Ivory trade - Knowledge

209:, stated that wildlife had to have economic value attached to it to survive and that local communities needed to be involved. Ivory was widely accepted in terms of non-lethal use of wildlife, but a debate raged over lethal use as in the case of the ivory trade. Most encounters between CITES officials and local bands of poachers erupted in violent struggle, killing men and women on each side. It was recognised that the "sustainable lethal use of wildlife" argument was in jeopardy if the ivory trade could not be controlled. In 1986, CITES introduced a new control system involving CITES paper permits, registration of huge ivory stockpiles and monitoring of legal ivory movements. These controls were supported by most CITES parties as well as the ivory trade and the established conservation movement represented by 512:

illegal sale of the ivory stockpile has taken place." However, a CITES mission recommended that CITES approve China's request, and this was supported by WWF and TRAFFIC. China gained its "approved" status at a meeting of the CITES Standing Committee on 15 July 2008. China's State Council has announced that China is banning all ivory trade and processing activities by the end of 2017. The commercial processing and sale of ivory will stop by 31 March 2017. The announcement was welcomed by conservation group WWF, who called it a "historic announcement... signalling an end to the world's primary legal ivory market and a major boost to international efforts to tackle the elephant poaching crisis."

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the proposals for renewed trade from southern Africa did not bear comparison with most of Africa because they were based on a South African model where 90% of the elephant population lived in a fenced National Park. They went on to describe South Africa's wealth and ability to enforce the law within these boundaries. By comparison, they made it clear that most elephants in Africa live in poorly protected and unfenced bush or forest. They finished their appeal by describing the poaching crisis of the 1980s, and emphasized that the decision to ban ivory was not made to punish southern African countries, but to save the elephants in the rest of the world.

338:(CAMPFIRE) as a template for community empowerment in conservation. The failure to prevent the Appendix One listing through CITES came as a blow to this movement. Zimbabwe may have made the career of some biologists, but it was not honest with its claims. The government argued the ivory trade would fund conservation efforts, but revenues were instead returned to the central treasury. Its elephant census was accused of double counting elephants crossing its border with Botswana by building artificial waterholes. The ivory trade was also wildly out of control within its borders, with 829: 22: 976:

Wildlife Services Ltd P.O. B0X 30678 NAIROBI, Kenya. "Typical are these comments from one Samuel Swan, trader, to his principal — merchant John Tidd in Boston :"May 16, 1809...Since the destruction of the slave trade the Crew (= Kru, a West African people) Country is full of ivory" the gist of this being that now slaves were illegal, ivory was difficult to move." BENNETT, N.R. & BROOKS J.R. 1965 New England merchants in Africa. Boston Univ. Press, Boston.

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Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) and Elephant Trade Information System (ETIS), have been highly criticised as a waste of money for not being able to prove or disprove any causality between ivory stockpile sales and poaching levels—perhaps the most significant reason for their establishment. They do pull together information on poaching and seizures as provided by member states, although not all states provide comprehensive data.

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sale, describe the increase in illegal ivory trade a possible "coincidence", others are less cautious. Chinese nationals working in Africa have been caught smuggling ivory in many African countries, with at least ten arrested at Kenyan airports in 2009. In many African countries, domestic markets have grown, providing easy access to ivory, although the Asian ivory syndicates are most destructive buying and shipping tonnes at a time.

270: 699: 553:(2,987 lb) of ivory stored in a safe and guarded by police and the army, stolen. At a value of over $ 1.1 million, it is definitely a cause for concern. This loss was discovered during an audit of the Uganda Wildlife Authority, which has led to an investigation of the ones who should have been safeguarded that amount of ivory. As a result, five of the Wildlife Authority staffers have been suspended so far. 170:, but by 1989, only 600,000 remained. Although many ivory traders repeatedly claimed that the problem was habitat loss, it became glaringly clear that the threat was primarily the international ivory trade. Throughout this decade, around 75,000 African elephants were killed for the ivory trade annually, worth around 1 billion dollars. About 80% of this was estimated to come from illegally killed elephants. 474:

traders, and illegal shipments entering Japan. A report by the Japan Wildlife Conservation Society warned that the price of ivory jumped due to price fixing by a small number of manufacturers who controlled the bulk of the ivory—similar to the control of stocks when stockpiles were amnestied in the 1980s. Before the sale took place, in the wings China was seeking approval as an ivory destination country.

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together to bring this to an end." One of the main concerns of the conference was specifically on reevaluating the measures already in place to protect African elephants and the illegal trade of their ivory. While 46 countries signed this agreement, it was reported in 2015 by The Guardian that the elephant poaching crisis was still unimproved. One such article reported "

266:) and appeals from African countries and a range of well-respected organisations around the world, WWF only came out in support of a ban in mid-1989, indicating the importance of the "lethal use" principle of wildlife to WWF and CITES; even then, the group attempted to water down decisions at the October 1989 meeting of CITES. 237:(EIA), a small NGO with few resources, when they met with traders in Hong Kong. Large parts of the stockpiles were owned by international criminals behind the poaching and illegal international trade. Well-known Hong Kong-based traders such as Wang and Poon were beneficiaries of the amnesty, and elephant expert 754:

registering, tagging or crafting in any way. In Greenland, prior to 1897, it was purchased by the Royal Greenland Trade Department exclusively for sale domestically. After that time, walrus ivory was exported. Walrus ivory was used to create pieces of art and specifically chess pieces in the Middle Ages.

