673:
the transport and export of cash crops. Nevertheless, Atangana's story became part of Beti folklore. For example, Beti storytellers related his tale in oral poems and songs that took up to a full night to recite. His legacy was largely forgotten by the nation at large between his death and
Cameroonian independence. However, the nationalist scholarship that blossomed after Cameroon's independence in 1960 resurrected his story. Charles Atangana Avenue in downtown Yaoundé is named for him. A statue in his likeness tops a hill nearby, which had fallen into disrepair by 2000.
595:
was expected to make up some of the difference. To counter these minor rebellions, chiefs could punish their subjects with 15 days in jail or 100 franc fines without due process of law. This was meant to be reserved for only certain infractions, but
Atangana and other chiefs interpreted it broadly to include all sorts of difficult behaviour. Atangana and his sub-chiefs were expected to discipline such difficult subjects. He exerted continual pressure on the sub-chiefs, who in turn placed constant pressure on the villagers to pay taxes and supply labourers.
367:
the traits which displease them, to become their friend and then be valued by them." Accordingly, Atangana ate German food; formed a
European-style, 20-piece orchestra; and ordered a large, Germanic mansion to be built. This latter project requiring construction of a brickyard and sawmill and earned Atangana another epithet, Mindili Ebulu, "the man whose house is so large that it had a roof divided into nine sections instead of the two sections of an ordinary dwelling." The number nine has great significance in Beti folklore.
22:
132:
599:
reported that as early as 1924, he owned enormous plantations with as much as 1 km of cocoa, 1.1 km of palms, 5 km of food crops, and 500 head of livestock. The amounts may be exaggerated, but
Atangana was by all accounts a wealthy man. He owned two lorries and a car by 1926, which he used to haul produce from his plantations. By the 1930s, important chiefs such as Atangana could earn more than 400,000
615:
in which he tried to hide his unremarkable childhood by taking the title of "King" and claiming descent from a fictitious line of Ewondo royalty. By the end of the decade, he was the head of perhaps 130,000 people, the chief of Mvolyé village, and the supervisor of eight sectional chiefs and 72 village chiefs. In reality, his position was one of prestige but little actual power.
566:, and mobilise chiefs to secure the labour to work these estates. In 1924, the French introduced a requisition system to procure food for the Yaoundé urban community and for rail labourers; Atangana was responsible for rallying the chiefs to gather the necessary provisions from rural farmers; the exact methods used by the chiefs was left to them. Cocoa production in the
363:). Atangana was chosen for this position among the Ewondo and Bane either before his trip to Germany or soon after. This was technically only a temporary appointment; his subjects would have to approve it a year later to make it permanent. They had little alternative; Atangana was already the primary conduit of information to and from the Germans.
380:
monitor their activities and dealings with the colonial authorities. His clerk appointees in Jaunde informed him of the doings of both the
Germans and his subjects. Atangana gained a substantial amount of wealth. He owned workshops and sold produce from five plantations to provision impressed railway construction workers.
346:
551:, a body the French had introduced to act as liaisons to their subjects and advisors to the administration. Atangana set up a cabinet based on those he had observed in Spain, but he never allowed it to do much, and its members were not accustomed to European-style administration. It disbanded in 1925.
628:
He further complained, "Notables, with their diminished influence, are almost inert in relation to the growing number of their recalcitrant subjects" and suggested that a chief could hardly control more than 5,000 people. Atangana is not even mentioned in a French report on their
African leaders from
614:
In 1925, the French reduced the number of Beti chiefs to 40 and removed the chiefs of Yaoundé from
Atangana's direct control. However, in 1928 the Yaoundé chiefs were deemed quarrelsome and incompetent, and Atangana was once again placed over them. In 1929, he wrote a work on traditional Beti society
598:
Nevertheless, his wealth continued to grow. In 1922, his salary was 6,000 francs per year, and in 1938, it had risen to 24,000 francs per year. Atangana also received 2% of all taxes collected by lower chiefs, pay for his legal role, and stipends for organising road construction. Oral informants have
366:
Some emulation of
European manners and dress was expected of all chiefs, but Atangana seems to have genuinely preferred European styles to African ones. He endeavoured to fit himself into the German mould of an ideal administrator. He wrote, "To dare to approach the Germans it is necessary to abandon
91:
of his subjects and the improvement of his domains despite the erosion of his powers due to French policies and unrest among his people. He never advocated resistance to the
European powers, preferring to embrace the Europeans as a means of personal enrichment and in the service of African interests.
