Cham Albanian collaboration with the Axis

409:

army made a short advance and briefly took control of part of Thesprotia. Albanian Muslim irregulars began a spree of looting and violence against Greek villagers, and burned the provincial capital of Igoumenitsa to the ground, causing Greek villagers to flee into the mountains. Paramythia and Filiates were also burnt to the ground and representatives of the local communities were murdered by the Cham bands. A local "civil war" broke out in Thesprotia almost immediately with the arrival of the Italian army and its Albanian auxiliaries into the region. However, it was not at first "sectarianised" yet. Some 300 to 400 local Muslim villagers, especially from Gropa, aided the Italian army, and attacked the retreating Greek army and inflicted considerable casualties. A significant number of Albanian Muslim peasants provided armed support to the Italian invasion, however many Albanian Muslims abstained from such activities and proclaimed their disgust at their co-religionists' behavior. In the case of the village of Agios Vlasis the Albanian Muslim inhabitants sheltered "their Christian compatriots" from violence. In the town of Filiates the sacking and destruction committed by Albanian irregulars and Italian soldiers was of such extent that the local Italian military commander was compelled to promulgate an order to curtail the general anarchy.

1423:.(6): 177. "An Albanian political administration called ‘Këshilla’ was founded in 1942, and after 1943 it was completed with its own armed forces as well as a gendarmerie. The latter must have had a less political character during the Italian occupation, and may have been more of a military gendarmerie, which the fascists used to maintain as a security organ for their military. When the Germans succeeded the Italians in July 1943, however, the Këshilla seemed to gain a role as a political administration. In vain they tried to switch off the Greek occupation authorities. An official hand—over of the administration to the Albanians would automatically mean the annexation to Albania, a move that was not necessarily in the interest of the German headquarters in Athens. Nevertheless the Këshilla appointed itself as the supreme administrative office (with law-making power), subsequently ignoring the Greek administration and introducing illegal taxes in order to finance its men." 471:

committing violence against Christian clans were involved in the protection of other Christian clans. Motivations were not national or religious but instead were motivated by clan and personal rivalries; one British officer remarked that "the whole war is viewed by the Greeks and Albanians from a parochial standpoint with the result that their actions are often controlled by the value of the belligerents to the local cause". However as the violence continued and deepened, and with the rise of the Keshilla, acts of cross-religious solidarity became rarer, and the conflict was increasingly sectarianised. By 1942, according to oral histories, the region was in a civil war, with clans and villages pitted against each other, and the Christian population was forced to flee into the highlands. Their properties were redistributed among Muslims, especially the poorest Muslim classes, who benefited the most from their flight.

413:

deepening cycle of revenge erupted.After a large number of Muslim peasants were court-martialed, a massacre occurred at a prison in Igoumenitsa wherein Christian men broke in and murdered those arrested for the deaths of their relatives. The deportation of Muslim men aged 18 to 50 deprived the Muslim population of much of its work force and those who could have defended them from the nascent local criminal elements and vengeful Christian bands. Tsoutsoumpis notes that just as Muslims had earlier refused to help the Italian and Albanian occupiers, the majority of the Christian population was disgusted by the violence, and Greek villagers often protected Muslim neighbors from outside predation, and many Muslims were hidden by their Greek

3169: 3046: 2912: 2792: 368:

rivalries between landowning Muslims and often land-starved Christian itinerant farmers who worked in "deplorable" conditions, and the exploitation of religious affiliations by both Christians and Muslims to win disputes. At the same time there was a high rate of interreligious clan alliances, friendships, blood-brotherhoods, adoptions (where the adoptee retained their parents' religion despite the parents practicing another) and interreligious marriages. Muslim peasants often gave their children Christian names and attended Christian services, while Christians likewise would consult Muslim clergy.

3335: 3239: 3121: 3431: 2947: 2851: 3204: 3086: 336:"Albanian" but instead "Muslims" or "Turks"; even as late as the 1940s, the Muslims lacked any sort of Albanian consciousness and continued to describe themselves as "Turks"; Albanian nationalist ideas were espoused by a "minority of the educated and landowning class" but even these were divided between republican and royalist factions. Muslim religious authorities were conservative and of pro-Turkish persuasion, and accordingly they obstructed the growth of Albanian nationalism in the region. 3504: 26: 340: 643:. After their negative response, and in pursuit of orders given by the Allied forces to EDES to push them out of Greece and into Albania, fierce fighting occurred between both sides. According to British reports, the Cham bands managed to flee to Albania with their full equipment, together with half million stolen cattle and 3,000 horses, leaving only the elderly members of the community behind. 617:, named after a Cham Albanian who was killed in Vlora fighting against the Germans. At the time of its creation in 1944, it had 460 men, both Cham Albanians and Greeks. The results were disappointing and in a 1944 proclamation ELAS noted that: "Mazar and Nuri Dino found easy prey for their fascist plans in great part of the Cham people, which was thirsty for national liberation". 1253:

sustaining their families, nor were the rents of their properties paid to them regularly (some of them being even lower than a stamp duty). They were not permitted to sell or buy land, and were forced to evaluate their fields at ridiculously low prices (as low as 3 drahmi per stremma), , only to be imprisoned for taxes not paid for land already confiscated or expropriated

372:

Muslim-controlled resources to refugees from Turkey, anti-Albanian policies by the Metaxas government beginning in 1936 which included suppression of the Albanian language and harassment of Muslim notables, and finally in 1939 the beginning of irredentist pressures emanating from Italy and Italian occupied Albania calling for the annexation of Thesprotia to Albania.

718:. In 1948 the Greek National Bureau on War Crimes ordered juridical research on the crimes committed by Italians, Albanians and Germans during the Axis occupation. Two days later, the immediate arrest of the defendants was ordered. Because all the defendants were abroad it is unknown if the Greek Foreign Ministry initiated the needed diplomatic procedure. In the 384:, hoping to use them as a means of rallying Albanian support around the Fascist regime. In the event, Albanian enthusiasm for the "liberation of Chameria" was muted, but as Italian invasion became imminent in fall 1940, the Greek authorities disarmed the Cham conscripts in the Army, and later rounded up the male population and sent it to internal exile. 1259:, Minorities, f. 58/173/4573. See the more detailed report on illegal real estate expropriations and confiscations and the financial results upon the Muslim population at the documents contacted by the General Inspector of the Central Department (of the Ministry of Agriculture) to his Ministry, dated 13. 01. 1932 and 07.08.1932 ( 1250:. 2011. "A concrete description of the lives of the Muslims is clearly referred to in a special report drawn by K. Stylianopoulos, the “Inspector” in charge of Minority issues, who was directly appointed by the Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos and was accountable to him. The report relates to us in graphic terms that “ 467:), active from July 1942, its paramilitary militia and gendarmerie of the same name began operating from 1943. According to post-war courts decisions and testimonies, during the Italian occupation these armed units were responsible for large scale criminal activity: murders, rapes, village burnings and looting. 1509: 527:

ended, a larger number of Muslim Chams was recruited for the armed support of the Axis side forming additional battalions of Cham volunteers. Their support was appreciated by the Germans: Lt Colonel Josef Remold remarked that "with their knowledge of the surrounding area, they have proved their value