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It is possible that some Somali poachers paid taxes to Al-Shabaab while smuggling ivory through their territory, representing only a small portion of the group's total income. Somalia was a popular place for illegal trade for it is home and financial support for many terrorist groups. There are still

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A 2019 peer-reviewed study reported that the rate of African elephant poaching was in decline, with the annual poaching mortality rate peaking at over 10% in 2011 and falling to below 4% by 2017. The study found strong correlations between annual poaching rates in 53 sites and proxies of ivory demand

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and the purchase of natural resources has alarmed many conservationists who fear the extraction of wildlife body parts is increasing. Since China was given "approved buyer" status by CITES, the smuggling of ivory seems to have increased alarmingly. Although, WWF and TRAFFIC, which supported the China

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China and Japan bought 108 tonnes of ivory in another "one-off" sale in November 2008 from Botswana, South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe. At the time, the idea was that these legal ivory sales may depress the price, thereby removing poaching pressure, an idea supported by both TRAFFIC and WWF. Illegal

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The southern African countries continue to attempt to sell ivory through legal systems. In an appeal to overcome national interests, a group of eminent elephant scientists responded with an open letter in 2002 which clearly explained the effects of the ivory trade on other countries. They stated that

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It is widely accepted that the ivory ban worked. The poaching epidemic that had hit so much of the African elephants' range was greatly reduced. Ivory prices plummeted and ivory markets around the world closed, almost all of which were in Europe and the US. It has been reported that it was not simply

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respectively. Burundi had one known live wild elephant and Singapore had none. The stockpiles were recognized to have largely come from poached elephants. The CITES Secretariat was later admonished by the US delegate for redefining the term "registration" as "amnesty". The result of this was realised

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By the 1970s, Japan consumed about 40% of the global trade; another 40% was consumed by Europe and North America, often worked in Hong Kong, which was the largest trade hub, with most of the rest remaining in Africa. China, yet to become the economic force of today, consumed small amounts of ivory to

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THE IVORY TRADE. pp 7-11. A CONSULTANCY UNDERTAKEN FOR DR. IAIN DOUGLAS-HAMILTON ON BEHALF OF THE UNITED STATES FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, AND THE INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES, MORGE, SWITZERLAND. June 1979 I.S.C. Parker

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conquered Siberia, the ivory became a more regularly available commodity. Siberia's mammoth ivory industry experienced substantial growth from the mid-18th century on. In one instance, in 1821, a collector brought 8,165 kg (18,001 lb) of ivory, from approximately 50 mammoths, back from the

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There is an international export ban of narwhal tusks from 17 Nunavut communities imposed by the Canadian federal government. The Inuit traders in this region are challenging the ban by filing an application with the Federal Court. The Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans restricts the export

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Major centers of ivory trafficking in Vietnam include Mong Cai, Hai Phong and Da Nang. One of the major traffickers of illegal ivory from Togo is a Vietnamese, Dao Van Bien. A 22-month sentence was imposed. In terms of retail trade of elephant ivory, Hong Kong is the largest market in the world, and

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These were supplying shops selling trinkets to tourists and businessmen from Asian countries such as Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Indonesia, where the anti-ivory culture wasn't so strong, They were also exporting worked ivory wholesale to neighbouring countries. The Chinese were

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carried out investigations which showed that this case had been preceded by 19 other suspected ivory shipments, four destined for China and the rest for Singapore, though often en route to Japan. The ivory originated in Zambia and was collected in Malawi before being containerized and shipped out of

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South Africa's claim that its elephants were well managed was not seriously challenged. However, its role in the illegal ivory trade and slaughter of elephants in neighbouring countries was exposed in numerous news articles of the time, as part of its policy of destabilisation of its neighbours. 95%

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In 1998, over 300 mammoth tusks were discovered in an underground ice cave in the Taimyr Peninsula in North Siberia. These fossils and tusks were studied up to 2003, until 24 of them were stolen and transported to Russia. The suspect was eventually caught and arrested, but there was too much damage

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Inuit traded, among other things, walrus ivory to the Chinese, for glass beads and iron goods. Prior to this, the Bering Strait Inuit used ivory for practical reasons; harpoon points, tools, etc., but about the only time(s) walrus ivory was used otherwise, it was to make games for festivities, and

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The effect of the sale of ivory to Japan in 2000 was hotly debated with Traffic, the organization which compiled the ETIS and MIKE databases, claiming they could not determine any link. However, many of those on the ground claimed that the sale had changed the perception of ivory, and many poachers

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Throughout the debate which led to the 1990 ivory ban, a group of southern African countries supported Hong Kong and Japanese ivory traders to maintain trade. This was stated to be because these countries claimed to have well-managed elephant populations and they needed the revenue from ivory sales

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Ivory has been traded for hundreds of years by people in Africa and Asia, resulting in restrictions and bans. Ivory was formerly used to make piano keys and other decorative items because of the white color it presents when processed but the piano industry abandoned ivory as a key covering material

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report named Hong Kong as "one of the biggest ivory laundering centres in the world legitimate operations are used to mask a far more sinister, more lucrative business". 95 kilograms (209 lb) of elephant ivory was confiscated at Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris from two Vietnamese who were

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reported on a large upsurge in ivory poaching, with about 70% flowing to China. At the 2014 Tokyo Conference on Combating Wildlife crime, United Nations University and ESRI presented the first case of evidence-based policy-making maps on enforcement and compliance of CITES convention where illegal

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to be "downlisted" to Appendix Two which would allow international trade in elephant parts. However, the decision was accompanied by "registering" stockpiles within these countries and examining trade controls in any designated importing country. CITES once again was attempting to set up a control

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in illegal ivory from other African countries, WWF, with strong ties to both countries, found itself in a difficult position. It is well documented that publicly it opposed the trade but privately tried to appease these southern African states. However, the so-called Somalia-Proposal, presented by

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in Chinese markets, as well as associations between variation in poaching rates and indicators of corruption and poverty. Based on these findings, the study authors recommended action to both reduce demand for ivory in China and other main markets and to decrease corruption and poverty in Africa.

