1966:
1712:
1919:
1888:
1857:
1832:
1807:
1542:
915:
742:
588:
395:
1441:
1390:
895:
498:
253:
222:
1573:
1493:
990:
955:
568:
533:
479:
234:
1581:
494:
211:
The list below contains all people currently eligible to succeed to the throne.
1986:
1596:
1471:
1462:
1334:
869:
490:
2384:
1562:
1176:
757:
203:. At present, only direct male-line males are allowed to ascend the throne.
2015:"Japan may shelve imperial succession decision despite calls from the Diet"
1025:
1010:
639:
624:
1458:
1854:
Shōwa Japan, political, economic and social history, 1926-1989: Volume I
1829:
Shōwa Japan, political, economic and social history, 1926-1989: Volume I
2153:
390:
368:
As of October 14, 1947, when the Imperial Household Law abolished the
230:
217:
2034:"Adopted sons tipped to stave off Japan's imperial succession crisis"
1434:
403:
248:
408:
37:
508:) and the rest were all by various concubines, of whom five begat
1572:
The conservative wing of the Diet has proposed un-abolishing the
418:
341:, it defined the succession to the throne under the principle of
1979:"動画の保守系チャンネル相次ぎ閉鎖 「言論人の暗殺だ」作家・竹田恒泰氏が激怒 左派系ネットユーザーが監視か （1/2ページ）"
1883:(Book) (1st Perennial ed.). New York: Perennial. pp.
1802:(Book) (1st Perennial ed.). New York: Perennial. pp.
1519:
For an imperial abdication to take place, such as the one that
1577:
518:
1713:【写真】愛子様のお婿さん候補は2人！賀陽孝憲（かやたかのり）氏と池坊専宗（いけのぼうせんしゅう）氏はどんな人物？
1526:
1911:
Emperor Hirohito and Shōwa Japan; a political biography
1556:
1662:
Potentially ineligible to succeed by the terms of the
1638:
Potentially ineligible to succeed by the terms of the
1941:"Japan Panel Backs the Idea of a Woman on the Throne"
1914:(Book) (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. pp.
1255:
Unknown second son of Higashikuni Masahiko (b. 2014)
1580:. The Ōke are descended by a direct-male line from
1249:
Unknown first son of Higashikuni Masahiko (b. 2010)
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1512:(imperial princes), other than the crown prince,
1435:Shōwa period succession debates and controversies
489:(1802–1872), a 12th-generation descendant of the
328:
2382:
2134:"「女性天皇になるか主婦になるか」引き裂かれ続けた愛子さまの20年（プレジデントオンライン）"
2084:"愛子さま成人で動き出す女性天皇議論 岸田首相が実現に舵を切る可能性（NEWSポストセブン）"
1645:
1461:, the Lord Privy Seal, quietly consulted with
1293:Unknown son of Higashikuni Mutsuhiko (b. 2012)
2169:
2059:"皇室典範調査：８５％が女性天皇容認 男系維持も２２％－皇室：MSN毎日インタラクティブ"
1279:Unknown son of Higashikuni Teruhiko (b. 2004)
206:
176:
2309:United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms
2109:"英メール紙、愛子さまのティアラ問題など大特集 「女性天皇論」にも言及（日刊スポーツ）"
1948:. Los Angeles, California. 25 November 2005
1477:
497:, who was himself the grandson of the 93rd
2176:
2162:
2032:Parry, Richard Lloyd (September 6, 2021).
854:Prince Kitashirakawa Michihisa (1937–2018)
183:
169:
1632:
2183:
1851:
1826:
937:
1880:Hirohito and the making of modern Japan
1799:Hirohito and the making of modern Japan
1465:and the emperor's uncle General Prince
2383:
1149:Unknown son of Kuni Asatoshi (b. 2015)
519:Cadet branches before October 14, 1947
195:The current line of succession to the
157:United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms
2157:
2031:
2009:
2007:
1907:
1771:Genealogy of the Fushimi-no-miya (jp)
1527:Heisei/Reiwa period succession crisis
1557:Proposed changes to succession rules
1876:
1795:
1533:Japanese imperial succession debate
13:
2004:
1561:As above, the liberal wing of the
1489:The Imperial Household Law of 1947
1352:Prince Takeda Tsunetada (b. 1940)
14:
2407:
1967:Rally against Japan royals change
1760:Genealogy of the House of Fushimi
1612:
1599:as a nephew of the current head.