408:

broke out in October 1940, the Italian forces had the support of 3,500 Albanians, among them members of the Cham community in Greece. Their performance however was distinctly lackluster; most Albanians, poorly motivated, either deserted or defected. During October 28 – November 1940 while the Italian

335:

Despite the claims of Greek and Albanian nationalists alike, surveys of the region of Thesprotia repeatedly noted the lack of "nationalisation" among the population; the Albanian speaking Christians referred to themselves not as Greeks but as "kaurs", while Albanophone Muslims did not call themselves

1353:

Manta, 2009, p. 7: "Greek Thesprotia was not included amongst the territories annexed to Albania and remained under the control of the High Command of Athens because of the German reaction. It seems that, amongst other factors which worked against such an annexation was the fact that, in contrast to

650:

The number of the Cham victims during this operation is unknown, although it is certain that the remaining Chams who had not already fled to Albania were forced to move. British officers described it as "a most disgraceful affair" involving "an orgy of revenge" with the local guerrillas "looting and

412:

The Greek army repelled the attack and advanced. Chams support to Italy was paid back by the Greeks, who interned the majority of the male population of the Chams for security reasons. The Greek army and, with it, the internally displaced Christian population returned, a new round of violence in the

564:

20,000 Albanians, with Italian and now German support, spread terror to the rest of the population. Only in the region of Fanari 24 villages were destroyed. The entire harvest was taken by them. In my trip I realized that the Albanians kept the Greeks terrified inside their homes. Young Albanians,

532:

units in combat. On September 27, combined German and Cham forces launched large scale operation in burning and destroying villages north of Paramythia: Eleftherochori, Seliani, Semelika, Aghios Nikolaos, killing 50 Greek villagers in the process. In this operation the Cham contingent numbered 150

445:

after the end of the war. The next round of atrocities did not begin immediately. Italy initially halted its "separatist pro-Albanian policy" for fear of a Greek backlash, and retained the Greek authorities and gendarmerie (although with poor arms and diminished force), despite Albanian protests.

331:

social structure, Muslim Cham landlords were a privileged part of the society and owned much of the most fertile land. Apart from the beys it seems that the majority of the Muslim Cham population consisted of middle sized land owners and also included families with ownership of small land parcels,

1099:

Manta 2009, p. 8: "it been admitted by all sides that the Albanian population as a whole, even though it did not actively collaborate with the occupiers, they accepted them with hope and expectation for the materialization of the promises which had been cultivated for decades; they benefited from

646:

On 18 June 1944, EDES forces with Allied support launched an attack on Paramythia. After short-term against a combined Cham-German garrison, the town was finally liberated. Soon after, violent reprisals were carried out against the town's Muslim community, which was considered responsible for the

371:

In the early 20th century, the bonds between the various Christian and Muslim communities began to weaken as clergy on both sides railed against interreligious relationships. Further stress was placed on interreligious relationships by conflicts over land and resources, the allotment of formerly

1363:

Meyer, p. 152: "Aufgrund des Versrpechens dass ein Teil des Epirus eines Tages zu Albanien gehoren werde, kollaborierten nicht wenige Tsamides mit den Italienern", p. 464: "setzten die deutschen Versprechungen... die sogenannte Tsamouria, nach Kriegsende in "ein freies, selbstandiges Albanien"

379:

became a protectorate of Fascist Italy, relations between the Cham community and the Greek state also deteriorated considerably, as, with the encouragement of the Italian authorities in Albania, irredentist elements of this community became more vocal. The Italian governor of Albania, Francesco

294:

names 3,200 Cham collaborators from the Dino clan. Although not everyone in the community actively collaborated, historiography agrees that the Cham minority completely accepted the Axis occupation and benefited from the presence of occupation troops by providing them with guides, connections,

495:

in Thessaloniki (KZ Pavlos Melas). When the march begun the armed groups did not hesitate to execute a diseased priest in front of the rest of the hostages. In exchange of their support, German Lieutenant Colonel Josef Remold offered the Chams weapons and equipment. As a token of appreciation,

470:

Fictive kinship ties and regional loyalties still served to restrain the violence at this time, with Muslims often warning or sheltering their Christian neighbors, and in some cases threatening violence against other Muslims if their neighbors were harmed. In some cases, Muslim clans that were

367:

Relations between the various social groups were complicated in the region and were characterized primarily by an intense honor culture featuring clans and blood feuds among all major groups, antagonisms between the pastoralist (Vlach) and sedentary (Greek and Albanian) populations, religious

547:

On the night of 27 September, Cham militias arrested 53 prominent Greek citizens in Paramythia and executed 49 of them two days later. This action was orchestrated by the brothers Nuri and Mazar Dino (an officer of the Cham militia) in order to get rid of the town's Greek representatives and

1252:

persecutions and heavier confiscations, even led to the decision of classifying as chiftlik the town of Paramythia and in that way small properties and gardens had been expropriated against the Constitution and the Agrarian law; not a single stremma was left to them for cultivation and for

679:

committed during the Axis occupation occurred, however not a single defendant was arrested or imprisoned, as they had already fled the country. Nevertheless, some of the prominent Cham Albanian collaborators retained close contact with former officers of Nazi Germany after the war.

446:

Nevertheless, Italian authorities proved tolerant of murders committed by the Muslim population and allowed them to openly carry arms, ultimately encouraging a spate of murders that came to grow into serious communal conflicts, with the first major conflicts breaking out in

311:

prefecture in Greece, as well as a few villages in southwestern Albania. Before 1945, the region had a mixed Greek and Albanian population dating to the migrations of Albanian tribes into the area in the 13th and 14th centuries. Many of the Chams, originally

1173:. 2011. "Although there is no sufficient written proof to support the idea, it’s almost certain that families owning very small parcels of land, or just a few small fields and a small number of sheep, were not an exception and were also present in villages" 4879: 1109:

Manta 2009, p. 11: The least that can be said is that for Hoxha and generally for the Albanian communists, the Çams comprised a controversial if not suspect community, due to their collaboration with the German and Italian occupiers during World War

3521: 1983:Περιουσίες Αλβανών και Τσάμηδων στην Ελλάδα: Aρση του εμπολέμου και διεθνής προστασία των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου' [Properties of Albanians and Chams in Greece: Nullification of the State of War and international protection of human rights] 695:. Rexhep Dino escaped to Turkey. Also numerous Cham representatives who found refuge in the People's Republic of Albania were imprisoned as "collaborators of the occupation forces", "war criminals" and "murderers of the Greeks" by the local regime. 592:

in this region. Albanian nationalist groups participated in these operations, among them a Cham battalion of ca. 1,000 men under the leadership of Nuri Dino. The death toll from these operations, which began on 1 January 1944 in the region of

363:

bear witness to a sense of grievance. However, there is little evidence of direct state persecution at this time. During that time though, members of the Cham community suffered from discrimination due to severe expropriations of their lands.

1100:

their presence in the region and provided them with indirect support with guides, connections, informants etc. A German officer was to admit later that the Albanians were favorably disposed towards them while the Greeks fought against them."