672:
The colonialism that
Atangana supported has been claimed to have had a negative effect upon Cameroon's economic development. Production centred on enriching the chiefs, wooing of foreign investment, and the apparatus of colonial administration, and building only that infrastructure that would aid in
640:
in 1935. In 1938, his wife died. Atangana was a handsome man by Ewondo standards: strong, well groomed, with a reputation as a good fighter, dancer, and husband. He remarried on 6 January 1940 to Julienne or Yuliana Ngonoa, a young Beti woman of the Mvog Manga sublineage from the village Nkolafamba.
224:
At some point between the end of his schooling in Kribi and the end of his service in Victoria, Atangana met Marie Biloa, a woman from a village called Mekumba. Although she was a little older and living as a kept woman by a German functionary, Atangana married her. She would eventually bear him two
581:
Most of the chiefs respected Atangana as their spokesman and leader, and the Beti at large deferred to him prestige and power. A new system of status had evolved under his rule: a cadre of minor bureaucrats, envoys, interpreters, and office staff worked for Atangana and the other chiefs independent
299:
In 1907, members of the Mvog Ada sublineage revolted against the colonial government over Atangana's appointment as their official interpreter. The plot included a conspiracy to poison Atangana, but word leaked to him. He informed his masters, and on 11 April, six plotters were put to death and two
606:
The 278 Beti chiefs under Atangana's control began to oppose his primacy by the mid-1920s. His control fell especially among the Bane. In 1924, the Bane filed a complaint against Atangana in court, claiming, "We work always and it is Atangana who receives the money. For all the things that we have
594:
before the tax collector arrived; others circumvented taxes by counting wives as out-of-town visitors or waiting until the last minute to pay and thus reducing the collector's cut of the tax money. If the taxes were not collected to the satisfaction of the colonial administrators, Atangana himself
383:
The paramount chief maintained some loyalty for his subjects. He persuaded the Germans to carry out infrastructure improvements such as the building of roads, schools, health clinics, and churches; and he defended his subjects from colonial reprisals. In one instance, an Ewondo interpreter fired a
251:
Early in 1902, the colonial government appointed him their representative to the Ewondo people, and interpreter and clerk for the Germans posted in Jaunde. He was tasked with organising a census and tax collection system. He chose 300 headmen to be tax collectors, of whom the Germans approved 233.
618:
Collecting taxes and finding labour grew increasingly difficult as the decade progressed, thanks to greater access to paying employment in Yaoundé and on the plantations. Atangana's 1938 proposal for the reorganisation of Yaoundé's administration shows the frustration he experienced at that time:
425:
captured the town, and the German soldiers and missionaries fled into the forest. Atangana and 72 Ewondo and Bane chiefs, along with 14–20,000 villagers (mostly soldiers and their families), led them through. A Beti folk song, "Atangana Ntsama, the War Is Over", tells of the retreat and shows the
420:
reached Kamerun in 1914. Douala fell on 17 September, and the Germans regrouped at Jaunde. Beti informants alerted Atangana as to the Allies' progress, and as the loss of Jaunde seemed inevitable, Atangana prepared to escape with his masters. He and the chiefs under him gave their posts to weaker
379:
Atangana won over other chiefs and headmen through gifts, tax cuts, flattery, and intervention on their behalf. He lavished attention on visitors from out of town, letting them stay at his palace and use his horses, and treating them to feasts. In addition to flattering them, this allowed him to
554:
The French granted the chiefs significantly less power than had their German predecessors. Atangana's major role was simple: to enforce the dictats of French rule. Governor General Van Vollenhoven wrote in 1917 that, "the chiefs have no power of their own of any kind because there are not two
539:
as their local representative in Jaunde (now known by the French spelling, Yaoundé). However, Atemengue never enjoyed the popularity Atangana had among the Beti. Atangana tried to secure an alliance with him by sending his 20-year-old, German-educated daughter, Katerina, to marry him, but she
374:
A number of persons who associated themselves with Europeans and proved themselves useful to white people achieved positions in the native society through fraud and extortion. But the Europeans, having noticed it, stopped it. They could discern natives of the noble class by their loyalty and
256:
664:
No one took over as paramount chief upon Atangana's death. His opulent palace went unoccupied and fell into ruins. However, traditional Cameroonian chieftaincies were re-established on 11 July 1977 by Decree #77/609, and by the 1990s, Cameroonian ethnic groups had rejuvenated these dormant
292:. The Germans largely kept themselves segregated from their African subjects, but Dominik and Atangana defied these standards and grew close, even dining together in the same tent on occasion. Back in Jaunde, Atangana gained responsibilities valued by the regime, such as overseeing a
609:
They plotted to raise their own paramount chief and to drum up sentiment against Atangana among the common people. The French arrested the plotters for refusing to pay their taxes and provide labourers. This left Atangana still head of the Bane, but his influence had been severely
151:
colony in 1884, and by February 1889 they had established a permanent base in the area, which they named Jaunde after the local people. The Ewondo opposed the foreigners at first, although Atangana was probably not yet old enough to participate in the fighting. After the defeat of
246:
My colleagues and I . . . can only reply in demanding the upholding of custom, which requires the widow to be the property of the heir until her liberation, which can only take effect after the return of her bridewealth. She must remain with him as long as this return is not
492:. Atangana and members of his family accompanied them. In 1918, the Germans sent Atangana and six other chiefs to Spain, where they would witness if necessary that the Germans had treated their African subjects humanely. In September 1919, Atangana had an audience with King
263:
Hans Dominik became the Jaunde post commander in 1904. For the next six years, Atangana accompanied him on at least fifteen administrative patrols and probative excursions. Atangana proved an astute diplomat, in one case negotiating with a group of rebellious
623:
the local people do not know what endurance means . . . work with ill-will for the administration or for private concerns, where they seek refuge as a safeguard when the administration gives the chiefs an order in the public interest or for their own
892:
Ahanda and Nde say he was made paramount chief of the Ewondo and Bane at this time. However, Quinn, "Rain Forest", 98, says that he was given a court appointment. Quinn, "Atangana", 489, on the other hand, places the court appointment in 1913 or
578:, partially as a result of these efforts. He reorganised the chiefs and their duties and tried to Westernise his subjects by encouraging them to wear European-style clothing, use new building methods and house styles, and work to improve roads.
311:
and was the conduit through which the Germans transmitted communiqués (and gauged the response to them). However, he resigned the post when the head of his sublineage died; Atangana took over as headman of the sublineage and Mvolyé village.
519:. Atangana, now known by the French version of his name, Charles, wrote the French government to swear his allegiance and demand readmittance to his homeland. He received his wish in June 1920 and arrived in Douala on 28 November 1920.
156:
in 1895 and others like it, Ewondo resistance waned. The Germans randomly appointed chiefs and mayors to serve under them, and took local youths to perform menial tasks; Atangana was among them, sent by his uncle to be a houseboy.
555:
authorities in the circle: French authority and indigenous authority; there is only one. Only the commander of the circle commands." As a colonial administrator, Atangana was expected to collect taxes, help the French introduce
586:
in Ewondo. The entire class recognised its reliance on the chiefs and gave them loyalty in exchange for protection and pay, and the chiefs relied on these functionaries to swiftly fulfill their duties to the French regime.
399:
Atangana's appointment irritated members of the Bulu ethnic group. They feared they might one day lose German favour, or worse yet, fall under the dominion of the Ewondo. This culminated in the 1912 Bulu uprising led by
665:
traditions. Atangana's daughter Marie-Thérèse became the new Ewondo paramount chief. In December 2000, she began the renovation of his palace at Efoulan, Yaoundé, a project that would cost an estimated 150,000,000
717:]; Ngoh, 349, says c. 1882 and gives no birthplace; Nde says c. 1876 in Ongola (an early Beti name for Yaoundé); Quinn, "Atangana", 485, and Quinn, "Rain Forest", 90, say c. 1880 and give no place of birth.
87:. The French doubted his loyalties at first, but Atangana served them with the same ardour he had shown the Germans and regained his post as paramount chief. During the remainder of his life, he oversaw the
656:'s public school system, since he believed that educated subjects might one day challenge his rule. Atangana's health began to fail him beginning in August 1943. On 1 September, he died in Mvolyé, Yaoundé.