888:Prince Takeda Tsunetada (b. 1940)
1287:Higashikuni Mutsuhiko (b. 1980)
1192:Prince Asaka Tomohiko (b. 1943)
767:Prince Asaka Takehiko (b. 1912)
402:
389:
247:
229:
216:
2126:
2101:
2076:
2051:
2025:
1993:
1971:
1960:
1932:
1901:
1870:
1845:
1820:
1775:
1764:
1273:Higashikuni Teruhiko (b. 1979)
1241:Higashikuni Masahiko (b. 1974)
773:Prince Asaka Tomohiko (b. 1943)
271:Fumihito, Crown Prince Akishino
1753:
1744:
1718:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1314:Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa
1303:Higashikuni Morihiko (b. 1967)
1267:Higashikuni Naohiko (b. 1953)
822:Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa
688:Prince Kaya Takenori (b. 1942)
682:Prince Kaya Munenori (b. 1935)
676:Prince Kaya Fuminori (b. 1931)
664:Prince Kaya Harunori (b. 1926)
658:Prince Kaya Kuninaga (b. 1922)
329:The Imperial House Law of 1889
1:
1856:. Routledge. pp. 90–92.
1831:. Routledge. pp. 90–92.
1673:
845:Prince Kitashirakawa Nagahisa
837:Prince Kitashirakawa Naruhisa
727:Prince Kuni Asahiro (b. 1944)
721:Prince Kuni Asatake (b. 1940)
715:Prince Kuni Kuniaki (b. 1929)
670:Prince Kaya Akinori (b. 1929)
2061:. 2005-12-15. Archived from
1358:Takeda Tsunetaka (born 1974)
374:Princely Houses of the Blood
311:
291:
275:
259:
239:
7:
1715:(In Japanese). 15 May 2024.
1415:Takeda Tsuneyoshi (b. 1978)
1232:Prince Higashikuni Nobuhiko
1209:Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko
809:Prince Higashikuni Nobuhiko
784:Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko
287:Prince Hisahito of Akishino
10:
2412:
1908:Large, Stephen S. (1992).
1576:and its branch lines, the
1530:
1504:(imperial princesses) and
335:Imperial House Law of 1889
323:
207:Current line of succession
2317:
2191:
1567:Prince Tomohito of Mikasa
1382:Takeda Tsunetomo (b.1980)
1376:Takeda Tsuneaki (b. 1979)
738:Prince Nashimoto Morimasa
607:Prince Yamashina Takehiko
597:Prince Yamashina Kikumaro
466:Prince Tomohito of Mikasa
1877:Bix, Herbert P. (2001).
1796:Bix, Herbert P. (2001).