450:

in late October 1941. The establishment of the Italian occupation authorities in Epirus was complete up until middle May 1941 and the following month the first armed units consisting of Cham Albanians took action in the region.

1633:ε μια έκθεση του ΕΑΜ για τους Τσάμηδες το 1944 , « οι φασίστες τυχοδιώκτες Νουρί και Μαζάρ Ντίνο βρίσκουν εύκολη λεία για τα φασιστικά τους σχέδια μεγάλη μερίδα του τσάμικου λαού που διψούσε διά την εθνική λύτρωσή του. 262:

and Albanian citizens lost their lives and a great number of villages were burned and destroyed. It appears that the Mufti and many beys did not approve of the Cham helping the Wehrmacht to burn Greek villages. With the

4515: 1870:

Transnationale Vergangenheitspolitik: der Umgang mit deutschen Kriegsverbrechern in Europa nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg [Past International Policy: Associations with German War Crimes in Europe after the Second World

516:, the region officially came under German control. The German commander of Paramythia, in need of the support of the Cham population, repeated to the Albanian community the promise that the region would become part of 295:

informants and other forms of support. Mainly due to their collaboration in World War II the Chams later became a controversial if not suspect community for the leaders of the Peoples Republic of Albania (1945-1991).

3769: 462:

as local administrator of Thesprotia and as a representative of the Albanian government. At the time the town of Paramythia had a mixed Greek-Cham population of 6,000. Apart from the local Cham administration

3692: 2165: 555:

During 20–29 September , as a result of serial violent activities, at least 75 Greek citizens were killed in Paramythia and 19 municipalities were destroyed. On 30 September, the Swiss representative of the

3533: 1535:

After the capitulation of Italy in September 1943, the British mission in Epirus tried to arrive at an understanding with the Chams in the hope of persuading them to turn against the Germans. The Chams

565:

just finished from school, wandered heavily armed. The Greek population of Igoumenitsa had to find refuge in the mountains. The Albanians had stolen all the cattle and the fields remain uncultivated.

4412: 4368: 4199: 574:

After the capitulation of Fascist Italy, in September 1943, the local British mission proposed an alliance to the Chams and to fight together the Germans, but this proposal was rejected.

283:. However, the war crimes remained unpunished since the criminals had already fled abroad. According to German historian Norbert Frei, the Muslim Cham minority is regarded as the "fourth 655:

reported that "The bishop of Paramythia joined in the searching of houses for booty and came out of one house to find his already heavily laden mule had been meanwhile stripped by some

4402: 483:. During the subsequent operations, 600 Greek villagers were killed and 70 villages in the region were destroyed. 500 Greek citizens were taken hostages and 160 of them were sent to 3516: 1419:

Georgia Kretsi (2002). "The Secret Past of the Greek-Albanian Borderlands. Cham Muslim Albanians: Perspectives on a Conflict over Historical Accountability and Current Rights".

581:

took place mostly in Greek territory, such activities had also spread to southern Albania, with combined German and Cham Albanian units executing c. 50 Albanian in the process.

4465: 1136: 4460: 4380: 4245: 479:

From 29 July – 31 August 1943, while the region was typically under Italian occupation, a combined German and Cham force launched an anti-partisan sweep operation codenamed

1373:

Manta, 2009, p. 7: "Up until the middle of May that year their establishment in Paramythia and other Epirote cities and the organization of their services, were completed."

3664: 237: 4128: 1562:

The Secret Past of the Greek-Albanian Borderlands. Cham Muslim Albanians: Perspectives on a Conflict over Historical Accountability and Current Rights. Georgia Kretsi.

5043: 5177: 4450: 4164: 5564: 3719: 4219: 4470: 2023: 5276: 3654: 2672: 2227: 290:

According to the Lieutenant Colonel Palmer of the British Military Mission in Albania, 2,000–3,000 collaborated in an organized manner, while a report of

484: 1764:"The Secret Past of the Greek-Albanian Borderlands. Cham Muslim Albanians: Perspectives on a Conflict over Historical Accountability and Current Rights" 5808: 4485: 4214: 3724: 1763: 332:

few fields or animals and located in villages. A degree of antagonism existed between the two communities and conflict occurred on certain occasions.

5803: 5726: 5186: 4874: 4455: 3528: 209: 1326:

Tsoutsoumpis, Spyros. "Violence, resistance and collaboration in a Greek borderland: the case of the Muslim Chams of Epirus." (2015). Pages 127–130.

5649: 5547: 4555: 4159: 1995: 1210:

Tsoutsoumpis, Spyros. "Violence, resistance and collaboration in a Greek borderland: the case of the Muslim Chams of Epirus." (2015). Pages 121-127

714:

reported that the executions and the reprisal missions were part of "war regulations", however he admitted utter ignorance about the executions in

5552: 5535: 4179: 391:, 28 villages in the region were inhabited exclusively by Muslim Chams, and an additional 20 villages had mixed (Greek-Muslim Cham) populations. 5314: 2681: 685: 217: 5681: 3435: 359:

period, the Greek state did not take any serious effort to encourage their assimilation, although a number of complaints by the Chams to the

173: 1385:"Οι Βρετανικές Υπηρεσίες κατά την Περίοδο του Δευτέρου Παγκοσμίου Πολέμου στην Ελλάδα [British Intelligence in World War II Greece]" 1354:

Kosovo, the inhabitants of Epirus were by a vast majority Greeks, which could not justify any administrative reorganization in that region."

5731: 5661: 5170: 3749: 5374: 5369: 497: 5557: 5542: 4109: 4002: 3744: 5748: 4440: 4138: 3878: 3764: 3714: 3477: 2204: 4540: 4209: 4118: 3157: 2665: 2237: 2093: 1807:

Blutiges Edelweiß: Die 1. Gebirgs-division im zweiten Weltkrieg [Bloodstained Edelweiss. The 1st Mountain-Division in WWII]

4133: 5706: 5163: 980:

Examining policy responses to immigration in the light of interstate relations and foreign policy objectives: Greece and Albania

925: 5135: 4422: 4755: 3216: 2005: 1970: 1949: 1928: 1907: 1879: 1857: 1836: 1815: 1626: 1583: 1045: 959: 5743: 5078: 4392: 3108: 86:, rapes, burning of villages, massacres, destruction of settlements and cultural heritage sites, transport of civilians to 236:

with Italy) after the end of the war. As a result of this pro-Albanian approach, many Muslim Chams actively supported the

5530: 5492: 4387: 2658: 2247: 610: 1035: 5691: 4014: 880: 291: 5246: 5190: 5033: 4796: 4102: 3271: 2262: 2242: 2232: 2033: 1680: 1521: 1005: 935: 684:

lived in Germany and had a small business in Munich, where he kept contact with the former German Lieutenant Colonel

606: 142: 5155: 5793: 5716: 5639: 4417: 3669: 3266: 2833: 632: 434: 343:

The region of Thesprotia (dark orange), roughly coterminous with Chameria, within Epirus (light orange) and Greece

5798: 5721: 5354: 3776: 3391: 2694: 2170: 1997:

International intervention in the Greek Civil War: the United Nations Special Committee on the Balkans, 1947-1952

584:

Due to increasing resistance activity at the end of 1943 in southern Albania, German General and local commander

5319: 5624: 4789: 4775: 4407: 4375: 4092: 3888: 3790: 3186: 3181: 2934: 2924: 1734:"The Muslim Chams of Northwestern Greece: The grounds for the expulsion of a "non-existent" minority community" 614: 5686: 5415: 5072: 4603: 4194: 3379: 2056: 670: 287:" in Greece due to the collaborationist and criminal activities that large parts of the minority committed. 276: 5601: 5569: 5120: 4782: 4519: 4123: 3904: 3812: 3702: 3508: 3251: 3021: 2142: 2086: 1408:...τον Ιούνιο του 1941, ξεκίνησαν τη δράση τους οι πρώτες ένοπλες συμμορίες Αλβανών τσάμηδων στην Ήπειρο... 355:

however, the Muslim beys lost their political influence, while retaining their economic weight. During the

5666: 1573: 5644: 5256: 5127: 5092: 4669: 4501: 4204: 3759: 2730: 2267: 2209: 2199: 912:: 705 "The Albanian minority of the Chams collaborated in large parts with the Italians and the Germans". 626: 268: 3406: 1920:

Collective memory, national identity, and ethnic conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian question

5768: 5736: 5701: 5445: 5048: 5028: 4803: 4770: 4765: 3659: 3006: 2873: 2587: 264: 5755: 5676: 5477: 5467: 4664: 4647: 4635: 4113: 4087: 4082: 3302: 2982: 2745: 2291: 1335:

K. Antoniou, Istoria Horifilakis (1833–1967) Volume.2 N/A Athens, 1964, p. 77. Cited in Tsoutsoumpis

549: 422: 245: 5763: 5502: 5364: 5309: 5304: 5229: 5114: 4869: 4730: 3883: 3226: 3221: 3016: 2765: 1672:

Verfolgung und Gedächtnis in Albanien : eine Analyse postsozialistischer Erinnerungsstrategien

706:

to death (decision no. 344/1945). The next year the same court condemned an additional 179. At the

492: 87: 5711: 5671: 5629: 5611: 5606: 5525: 5482: 5472: 5457: 5405: 5337: 5299: 5261: 4740: 4735: 4689: 4684: 4565: 4255: 3736: 3489: 3484: 3208: 3090: 3068: 2824: 2814: 2755: 2079: 557: 313: 2301: 1263:, 1935, f. A/4/9/2),where he underlines that even plots of 2-3 stremmata had been expropriated." 979: 5281: 3971: 3857: 3852: 3639: 3635: 3472: 951:

Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans

631:

During the summer of 1944, when the German withdrawal was imminent, the right-wing head of the

258:

were operating in the region, manned by local Muslim Chams. The results were devastating: many

2296: 1960: 1384: 1294:

Verfolgung und Gedächtnis in Albanien: eine Analyse postsozialistischer Erinnerungsstrategien

949: 229: 5487: 5038: 4923: 4906: 4813: 4674: 4332: 4184: 3966: 3697: 3560: 3098: 3011: 2283: 2257: 2219: 2192: 1826: 1575:

Statehood before and beyond ethnicity: minor states in Northern and Eastern Europe, 1600-2000

870: 723: 542: 105: 2327: 1599: 5579: 5452: 5440: 5430: 5324: 5289: 5086: 4949: 4808: 4560: 4545: 3807: 3570: 3073: 2819: 2760: 2461: 2252: 513: 3347: 8: 5584: 5497: 5425: 5349: 5100: 4944: 4886: 4720: 4715: 4679: 4302: 4260: 4250: 4066: 3909: 3873: 3847: 3822: 3674: 3649: 3615: 3610: 3580: 3191: 3058: 2929: 2502: 2311: 2137: 2132: 1890:Η ελληνική κοινότητα της Αλβανίας υπό το πρίσμα της ιστορικής γεωγραφίας και δημογραφίας 376: 321: 284: 146: 1899:

After The War Was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation and State in Greece, 1943-1960

927:

After The War Was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation and State in Greece, 1943–1960

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As the end of World War II drew near, a small number of Muslim Chams became part of the

5359: 4891: 4745: 4725: 4347: 4322: 4307: 3919: 3842: 3837: 3600: 3590: 3585: 3565: 3462: 3063: 2809: 2770: 2481: 2175: 2118: 2110: 244:. Apart from the formation of a local administration and armed security battalions, a 5654: 5185: 5065: 5023: 4964: 4916: 4896: 4699: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4475: 4445: 4342: 4337: 4297: 4292: 4240: 4174: 4169: 4051: 4031: 3914: 3644: 3630: 3625: 3467: 3352: 3256: 3173: 3050: 2964: 2916: 2796: 2740: 2735: 2706: 2441: 2029: 2001: 1966: 1945: 1924: 1903: 1875: 1853: 1832: 1811: 1676: 1622: 1579: 1517: 1041: 1001: 955: 931: 876: 703: 433:

Germany was against the annexation of the region to Albania that time. Nevertheless,

405: 360: 280: 181: 5234: 3362: 2592: 1981: 399: 5342: 5329: 5294: 4608: 4480: 4061: 4056: 4046: 4036: 3998: 3605: 3595: 3448: 3430: 3398: 3001: 2959: 2951: 2946: 2863: 2855: 2850: 2828: 2750: 2725: 2316: 2066: 2061: 1741: 1392: 707: 500:, the leader of the Cham security battalions, promised to secure the region of the 418: 5696: 5396: 4954: 4901: 4854: 4841: 4550: 4327: 4317: 4312: 4287: 4189: 3832: 3620: 3357: 3026: 2838: 2804: 2607: 2391: 1939: 1918: 1897: 1889: 1868: 1847: 1805: 1670: 1616: 1293: 1084: 690: 639:, asked the Cham Albanians to fight against his rivals, the Communist-controlled 636: 517: 488: 348: 240:

and committed a number of crimes against the local population both in Greece and

4224: 3402: 548:

intellectuals. According to German reports, Cham militias were also part of the

528:

in the scouting missions". On several occasions these scouting missions engaged

421:, Greece soon capitulated. The entire country came under a triple occupation by 5574: 5517: 5251: 4154: 4041: 3827: 3817: 3443: 3411: 3374: 3203: 3085: 2868: 2627: 2597: 2102: 719: 652: 414: 328: 233: 189: 2527: 1618:Ελλαδα και μειονοτητες: το συστημα διεθνους προστασιας της κοινωνιας των εθνων 5787: 5266: 5217: 4959: 4939: 4397: 3931: 3138: 3103: 2883: 2650: 2612: 2406: 442: 380:

Jacomoni, was an especially vocal proponent of Albanian claims in Greece and

177: 133: 4388:

Defenders of Northern Greece (YVE)/Panhellenic Liberation Organization (PAO)

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Ktistakis, Yiorgos. "Τσάμηδες - Τσαμουριά. Η ιστορία και τα εγκλήματα τους"

5619: 5379: 5212: 5107: 4694: 3540: 3458: 3453: 3367: 3339: 3334: 3261: 3243: 3238: 3143: 3133: 3125: 3120: 2888: 2878: 2622: 1738:

European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey

454:

The occupation forces installed a local Cham administration in the town of

438: 388: 317: 221: 83: 2507: 1396: 966:"During World War II, the majority of Chams sided with the Axis forces..." 271:

and revenge attacks against the remaining Chams were carried out by Greek

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of Albania. In May 1944, ELAS formed a mixed battalion with Chams the

25: 5634: 5594: 5589: 5420: 2537: 2476: 2446: 2127: 2123: 1938:

Russell King; Nicola Mai; Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers, eds. (2005).