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To demonstrate the lack of ivory controls in China, the EIA leaked an internal Chinese document showing how 121 tonnes of ivory from its own official stockpile (equivalent to the tusks from 11,000 elephants) could not be accounted for, a Chinese official admitting "this suggests a large amount of

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Contrary to the advice of CITES that prices may be depressed, and those that supported the sale of stockpiles in 2008, the price of ivory in China has greatly increased. Some believe this may be due to deliberate price fixing by those who bought the stockpile, echoing the warnings from the Japan

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commented on the Burundi amnesty that it "made at least two millionaires". EIA confirmed with their investigations that not only had these syndicates made enormous wealth, but they also possessed huge quantities of CITES permits with which they continued to smuggle new ivory, which if stopped by

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The international deliberations over the measures required to prevent the serious decline in elephant numbers almost always ignored the loss of human life in Africa, the fueling of corruption, the "currency" of ivory in buying arms, and the breakdown of law and order in areas where illegal ivory

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representative, tagged and fashioned into some type of handicraft. Natives may also sell ivory found within 0.25 miles (0.40 km) of the ocean—known as beach ivory— to non–natives if the ivory has been tagged and worked in some way. Fossilized ivory is not regulated, and can be sold without

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There has been little controversy in the decision to ban trade in Asian elephant ivory. However, the species is still threatened by the ivory trade, and many conservationists have supported the African ivory trade ban because evidence shows that ivory traders are not concerned whether their raw

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In 2002, another 60 tonnes of ivory from South Africa, Botswana and Namibia was approved for sale, and in 2006, Japan was approved as a destination for the ivory. Japan's ivory controls were seriously questioned with 25% of traders not even registered, voluntary rather than legal requirement of

406:, describes the brutal ivory trade as a wild, senseless wielding of power in support of the resource-hungry economic policies of European imperialists, describing the situation in Congo between 1890 and 1910 as "the vilest scramble for loot that ever disfigured the history of human conscience." 354:

The dispute over the ivory trade involves opposing sets of perceived national interests. The debate is further complicated by the many academic and policy disciplines at play, including biology, census techniques, economics, international trade dynamics, conflict resolution, and criminology—all

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was held on 12 and 13 February 2014. The purpose of this conference was to recognize "the significant scale and detrimental economic, social and environmental consequences of the illegal trade in wildlife, make the following political commitment and call upon the international community to act

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In 2018, a study by Avaaz sponsored by Oxford University indicated that legal antique ivory trading in the European Union continues to fuel the poaching of elephants. It is believed that a legal loophole that allows for the trading of old ivory masks the sale of items made of ivory from more

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On 20 December 2018, the UK Ivory Act 2018, received Royal Assent after being passed by the British parliament. The Act may be extended to include hippos, walruses, and narwhals in the future. The ban, when it comes into effect, has been described one of the "world's toughest" ivory bans and

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The ivory trade has steadily been a reoccurring problem that dwindled down the population of the African elephants and the white rhino. In 2013, a single seizure in Guangzhou uncovered 1,913 tusks, the product of nearly 1,000 dead animals. In 2014, the Ugandan authorities had 1,355 kilograms

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In 2000, South Africa also "downlisted" its elephant population to CITES Appendix Two with a stated desire to sell its ivory stockpile. In the same year, CITES agreed to the establishment of two systems to inform its member states on the status of illegal killing and trade. The two systems,

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In 2014, Uganda said that it was investigating the theft of about 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) of ivory from the vaults of its state-run wildlife protection agency. Poaching is acute in central Africa, which is said to have lost at least 60 percent of its elephants in the past decade.

249:. They also collected official trade statistics, airway bills and further evidence in UAE, Singapore and Hong Kong. The UAE statistics showed that this country alone had imported over 200 tonnes of raw and simply prepared ivory in 1987/88. Almost half of this had come from 527:

Wildlife Conservation Society on price-fixing after sales to Japan in 1997, and monopoly given to traders who bought stockpiles from Burundi and Singapore in the 1980s. It may also be due to the exploding number of Chinese able to purchase luxury goods. A study funded by

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from Malawi to Singapore. After this, they started to be dispatched to China. Analysis and cross-referencing revealed company names and company directors already known to the EIA from investigations in the 1980s—the Hong Kong criminal ivory syndicates were active again.

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and elephant poaching in Mozambique. Nleya was found hanged at his army barracks near Hwange National Park. The death was reported as suicide by the army, but declared a murder by a magistrate. Nleya's widow was reportedly later threatened by anonymous telephone calls.

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Tanzania, attempting to break down the ivory syndicates that it recognized were corrupting its society, proposed an Appendix One listing for the African Elephant (effectively a ban on international trade). Some southern African countries including South Africa and

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the governmental delegation of the Republic of Somalia, of which nature protection specialist Prof. Julian Bauer was an official member, then broke the stalemate and the elephant moratorium with its ban of elephant ivory trade was adopted by the CITES delegates.

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the act of the Appendix One listing and various national bans associated with it, but the enormous publicity surrounding the issue prior to the decision and afterwards, that created a widely accepted perception that the trade was harmful and now illegal.

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remains a concern in areas of Africa, it is not the only threat for the elephants who roam its wilderness. Fences in farmlands are becoming increasingly more common; this disrupts the elephants' migration patterns and can cause herds to separate.

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customs, they produced the paper permit. CITES had created a system which increased the value of ivory on the international market, rewarded international smugglers and gave them the ability to control the trade and continue smuggling new ivory.