188:
Karl. Atangana's schooling had just ended when members of the Bulu ethnic group, one closely related to the Ewondo, invaded Kribi and sacked the school and church in 1899. Atangana waited out the revolt in
632:
Atangana travelled frequently in the French colonial period. He made a point of attending his subjects' weddings and funerals, for example. He had more opportunities to visit Europe, including the
139:
Little is known about Atangana's childhood. Like other Beti boys, he would have learned to fish, hunt, and trap, and would have memorised his family's genealogy and folk wisdom. Explorers from the
238:; his efforts led to its eventual eradication from Beti society. In 1901 he secured land for the Pallottine Fathers to build a mission in Jaunde, thus opening East and South Kamerun to Catholic
303:
Dominik died on 16 November 1910. That same year, Atangana returned to Jaunde and received an administrative post, perhaps as head of the Ewondo-Bane court, which presided over
540:
eventually fled from the much older Atemengue and back to her father. Atangana's work performance convinced the French to let him return to Yaoundé in late 1921 or early 1922.
92:
After his death in 1943, Atangana was largely forgotten. However, since Cameroon's independence in 1960, he has been the subject of renewed attention by Cameroonian scholars.
1449:
Matateyou, Emmanuel (1996). "Culture et spiritualité africaines aux sources de la créativité littéraire: Les cas de l'homme-dieu de Bisso, le tombeau du soleil et poudah".
1193:
Guyer, "Food Economy", 595 and 595 note 78. Iliffe 221 reports that he had five square kilometres of oil palms and a square kilometre of cocoa trees at this time.
645:
and René Grégoire. Atangana seems to have adhered to Catholic strictures against polygamy, despite the fact that other Beti chiefs at the time had several hundred wives.
1573:
128:
rivers, each charged with providing for his compound and the extended family and slaves who lived there. His father died when Ntsama Atangana was about six years old.
396:
tried to secure Atangana's backing for a pan-Kamerun revolt. Atangana kept the plot under wraps, but he instructed the envoy to urge Manga Bell to reconsider.
384:
gun during a dispute with a German, an offence punishable with a stiff prison sentence. Atangana interceded, and the man's punishment was reduced to
711:
Sources disagree on Atangana's year and place of birth. Ahanda says c. 1883 in Yaoundé; DeLancey and DeLancey, p. 34, say 1885 in Mvoly [
323:. He stayed there for about one year and transcribed Ewondo history and folklore for translation into German. His writings eventually became the
421:
relatives so they could more easily take them back should the Germans return. They held out in Jaunde until 1 January 1916, when troops of the
64:. He proved himself an intelligent and diplomatic administrator and an eager collaborator, and he was eventually named paramount chief of two
325:
629:
1939. However, he retained the right to announce the appointment of new chiefs and to claim that both he and the French had selected them.
582:
of the French government and were completely dependent on the chiefs. Atangana set up a private police force, for example, known as the
1457:
1588:
527:
Atangana's unfailing loyalty and subservience to Germany prevented the French from ever fully trusting him. His first task under the
1388:
268:
and thus averting a confrontation between the tribesmen and the Germans. Atangana helped open posts in such wide-ranging places as
1558:
228:
Atangana was a devout Christian, and he supported the church throughout his life with land and gifts. He opposed popular Beti
1578:
57:
388:
duty. However, the paramount chief remained completely loyal to the governors. In 1914, for example, representatives of
1598:
413:
1593:
1568:
1518:
1563:
642:
1414:
Geschiere, Peter (1993). "Chiefs and Colonial Rule in Cameroon: Inventing Chieftaincy, French and British Style".
214:. Atangana kept the post for six months and took up extra duties as a nurse. The colonisers next sent Atangana to
1583:
543:
Soon thereafter, Atemengue was made chief of the local court, and Atangana was again appointed paramount chief (
176:, a settlement on the coast. There, Atangana learned German language, history, and geography; mathematics; and
169:
116:
of the Mvog Atemenge sublineage of the Ewondo ethnic group. Essomba Atangana was one of thousands of minor
1553:
911:
Ahanda and Nde place this event in 1911; Quinn, "Atangana", 489, and Quinn "Beti", 98, say 25 March 1914.
481:
161:
637:
590:
Nevertheless, the Beti at large detested French forced labour practices and taxes. Some people fled to
330:
1375:
Cultural Resource Management in Contemporary Society: Perspectives on Managing and Presenting the Past
184:
especially liked the boy, and Atangana became the first Ewondo baptised a Roman Catholic; he took the
633:
567:
516:
112:"He who is known by the nations". He was the eleventh of twelve children born to Essomba Atangana, a
80:
485:
160:
Ewondo who learned were highly favoured in the early days of the colonial regime. Station commander
806:
Quinn, "Atangana", 487, says this happened in 1895; Ngoh, 349, and Ahanda say 1896; Nde says 1897.