1625:
1521:took place in April 2019
1478:Current succession rules
1343:Prince Takeda Tsuneyoshi
980:Prince Fushimi Hiroyoshi
880:Prince Takeda Tsuneyoshi
558:Prince Fushimi Hiroyoshi
307:Masahito, Prince Hitachi
1782:"House of Fushimi" (jp)
1664:1889 Imperial House Law
1640:1947 Imperial House Law
1328:Prince Takeda Tsunehisa
1198:Asaka Akihiko (b. 1972)
972:Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu
964:Prince Fushimi Sadanaru
863:Prince Takeda Tsunehisa
550:Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu
542:Prince Fushimi Sadanaru
506:Prince Fushimi Sadanaru
2000:JNN世論調査（2005年1月15、16日）
1551:absolute primogeniture
926:Prince Kan'in Haruhito
909:Prince Kan'in Kotohito
582:Prince Yamashina Akira
412:(Hirohito; born 1901)
398:(Yoshihito; 1879–1926)
339:Imperial Household Law
201:Imperial Household Law
1531:Further information:
1498:Constitution of Japan
1484:Constitution of Japan
1320:Kitashirakawa-no-miya
1184:Prince Asaka Takehiko
1171:Prince Asaka Yasuhiko
1085:Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi
1034:Prince Kaya Tsunenori
949:Prince Fushimi Kuniie
938:Extant cadet branches
829:Kitashirakawa-no-miya
753:Prince Asaka Yasuhiko
697:Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi
650:Prince Kaya Tsunenori
527:Prince Fushimi Kuniie
487:Prince Fushimi Kuniie
343:agnatic primogeniture
2185:Orders of succession
1467:Higashikuni Naruhiko
1447:February 26 Incident
1224:Higashikuni Morihiro
1093:Prince Kuni Asaakira
1019:Prince Kaya Kuninori
800:Higashikuni Morihiro
707:Prince Kuni Asaakira
633:Prince Kaya Kuninori
493:pretender "Emperor"
459:(Takahito; b. 1915)
448:The Prince Takamatsu
197:Chrysanthemum Throne
31:Orders of succession
2391:Lines of succession
2065:on 15 December 2005
1215:Higashikuni-no-miya
1160:Prince Kuni Asahiro
1132:Prince Kuni Asatake
1103:Prince Kuni Kuniaki
1042:Prince Kaya Akinori
1004:Prince Kuni Asahiko
789:Higashikuni-no-miya
618:Prince Kuni Asahiko
450:(Nobuhito; b. 1905)
441:(Yasuhito; b. 1902)
439:The Prince Chichibu
430:(Masahito; b. 1935)
2340:Dominican Republic
2021:. 8 November 2020.
1732:on 22 October 2018
421:(Akihito; b. 1933)
2396:Japanese monarchy
2378:
2377:
1946:Los Angeles Times
1543:Junichiro Koizumi
1482:Article 2 of the
743:Nashimoto-no-miya
589:Yamashina-no-miya
457:The Prince Mikasa
193:
192:
2403:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2011:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1793:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1667:
1660:
1643:
1636:
1594:
1586:Takeda Tsuneyasu
1442:heir presumptive
1408:
1400:Takeda Tsuneyasu
1391:Takeda Tsunekazu
1368:Takeda Tsuneharu
896:Takeda Tsuneharu
428:The Prince Yoshi
419:The Prince Tsugu
406:
393:
315:
313:
295:
293:
279:
277:
263:
261:
254:Emperor Naruhito
251:
243:
241:
233:
220:
199:is based on the
185:
178:
171:
18:
17:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2313:
2187:
2182:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2030:
2026:
2019:The Japan Times
2013:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1994:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1850:
1846:
1839:
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1574:Fushimi-no-miya
1559:
1535:
1529:
1494:Shigeru Yoshida
1480:
1437:
1428:
1402:
991:Fushimi Hiroaki
956:Fushimi-no-miya
940:
935:
569:Fushimi Hiroaki
534:Fushimi-no-miya
521:
480:Fushimi-no-miya
475:
382:Princely Houses
366:
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2024:
2003:
1992:
1987:Sankei Shinbun
1970:
1959:
1931:
1924:
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1894:978-0060931308
1893:
1869:
1862:
1844:
1837:
1819:
1813:978-0060931308
1812:
1785:
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1763:
1752:
1743:
1726:"元皇族の北白川道久氏死去"
1717:
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1611:
1597:Takeda-no-miya
1558:
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1479:
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1472:Empress Teimei
1463:Konoe Fumimaro
1436:
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916:Kan'in-no-miya
905:
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870:Takeda-no-miya
859:
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396:Emperor Taishō
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2244:Liechtenstein
2242:
2240:
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2172:
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2165:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2140:(in Japanese)
2139:
2135:
2129:
2115:(in Japanese)
2114:
2110:
2104:
2090:(in Japanese)
2089:
2085:
2079:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2043:September 30,
2039:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1989:. 2020-07-04.