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men, and, according to German Major Stöckert, "performed very well".

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400 inhabitants were arrested and forced to march to the nearest

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Greco-Italian War and Italian occupation of October–November 1940

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Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle (OPLA)

3926: 3575: 3168: 3045: 2911: 2791: 2431: 2401: 2396: 2364: 2359: 982:". In King, Russell, & Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers (eds). 381: 259: 205: 43: 2021: 1733: 5435: 2451: 303:

The region inhabited by the Chams, known among Albanians as "

1391:. Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences: 30. 4363: 4097: 1644: 569: 529: 125:

Civilian population of Thesprotia, Greece, Konispol Albania

1000:. Boulder, Colo.: Social Science Monographs. p. 228. 588:, decided to initiate armed operations with the code name 5044:

Museum of the Battle of Crete and the National Resistance

504:

river, south of Paramythia, against Allied infiltration.

4839: 675:

In the post-war years a number of trials concerning the

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The Greek civil war, 1943-1950: studies of polarization

1781:"The Cams of Albania and the Greek State (1923 - 1945)" 1604:. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 175–. GGKEY:ES2RY3RRUDS. 1079: 1077: 1075: 941: 600: 487:

in Nazi Germany. In 21 settlements in the vicinity of

620: 560:, Hans-Jakob Bickel, visited the area and concluded: 441:

propaganda promised that the region would be part of

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Ethnic Cleansing, Annexation of Thesprotia to Albania

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Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization

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The Cham Albanians of Greece. A Documentary History

1578:(vol 33 ed.). P.I.E.-Peter Lang. p. 308. 1322: 872:

The German Secret Field Police in Greece, 1941-1944

722:in Nuremberg (1948) the American judges called the 4134:Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF) 1510:"The Developments of the Northern Epirus Question" 1479: 1477: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1147:(4). Tirana, Albania: Institute of History: 17–32. 664: 4110:Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA) 1962:Islam and Nationalism in Modern Greece, 1821-1940 995: 793: 791: 778: 776: 774: 761: 759: 757: 744: 742: 740: 738: 698:During 1945, a Special Court on Collaborators in 474: 428: 351:passed to Greek hands in 1913 as a result of the 5785: 4139:Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany (AKFD) 3879:Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organisation (ESPO) 3301: 1118: 1116: 1014: 30:Memorial of the massive executions in Paramythia 4119:United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON) 1474: 1299: 324:persisting as late as the early 19th century. 164:Collaboration with the Axis occupation units, 5315:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands 5187:Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy 3997: 2693: 2680: 2638:Settlements inhabited by communities known as 1621:(in Greek). Εκδοσεις Καστανιωτη. p. 258. 1357: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 896: 894: 892: 788: 771: 754: 735: 265:retreat of the Axis forces from Greece in 1944 5171: 4634: 2666: 2087: 1113: 954:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 190–. 651:wantonly destroying everything". The British 2166:Cham Albanian Resistance during World War II 1288: 1286: 1218: 1216: 998:Ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe 974: 972: 948:Victor Roudometof; Roland Robertson (2001). 4393:Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths (PEAN) 1740:(12). European Journal of Turkish Studies. 1191: 1181: 1179: 889: 254:and a resistance paramilitary group called 5178: 5164: 2673: 2659: 2094: 2080: 1731: 1273: 1271: 1269: 920: 918: 852: 850: 837: 835: 822: 820: 818: 805: 803: 24: 5809:Albanian collaborators with Fascist Italy 4587:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling") 4446:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling") 4369:National Bands of Greek Guerrillas (EOEA) 2205:Anti-Fascist Committee of Cham Immigrants 2183:Cham Albanian collaboration with the Axis 2022:Elsie, Robert; Bejtullah Destani (2013). 1745: 1558: 1556: 1382: 1283: 1213: 969: 69:Population hostile to the Axis occupation 19:Cham Albanian collaboration with the Axis 5804:Albanian collaborators with Nazi Germany 2238:Party for Justice, Integration and Unity 1989:. Center of Studying of Minority Groups. 1958: 1541: 1176: 570:Nazi-Cham activities in southern Albania 338: 4418:Northern Epirus Liberation Front (MAVI) 4364:National Republican Greek League (EDES) 2642:, and very rarely characterized as Cham 1845: 1675:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 58. 1266: 1248:The Muslim Chams of Northwestern Greece 1171:The Muslim Chams of Northwestern Greece 1022:The Muslim Chams of Northwestern Greece 915: 847: 832: 815: 800: 5786: 1761: 1668: 1614: 1572:Eriksonas, Linas; Leos Müller (2005). 1553: 1507: 536: 5159: 5136:What Did You Do in the War, Thanasis? 4989: 4838: 4633: 4376:National and Social Liberation (EKKA) 4103:Greek People's Liberation Navy (ELAN) 4098:Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) 3996: 3300: 2692: 2654: 2075: 1959:Katsikas, Stefanos (27 August 2021). 1778: 1134: 1128: 1033: 868: 394: 4408:National Organization of Crete (ΕΟΚ) 4180:Protests against labour mobilization 930:. Princeton University Press, 2000, 862: 702:condemned 1,930 Cham collaborators 609:(ELAS), as well as the anti-fascist 601:Cham participation in the resistance 507: 423:German, Italian and Bulgarian troops 375:In the late 1930s, especially after 320:in the 17th to 19th centuries, with 145:, Nuri Dino battalion (Wehrmacht), 5493:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 4597:Asopos Bridge (Operation "Washing") 2248:Bilal Xhaferri Cultural Association 1137:"Aspects of Islamization in Çamëri" 621:Axis retreat and expulsion of Chams 275:and villagers. When the war ended, 176:between 1941 and 1944 parts of the 13: 2101: 2015: 1785:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 1037:The Origins of the Greek Civil War 14: 5820: 5247:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 4990: 4093:Union of People's Democracy (ELD) 2263:Party for Justice and Integration 2243:Democratic Foundation of Chameria 2233:Chameria Human Rights Association 1888:Kallivretakis, Leonidas (1995). " 1852:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. 143:1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht) 90:, wide scale looting and banditry 5343:Russian Liberation People's Army 3502: 3429: 3333: 3237: 3202: 3167: 3119: 3084: 3044: 2945: 2910: 2849: 2790: 2695:1940–1941 Balkans Campaign 1257:Archive of Eleftherios Venizelos 633:National Republican Greek League 5355:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group 4088:Socialist Party of Greece (SKE) 4083:Communist Party of Greece (KKE) 3777:Rescue of the Jews of Zakynthos 1916: 1874:(in German). Wallstein Verlag. 1810:(in German). Ch. Links Verlag. 1710: 1701: 1689: 1662: 1650: 1638: 1608: 1592: 1565: 1501: 1489: 1462: 1450: 1438: 1426: 1413: 1383:Theodoros, Sabatakakis (2003). 1376: 1367: 1347: 1338: 1329: 1240: 1234: 1228: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1103: 1093: 1060: 1027: 996:Steven Béla Várdy, ed. (2003). 989: 903: 665:Aftermath and war crimes trials 279:sentenced 2,106 Chams to death 277:special courts on collaboration 3889:Greek National Socialist Party 3884:National Union of Greece (EEE) 3187:Central Macedonia Army Section 3182:Eastern Macedonia Army Section 2935:Western Macedonia Army Section 2000:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1979: 1937: 1923:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1902:. Princeton University Press. 1846:Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1999). 607:Greek People's Liberation Army 429:Italian occupation (1941–1943) 267:, most of the Cham population 1: 5416:Collaborationist Chinese Army 4604:Kidnapping of Heinrich Kreipe 2057:Collaboration in World War II 1993: 1804:Meyer, Hermann Frank (2008). 875:. McFarland. pp. 79=80. 729: 671:Pursuit of Nazi collaborators 512:In September 1943, following 298: 4466:Execution of Josef Salminger 3303:Occupation and collaboration 2143:Albanian Committee of Janina 1895: 1732:Baltsiotis, Lambros (2011). 1656: 1277: 1222: 647:massacre of September 1943. 307:", consisted chiefly of the 7: 5257:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan 4840:Liberation and road to the 4502:Expulsion of Cham Albanians 3760:Jewish cemetery of Salonica 3611:Cephalonia (Acqui Division) 2268:Party for Justice and Unity 2210:Liberation Army of Chameria 2200:Expulsion of Cham Albanians 2050: 1980:Ktistakis, Giorgos (2006). 1965:. Oxford University Press. 1917:Roudometof, Victor (2002). 627:Expulsion of Cham Albanians 292:Pan-Epirotic EAM-Commission 10: 5825: 5446:First Indian National Army 5073:Captain Corelli's Mandolin 5029:Holocaust Museum of Greece 3665:Larissa concentration camp 3660:Haidari concentration camp 2874:Sebastiano Visconti Prasca 2682:Greece during World War II 1941:The New Albanian Migration 1824: 1803: 1779:Manta, Eleftheria (2009). 1725: 1716: 1547: 1495: 1483: 1468: 1456: 1444: 1432: 1255:..... Report, 15.10.1930, 1185: 984:The new Albanian migration 909: 856: 841: 826: 809: 797:Kallivretakis, 1995, p. 39 782: 765: 748: 668: 624: 540: 5515: 5395: 5211: 5201: 5197: 5057: 5034:Kalavryta Massacre Museum 5016: 5000: 4996: 4985: 4932: 4862: 4848: 4834: 4754: 4708: 4657: 4642: 4636:Greek government-in-exile 4629: 4574: 4528: 4514: 4494: 4433: 4356: 4280: 4273: 4246:5/42 Regiment dissolution 4233: 4147: 4075: 4024: 4013: 4009: 3992: 3959: 3897: 3866: 3800: 3789: 3770:Expropriation of property 3745:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 3735: 3683: 3553: 3500: 3427: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3309: 3296: 3235: 3200: 3165: 3156: 3117: 3082: 3042: 3035: 2994: 2981: 2943: 2908: 2901: 2847: 2788: 2781: 2718: 2705: 2701: 2688: 2636: 2495: 2339: 2276: 2218: 2156: 2109: 1994:Nachmani, Amikam (1990). 1944:. Sussex Academic Press. 1866: 1849:Albania at War, 1939-1945 1695: 1516:. Ekdotike Athenon: 401. 1122: 1066: 986:. Sussex Academic. p. 16. 387:Prior to the outbreak of 246:paramilitary organization 224:propaganda promised that 193: 174:Axis occupation of Greece 160: 152: 129: 121: 94: 73: 65: 57: 35: 23: 18: 5365:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 5310:National Republican Army 5305:Latvian Auxiliary Police 5230:Albanian Fascist Militia 5115:The 11th Day: Crete 1941 4870:National Bands Agreement 4731:Panagiotis Kanellopoulos 4516:British Military Mission 4124:National Solidarity (EA) 3693:Greek economy, 1941–1944 3407:Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller 3222:2nd New Zealand Division 2766:Italian spring offensive 2171:4th "Ali Demi" Battalion 1825:Close, David H. (1993). 