649:
528:
393:
79:
After a brief stay in Europe, Atangana returned to his homeland in Cameroon, which by then was a
607:
sent to the Europeans, such as chickens and eggs, through Atangana, we have received nothing."
304:
61:
370:
Atangana was suspicious of anyone who might supplant him as the Germans' favourite. He wrote,
353:
The Germans had seen some success in uniting disparate groups under single individuals called
242:. Nevertheless, Atangana supported traditional Ewondo customs on marriage. On widows, he said,
56:
in Cameroon. Although from an unremarkable background, Atangana's loyalty and friendship with
1543:
512:
493:
320:
177:
84:
1366:
Alexandre, Pierre (1974). "Introduction to a Fang Oral Art Genre: Gabon and Cameroon mvet".
1548:
8:
548:
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gave the Beti land to settle and agreed to transport the Germans to the nearby island of
404:, a German-trained man much like Atangana. The rebellion was crushed and Samba executed.
53:
648:
Atangana lobbied in his later life for public health causes, such as the eradication of
308:
72:
was unquestioning, and he even accompanied the Germans on their escape from Africa in
1514:
824:
Ahanda says he met her in Buea, but Quinn, "Atangana", 487, says he met her in Kribi.
401:
1421:
Guyer, Jane I. (1986). "Beti Widow Inheritance and Marriage Law: A Social History".
1382:
Middlemen of the Cameroons Rivers: The Duala and their Hinterland, c. 1600 – c. 1960
1089:
Ahanda places these events in early 1922, but Quinn, "Atangana", says December 1921.
193:
with the Fathers until the colonial militia defeated the rebels the following year.
1484:
575:
536:
385:
219:
1504:
Introduction to the History of Cameroon in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
1435:
Higonnet, Margaret R. (1994). "Cassandra's Question: Do Women Write War Novels?"
571:
556:
355:
316:
281:
203:
181:
45:
1428:
eadem. (1978). "The Food Economy and French Colonial Rule in Central Cameroun".
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and urged him to support the Germans in these proceedings. Atangana remained in
477:
88:
1502:
idem. (1990): "Rain Forest Encounters: The Beti Meet the Germans, 1887–1916".
1488:
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conflict between those Beti who supported Atangana and those who opposed him:
329:, an important source document on Ewondo history and culture. In 1913, he met
1537:
505:
211:
153:
140:
69:
1368:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
1360:
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was to supervise gangs of forced road-construction labourers in the town of
68:
subgroups, the Ewondo and Bane peoples. His loyalty and acquiescence to the
21:
600:
422:
389:
345:
293:
252:
Atangana negotiated a cut of 5% for the collectors, much to their delight.
207:
147:
in the savannas to the north. They had claimed Beti lands as part of their
121:
113:
109:
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practices, and he was an opponent of an Ewondo initiation rite called the
797:
Ahanda says this occurred in 1896, but this conflicts with other sources.
417:
334:
273:
265:
239:
144:
125:
117:
73:
65:
49:
37:
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In August 1900, the commander of German forces at Victoria (present-day
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and administrators secured him successively more prominent posts in the
563:
535:. In Atangana's absence, the French had appointed a Beti headman named
234:
229:
185:
165:
105:
666:
501:
277:
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appeared near his village in 1887 in search of a direct route to the
131:
472:
Friend, we have marched through all of that without taking anything!
101:
1080:
Ahanda says 26 November, but Quinn, "Atangana", 491, says December.
653:
591:
259:
Atangana (foreground, right side) during the German colonial period
255:
1513:, Cameroon Studies, Vol. 6, Berghahn Books, New York/Oxford 2006
1511:
In Search of Salt . Changes in Beti (Cameroon) Society, 1880–1960
1391:". 2 February 2001. Cameroon-Info. Net. Accessed 30 October 2006.
532:
148:
1475:
Quinn, Frederick (October 1980). "Charles Atangana of Yaounde".
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in February and surrendered to the unaligned representatives of
560:
497:
457:
How is it that you would like me to leave so many goods behind?
289:
285:
190:
1373:
Asombang, Raymond N. (2000). "The Future of Cameroon's Past".