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said the deal would "mark the turning point in the fight to save endangered species and to end the illegal wildlife trade". But wildlife experts and the UK government said on Monday it was too early to judge the effectiveness of the accord."

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Finally at that October meeting of CITES after heated debates, the African elephant was put on Appendix One of CITES, and three months later in January 1990 when the decision was enacted, the international trade in ivory was banned.

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ivory continues to flow into Japan's ivory market, but since 2012, the demand for ivory has decreased as a result of new consumer awareness through education about the connection between buying ivory and the killing of elephants.

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Forty-nine tonnes of ivory was registered in these three countries, and Japan's assertion that it had sufficient controls in place was accepted by CITES and the ivory was sold to Japanese traders in 1997 as an "experiment".

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to the ports where both the tusks and their carriers were sold. The ivory was used for piano keys, billiard balls and other expressions of exotic wealth. At the peak of the ivory trade, pre-20th century, during the

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in 2002 provided a stark warning that poaching in Africa was not for only local markets, but that some of the ivory syndicates from the 1980s were operating again. 532 elephant tusks and over 40,000 blank ivory

143:, name seal stamps used like a signature. Prior to this period, most name seals had been made from wood with an ivory tip, carved with the signature, but increased prosperity saw the formerly unseen solid ivory 2298: 749:) are allowed to harvest walrus for subsistence as long as the harvesting is not wasteful. The natives are permitted to sell the ivory of the hunted walrus to non–natives as long as it is reported to a 2115: 613:

who claimed that the group engaged in the trafficking of ivory. The claim that Al-Shabaab received up to 40% of its funding from the sale of elephant ivory gained further attention following the 2013

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reported to CITES delegates representing over 170 countries. The decisions made within this agreement have often been highly political. Inevitably, it attracts misinformation, skulduggery and crime.

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were vehemently opposed. They claimed that their elephant populations were well managed and they wanted revenue from ivory sales to fund conservation. Although both countries were implicated as

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Zimbabwe had embraced "sustainable" use policies of its wildlife, seen by some governments and the WWF as a pattern for future conservation. Conservationists and biologists hailed Zimbabwe's

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to fund conservation. These countries were South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland. They voted against the Appendix One listing and actively worked to reverse the decision.

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Further failures of this "control" system were uncovered by the EIA when they gained undercover access and filmed ivory carving factories run by Hong Kong traders, including Poon, in the

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Using criteria that had been agreed upon at the 1989 CITES meeting, among much controversy and debate, in 1997 CITES parties agreed to allow the populations of African elephants in

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Even if we managed to close down all the unregulated markets around the world, there would still be a demand for illegal ivory coming from countries such as China and Japan.

2669: 2727: 335: 2164: 366:, they had some success through CITES. Mugabe himself had been accused of bartering tonnes of ivory for weapons with China, breaking his country's commitment to CITES. 3086: 2440: 1854: 817:

The Canadian government has stated that if it fails to restrict export of narwhal tusks, then the international community might completely ban exports under CITES.

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However, the southern Africans have always been in a minority within the African elephant range states. To reiterate this point, 19 African countries signed the "

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and the ivory trade have been made by a number of public officials and media outlets. NGO reports cited an anonymous source within the militant organization

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When the exchange restrictions imposed upon Japan after the Second World War were lifted during the late 1960s, it began importing huge amounts of raw ivory.

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trade flourished. The debate usually rested on the numbers of elephants, estimates of poached elephants and official ivory statistics. Activists such as

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where they had a complete ban on ivory. It underlined that the ivory traders rewarded by CITES with the amnesties were running rings around the system.

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and other areas. More sinister was the alleged murder of a string of whistle-blowers, including a Capt. Nleya, who claimed the ZNA was involved in

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material is from Africa or Asia. Decisions by CITES on ivory trade affect Asian elephants. For intricate carving, Asian ivory is often preferred.

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ivory amongst themselves before any contact with Europeans. For hundreds of years, the tusks have moved from Greenland to international markets.

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In the early 19th century mammoth ivory was used, as substantial source, for such products as piano keys, billiard balls, and ornamental boxes.

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ivory was banned in 1975 when the Asian elephant was placed on Appendix One of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (

2819: 218: 1543: 2339: 1772: 1113: 1671:"Destination Japan – an investigation into the Japan seizure and laundering of illegal ivory" Japan Wildlife Conservation Society, May 2007 2221: 640:

laws in place that support the criminalization of poaching, but similar to all illegal materials, people will always find ways around it.

413:" in 2006 calling for a total ivory trade ban, and 20 range states attended a meeting in Kenya calling for a 20-year moratorium in 2007. 303:

stated that stockpiles remained unclaimed in Kenya and it became cheaper and easier for authorities to control the killing of elephants.

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The Environmental Crime Crisis: Threats to Sustainable Development From Illegal Exploitation and Trade in Wildlife and Forest Resources

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described these claims as unreliable. According to the report, Al-Shabaab's primary income was from informal taxation and the trade in

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Trade in walrus ivory has taken place for hundreds of years in large regions of the northern hemisphere, involving such groups as the

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In the 1600s, the Dutch traded with the Inuit, typically for metal goods in exchange for narwhal tusks, seal skins, and other items.

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On 6 October 2017, the UK government announced plans to ban the sales and exportation of ivory in areas of the United Kingdom.

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has been criticised for fueling the slaughter of elephants to meet the demand of customers principally from mainland China. A

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Martin said that Chinese carvers mainly sold ivory products to neighbors in the 1990s and not to internal buyers in China:

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The Philippines is a major center of the ivory trade with the Philippines priest Monsignor Cristobal Garcia implicated by

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The two countries leading the attempt to overturn the ban immediately after it was agreed were South Africa and Zimbabwe.