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1925:0-415-03203-2
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1886:
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1873:
1865:
1863:0-415-14320-9
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1838:0-415-14320-9
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1568:
1564:
1563:Diet of Japan
1554:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:Princess Aiko
1534:
1524:
1522:
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1325:
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1322:
1321:
1317:(1847–1895) (
1316:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1299:
1292:
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1236:
1234:
1233:
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1225:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1212:(1887–1990) (
1211:
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1206:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
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1177:Asaka-no-miya
1174:(1887–1981) (
1173:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:Kuni Asatoshi
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1121:Kuni Kuniharu
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
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1106:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
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1090:
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1086:
1082:
1071:
1070:Kaya Takanori
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:Kaya Hidenori
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:Kaya Masanori
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1028:
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1015:
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985:
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946:
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823:
819:
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793:
791:
790:
785:
782:
779:
772:
769:
768:
766:
763:
762:
760:
759:
758:Asaka-no-miya
754:
751:
748:
745:
744:
740:(1874–1951) (
739:
736:
733:
726:
723:
720:
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288:
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272:
269:
266:
256:
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236:
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228:
227:
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223:Emperor Shōwa
219:
215:
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204:
202:
198:
186:
181:
179:
174:
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128:
125:
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120:
118:
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110:
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103:
100:
98:
95:
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92:Liechtenstein
90:
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83:
80:
78:
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73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
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45:
44:
43:
42:
39:
36:
35:
32:
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
2284:Saudi Arabia
2228:
2142:. Retrieved
2137:
2128:
2117:. Retrieved
2112:
2103:
2092:. Retrieved
2087:
2078:
2067:. Retrieved
2063:the original
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2037:
2027:
2018:
1995:
1982:
1973:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1945:
1934:
1910:
1903:
1879:
1872:
1853:
1847:
1828:
1822:
1798:
1777:
1766:
1755:
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1730:the original
1720:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1634:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1582:Emperor Sukō
1571:
1560:
1547:
1536:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1487:
1481:
1455:
1451:
1438:
1429:
1412:
1396:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1363:
1355:
1349:
1346:(1909–1992)
1341:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1300:
1290:
1284:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1235:(1945–2019)
1230:
1227:(1916–1969)
1221:
1213:
1207:
1195:
1189:
1186:(1912–1994)
1183:
1175:
1169:
1156:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1117:
1112:Kuni Asataka
1108:
1099:
1096:(1901–1959)
1091:
1083:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1045:(1929–1994)
1040:
1037:(1900–1959)
1032:
1026:Kaya-no-miya
1024:
1017:
1011:Kuni-no-miya
1009:
1002:
986:
978:
970:
962:
954:
947:
941:
922:
914:
907:
891:
885:
876:
868:
861:
851:
843:
835:
827:
820:
805:
795:
787:
780:
770:
764:
756:
749:
741:
734:
724:
718:
712:
703:
695:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
655:
646:
640:Kaya-no-miya
638:
631:
625:Kuni-no-miya
623:
616:
603:
595:
587:
580:
564:
556:
548:
540:
532:
525:
515:
509:
482:
476:
462:
453:
444:
435:
424:
415:
407:
394:
381:
377:
373:
369:
367:
357:
353:
351:
347:
332:
303:
283:
267:
252:
221:
210:
194:
132:Saudi Arabia
76:
15:
2350:Philippines
2269:Netherlands
1589: [
1459:Kido Koichi
1403: [
1330:(1882–1919)
1087:(1873–1929)
1021:(1867–1909)
1006:(1824–1891)
982:(1897–1938)
974:(1875–1946)
966:(1858–1923)
951:(1802–1872)
928:(1902–1988)
911:(1865–1945)
865:(1882–1919)
847:(1910–1940)
839:(1887–1923)
824:(1847–1895)
786:(b. 1887) (
755:(b. 1887) (
699:(1873–1929)
635:(1867–1909)
620:(1824–1891)
609:(1898–1987)
599:(1873–1908)
584:(1816–1891)
560:(1897–1938)
552:(1875–1946)
544:(1858–1923)
529:(1802–1872)
409:The Emperor
314: 1935
294: 2006
278: 1965
262: 1960
242: 1933
225:(1901–1989)
117:Netherlands
2385:Categories
2249:Luxembourg
2192:Monarchies
2144:2021-12-05
2138:Yahoo!ニュース
2119:2021-12-05
2113:Yahoo!ニュース
2094:2021-12-05
2088:Yahoo!ニュース
2069:2021-12-05
1674:References
1393:(b. 1947)
1370:(b. 1944)
1143:(b. 1971)
1134:(b. 1940)
1105:(b. 1929)
1054:(b. 1959)
882:(b. 1909)
802:(b. 1916)
709:(b. 1901)
652:(b. 1900)
502:Go-Fushimi
97:Luxembourg
38:Monarchies
2360:Sri Lanka
2325:Argentina
2318:Republics
2038:The Times
1502:naishinnō
1409:(b. 1975)
1162:(b. 1944)
1123:(b. 1961)
1114:(b. 1959)
1072:(b. 1998)
1063:(b. 1996)
993:(b. 1932)
898:(b. 1944)
811:(b. 1945)
571:(b. 1932)
468:(b. 1946)
2355:Portugal
2345:Pakistan
2335:Colombia
2299:Thailand
2254:Malaysia
2224:Eswatini
483:shinnōke
370:shinnōke
354:shinnōke
147:Thailand
102:Malaysia
72:Eswatini
23:a series
21:Part of
2370:Uruguay
2264:Morocco
2239:Lesotho
2219:Denmark
2204:Belgium
2199:Bahrain
1952:28 July
1916:118–119
1885:283–284
1804:382–383
1736:29 July
1366:Prince
1222:Prince
989:Prince
894:Prince
798:Prince
567:Prince
499:emperor
324:History
112:Morocco
87:Lesotho
67:Denmark
52:Belgium
47:Bahrain
2330:Brazil
2294:Sweden
2274:Norway
2259:Monaco
2234:Jordan
2214:Brunei
2209:Bhutan
1983:ZAKZAK
1922:
1891:
1860:
1835:
1810:
1510:shinnō
376:) and
142:Sweden
122:Norway
107:Monaco
82:Jordan
62:Brunei
57:Bhutan
2304:Tonga
2289:Spain
2229:Japan
1626:Notes
1593:]
1407:]
152:Tonga
137:Spain
77:Japan
2279:Oman
2045:2021
1954:2021
1920:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1738:2021
1413:(33)
1397:(32)
1388:(31)
1380:(30)
1374:(29)
1364:(28)
1356:(27)
1350:(26)
1301:(25)
1291:(24)
1285:(23)
1277:(22)
1271:(21)
1265:(20)
1253:(19)
1247:(18)
1239:(17)
1196:(16)
1190:(15)
1157:(14)
1147:(13)
1138:(12)
1129:(11)
1118:(10)
923:(31)
892:(30)
886:(29)
877:(28)
852:(27)
806:(26)
796:(25)
781:(24)
771:(23)
765:(22)
750:(21)
735:(20)
725:(19)
719:(18)
713:(17)
704:(16)
686:(15)
680:(14)
674:(13)
668:(12)
662:(11)
656:(10)
495:Sukō
356:and
333:The
127:Oman
1578:Ōke
1506:joō
1109:(9)
1100:(8)
1067:(7)
1058:(6)
1049:(5)
987:(4)
647:(9)
604:(8)
565:(7)
510:ōke
463:(6)
454:(5)
445:(4)
436:(3)
425:(2)
416:(1)
378:ōke
358:ōke
304:(3)
284:(2)
268:(1)
2387::
2136:.
2111:.
2086:.
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