511:
Meanwhile, Ewondo lands came under the administration of the
489:
269:
173:
225:
children: Jean Ndengue and Katerina (or Catherine) Edzimbi.
32:(c. 1880 – 1 September 1943), also known by his birth name,
1437:
Borderwork: Feminist Engagement with Comparative Literature
215:
713:
1416:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
1527:. Guilford, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press Inc.
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in Rome. He returned to Kamerun the following year.
100:
Atangana was born sometime between 1876 and 1885 in
16:
Paramount chief of the Ewondo and Bane ethnic groups
1394:DeLancey, Mark W., and DeLancey, Mark Dike (2000):
315:In late 1911, Atangana voyaged to Germany to teach
210:for 500 Bulu hostages, who were being pressed into
1574:Converts to Roman Catholicism from pagan religions
1411:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
1398:(3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press.
1396:Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon
1535:
1380:Austen, Ralph A., and Derrick, Jonathan (1999).
469:Friend, there were as many goods as in a market;
1311:"Le Château Charles Atangana sera enfin sauvé".
842:Quoted in Guyer, "Beti Widow Inheritance", 208.
504:to retrieve money he had deposited through the
466:You others, move off, what are you doing there?
454:Go tell it to Mindili Ebulu, son of Ndono Edoa.
1402:Diagnostic de la delinquance urbaine à Yaoundé
442:To the great man who is the son of Ndono Edoa,
1462:The Dictionary of African Christian Biography
1206:, 327, quoted in Guyer, "Food Economy", 589."
1389:Le château Charles Atangana sera enfin sauvé
1259:
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727:
725:
723:
698:
696:
694:
1180:
1178:
83:territory under the administration of the
1495:idem (Summer, 1971). "Eight Beti Songs".
1363:. Bonaberi.com. Accessed 30 October 2006.
1254:
1115:
1101:
1008:
914:
854:
766:
460:Hè! They will surprise you in your greed!
164:sent four such individuals to attend the
1159:
1157:
1049:
1047:
1032:Higonnet 151; Quinn, "Rain Forest", 101.
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445:Run quickly, why do you languish there?
1536:
1409:The Rulers of German Africa, 1844–1914
652:. He never supported the expansion of
430:Atangana Ntsama, the war is over . . .
1474:
1359:Ahanda, Marie-Thérèse Assiga (2003):
1154:
1044:
743:
448:All you Ewondo, come and run quickly,
433:Hè! Atangana Ntsama, the war is over!
108:, Cameroon. His parents gave him the
574:provinces increased even during the
500:for two years and stayed a month in
439:Go tell it to the son of Ndono Edoa,
996:Guyer, "Food Economy", 550 note 13.
941:Quoted in Quinn, "Rain Forest", 98.
809:
104:, a small village in what is today
13:
603:per year on tax collecting alone.
463:Such richness. I should take some!
340:
14:
1610:
1251:Quoted in Quinn, "Atangana", 494.
1242:Quoted in Quinn, "Atangana", 493.
959:Quoted in Quinn, "Atangana", 488.
851:Quinn, "Atangana", 487; Ngoh 349.
319:at the Colonial Institute of the
52:ethnic groups during much of the
1589:20th-century Cameroonian writers
1525:Cameroon: The Bradt Travel Guide
1142:Guyer, "Food Economy", 581, 583.
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1293:
1284:
1281:Ahanda; Quinn, "Atangana", 494.
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1218:
1209:
1196:
1187:
1166:
1145:
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1127:
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1074:
1071:Quinn, "Atangana", 491; Ahanda.
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886:
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868:
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451:Come and run quickly, brothers;
196:
1559:Cameroonian traditional rulers
1477:The Journal of African History
1469:History of Cameroon Since 1800
1430:The Journal of African History
800:
791:
734:
705:
682:
407:
1:
1446:. Cambridge University Press.
1384:. Cambridge University Press.
1353:
1172:Guyer, "Food Economy", 584–5.
1041:Quoted in Quinn, "Songs", 34.
547:). He received a seat on the
522:
95:
1467:Ngoh, Victor Julius (1996):
1425:. Stanford University Press.
1404:. 2002. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT.
1320:Guyter, "Food Economy", 597.
484:. The Spanish government of
7:
1579:Cameroonian Roman Catholics
1464:. Accessed 30 October 2006.
1439:. Cornell University Press.
1423:Widows in African Societies
1184:Guyer, "Food Economy", 589.
1163:Guyer, "Food Economy", 584.