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Solutions to the problem of poaching and illegal trade focused on trying to control international ivory movements through

2464:"Revealed: the Laos market selling ivory carvings and 'medicinal' rhino horn from slaughtered wildlife to Chinese buyers" 1864: 1277: 859:

It is estimated that 46,750 mammoths have been excavated during the first 250 years since Siberia became part of Russia.

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in mass production. Softer ivory from East Africa and southern Africa was traded for souvenirs, jewelry and trinkets.

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have described current ivory prices for poached ivory and the dangers such activists face from organized poaching.

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Southern African countries have continued to push for the international ivory trade. Led by Zimbabwe's President

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of narwhal tusks and other related products from these communities, including Iqaluit, the territorial capital.

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Trading continues today between Greenland and other countries, with Denmark by far being the leading purchaser.

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effectively bans the buying and selling of all available form of ivory in the UK bar some narrow exemptions.

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The first known instance of mammoth ivory reaching western Europe was in 1611, when a piece, purchased from

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South Africa. Between March 1994 and May 1998, nine suspected shipments had been sent by the same company

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Moscow is a major hub for the trade in walrus ivory, providing the commodity for a large foreign market.

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African elephant poaching rates correlate with local poverty, national corruption and global ivory price

1649: 1935: 519: 210: 2816: 2252: 1579: 2165:"'I need to eat rice': Ivory trader denies wrongdoing as LegCo debates combating wildlife smuggling" 343: 2358:"Monsignor Cristobal Garcia, Catholic Priest, To Be Questioned By Philippines For Ivory Smuggling" 1726:

Made in China – how china's illegal ivory tradeis causing a 21st century African elephant disaster

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US Defense Intelligence Agency report, April 1991 "Renamo deserter talks of SA support to Renamo"

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has been exported from Africa and Asia for millennia with records going back to the 14th century

1408:"Lifting the Ivory Ban Called Premature – Scientists Offer a Perspective on Elephants and Ivory" 1407: 1229: 531:

showed than the price of ivory tripled in China during four years following 2011 when stockpile

3227: 2229: 590: 339: 113: 2116:"On Trail of Largest African Ivory Seizure in 25 Years, Locating Suspected Kingpin in Vietnam" 1956:

Severin Hauenstein, Mrigesh Kshatriya, Julian Blanc, Carsten F. Dormann & Colin M. Beale,

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The Atlantic Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in West Greenland Museum Tusculanum Press

2728:"UK government's ivory bill receives Royal Assent from Queen to become the Ivory Act 2018" 8: 3117:"Animal poaching: How tracking technology could help prevent wildlife crime, extinctions" 2886: 2857:

Star, Bastiaan; Barrett, James H.; Gondek, Agata T.; Boessenkool, Sanne (27 March 2018).

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Despite these public revelations by the EIA, and followed by media exposures (including

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has been developed which can be used as an alternative material for making piano keys.

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The debate surrounding ivory trade has often been depicted as Africa versus the West.

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In 1979, the African elephant population was estimated to be around 1.3 million in 37

3237: 3064: 3054: 2967: 2957: 2840: 2782: 2771:"Codfish and kings, seals and subsistence: Norse marine resource use in the Atlantic" 2543: 1957: 1423: 1193: 1131:"The International Ban on Ivory Sales and its Effects on Elephant Poaching in Africa" 1086: 1011: 930: 904: 837: 410: 398: 656:). By the late 1980s, it was believed that only around 50,000 remained in the wild. 3089:(Press release). United Nations Environment Programme. 24 June 2014. Archived from 2949: 2862: 1534:, 11 July 2011, Rediff.com, an excerpt from the order of the Supreme Court of India 1479:"Donald Trump lifts ban to allow hunters to continue bringing in elephant trophies" 1142: 535:

became more popular. The same study concluded that this led to increased poaching.

331:. RENAMO was heavily implicated in large-scale ivory poaching to finance its army. 257: 185:(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). 128: 61: 2626: 992: 3108:"An Illusion of Complicity: Terrorism and the Illegal Ivory Trade in East Africa" 2937: 2893: 2823: 2770: 2056:

Animal trafficking: the $ 23bn criminal industry policed by a toothless regulator

1751: 1732: 1713: 1656: 1613: 1550: 1117: 900: 811: 262: 77: 2299:"Father Cristobal Garcia: Priest fled to the Philippines and rose in the Church" 1908: 1606: 3008:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.ca (13 January 2011). Retrieved 2011-02-02. 2859:"Ancient DNA reveals the chronology of walrus ivory trade from Norse Greenland" 2375: 1634: 649: 300: 96: 65: 3191: 3068: 2971: 2774: 2016: 1965: 1363:"Mystery callers torment murdered captain's widow" Parade Mag (Zim) Sept 1990 1197: 1015: 828: 763: 707: 674: 633: 456: 403: 363: 274: 138: 2742:"UK ivory ban: Elephants protected as new rules become law - CBBC Newsround" 1381:"Nleya's enquiry 3 suspects die mysteriously" Sunday Times, 17 November 1991 1318:

Elephant Conservation Plan for Mozambique, AECCG, Olindo, Woodford, Oct 1991

572:

African elephants ivory has entered Thailand's Asian elephant ivory market.

116:, around 800 to 1,000 tonnes of ivory were sent to Europe alone every year. 3048: 2914: 2741: 1852: 1399: 374: 370: 132: 120: 41: 2072:"The Dangers of the Ivory Trade, elephants and white rhinos need our help" 21: 2699: 1836: 1147: 1130: 167: 119:

World wars and the subsequent economic depressions caused a lull in this

2542:. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme. pp. 78–81. 2537: 287: 2281:"Priest in ivory scandal suspended earlier by Vatican for sexual abuse" 1625:"Elephants, Ivory & trade" Wasser et al March 2010 Science Magazine 1391: 499:

buying some ivory products for themselves, but only a small proportion.