1762:Kretsi, Georgia (2002). 1669:Kretsi, Georgia (2007). 1135:Isufi, Hajredin (2004). 1040:. Longman. p. 248. 1034:Close, David H. (1995). 724:executions in Paramythia 611:National Liberation Army 88:Nazi concentration camps 5794:Albania in World War II 5483:Royal Thai Armed Forces 5473:Manchukuo Imperial Army 5458:Lanka Sama Samaja Party 5406:Burma Independence Army 5338:Russian Liberation Army 5300:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps 5262:Belarusian Home Defence 5226:Albanian collaborators 5049:Thessaloniki War Museum 4741:Christodoulos Tsigantes 4736:Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos 4566:Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz 3227:6th Australian Division 3069:Konstantinos Bakopoulos 2815:Charalambos Katsimitros 1892:. University of Athens. 869:Muñoz, Antonio (2018). 615:IV "Ali Demi" battalion 558:International Red Cross 419:intervention of Germany 117:Operation Horridoh: 500 103:Operation Augustus: 600 5799:Epirus in World War II 5468:Malayan Volunteer Army 5334:Russian collaborators 5282:Finnish Defence Forces 4225:Killing of Franz Krech 3972:Executions of Kokkinia 3858:Dionysios Papadongonas 3853:Ioannis Plytzanopoulos 3267:1st Parachute Division 2986:(April–May 1941) 2834:Dimitrios Papadopoulos 2133:Catastrophe of Zalongo 1896:Mazower, Mark (2000). 1867:Frei, Norbert (2006). 1766:. Ethnologia Balkanica 1508:Kondis, Basil (1997). 900:Katsikas, 2021, p. 191 567: 344: 185: 115:Operation Augustus: 50 5488:Russian Fascist Party 5277:Croatian Armed Forces 4950:Archbishop Damaskinos 4907:Percentages agreement 4333:Konstantinos Ventiris 3720:Occupation Reichsmark 3272:5th Mountain Division 3099:Henry Maitland Wilson 2925:8th Infantry Division 2284:Cham Albanian dialect 2258:Party of the Chameria 2228:"Çamëria" Association 2193:Paramythia executions 1615:Διβανη, Λενα (1999). 1364:eingegliedert werde." 597:, was 500 Albanians. 562: 543:Paramythia executions 342: 202:Thesprotia prefecture 106:Paramythia Executions 5453:Inner Mongolian Army 5441:Indian National Army 5325:Royal Hungarian Army 5320:Romanian Land Forces 5122:The Guns of Navarone 5087:Ill Met by Moonlight 4766:3rd Mountain Brigade 4561:George Psychoundakis 4546:Patrick Leigh Fermor 4210:Pinerolo disarmament 3808:Georgios Tsolakoglou 3217:1st Armoured Brigade 3209:British Commonwealth 3091:British Commonwealth 3074:Georgios Tsolakoglou 2820:Konstantinos Davakis 2302:Song of Marko Boçari 2176:"Chameria" Battalion 2128:Souliote Confederacy 1601:Ethnologia Balkanica 1421:Ethnologia Balkanica 1089:. Vol. 6. 2002. 1086:Ethnologia Balkanica 514:Italian capitulation 475:Operation "Augustus" 5498:Takasago Volunteers 5426:Gando Special Force 5350:Security Battalions 5101:Ipolochagos Natassa 4945:Georgios Papandreou 4721:Emmanouil Tsouderos 4592:Operation "Animals" 4582:Operation "Albumen" 4303:Komninos Pyromaglou 4261:Red Terror (Greece) 4205:1943 Athens protest 4170:Gorgopotamos Bridge 4067:Evripidis Bakirtzis 4015:National Liberation 3910:Alcibiades Diamandi 3874:Security Battalions 3848:George S. Mercouris 3823:Sotirios Gotzamanis 3765:Baron Hirsch ghetto 3392:XXII Mountain Corps 3192:Epirus Army Section 2930:Epirus Army Section 2503:Azis Tahir Ajdonati 2312:Dance of Osman Taka 2297:Song of Çelo Mezani 2138:Assembly of Preveza 1397:10.12681/eadd/17487 577:Although operation 537:Paramythia incident 322:Crypto-Christianity 147:Geheime Feldpolizei 5360:Slovene Home Guard 5039:Kalpaki War Museum 4892:Lebanon Conference 4758:in the Middle East 4756:Greek Armed Forces 4746:Pafsanias Katsotas 4726:Sofoklis Venizelos 4413:Hellenic Army (ES) 4348:Kimonas Zografakis 4323:Vasileios Sachinis 4308:Antonis Fosteridis 4274:Non-EAM resistance 3939:Cham collaboration 3920:Vassilis Rapotikas 3843:Nikolaos Bourantas 3838:Friedrich Schubert 3813:K. Logothetopoulos 3463:Carlo Vecchiarelli 3064:Alexandros Papagos 2810:Alexandros Papagos 2328:Krahu i shqiponjës 2119:Pashalik of Janina 1389:www.didaktorika.gr 1344:Kretsi, 2009, p. 7 1141:Historical Studies 523:By time Operation 493:concentration camp 395:Italian occupation 345: 256:Balli Kombetar Cam 230:awarded to Albania 5781: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5760: 5616: 5511: 5510: 5399:collaborationists 5375:Wehrmacht foreign 5370:Waffen-SS foreign 5286: 5220:collaborationists 5153: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5066:Aera! Aera! Aera! 5024:Athens War Museum 4981: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4965:Nikos Zachariadis 4917:Treaty of Varkiza 4902:Operation "Manna" 4897:Caserta Agreement 4830: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4685:April 1944 mutiny 4625: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4551:Bill Stanley Moss 4510: 4509: 4461:Skala Paramythias 4338:Manolis Paterakis 4298:Dimitrios Psarros 4293:Georgios Kartalis 4269: 4268: 4241:Feneos executions 4052:Alexandros Svolos 4032:Aris Velouchiotis 3988: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3915:Nicolaos Matussis 3785: 3784: 3670:200 of Kaisariani 3549: 3548: 3380:LXVIII Army Corps 3353:Hermann Neubacher 3348:Günther Altenburg 3292: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3257:XXXX Panzer Corps 3152: 3151: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2897: 2896: 2710:(1940–1941) 2707:Greco-Italian War 2648: 2647: 2007:978-0-275-93367-8 1972:978-0-19-065202-9 1951:978-1-903900-78-9 1930:978-0-275-97648-4 1909:978-0-691-05842-9 1881:978-3-89244-940-9 1859:978-1-85065-531-2 1838:978-0-415-02112-8 1817:978-3-86153-447-1 1747:10.4000/ejts.4444 1628:978-960-03-2491-4 1585:978-0-8204-6646-0 1047:978-0-582-06471-3 961:978-0-313-31949-5 508:German occupation 406:Greek-Italian War 361:League of Nations 316:Christians, were 214:occupation forces 170: 169: 5816: 5758: 5614: 5330:Royal Iraqi Army 5284: 5209: 5208: 5199: 5198: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5157: 5156: 4998: 4997: 4987: 4986: 4883: 4860: 4859: 4850: 4849: 4836: 4835: 4655: 4654: 4648:Greek government 4644: 4643: 4631: 4630: 4609:Damasta sabotage 4526: 4525: 4278: 4277: 4114:National Council 4062:Markos Vafeiadis 4057:Ilias Tsirimokos 4047:Georgios Siantos 4037:Stefanos Sarafis 4022: 4021: 4011: 4010: 3994: 3993: 3798: 3797: 3791:Collaborationist 3728: 3537: 3525: 3507: 3506: 3481: 3449:Pellegrino Ghigi 3434: 3433: 3399:Alexander Andrae 3338: 3337: 3329: 3328: 3320: 3319: 3311: 3310: 3298: 3297: 3252:XVIII Army Corps 3242: 3241: 3207: 3206: 3172: 3171: 3163: 3162: 3124: 3123: 3109:Bernard Freyberg 3089: 3088: 3049: 3048: 3040: 3039: 3002:Operation Lustre 2992: 2991: 2987: 2950: 2949: 2915: 2914: 2906: 2905: 2864:Benito Mussolini 2854: 2853: 2829:Ioannis Pitsikas 2795: 2794: 2786: 2785: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2702: 2690: 2689: 2675: 2668: 2661: 2652: 2651: 2317:Dance of Zalongo 2096: 2089: 2082: 2073: 2072: 2067:Schutzmannschaft 2062:Collaborationism 2046: 2044: 2042: 2011: 1990: 1988: 1976: 1955: 1934: 1913: 1885: 1863: 1842: 1821: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1749: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1424: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1297: 1290: 1281: 1275: 1264: 1244: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1211: 1208: 1189: 1183: 1174: 1167: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1148: 1132: 1126: 1120: 1111: 1107: 1101: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1081: 1070: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1055: 1054: 1031: 1025: 1018: 1012: 1011: 993: 987: 976: 967: 965: 945: 939: 922: 913: 907: 901: 898: 887: 886: 866: 860: 854: 845: 839: 830: 824: 813: 807: 798: 795: 786: 780: 769: 763: 752: 746: 726:"plain murder". 