482:Spain under the Restoration
349:Atangana as paramount chief
120:leaders living between the
10:
1615:
1458:"Ntsama, Charles Atangana"
1453:. Universitat de Valencia.
1062:Quinn, "Rain Forest", 102.
638:French Colonial Conference
1599:20th-century male writers
1489:10.1017/S0021853700018703
1451:Littératures Francophones
1444:Honour in African History
1233:Quinn, "Atangana", 493–4.
1215:Quinn, "Atangana", 488–9.
987:DeLancey and DeLancey 35.
975:Quinn, "Rain Forest", 99.
874:Quinn, "Rain Forest", 91.
740:Quinn, "Rain Forest", 90.
688:Quinn, "Rain Forest", 98.
659:
634:Paris Colonial Exposition
517:League of Nations mandate
81:League of Nations mandate
1594:20th-century translators
1569:Cameroonian male writers
1133:Quoted in Geschiere 154.
676:
1564:Cameroonian translators
1263:Quinn, "Atangana", 494.
1151:Austen and Derrick 167.
1112:Quinn, "Atangana", 492.
1053:Quinn, "Atangana", 491.
1014:Quinn, "Atangana", 490.
923:Quinn, "Atangana", 489.
865:Quinn, "Atangana", 488.
788:Quinn, "Atangana", 487.
731:Quinn, "Atangana", 486.
702:Quinn, "Atangana", 495.
394:Rudolf Duala Manga Bell
1290:Geschiere 170 note 10.
1224:Quinn, "Atangana", 493
641:Theyhad two children:
626:
486:Álvaro Figueroa Torres
436:The cannon are broken,
377:
350:
260:
249:
136:
26:
1442:Iliffe, John (2005).
621:
513:French Third Republic
494:Alfonso XIII of Spain
414:West African Campaign
372:
348:
321:University of Hamburg
258:
244:
218:to work as an office
206:) appointed Atangana
168:school of the German
134:
85:French Third Republic
24:
1506:. Palgrave MacMillan
1407:Gann, L. H. (1977).
1377:. London: Routledge.
1584:People from Yaoundé
950:Quinn, "Songs", 34.
549:Council of Notables
529:new colonial regime
300:others imprisoned.
62:colonial government
1554:Cameroonian nurses
1523:West, Ben (2004).
1471:. Limbe: Presbook.
1361:"Charles Atangana"
1204:The Native Problem
351:
261:
170:Pallottine Fathers
137:
135:Major Hans Dominik
27:
1432:, Vol. 19, No. 4.
1418:, Vol. 63, No. 2.
650:sleeping sickness
402:Martin-Paul Samba
331:Kaiser Wilhelm II
296:in October 1908.
178:Roman Catholicism
1606:
1499:, Vol 4., No. 4.
1492:
1370:, Vol 37, No. 1.
1348:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1113:
1110:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
997:
994:
988:
985:
976:
973:
960:
957:
951:
948:
942:
939:
933:
930:
924:
921:
912:
909:
903:
900:
894:
890:
884:
881:
875:
872:
866:
863:
852:
849:
843:
840:
834:
831:
825:
822:
816:
813:
807:
804:
798:
795:
789:
786:
771:
768:
741:
738:
732:
729:
718:
709:
703:
700:
689:
686:
636:in 1931 and the
611:
576:Great Depression
537:Joseph Atemengue
356:paramount chiefs
223:
58:colonial priests
30:Charles Atangana
25:Charles Atangana
1614:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
979:
974:
963:
958:
954:
949:
945:
940:
936:
931:
927:
922:
915:
910:
906:
901:
897:
891:
887:
882:
878:
873:
869:
864:
855:
850:
846:
841:
837:
832:
828:
823:
819:
814:
810:
805:
801:
796:
792:
787:
774:
769:
744:
739:
735:
730:
721:
710:
706:
701:
692:
687:
683:
679:
667:francs CFA
662:
608:
525:
410:
343:
341:Paramount chief
333:in Germany and
240:proselytisation
201:
199:
182:Heinrich Vieter
98:
54:colonial period
50:Ewondo and Bane
46:paramount chief
17:
12:
11:
5:
1612:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1483:(4): 485–495.
1472:
1465:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1195:
1186:
1174:
1165:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1124:Geschiere 154.