347: 100: 2267:"National Geographic story links Philippine priest in ivory smuggling" 482:

The rise of Asia, modern European trade and the modern poaching crisis

327:(SADF) which trained, supplied and equipped the rebel Mozambique army 1502: 1500: 952:"Trade in mammoth ivory, helped by global thaw, flourishes in Russia" 741:

According to the United States government, Alaska natives (including

730: 606: 578: 450: 229: 175: 2858: 2800:

Marine prestige goods: Norse walrus hunting in Iceland and Greenland

2195: 2953: 2935: 2866: 722: 718: 629: 621: 430: 422: 283: 250: 224:

In 1986 and 1987, CITES registered 89.5 and 297 tonnes of ivory in

206: 189: 1773:

Return of ivory trade as Britain backs China – Nature, Environment

1497: 663: 520:

China's increased involvement in infrastructure projects in Africa

3163:

Species survival network – over 80 NGOs working on wildlife trade

3147: 2670:"UK Government Announces Plan To Ban Ivory Sales And Exportation" 2326:"Priest Included in Philippines Investigation of Ivory Smuggling" 1336:"Renamo's secret SA bases", The Weekly Mail (SA) 16–22 March 1990 841: 789: 426: 225: 104: 73: 57: 49: 2835:

Born, Erik W., Heide-Jorgensen, Mads P., Davis, Rolph A (1994),

2779:

Human Impacts on Ancient Marine Ecosystems: A Global Perspective

2141:"Seven of the Year's Biggest Wins Against Wildlife Exploitation" 1980:"Elephants Dying in Epic Frenzy as Ivory Fuels Wars and Profits" 1853:

Photograph Shuji Kajiyama, Associated Press (10 December 2015).

2645:"Elephant poaching crisis unchanged a year after global pledge" 2102:"WWF – Da Nang developing into major new ivory trafficking hub" 2034: 848: 711: 373:

had lifted a ban on ivory imports from Zimbabwe implemented by

328: 53: 45: 3006:

CBC News – North – Inuit seek review of narwhal tusk trade ban

1372:"Zimbabwe smugglers kill another officer" New African Nov 1991 549:

ivory seizures were mapped out along with poaching incidences

385: 269: 196: 2625:

Governments and Regional Economic Integration Organisations.

2484:"Campaign group says illegal ivory trade breezes past EU law" 2394:"Cracking Down on Illegal Ivory Could Get Easier in Thailand" 903:: may decrease ivory prices due to greater availability (see 746: 726: 698: 653: 202: 182: 34: 2856: 1398:, Save the Elephants; Vivek Menon, Wildlife Trust of India; 814:

450 per metre. The ban affects both carvings and raw tusks.

575:

Massive amounts of ivory are still being imported by Japan.

336:

Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources

3177: 3105: 2031:"Evidence Based Policy-Making in Addressing Wildlife Crime" 2017:"Evidence based policy-making in addressing wildlife crime" 1926:, Jason Strazjuso, Michael Caesy, William Foreman, May 2010 1707:"China, Ivory Trade & the future of Africa's Elephants" 703: 582: 108: 37: 2376:"Philippines investigates priest's 'links to ivory trade'" 1837:"Campaigners fear for elephants and their own credibility" 306: 3167: 1170:"A System of Extinction – the African Elephant Disaster" 3182: 3157: 2340:"Philippine Priest Facing Scrutiny Over Ivory and Abuse" 2138: 1243:

memoEnforcement of the Ivory Trade Ban – 1 yr Assessment

369:

On 16 November 2017, it was announced that US President

131:, relieved from its exchange restrictions imposed after 3158:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

2516:"Illegal ivory may not be funding African terror group" 2198:"Crime Blotter: Pangolin Scales, Tiger Skins, and More" 600: 3162: 3152: 2700:"Ivory Act 2018 - Parliamentary Bills - UK Parliament" 1214:

Increased Demand for Ivory Threatens Elephant Survival

1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1025: 3148:

EIA 25 yrs investigating the ivory trade, reports etc

2936:

Würsig, Bernd; E W Born; R Dietz; R R Reeves (1995).

2441:"How Laos' Black Market Undermines China's Ivory Ban" 389:

Ivory trade in East Africa during the 1880s and 1890s

1999:"In Gabon, Lure of Ivory Is Hard for Many to Resist" 1876: 1874: 1296:"Under Fire – elephants in the front line", Austin, 820:

Tusks are still allowed to be traded within Canada.