708:Nuremberg trials 694: 285:occupation force 195: 28: 16: 15: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5773: 5536:Italian Albania 5507: 5391: 5216: 5193: 5184: 5154: 5141: 5058:Popular culture 5053: 5012: 4992: 4969: 4955:Georgios Grivas 4928: 4877: 4875:Plaka agreement 4844: 4818: 4757: 4750: 4704: 4649: 4638: 4613: 4570: 4541:Monty Woodhouse 4506: 4490: 4429: 4352: 4328:Lela Karagianni 4318:Ilias Degiannis 4313:Kostas Perrikos 4288:Napoleon Zervas 4265: 4229: 4200:Kournovo Tunnel 4143: 4071: 4016: 4005: 3976: 3955: 3893: 3862: 3833:Georgios Poulos 3792: 3781: 3731: 3722: 3715:Compulsory loan 3685: 3679: 3545: 3531: 3529:Trifon Trifonov 3519: 3501: 3496: 3485:VIII Army Corps 3475: 3428: 3423: 3358:Walter Schimana 3332: 3324: 3315: 3305: 3276: 3236: 3231: 3201: 3196: 3166: 3148: 3118: 3113: 3083: 3078: 3043: 3031: 2985: 2984: 2983:German invasion 2969: 2944: 2939: 2909: 2893: 2848: 2843: 2839:Georgios Kosmas 2805:Ioannis Metaxas 2789: 2777: 2709: 2708: 2697: 2684: 2679: 2649: 2644: 2643: 2632: 2608:Dashamir Tahiri 2491: 2335: 2272: 2253:Shoqata Çamëria 2214: 2152: 2105: 2100: 2053: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2018: 2016:Further reading 2008: 1986: 1973: 1952: 1931: 1910: 1882: 1860: 1839: 1818: 1794: 1792: 1769: 1767: 1752: 1750: 1728: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1643: 1639: 1629: 1613: 1609: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1586: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1554: 1546: 1542: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1490: 1482: 1475: 1467: 1463: 1455: 1451: 1447:: 464, 467, 476 1443: 1439: 1431: 1427: 1418: 1414: 1401: 1399: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1300: 1292:Kretsi Georgia 1291: 1284: 1276: 1267: 1245: 1241: 1235:Roudometof 2002 1233: 1229: 1221: 1214: 1209: 1192: 1184: 1177: 1168: 1164: 1158:Roudometof 2002 1156: 1152: 1143:(in Albanian). 1133: 1129: 1121: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1094: 1083: 1082: 1073: 1065: 1061: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1032: 1028: 1019: 1015: 1008: 994: 990: 977: 970: 962: 946: 942: 924:Mazower, Mark. 923: 916: 908: 904: 899: 890: 883: 867: 863: 855: 848: 840: 833: 825: 816: 808: 801: 796: 789: 781: 772: 764: 755: 747: 736: 732: 688: 673: 667: 637:Napoleon Zervas 629: 623: 603: 572: 545: 539: 520:after the war. 518:Greater Albania 510: 477: 435:Fascist Italian 431: 402: 397: 301: 269:fled to Albania 238:Axis operations 218:Fascist Italian 204:, northwestern 165: 141: 137: 116: 114: 109: 104: 102: 76: 46: 31: 12: 11: 5: 5822: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5779: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5531:German Albania 5522: 5520: 5518:Axis countries 5513: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5503:Vanguard Youth 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5252:Armistice Army 5249: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5235:Balli Kombëtar 5232: 5223: 5221: 5206: 5195: 5194: 5191:Imperial Japan 5183: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5160: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5069: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4994: 4993: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4857: 4846: 4845: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4814:336th Squadron 4811: 4809:335th Squadron 4806: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4777:Vasilissa Olga 4773: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4716:King George II 4712: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4658:Events/Battles 4652: 4640: 4639: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4556:Themis Marinos 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4523: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4343:Petrakogiorgis 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4284: 4282: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4155:Drama uprising 4151: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4042:Andreas Tzimas 4039: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4019: 4007: 4006: 3990: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3828:Georgios Bakos 3825: 3820: 3818:Ioannis Rallis 3815: 3810: 3804: 3802: 3795: 3787: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3747: 3741: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3695: 3689: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3526: 3513: 3511: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3473:III Army Corps 3470: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3444:Angelico Carta 3440: 3438: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3412:Fortress Crete 3396: 3395: 3394: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3375:Hellmuth Felmy 3372: 3371: 3370: 3363:Alexander Löhr 3360: 3355: 3350: 3344: 3342: 3326: 3317: 3307: 3306: 3294: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3213: 3211: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3178: 3176: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3130: 3128: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3095: 3093: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3059:King George II 3055: 3053: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3017:Kleisoura Pass 3014: 3009: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2989: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2956: 2954: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2869:Galeazzo Ciano 2866: 2860: 2858: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2801: 2799: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2774: 2773: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2722: 2720: 2713: 2699: 2698: 2686: 2685: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2655: 2646: 2645: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2628:Bilal Xhaferri 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2598:Tahir Muhedini 2595: 2593:Shpëtim Idrizi 2590: 2588:Muhamet Kyçyku 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2349: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2162: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2103:Cham Albanians 2099: 2098: 2091: 2084: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2034: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2006: 1991: 1977: 1971: 1956: 1950: 1935: 1929: 1914: 1908: 1893: 1886: 1880: 1864: 1858: 1843: 1837: 1822: 1816: 1801: 1776: 1759: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1721: 1709: 1700: 1688: 1681: 1661: 1649: 1637: 1627: 1607: 1591: 1584: 1564: 1552: 1540: 1522: 1500: 1488: 1473: 1461: 1449: 1437: 1425: 1412: 1375: 1366: 1356: 1346: 1337: 1328: 1298: 1282: 1265: 1239: 1227: 1212: 1190: 1175: 1162: 1150: 1127: 1112: 1102: 1092: 1071: 1059: 1046: 1026: 1013: 1006: 988: 968: 960: 940: 914: 902: 888: 882:978-1476667843 881: 861: 846: 831: 814: 799: 787: 770: 753: 733: 731: 728: 720:Hostages Trial 666: 663: 653:Foreign Office 625:Main article: 622: 619: 602: 599: 571: 568: 541:Main article: 538: 535: 509: 506: 476: 473: 430: 427: 415:blood-brothers 401: 398: 396: 393: 300: 297: 234:personal union 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 136:paramilitary, 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 96: 92: 91: 77: 74: 71: 70: 67: 63: 62: 59: 55: 54: 37: 33: 32: 29: 21: 20: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5821: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5543:Baltic states 5541: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5514: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5431:Golden Square 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290:Golden Square 5288: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5267:Blue Division 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5240:Cham Albanian 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5176: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991:Commemoration 4988: 4984: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4960:Angelos Evert 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4940:Ronald Scobie 4938: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4804:13th Squadron 4802: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4398:Prometheus II 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4381:5/42 Regiment 4379: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357:Organizations 4355: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076:Organizations 4074: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3932:Andon Kalchev 3930: 3929: 3928: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898:Secessionists 3896: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867:Organizations 3865: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3788: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3737:The Holocaust 3734: 3726: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3505: 3499: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3139:Sepp Dietrich 3137: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3104:Thomas Blamey 3102: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2980: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2884:Ugo Cavallero 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2825:Markos Drakos 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2736:Korytsa/Korcë 2734: 2732: 2731:Elaia–Kalamas 2729: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2613:Hasan Tahsini 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 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Knowledge

Cham Albanian collaboration with the Axis

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