1114:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
977:
961:
952:
943:
934:
925:
913:
904:
895:
885:
876:
867:
853:
844:
835:
826:
817:
808:
799:
790:
772:
742:
733:
719:
704:
690:
680:
678:
675:
661:
658:
545:chef supérieur
524:
521:
478:Spanish Guinea
474:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
409:
406:
361:Oberhäuptlinge
342:
339:
305:civil disputes
198:
195:
186:Christian name
97:
94:
89:Westernisation
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1611:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1519:1-84545-006-X
1516:
1512:
1509:idem (2006):
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
982:
972:
970:
968:
966:
956:
947:
938:
929:
920:
918:
908:
899:
889:
880:
871:
862:
860:
858:
848:
839:
833:Matateyou 45.
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
737:
728:
726:
724:
716:
715:
708:
699:
697:
695:
685:
681:
674:
670:
668:
657:
655:
651:
646:
644:
643:Marie-Thérèse
639:
635:
630:
625:
620:
616:
612:
604:
602:
596:
593:
588:
585:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:
558:
552:
550:
546:
541:
538:
534:
530:
520:
518:
514:
509:
507:
506:Basel Mission
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
476:They reached
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
428:
427:
424:
419:
415:
405:
403:
397:
395:
391:
387:
381:
376:
371:
368:
364:
362:
358:
357:
347:
338:
336:
332:
328:
327:
322:
318:
313:
310:
306:
301:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
257:
253:
248:
243:
241:
237:
236:
231:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
194:
192:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
155:
154:Omgba Bissogo
150:
146:
142:
141:German Empire
133:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
93:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
71:
70:German Empire
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
1544:1880s births
1530:
1524:
1510:
1503:
1497:African Arts
1496:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1461:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1395:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1347:Asombang 26.
1343:
1334:
1329:Alexandre 2.
1325:
1316:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1203:
1198:
1189:
1168:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
955:
946:
937:
928:
907:
898:
888:
879:
870:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
736:
712:
707:
684:
671:
663:
647:
631:
627:
622:
617:
613:
605:
597:
589:
583:
580:
553:
544:
542:
526:
510:
475:
423:British Army
411:
398:
382:
378:
373:
369:
365:
360:
354:
352:
326:Jaunde-Texte
324:
314:
309:small claims
302:
298:
262:
250:
245:
233:
227:
200:
197:Early career
162:Hans Dominik
159:
138:
99:
78:
41:
33:
29:
28:
18:
1549:1943 deaths
1456:Nde, Paul.
1272:Iliffe 103.
564:plantations
490:Fernando Po
418:World War I
412:The Allied
408:World War I
335:Pope Pius X
274:Abong-Mbang
208:interpreter
145:ivory trade
74:World War I
66:Beti-Pahuin
38:German name
1538:Categories
1354:References
1300:Diagnostic
1202:R. Buell,
1098:Fanso 349.
932:Guyer 596.
610:curtailed.
523:Later life
282:Ngaoundéré
230:syncretist
96:Early life
44:, was the
36:, and his
1338:West 171.
1023:Ngoh 126.
1005:Ngoh 114.
902:Ngoh 349.
883:Ngoh 111.
502:Barcelona
278:Mouloudou
266:Manguissa
180:. Father
110:drum name
654:Cameroun
592:the bush
515:under a
375:honesty.
294:poll tax
770:Ahanda.
533:Dschang
392:leader
166:mission
149:Kamerun
114:headman
106:Yaoundé
48:of the
1517:
893:later.
660:Legacy
601:francs
572:Centre
561:coffee
498:Madrid
386:porter
317:Ewondo
290:Maroua
288:, and
286:Garoua
212:labour
191:Douala
122:Sanaga
102:Mvolyé
34:Ntsama
677:Notes
624:good.
584:fulus
568:South
557:cocoa
390:Duala
270:Bafia
247:made.
220:clerk
204:Limbe
174:Kribi
126:Nyong
1515:ISBN
815:Nde.
570:and
559:and
307:and
216:Buea
124:and
118:Beti
42:Karl
1485:doi
1302:17.
714:sic
416:of
235:Sso
172:in
1540::
1481:21
1479:.
1460:.
1256:^
1177:^
1156:^
1117:^
1103:^
1046:^
980:^
964:^
916:^
856:^
775:^
745:^
722:^
693:^
669:.
508:.
284:,
280:,
276:,
272:,
76:.
40:,
1491:.
1487::
1387:"
359:(
222:.
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