3106:Maguire, Tom; Haenlein, Cathy (21 September 2015). 3053:. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press. 3016: 3014: 2601:"Elephant sized loopholes sustain Thai ivory trade" 2346:. 28 September 2012 – via The New York Times. 1790:"China announces ban on ivory trade by end of 2017" 1300:, Galster, Reeve, Thornton, Watts, 1992, EIA report 1022: 161: 2768: 2531: 2529: 2439:Yi, Shi (6 June 2017). Schoenmakers, Kevin (ed.). 1883:"America's ongoing debate over the trade in ivory" 1763:CITES summary record of Standing Committee 57 2008 757: 2627:"London Conference on the Illegal Wildlife Trade" 2447:. Translated by O’Donnell, Kilian. Archived from 2253:"Priest embroiled in ivory smuggling controversy" 1871: 1855:"How Japan is Fueling the Slaughter of Elephants" 1192:. Reed Business Information. 1988. pp. 30–. 1010:. Reed Business Information. 1986. pp. 49–. 503:Born Free Foundation CEO Will Travers said that, 446:and traders believed they were back in business. 72:in the 1980s in favor of other materials such as 3189: 3011: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2536:Nellemann, Christian; et al., eds. (2014). 1182: 1180: 569:in a scandal over his involvement in the trade. 273:Men with ivory tusks from the African elephant, 16:Commercial, often illegal, trade of animal ivory 2781:. University of California Press. p. 192. 2769:Perdikaris, Sophia; McGovern, Thomas H (2008). 2526: 1049:on 13 August 2011 – via Internet Archive. 866:done to continue studying these mammoth tusks. 670:London Conference on the Illegal Wildlife Trade 664:London Conference on the Illegal Wildlife Trade 127:in the 1960s and early 1970s saw a resurgence. 3110:. London, UK: Royal United Services Institute. 1936:"Shopping habits of China's "suddenly wealthy" 1544:African countries set to lock horns over ivory 1232:. NPR (31 October 2002). Retrieved 2011-02-02. 1080: 219:International Union for Conservation of Nature 144: 136: 33:is the commercial, often illegal trade in the 3123:. Shorenstein Center, Harvard Kennedy School. 2805: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1309:"Train killers", New Nation (SA) 19 July 1991 1292: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1209: 1207: 1177: 1128: 3114: 2991:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2564:"Elephants are the latest conflict resource" 2509: 2507: 2505: 1919: 1917: 1428:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1354:Post mortem report 189/135/89, 17 March 1989 810:Tusks in good condition are valued at up to 2817:Hunting and Use of Walrus by Alaska Natives 2722: 2720: 1816:"China to ban domestic ivory trade by 2017" 1645: 1643: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1106: 1104: 1102: 197:CITES debate, an attempt to control and ban 3046: 2196:Photograph Ivan Damanik, NurPhoto/Corbis. 1966:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09993-2 1945: 1659:, Hastie, Newman, Rice, 2002 an EIA report 1283: 1204: 1122: 1076: 988: 986: 984: 982: 319:of South Africa's elephants were found in 3127: 2642: 2535: 2513: 2502: 1996: 1990: 1977: 1971: 1914: 1273: 1271: 1253: 1251: 1146: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1056: 929:. USA: William Morris. pp. 112–150. 2717: 2461: 2434: 2432: 1924:"Ivory Trade threatens African Elephant" 1909:"data shows illegal ivory trade on rise" 1880: 1682:"Uganda: Inquiry into Ivory Theft Opens" 1667: 1665: 1640: 1441: 1439: 1155: 1099: 827: 697: 384: 268: 87: 20: 3115:Mastropasqua, Kristina (22 June 2016). 2514:McConnell, Tristan (14 November 2014). 2324:Revkin, Andrew C. (26 September 2012). 1997:Gettleman, Jeffrey (26 December 2012). 1978:Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 September 2012). 995:. Biothinkig.com. Retrieved 2011-02-02. 979: 751:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 620:However, a report published jointly by 449:A seizing of over 6 tonnes of ivory in 307:Southern African oppositions to the ban 3190: 3128:Mcconnell, Tristan (29 October 2015). 3047:Lister, Adrian; Bahn, Paul G. (2007). 3022:"Mammoths and the Mammoth Ivory Trade" 2896:. h-net.msu.edu. Retrieved 2011-02-02. 2416: 2323: 1268: 1248: 1230:Lifting the Ivory Ban Called Premature 1129:Lemieux, A. M.; Clarke, R. V. (2009). 1081:Thornton, Allan; Currey, Dave (1991). 1053: 950:Kramer, Andrew E. (19 November 2008). 949: 924: 788:The people of Greenland likely traded 153:keep its skilled carvers in business. 3183:International Fund for Animal Welfare 2429: 1662: 1436: 587:Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone 2826:alaska.fws.gov. Retrieved 2011–02-03 2250: 1567:Wildlife Trade – elephant ivory FAQs 1557:, 31 May 2007. Retrieved 2011-02-02. 1508:"Ivory: Significance and Protection" 684: 626:United Nations Environment Programme 601:Source of possible terrorism funding 233:in undercover investigations by the 3178:Traffic – wildlife trade monitoring 2613:"Ivory trade hits Asia's elephants" 2269:. ncronline.org. 27 September 2012. 2251:Park, Madison (27 September 2012). 1881:Schwartz, Michael (8 August 2014). 1223: 156: 13: 3079: 2591:. Cites.org. Retrieved 2011-02-02. 2462:Sherwell, Philip (30 April 2016). 2438: 1616:. Cites.org. Retrieved 2011-02-02. 1404:Amboseli Elephant Research Project 1263:Environmental Investigation Agency 1172:Environmental Investigation Agency 235:Environmental Investigation Agency 14: 3249: 3141: 3130:"The Ivory-Funded Terrorism Myth" 2643:Mathiesen, Karl (23 March 2015). 1111:Kenya Elephant Forum Factsheet 02 643: 380: 342:(ZNA) involvement in poaching in 83: 3040: 2999: 2929: 2899: 823: 778: 736: 416: 205:parties (member states), led by 162:1980s poaching and illegal trade 3050:Mammoths: giants of the ice age 2880: 2850: 2829: 2762: 2748: 2734: 2692: 2662: 2636: 2618: 2606: 2594: 2582: 2556: 2476: 2455: 2417:Beachy, Ben (7 December 2015). 2410: 2386: 2368: 2350: 2332: 2317: 2301:. dailynews.com. Archived from 2291: 2273: 2259: 2244: 2214: 2189: 2175: 2157: 2132: 2108: 2094: 2064: 2054:Davies, Nick and Oliver Holmes 2048: 2023: 2009: 1929: 1901: 1846: 1830: 1808: 1782: 1766: 1757: 1738: 1719: 1700: 1674: 1628: 1619: 1600: 1572: 1560: 1537: 1525: 1471: 1459: 1384: 1375: 1366: 1357: 1348: 1339: 1330: 1321: 1312: 1303: 1280:, The Independent, 12 July 2008 1261:& Helen Moore, A report by 1235: 1045:. November 2006. Archived from 927:The Natural History of Unicorns 758:Bering Strait fur trade network 693: 2139:Photography Eric Risberg, AP. 1135:British Journal of Criminology 998: 969: 943: 918: 1: 1796:. bbc.co.uk. 30 December 2016 1345:New Scientist, 26 August 1989 911: 615:Westgate shopping mall attack 107:were used to carry the heavy 2344:International Herald Tribune 1889:. Africa Geographic Magazine 1468:, The Zimbabwean, April 2008 783: 562:arrested by French customs. 323:which was partly run by the 7: 3153:EIA (in the US) reports etc 2942:Quarterly Review of Biology 2076:www.budgetsafarisuganda.com 881:African Wildlife Foundation 869: 762:In the nineteenth century, 597:recently killed elephants. 325:South African Defence Force 10: 3254: 3168:World Wide Fund for Nature 2603:, Science Daily, July 2009 1637:, Species Survival Network 1580:"HSI Ivory trade timeline" 632:, a significant source of 211:World Wide Fund for Nature 92:Ivory trade in Ghana, 1690 1716:, EIA-CITES briefing 2008 1532:'The horror! The horror!' 1278:Return of the Ivory Trade 876:Animal–industrial complex 801: 770: 605:Claims of a link between 3233:Organized crime activity 1964:, vol. 10, 2242 (2019), 1887:www.africageographic.com 1612:19 February 2011 at the 486:Esmond Martin has said, 344:Gonarezhou National Park 1754:. Africageographic.com. 1655:1 December 2010 at the 1220:. Retrieved 2011-02-02. 725:, other Europeans, the 648:International trade in 2773:. In Rick, Torben C.; 1735:, EIA report, May 2007 1549:21 August 2016 at the 1394:, Cornell University; 925:Lavers, Chris (2009). 833: 714: 591:Luang Prabang Province 509: 501: 492: 390: 340:Zimbabwe National Army 278: 145: 137: 114:colonization of Africa 93: 26: 25:Ivory traders, c. 1912 3213:Elephant conservation 3121:Journalist's Resource 2520:USA Today; GlobalPost 1962:Nature Communications 1466:"Ivory for arms deal" 1396:Iain Douglas-Hamilton 896:Elephants in Thailand 832:Engraved mammoth tusk 831: 767:for children's toys. 701: 505: 496: 488: 460:were seized, and the 388: 272: 239:Iain Douglas-Hamilton 91: 60:, and most commonly, 24: 2892:20 July 2011 at the 2615:, BBC News, Feb 2009 2406:on 20 December 2015. 2232:on 26 September 2015 2210:on 22 December 2015. 2169:Hong Kong Free Press 2153:on 24 December 2015. 1867:on 12 December 2015. 1750:2 April 2013 at the 1116:18 July 2011 at the 886:Destruction of ivory 854:New Siberian Islands 729:, and the people of 533:destruction of ivory 321:Kruger National Park 247:United Arab Emirates 125:increased prosperity 3223:Environmental crime 3208:Illegal occupations 2822:15 May 2011 at the 2704:bills.parliament.uk 2674:expressnewsline.com 2469:The Daily Telegraph 2399:National Geographic 2362:The Huffington Post 2226:National Geographic 2203:National Geographic 2146:National Geographic 2121:National Geographic 2061:. 27 September 2016 1860:National Geographic 1731:14 May 2011 at the 1712:14 May 2011 at the 1218:The Washington Post 1083:To Save an Elephant 891:Environmental crime 617:in Nairobi, Kenya. 567:National Geographic 3218:Wildlife smuggling 3203:Trade by commodity 3134:The New York Times 2570:. 19 November 2013 2171:. 2 December 2015. 2128:on 6 October 2015. 2082:on 31 January 2016 2019:. forestrygis.com. 2003:The New York Times 1984:The New York Times 1688:. 18 November 2014 1686:The New York Times 1650:"Back in Business" 1485:. 16 November 2017 1148:10.1093/bjc/azp030 956:The New York Times 844:, reached London. 834: 715: 545:The New York Times 529:Save the Elephants 391: 279: 94: 52:, black and white 27: 3060:978-0-520-25319-3 2963:978-87-635-1226-8 2788:978-0-520-25343-8 2775:Erlandson, Jon M. 2680:on 7 October 2017 2549:978-82-7701-132-5 2305:on 1 October 2015 1456:, 28 October 2008 1454:Africa Geographic 1245:, 18 January 1991 936:978-0-06-087414-8 905:Supply and demand 847:After 1582, when 702:Ceremonial ivory 685:2018 UK Ivory Act 411:Accra Declaration 399:Heart of Darkness 3245: 3173:Another Elephant 3137: 3124: 3111: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3073: 3072: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3018: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2990: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2913:. Archived from 2903: 2897: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2854: 2848: 2833: 2827: 2814: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2756:"Ivory Act 2018" 2752: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2724: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2676:. Archived from 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2533: 2524: 2523: 2511: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2436: 2427: 2426: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2402:. Archived from 2390: 2384: 2383: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2228:. Archived from 2218: 2212: 2211: 2206:. Archived from 2193: 2187: 2186: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2149:. Archived from 2136: 2130: 2129: 2124:. Archived from 2112: 2106: 2105: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2078:. 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